RIME-VMD-BiLSTM: A surrogate model for seismic response prediction of nonlinear vehicle-track-bridge system

• The proposed RIME-VMD-BiLSTM surrogate model achieves rapid and accurate prediction of nonlinear seismic responses in vehicle-track-bridge systems, outperforming standard LSTM and BiLSTM models. • Integration of VMD and RIME optimization significantly enhances prediction accuracy and robustness, demonstrating excellent transferability across varying conditions. • Vehicle speed, bridge damping, and seismic intensity notably affect the seismic response, but have minimal impact on the surrogate model's predictive performance. • The model provides a computationally efficient alternative to traditional finite element methods, enabling rapid seismic damage assessment and vehicle safety analysis for high-speed railway bridges.