• • Al-Ni-W reactive materials achieve a density of 7.8 g·cm⁻³ and tensile strength >300 MPa, maintaining structural integrity at impact velocities up to 2000 m·s⁻¹, enabling deep penetration without premature fragmentation.
• • Shock-induced reactions occur within nanoseconds to microseconds, while shock-assisted reactions span microseconds to milliseconds; oxide additives such as MoO₃ (activation energy 252.3 kJ·mol⁻¹) lower reaction thresholds and prolong energy release, enhancing aftereffect damage.
• • PTFE/Al reactive fragments exhibit quasi-static overpressure varying with impact velocity: at 735 m·s⁻¹, overpressure peaks earlier than at 1290 m·s⁻¹, indicating velocity-dependent reaction kinetics critical for warhead design.
• • Zr-based reactive casings show higher fragmentation than steel but retain sufficient strength for secondary penetration, offering a balance between blast and penetration effects for enhanced lethality.