Research on rock crack contact model considering linked substances based on particle flow method

• A novel crack contact model incorporating linked substances is proposed, splitting crack contact into linked and unlinked portions to account for crack closure effects. • The model achieves a better compressive-to-tensile strength ratio (UCS/T) by limiting bond failure to the linked portion's contact force and moment. • Verification through contact force-displacement experiments and loading-unloading tests confirms the model's accuracy in simulating cracked rock behavior. • Simulations demonstrate the model's capability to reproduce axial and lateral strain laws and the bi-modularity of rocks, enhancing particle flow method applications.