Rational Design and Functionalization of Melt Electrowritten 4D Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

• MEW enables precise deposition of micro-/nanoscale fibers, overcoming resolution limits of conventional 3D printing for biomimetic scaffolds. • Integration of stimuli-responsive materials and functional fillers imparts 4D capabilities, enabling controlled shape transformations for dynamic biomedical applications. • MEW-based 4D scaffolds show promise in tissue engineering, personalized implants, and drug delivery, with potential for minimally invasive and adaptive therapies. • Key challenges include material innovation, fabrication optimization, and precise actuation control, guiding future research directions.