• Heat exchange mechanisms for enhancing cooling performance and environmental tolerance are elucidated.
• Challenges in extreme environments, along with the corresponding anti-environmental radiative cooling materials and micro-nano structures, are reviewed.
• Valuable insights into enhancing the next generation of radiative cooling for extreme environmental applications are discussed.
• The review evaluates cooling effects and anti-environmental abilities of extreme radiative cooling devices, outlining key challenges and potential strategies for commercialization.