Pull-out capacity and energy absorption of cable bolts under impact loading

• Non-bulbed cable bolts exhibit superior energy absorption and displacement capacity under impact loading compared to bulbed cables, despite lower initial peak loads. • Increasing encapsulation length in bulbed cables reduces initial peak load but enhances displacement and energy absorption, indicating a trade-off in dynamic performance. • The dominant failure mechanism is debonding at the cable-grout interface, characterized by frictional sliding and cable rotation, which governs energy dissipation. • The findings provide critical insights for designing more resilient ground support systems in seismically active underground environments, improving safety and stability.