• Introduces a functionally gradient honeycomb non-pneumatic tire (NPT) design that synergistically improves multiple performance metrics.
• The optimized NPT-OP achieves a 23.48% reduction in radial stiffness, 8.95% reduction in maximum spoke stress, and 16.86% reduction in spoke mass compared to the initial design.
• Combines response surface modeling (RSM) with NSGA-II for efficient multi-objective optimization of honeycomb spoke structures.
• Provides a theoretical and technical foundation for the structural design and optimization of gradient honeycomb NPTs, enhancing safety and performance.