Overcoming photovoltage deficit via phenylthiourea derivatives for efficient printed perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability

• Incorporation of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea (PhTu-COOH) as a passivation agent significantly reduces trap-state density in printed MAPbI3 perovskite films. • PhTu-COOH modification leads to a notable increase in power conversion efficiency from 17.29% to 20.22% and open-circuit voltage from 1.043 V to 1.143 V. • Enhanced operational stability is achieved due to reduced trap-assisted nonradiative recombination. • Blade-coating method demonstrates scalability with a large-area module (11.28 cm2) achieving 17.07% PCE with negligible VOC loss.