• UAM demands robust VTOL infrastructure to safely and efficiently support high-frequency, high-density operations of diverse UAV and eVTOL aircraft types.
• The review systematically covers ground-side, airspace-side, and CNSI technologies, offering a comprehensive framework for VTOL infrastructure development.
• Construction, management, and operation standards for low-altitude VTOL infrastructure remain nascent and not harmonized across government, industry, and academia.
• A public multi-operator VTOL site concept is proposed to accommodate future dense UAM traffic and support the sustainable growth of the low-altitude economy.