Innovative applications of fullerenes in perovskite solar cells

• Fullerenes are essential electron-transport materials in perovskite solar cells, contributing to record efficiencies but limited interfacial stability. • Innovative fullerene derivatives, such as Nd@C82, integrated into polymer matrices, enhance electron extraction and provide in-situ encapsulation for long-term stability. • The Nd@C82–polymer coupling layer induces interface polarization, promoting efficient charge separation and extraction. • This approach addresses stability challenges by blocking moisture ingress and suppressing ion migration, advancing PSC commercialization.