Influence of unloading orifice size on the production of microsized ore particles by gas rapid unloading

• Moderately reducing the unloading orifice size significantly enhances ore pulverization and increases fine particle yield in gas rapid unloading (GRU). • Smaller orifices improve pulverization by increasing jet speed, reducing pressure drop, and creating a larger pressure difference across the orifice. • The optimal orifice size depends on feed size to ensure efficient ore discharge and maximize grinding efficiency. • Reducing orifice size improves GRU energy efficiency, providing design guidance for industrial-scale ore discharge ports.