Influence of the saw-tooth angle of rock joints on the shear performance of 2G-NPR bolt

• 2G-NPR bolts significantly enhance the shear strength and deformation capacity of saw-tooth rock joints compared to unbolted conditions. • 2G-NPR bolts outperform Q235 steel anchors by providing superior toughening and crack-arresting effects under shear loading. • The improvement in shear strength and displacement offered by bolting decreases as the saw-tooth angle of the joint increases. • The combined laboratory and numerical approach provides a reliable basis for applying 2G-NPR bolts in jointed rock mass stabilization.