• EMLs offer lower frequency chirp and higher modulation bandwidth compared to DMLs, enabling higher data rates and longer transmission distances.
• The article provides a comprehensive review of InP-based EML devices, covering composition, working principles, manufacturing processes, and applications.
• Recent advances in EML technology support data rates up to 800 Gbps and beyond, with ongoing development targeting 1.6 Tbps.
• EMLs are critical for high-speed optical interconnects in data centers, addressing the growing demand for bandwidth and power efficiency.