Green Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Flakes and Foams directly from Table Sugar

• Table sugar serves as a green, safe, and scalable precursor for graphene oxide synthesis, eliminating hazardous reagents and waste. • Catalytic carbonization on copper foil yields large GO sheets (2.5 cm), while non-catalytic hydrothermal carbonization produces 3D foams with high surface area. • Graphitization of GO foams reduces oxygenated groups, increasing the C/O ratio from 0.13 to 1.5 and enhancing electrical conductivity. • The eco-friendly method offers a sustainable route for industrial-scale production of GO and rGO with tunable properties.