Effects of shaft and tunnel portal on coupled aerodynamic characteristics of 600 km/h superconducting maglev train

• Shaft parameters (location, cross-sectional dimension, height) significantly influence the initial compression wave amplitude and gradient, with linear and nonlinear relationships identified. • Optimized shaft configuration (W=8 m, L=50 m, h=20 m) substantially reduces compression wave amplitude and gradient. • Portal cross-sectional area of 210 m² achieves a 53.24% reduction in compression wave gradient, comparable to optimized openings (53.96%). • Micro-pressure waves exhibit a dual-peak structure; opening location enables selective peak regulation, with optimized parameters reducing initial compression wave gradient by over 50%.