Effect of loading rate on the mechanical response and energy evolution of skarn rock subjected to constant-amplitude cyclic loading

• Slower loading rates significantly enhance strain development and energy absorption/dissipation in skarn rock under constant-amplitude cyclic loading, directly influencing fatigue lifetime. • Loading rate and cyclic loading amplitude jointly control the phase shift distribution, with faster rates producing narrower phase shift durations. • Lower loading rates are associated with more pronounced energy dissipation, indicating a strong coupling between loading rate and energy evolution in rock fatigue. • Cyclic loading predominantly induces shear failure, as evidenced by pulverized grain particles, providing key insights for reinforcing mining structures and optimizing extraction methods.