• Increasing initial normal load (Fsd) from 7.5 to 120 kN enhances peak and residual shear loads by up to 35.25% and 86.74%, respectively, indicating a strong positive effect on load-bearing capacity.
• Shear wear predominantly occurs during the initial cyclic shear stage, as the maximum shear load per cycle declines and stabilizes over subsequent cycles.
• Cyclic shearing induces continuous shear contraction, with normal displacement decreasing spirally; later cycles are dominated by dynamic sliding along pre-existing shear rupture surfaces, especially in coal.
• The bearing capacity and failure mode of the anchoring system are rock-type dependent, with debonding predominantly occurring at the resin–rock interface, and damage severity modulated by rock type.