Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• Semiconductor qubits are a leading candidate for scalable quantum technologies due to compatibility with existing microelectronics. • The review covers five major quantum control methods: resonant excitation, adiabatic passage, shortcuts to adiabaticity, composite pulses, and quantum optimal control. • Practical implementation of these methods enables high-precision and noise-resilient quantum gates for various single semiconductor qubit types. • The paper provides a comprehensive guide for researchers to select appropriate control techniques for specific qubit architectures.
Abstract
Quantum control allows a wide range of quantum operations employed in molecular physics, nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information processing. Thanks to the existing microelectronics industry, semiconducting qubits, where quantum information is encoded in spin or charge degree freedom of electrons or nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots, constitute a highly competitive candidate for scalable solid-state quantum technologies. In quantum information processing, advanced control techniques are needed to realize quantum manipulations with both high precision and noise resilience. In this review, we first introduce the basics of various widely-used control methods, including resonant excitation, adabatic passage, shortcuts to adiabaticity, composite pulses, and quantum optimal control. Then we review the practical aspects in applying these methods to realize accurate and robust quantum gates for single semiconductor qubits, such as Loss–DiVincenzo spin qubit, spinglet-triplet qubit, exchange-only qubit and charge qubit.
1. Introduction
Quantum control aims to drive the state of a quantum system towards a target one or realize a specific quantum operation mostly via an external engineered electromagnetic field. It has been a long history to strive for ideal quantum control against hardware imperfections and external noise[1, 2]. A variety of efficient and robust quantum control methods have been proposed and widely employed in molecular physics[3, 4], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)[5, 6] and quantum information processing[7–11].
There are several widely-used quantum control methods. For a simple two-level quantum system, the resonant excitation (RE) method is the simplest one and can be fast if the pulses are intense enough. Extending from RE, the composite pulses (CPs) method, which consists of a sequence of resonant pulses, was developed in the early eighties[12, 13]. There are renewed interests on the CPs method due to its generality and universality, as demonstrated in Ref. [14, 15]. The adiabatic passage method, including rapid adiabatic passage (RAP), stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and their variants, can produce effective and robust control but require long time for the adiabatic transfer[16, 17]. To pursue both robustness and speed, another important class of methods called shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) has been extensively studied in the last decade[17, 18]. In addition, the need for more precise control over quantum dynamics has led to the development of advanced control methods based on optimal control theory.
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Jia-Ao Peng, Chu-Dan Qiu, Wen-Long Ma, Jun-Wei Luo (2024). Diverse methods and practical aspects in controlling single semiconductor qubits: a review. SinoTechIntel Verified Research. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/24120040
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are the main quantum control methods reviewed in this paper?
The paper reviews resonant excitation, adiabatic passage, shortcuts to adiabaticity, composite pulses, and quantum optimal control methods for semiconductor qubits.
Which types of semiconductor qubits are discussed?
The review covers Loss–DiVincenzo spin qubits, singlet-triplet qubits, exchange-only qubits, and charge qubits.
Why are semiconductor qubits considered promising for quantum technologies?
Semiconductor qubits leverage existing microelectronics industry, offering scalability and compatibility with current manufacturing processes.
What is the significance of robust quantum control in quantum information processing?
Robust quantum control ensures high precision and noise resilience, which are essential for reliable quantum gates and overall quantum computation.
How does the paper help researchers in the field?
It provides a comprehensive overview of control methods and their practical applications, aiding in the selection of appropriate techniques for specific qubit architectures.
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