Distinct gas production characteristics from laboratory-synthesized Class I, II, and III hydrate reservoirs: A novel thermally-segmented rotatable approach

• Class I reservoirs exhibit two-stage gas production with 38.4%–78.3% higher cumulative production and superior gas-to-water ratios compared to Class II and III. • The free gas layer in Class I accelerates pressure and heat transfer, while Class II's water layer causes water blocking and impairs heat flow. • Class III reservoirs show rapid initial dissociation but quick decline without fluid support, highlighting the need for external energy input. • Low temperature, low hydrate saturation, and high production pressure reduce efficiency; over-depressurization risks hydrate reformation and ice blockage.