• Dynamic load amplitude and frequency significantly accelerate the failure of high static load coal-rock combinations, reducing the number of cycles to failure and increasing irreversible strain.
• Acoustic emission event counts decrease with higher dynamic load amplitude but increase with higher frequency, indicating distinct damage mechanisms.
• Fractal dimension of broken particles increases more with frequency, while total energy and cumulative elastic energy increase more with amplitude, revealing energy evolution patterns.
• These findings provide critical insights for predicting and mitigating dynamic-static load-induced instability in deep coal mines, enhancing safety and support design.