Chemical Fermentation Pore Creation on Multilevel Bio-Carbon Structure with In Situ Ni-Fe Alloy Loading for Superior Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis

• First-ever chemical fermentation pore-generation mechanism creates multilevel porous carbon networks with nanoscale channels. • Ni-Fe@C1D@2D catalyst achieves an ultralow OER overpotential of 165 mV at 10 mA cm−2 on a non-supported inert electrode. • The catalyst maintains long-term stability for over 90 hours, demonstrating exceptional durability. • Theoretical calculations confirm that the porous structure enhances alloy-carbon interaction, boosting electrocatalytic activity and stability.