• Carbon electrodes enable efficient 2e− oxygen reduction for on-site H2O2 synthesis, offering a safer and greener alternative to the anthraquinone process.
• The three-phase interface and electrode wettability are critical factors determining H2O2 production rate and electrode stability.
• Material modification strategies that enhance 2e− selectivity also influence wettability, linking catalyst design to interfacial performance.
• Future research should focus on overcoming current limitations in carbon electrode stability and selectivity for practical applications.