• Low-temperature electrodeposition offers green and sustainable metal extraction but suffers from slow kinetics and high overpotential.
• External physical fields (magnetic, supergravity, ultrasonic) significantly enhance mass and charge transfer, improving efficiency and deposit quality.
• In-situ characterization techniques are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of field-assisted electrodeposition.
• This review provides a systematic framework for selecting and applying external fields to optimize low-temperature metallurgy.