Key Takeaways & Executive Findings
- •• The ultimate pull-out force increases with bonding length in three stages: rapid, slow, and uniform growth. • A new mechanical model quantifies the reinforcing effect of confining pressure on anchoring force and describes the inverse relationship between radial pressure and plastic zone size. • Failure crack initiation during pull-out occurs in the order of orifice, bottom, and middle of the hole, with radial pressure inhibiting resin cracking but creating an external crushing zone. • The synergistic effect between bonding length and radial pressure was validated through industrial tests, ensuring stope roof stability in deep high-stress mines.
Abstract
The anchoring capacity of the anchor cable is closely related to the bonding length and radial pressure conditions. Through field pull-out tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and industrial tests, this study clarifies the relationship between radial pressure and bonding length for the ultimate pull-out force and reveals the microscopic failure process of the resin-rock interface in the anchoring system. The results show that the ultimate load increases with the increase of bonding length in three different stages: rapid, slow, and uniform growth. The new mechanical model developed considering radial pressure describes the inverse relationship between radial pressure and the plastic zone on the bonding section, and quantifies the reinforcing effect of confining pressure on the anchoring force. During the pull-out process of the anchor cable, the generation of failure cracks is in the order of orifice, bottom, and middle of the hole. Radial pressure can effectively enhance the ultimate pull-out force, alleviate the oscillation increase of pull-out force, and inhibit resin cracking, but will produce an external crushing zone. It also reveals the synergistic effect between bonding length and radial pressure, and successfully carries out industrial tests of anchor cable support, which ensures the stability of the stope roof and provides an important reference for the design of anchor cable support in deep high-stress mines.
1. Introduction
As a cost-effective ground support material, resin anchor cables have been widely applied in geotechnical reinforcement projects for underground mine roadways and stopes due to their high load-bearing capacity, extensive control range, and ability to provide rapid support resistance [1]. With the advancement of metal mining into deeper levels, anchor cables are increasingly deployed in high-confining pressure environments, where the interaction between anchor cable and surrounding rock differs significantly from shallow-level projects [2]. Under prolonged external loading or fragile geological conditions, the anchor cable support system is prone to failure, increasing the safety risks in ground support engineering [3]. However, the failure mechanism of anchor cable systems under high confining pressure remains unclear, posing potential safety hazards in engineering applications. Therefore, in-depth investigation into the physical mechanisms underlying the failure process of anchoring systems, particularly their interaction with the surrounding rock, is of critical importance for improving support effectiveness and ensuring engineering safety.
Numerous studies have extensively examined the support mechanisms, structural design, materials, and construction quality assurance of anchor cables to ensure their effectiveness in controlling the deformation and failure of rock mass [4]. Based on the characteristics and mechanisms of anchor cable support, these studies can be categorized into three main directions, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The first direction focuses on the failure locations and characteristics of anchor cable, establishing theoretical models of stress distribution and axial force along the cable. It considers three media (rock, resin, anchor cable) and two contact interfaces (rock-resin interface and resin-cable interface) [5]. The second line of investigation examines how different support parameters affect anchoring performance. This encompasses an analysis of anchor cable anchoring capacity by adjusting variables such as borehole and cable bolt [6], bond length [7], pretension load [8], and eccentricity of anchor cable [9]. The third direction focuses on the installation environment and arrangement of anchor cable. Research in this area examines the effects of rock mass and grout strength [5,10], confining pressure from the surrounding rock [11] and the spacing between adjacent anchor cable [12] to analyze the support effectiveness. These studies are of great significance for understanding the performance of cable bolt support systems.
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Jian Ouyang, Xiuzhi Shi, Xianyang Qiu, Zongguo Zhang, Zeyu Li (2025). Bond length and interface failure mechanism of anchor cable under continuous radial pressure conditions. SinoTechIntel Verified Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.001
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the relationship between bond length and ultimate pull-out force in anchor cables?
The ultimate pull-out force increases with bond length in three distinct stages: rapid growth, slow growth, and uniform growth, as revealed by field pull-out tests and numerical simulations.
How does radial pressure affect the anchoring capacity of anchor cables?
Radial pressure enhances the ultimate pull-out force, alleviates oscillation in pull-out force, and inhibits resin cracking, but it also creates an external crushing zone. A new mechanical model quantifies the reinforcing effect of confining pressure on anchoring force.
What is the microscopic failure process at the resin-rock interface during pull-out?
During pull-out, failure cracks initiate in the order of orifice, bottom, and middle of the hole. Radial pressure inhibits resin cracking but may produce an external crushing zone.
What is the synergistic effect between bonding length and radial pressure?
The study reveals a synergistic effect: increasing both bonding length and radial pressure can significantly improve anchoring performance, as validated by industrial tests that ensured stope roof stability in deep high-stress mines.
What methods were used in this study?
The study employed field pull-out tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and industrial tests to investigate the bond length and interface failure mechanism under continuous radial pressure conditions.
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