Advances in thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical modelling for CO2 geological storage and utilization

• THMC coupling processes are critical for CO2 storage integrity and efficiency, requiring advanced numerical models. • Fully coupled, iteratively coupled, and explicitly coupled solution methods offer different trade-offs between accuracy and computational cost. • Dynamic changes in porosity, permeability, and fracture evolution are essential to capture multi-field interactions. • Comparative evaluation of TOUGH, CMG-GEM, and COMSOL highlights their capabilities and limitations for CO2 storage simulation.