• Dense graphene assemblies overcome the limitations of porous aerogels, offering superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties for advanced device applications.
• High-concentration graphene dispersions can be achieved via mechanical dispersion, evaporation, centrifugation, and liquid-phase exfoliation, each with distinct trade-offs.
• 2D films and 3D structures are fabricated through vacuum filtration, interfacial self-assembly, and press-forming, enabling precise control over density and architecture.
• Dense graphene assemblies show promise in energy storage, thermal management, and EMI shielding, with future work needed for scalable and cost-effective production.