A review of electroslag remelting composite technologies

• Conventional ESR faces limitations in producing large or complex-shaped components, enhancing efficiency, achieving specialized microstructures, and meeting ultra-high purity demands. • Advanced composite ESR technologies modify electrode systems, mold design, process atmosphere, and apply external fields to overcome these limitations. • Innovations include vibration/rotation/multiple electrodes, conductive molds, mold rotation, ingot withdrawal, protective gas/vacuum/pressure control, and magnetic/ultrasonic fields. • The review summarizes principles, characteristics, advantages, and challenges of these advanced techniques, providing a roadmap for future research.