• Carbon-based hybrid materials, combining carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles, enhance supercapacitor performance through improved charge and energy transfer.
• Key carbon materials include MXenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and activated carbon, which offer high surface area and electrical conductivity.
• Hybridization with metal oxides, sulfides, and conducting polymers boosts specific capacitance and cycling stability.
• Advanced manufacturing techniques such as electrospinning and 3D printing enable precise structural design for next-generation supercapacitors.