• 3D graphene monoliths overcome the limitations of 2D graphene sheets, such as restacking and poor pore accessibility, by forming interconnected porous networks.
• Various fabrication methods, including chemical reduction assembly, CVD, 3D printing, chemical blowing, and zinc-tiered pyrolysis, enable control over pore structure and elemental composition.
• 3D graphene materials exhibit broad applications in energy conversion and storage, including mechanical impact buffering, photothermal conversion, electromagnetic shielding, supercapacitors, batteries, and electrocatalysis.
• Challenges remain in scalable fabrication and precise pore structure control, but new applications are emerging.