A comprehensive review on humanoid robots: perspectives from academia and industry

• This is the first systematic review combining academic research insights with industrial development analysis for humanoid robots. • A comprehensive taxonomic framework and review of key enabling technologies (perception, control, decision-making, HRI, foundation models) are established. • Comparative analysis of commercial products from Tesla, Boston Dynamics, and UBTECH reveals significant disparities and technology transfer bottlenecks. • Six major challenge categories and seven future research directions are identified, emphasizing the integration of large language models.