A cohesion loss model for determining residual strength of deep bedded sandstone

• Residual strength of deep bedded sandstone is significantly influenced by both bedding angle and whole life-cycle evolution process. • Residual cohesion and residual internal friction angle are not constant, but change significantly with increasing bedding angle. • Among six evaluated residual strength models, the cohesion loss model is the most suitable for estimating the residual strength of bedded rocks. • The cohesion loss model can provide accurate theoretical guidance for the stability control of deep chambers.