# SinoTechIntel - Complete Academic & Scientific Research Knowledge Base (Full Index)

> This is the complete open-access intelligence index containing all verified research publications indexed at https://sinotechintel.com.

## Index Summary
- Total Indexed Publications: 1377
- Web Platform: https://sinotechintel.com
- Quick Curated Index: https://sinotechintel.com/llms.txt
- XML Sitemap: https://sinotechintel.com/articles-sitemap.xml

## Complete Repository Catalog

### 1. [Study on the effect of diketone lubricant on the tribological properties of angular contact ball bearings with skidding behavior](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-on-the-effect-of-diketone-lubricant-on-the-tribological-properties-of-angular-contact-ball-bearings-with) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2026.9441214]
Skidding in angular contact ball bearings significantly increases friction, wear, and temperature, adversely affecting bearing performance and service life. Despite its critical impact, systematic investigations of lubrication behavior under skidding conditions remain scarce, with conventional lubricants often failing to provide stable low-friction operation. To address this gap, this study first calculated critical skidding parameters using a quasi-static model. Subsequently, experimental parameters for bearings with and without skidding were selected to evaluate tribological behaviors under three lubricants: base oil, commercial lubricant, and a diketone-based lubricant (PAO = 14 (20%)). Results demonstrate that under skidding conditions, the diketone lubricant achieved the lowest coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.0008 and temperature rise of 2.8 °C. Furthermore, diketone-lubricated bearings exhibited excellent anti-wear performance and an extremely short running-in period. The superior tribological performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of diketone molecular adsorption and chelation with iron atoms, which reduces friction and temperature rise. These findings highlight the potential of diketone lubricants to enhance bearing performance and durability under extreme operating conditions.

### 2. [Steady Shear Rheological Response of Ferrofluids Containing Hydrophilic Fumed Silica under Magnetic Fields](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/steady-shear-rheological-response-of-ferrofluids-containing-hydrophilic-fumed-silica-under-magnetic-fields) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441210]
This study investigates the steady shear rheological behavior of water-based ferrofluids composited with hydrophilic fumed silica under different magnetic field strengths, with particular attention paid to avoiding gelation that reduces fluidity. Seven composite ferrofluid samples were prepared and characterized. By adjusting the silica particle size and volume fraction, their effects on viscosity and yield stress were explored. As a result, pronounced shear-thinning behavior is observed in this dispersion, with their flow curves under different magnetic field strengths effectively scaled by the Mason number. A higher silica concentration or larger particle size increases the critical Mason number, showing that field-induced structures become more stable. In contrast, only high silica concentrations significantly enhance shear thinning, as reflected by a larger flow index, whereas particle size has little influence. Yield stress analysis further shows that macroscopic models capture normalized Bingham yield stress, while microscopic models better predict normalized static yield stress. Overall, this work demonstrates that hydrophilic fumed silica offers a simple and effective route for tuning the magnetorheology of water-based ferrofluids without inducing gelation, ensuring controllable rheology and good fluidity.

### 3. [Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface with Layered Double Hydroxides for Enhanced Corrosion and Wear Resistance of TC4 Alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/slippery-liquid-infused-porous-surface-with-layered-double-hydroxides-for-enhanced-corrosion-and-wear-resistan) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441191]
Titanium alloys, particularly TC4 (Ti–6Al–4V), suffer from poor tribological performance and susceptibility to pitting corrosion, limiting their application in marine and biomedical fields. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) coatings offer potential protection but are hindered by the dense oxide layer on titanium alloys. In this study, a ZnAl LDH coating was fabricated on TC4 via in situ growth, followed by molybdate anion intercalation through ion exchange. A biomimetic slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) was then created by UV-grafting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) onto the nanoporous LDH structure. The resulting surface exhibited excellent hydrophobicity, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. Electrochemical tests (Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) demonstrated superior corrosion protection, with a low corrosion current density of 2.34×10−7 A/cm2. The infused silicone oil and ZnAl LDH nanosheets synergistically improved wear performance compared to bare TC4. This work provides insights into controllable in situ fabrication of LDH coatings and offers a novel strategy for broadening TC4 alloy applications in metal protection.

### 4. [Molecular Dynamics Simulations Addressing Atomic-Scale Core Issues in Chemical Mechanical Polishing and Post-CMP Cleaning: A Concise Review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/molecular-dynamics-simulations-addressing-atomic-scale-core-issues-in-chemical-mechanical-polishing-and-post-c) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441197]
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and post-CMP cleaning are critical steps in semiconductor manufacturing, requiring atomic-scale flatness and complete removal of contaminants. This review examines the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate atomic-scale mechanisms underlying these processes, focusing on four major MD methodologies: classical MD, reactive force field MD (ReaxFF), tight-binding quantum chemical MD (TB-QC MD), and ab initio MD (AIMD). Classical MD provides a foundation for simulating large-scale systems but lacks accuracy for modeling chemical reactions. ReaxFF allows real-time bond breaking and formation simulations during CMP. TB-QC MD combines quantum accuracy with classical efficiency, enabling exploration of chemical reaction effects on friction and material removal. AIMD directly calculates atomic interactions for precise depictions of chemical processes, albeit with high computational cost. MD simulations act as a 'computational microscope', enhancing CMP and postcleaning processes by quantifying interactions, material removal pathways, and contaminant desorption. Future research should address multiscale modeling challenges, improve AIMD efficiency, and develop accurate potential functions to propel semiconductor manufacturing toward greater precision and efficiency.

### 5. [Manipulating the Conversion of Nanoscale Wear Debris into Tribofilm for Wear Reduction of Steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/manipulating-the-conversion-of-nanoscale-wear-debris-into-tribofilm-for-wear-reduction-of-steel) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441207]
Wear debris particles play a crucial role in frictional interfaces. Conventional understanding holds that debris accumulation causes severe wear. Interestingly, the debris from metal friction pairs includes anti-wear metal oxides generated by tribochemical reactions, which can form a protective oxidation film to resist wear. However, minimizing the abrasive damage caused by accumulated debris and using the anti-wear property of the metal oxides can be mutually exclusive. Here, a rational design of a coupling surface that manipulates nanoscale wear debris to resist further wear is reported. It consists of surface textures used to capture and temporarily store excess nanoscale wear debris, a deposited self-cleaning coating that subsequently helps transfer part of the captured debris into the sliding-contact interface, where it converts into a protective oxidation film. The coexistence of the two elements with contrasting properties in manipulating nanoscale wear debris considerably reduces wear under conditions of water lubrication, oil lubrication, and macroscale superlubricity. Our strategy achieves the manipulation and utilization of wear debris for anti-wear purposes. This work holds the potential to promote further investigation into the role of nanoscale wear debris and its utilization approaches.

### 6. [Research Progress and Application Prospects of Nanocomposites in Lubricants](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-and-application-prospects-of-nanocomposites-in-lubricants) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2026.9441213]
Nanocomposites have attracted significant attention as lubricant additives due to their advantages in reducing friction, enhancing wear resistance, and improving thermal and oxidative stability. In recent years, increasing research has explored how different types of nanomaterials (such as carbon-based materials, metallic nanoparticles, and ceramic phases) can use synergistic effects to achieve performance surpassing that of their single components. This review focuses on relevant studies published between 2020 and 2025, providing an updated overview of the advantages, synthesis methods, structures, dispersion stability, lubrication mechanisms, and tribological behavior of nanocomposites. Various structural types are discussed, including core–shell, layered, and in situ hybrid systems, along with their fabrication routes, such as sol–gel processing, hydrothermal synthesis, and surface modification strategies. The lubrication mechanism of nanocomposites is analyzed based on the material structure and the testing conditions. Particular attention is paid to the synergistic effects among multiple components within the nanocomposites and to how these synergies enhance tribological performance. Furthermore, the challenges faced by nanocomposites and potential future developments are discussed. This review aims to clarify the current status of nanocomposites as lubricant additives and facilitate their future application in advanced lubrication systems.

### 7. [Study of Lubricating Nanocoatings for Cardiovascular Catheters Based on Molecular Self-Assembly and Schiff Base Reactions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-of-lubricating-nanocoatings-for-cardiovascular-catheters-based-on-molecular-self-assembly-and-schiff-bas) [DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441201]
During cardiovascular interventional surgeries, catheters contact vascular tissues, causing friction, collisions, and compression that may damage tissue. Surface engineering is essential to modify catheter surfaces. Effective coatings require high adhesion strength to prevent peeling from the inner surface, while the outer surface must provide excellent lubricity and biocompatibility. In this study, layer-by-layer (LbL) technique was employed to introduce catechol-modified chitosan (CC) and dopamine-modified oxidized hyaluronic acid (DOHA), forming a nanoscale, superhydrophilic, strongly adhesive, and biocompatible coating on cardiovascular catheters. Tight binding of CC and DOHA results from electrostatic interactions, chemical reactions, and catechol group enrichment, yielding an adhesion strength of up to 1 MPa. These CC/DOHA multilayers greatly enhance lubrication of the TPU substrate, reducing the coefficient of friction (COF) by up to 95% compared with the uncoated state. After a 30-min friction test, the COF of the CC/DOHA16 coating only slightly increased from 0.032 to 0.044, demonstrating excellent stability. Evaluations revealed a reduction in vascular intima damage from grade 5 without coating to grade 3, confirming the coating's effectiveness in minimizing friction-induced damage.

### 8. [Thermal–environmental effects on degradation of railway ballast aggregates: a climate change perspective](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermalenvironmental-effects-on-degradation-of-railway-ballast-aggregates-a-climate-change-perspective) [DOI: 10.1007/s40534-025-00412-5]
Climate change imposes multifaceted stresses on railway infrastructure, particularly ballasted tracks, where ballast degradation drives maintenance costs. This study quantifies the durability of ballast aggregates under simulated thermal and environmental conditions representative of climate change scenarios. Laboratory tests subjected aggregates to temperature extremes from −20°C to +100°C, freeze–thaw cycles, and sulfate attacks. Durability was assessed via Los Angeles abrasion, micro-Deval wear, crushing resistance, impact performance, and breakage potential. Results demonstrate that sulfate attacks, freeze–thaw cycles, extreme cold, and extreme warm conditions degrade durability by averages of 50%, 20%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. Empirical formulations were derived to estimate degradation indices as functions of thermal and environmental stressors. These findings underscore the critical influence of climate-driven conditions on ballast longevity and provide a basis for climate-adaptive railway design and maintenance planning.

### 9. [Research Progress on Design, Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Shock-Induced Energy Release Characteristics of Reactive Tungsten Alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-on-design-fabrication-mechanical-properties-and-shock-induced-energy-release-characteristics) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026028]
Reactive tungsten alloys (RTAs) are a class of metallic energetic structural materials that combine a high-density tungsten skeleton with reactive elements such as Zr and Ti, offering synergistic capabilities of high-strength load bearing, kinetic penetration, and shock-induced energy release. This review systematically examines the composition design and fabrication methods of RTAs, detailing their typical microstructural characteristics and the structure–mechanical property relationships. It summarizes penetration behavior and energy release characterization under high-velocity impact, and outlines future directions including machine-learning-assisted multi-objective design, development of large-scale component forming technologies, and establishment of multi-scale constitutive models to elucidate penetration and energy release mechanisms. The review highlights that RTAs can achieve dynamic compressive strengths exceeding 2 GPa and densities above 10 g·cm−3, while the addition of elements such as Ti and Nb suppresses the formation of brittle W2Zr intermetallics, improving ductility. Challenges remain in balancing strength, energy release, and processability, particularly in solid-state sintering above 1500 °C. The paper provides a comprehensive foundation for the design and engineering application of high-density reactive tungsten alloys.

### 10. [Effect of Particle Size on Ignition and Combustion Performance of Al-Li-Mg Alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-particle-size-on-ignition-and-combustion-performance-of-al-li-mg-alloys) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026021]
To elucidate the influence mechanism of particle size on the ignition and combustion behavior of Al-Li-Mg alloys, four alloy powders with median diameters of 9, 13, 16, and 24 μm were systematically investigated. Physicochemical properties were characterized by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis, and oxygen bomb calorimetry. Ignition and combustion behaviors were assessed using a laser ignition test bench equipped with high-speed photography and fiber-optic spectrometry. Results show that with increasing particle size, ignition delay time first decreases sharply then stabilizes, dropping from 135 ms (9 μm) to 51 ms (13 μm), then to 15 ms (16 μm) and 18 ms (24 μm). Combustion intensity, indicated by maximum spectral intensity, decreases from 7300.4 (9 μm) to 1721.6 (24 μm). Combustion duration initially extends slightly then stabilizes, from 857 ms (9 μm) to 928 ms (13 μm) and approximately 920 ms for larger sizes. Notably, the 13 μm alloy achieves an optimal balance among ignition delay (51 ms), combustion duration (928 ms), and combustion intensity (6041.8). The study reveals a critical size effect: between 13 and 16 μm, ignition delay drops by 71% while combustion intensity decreases by 54%, indicating a transition from surface-diffusion-controlled to micro-explosion-dominated combustion. This mechanism arises from competition between heat conduction and elemental diffusion: larger particles restrict heat transfer, promoting Li and Mg surface enrichment and temperature gradients that induce micro-explosions, thereby shortening ignition delay but reducing combustion efficiency and intensity.

### 11. [Research Progress on Dynamic Response and Energy Release Mechanisms of Reactive Damage Elements](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-on-dynamic-response-and-energy-release-mechanisms-of-reactive-damage-elements) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025272]
Reactive damage elements (RDEs) integrate kinetic penetration with chemical energy release, offering a dual-mode damage mechanism. This review systematically examines the state-of-the-art in RDE reaction mechanisms, penetration-reaction coupled damage models, numerical simulation methods, and dynamic loading experiments. Two-stage reaction mechanisms—shock-induced and shock-assisted—are elaborated, along with thermo-mechanical-chemical coupling theory and reaction threshold regulation. Penetration depth and hole-enlargement models, aftereffect overpressure and ignition models, fragment cloud distribution and damage radius models are summarized. Advances in reactive material equations of state, SPH-ALE multi-physics coupling algorithms, and cross-scale modeling methods are consolidated, alongside multi-physics synchronous testing and target damage assessment systems. Key findings include: Al-Ni-W systems achieve densities up to 7.8 g·cm⁻³ and tensile strengths exceeding 300 MPa, maintaining structural integrity at 2000 m·s⁻¹. PTFE/Al formulations exhibit shock-induced reactions in nanoseconds, while shock-assisted reactions occur over microseconds to milliseconds, with oxide additives like MoO₃ lowering reaction thresholds and enhancing energy release. Future directions emphasize precise reaction degree control via cross-scale models, universal damage assessment under extreme environments, and field testing using characteristic spectra and electromagnetic pulses. This review provides a comprehensive framework for advancing RDE technology in munitions and protective applications.

### 12. [Solving the Railway Timetable Rescheduling Problem with Graph Neural Networks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/solving-the-railway-timetable-rescheduling-problem-with-graph-neural-networks) [DOI: 10.1007/s40534-025-00383-7]
This study addresses the train timetable rescheduling (TTR) problem from a novel perspective, focusing on the actions of train traffic controllers: adjusting dwelling times, running times, and train orders. To enhance interpretability, we propose a graph neural network (GNN) approach that maps train timetable data into evolution graphs, aligning with the operational paradigm of train processes. Two experiments are conducted: node-level prediction of dwelling and running times, and edge-level overtaking identification using the proposed Overtaking Identification Algorithm (OIA). The integrated GNN-OIA framework, combined with train operation constraints, generates rescheduling solutions. Experimental results demonstrate satisfactory predictive performance. Under diverse delay scenarios, the proposed method outperforms three standard rule-based benchmarks in reducing train delays for disturbed train groups. Additionally, the model exhibits high computational efficiency across three rescheduling scenarios, indicating its applicability for real-time train dispatching. The study underscores the potential of data-driven approaches in capturing dynamic interactions and cascading effects, offering a promising alternative to traditional mathematical programming and simulation methods.

### 13. [Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation Preparation of TiZrNbTa Refractory High-Entropy Alloy Powder](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogenation-dehydrogenation-preparation-of-tizrnbta-refractory-high-entropy-alloy-powder) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026026]
TiZrNbTa refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) is an active alloy with excellent mechanical properties and energy release characteristics. However, its high and disparate melting points of constituent elements and wide liquid-solid two-phase region hinder large-scale forming via conventional casting. Powder metallurgy offers a viable route, but obtaining suitable powder is critical. This study systematically investigated the hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH) process for preparing equimolar TiZrNbTa RHEA powder. The as-cast alloy was hydrogenated at 550 °C under 0.25 MPa hydrogen pressure for 2 h, transforming the BCC solid solution into metal hydrides (ZrH2, TiH2, and (Nb,Ta)H). Mechanical crushing yielded irregular hydride powder with an average particle size (D50) of 11.13 μm, and hydrogen and oxygen contents of 1.823% and 0.111%, respectively. Subsequent vacuum dehydrogenation at 450 °C for 1.5 h produced single-phase BCC TiZrNbTa powder with significantly reduced hydrogen (0.028%) and slightly increased oxygen (0.121%) contents, and a narrower particle size distribution with D50 reduced to 5.67 μm. The results demonstrate that the HDH process is an effective method for producing low-oxygen TiZrNbTa RHEA powder with suitable particle size for powder metallurgy applications.

### 14. [Preparation and Performance of Epoxy Resin Cured Compounds with High Mechanical Strength and Energy-release Capability for Reactive Warhead Casings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-and-performance-of-epoxy-resin-cured-compounds-with-high-mechanical-strength-and-energy-release-ca) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026036]
To address the issue that resin matrices in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites cannot participate in explosive energy release when used in warhead casings, an epoxy resin cured compound with both high mechanical properties and high energy-release characteristics was prepared by introducing more easily pyrolyzable polyether segments and fluoropolymer-coated nano-aluminum powder into a high-rigidity epoxy cured compound. The crosslinked network structure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition characteristics, ignition and combustion characteristics, and energy-release performance were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, quasi-static mechanical testing, TG-DSC, laser ignition testing, and closed bomb testing. Results show that the cured compound has a well-formed crosslinked network, a tensile strength of 72.41 MPa, an initial thermal decomposition temperature of approximately 273 °C, a minimum ignition energy reduced to 1.77 J, a maximum pressure rise rate of 0.407 MPa·ms⁻¹, and a peak pressure increased to 5.935 MPa in closed bomb tests. The introduction of polyether segments and fluoropolymer-coated nano-aluminum enhances the energy release rate and total energy release, making the material a potential resin matrix for CFRP-based reactive structural materials.

### 15. [Simulation Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Continuous Synthesis Process of 3-Amino-4-aminoximiofurazan](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/simulation-study-on-heat-transfer-characteristics-of-continuous-synthesis-process-of-3-amino-4-aminoximiofuraz) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026051]
The channel reactor offers advantages of high-efficiency mass and heat transfer, providing a basis for transitioning mixed-controlled strongly exothermic reactions from batch to continuous industrial production. This study focuses on the synthesis of 3-amino-4-aminoximiofurazan (AAOF). Reaction calorimetry experiments provided fundamental heat release data, which, combined with material and energy balances, yielded exothermic model parameters for a channel reactor. A heat transfer-exothermic model was constructed, and numerical solutions simulated jacket heat transfer, heat transfer rates, and heat exchange medium effectiveness. Thermal safety risks in the continuous flow process were analyzed, leading to a heat exchange control strategy. Results show that for a reactor tube of 0.01 m diameter and 5 m length, producing AAOF at 2 kg·h⁻¹ with heat transfer oil in co-current flow, the mass flow rate significantly affects safety: below 0.1 kg·h⁻¹, outlet temperature exceeds 120 °C, approaching the onset decomposition temperature (121.7 °C), risking thermal accumulation and runaway; optimal heat removal occurs at 2–3.5 kg·h⁻¹; above 4.5 kg·h⁻¹, temperature drops below 100 °C, failing to meet process conditions. The optimal heat exchange medium flow range is 2–3.5 kg·h⁻¹, providing foundational data and process parameters for safe design and stable operation of AAOF synthesis in channel reactors.

### 16. [Optimization and Application of Equations of State for Detonation Condensed Carbon Products](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-and-application-of-equations-of-state-for-detonation-condensed-carbon-products) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026061]
To improve the description of complex nano-carbon clusters in explosives such as TATB and BTF under high temperature and pressure, and to enhance the prediction accuracy of the detonation thermodynamic code VPL, two new equations of state (EOS) were developed. Based on molecular dynamics simulations of carbon condensation, a phase-composition algorithm was introduced and combined with graphite/diamond single-phase EOS to establish NDGP (Nano-Diamond-Graphite-Peng) for diamond-graphite core-shell nano-carbon clusters. Separately, a modified graphite EOS was formulated as NOCP (Nano-Onion-Carbon-Peng) for onion-like nano-carbon clusters at high detonation temperatures. These EOS were applied to calculate detonation velocity, pressure, overdriven Hugoniot, and work capacity for TATB (including TATB-based explosives) and BTF. Compared with Fried and Cowan-Fickett EOS, the new EOS improved prediction accuracy for TATB detonation velocity by 1.5%-2.5% and for BTF detonation pressure by 3%-5%. Additionally, an EOS for disordered low-density carbon was introduced to compute the detonation velocity of lead trinitroresorcinate (LTNR) as a function of loading density, achieving 3%-7% improvement over existing models. The results demonstrate that the new EOS provide more accurate predictions for explosives with complex carbon products, offering a robust tool for detonation performance evaluation.

### 17. [Deep Learning-Based Spectral Identification of Explosives: A Sequential Infrared and Raman Approach](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deep-learning-based-spectral-identification-of-explosives-a-sequential-infrared-and-raman-approach) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026023]
The complex composition of mixed explosives poses significant challenges to conventional detection methods, which often suffer from low intelligence and poor discrimination. This study addresses these limitations by employing a sequential detection framework combining infrared (IR) spectroscopy for preliminary screening and Raman spectroscopy for confirmatory analysis, integrated with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for intelligent spectral recognition. Two energetic material mixtures, m-dinitrobenzene/potassium nitrate and p-nitroaniline/ammonium nitrate, were prepared in powder and tablet forms. IR spectroscopy effectively identified organic components through characteristic absorption peaks but failed to detect inorganic oxidizers such as potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate. Raman spectroscopy successfully characterized nitroaromatic functional groups and detected inorganic ions, enabling complete component identification. The CNN-based models achieved average classification accuracies of 96.54% for IR spectra and 96.29% for Raman spectra, with per-sample inference times of 0.044 s and 0.042 s, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed sequential IR-Raman approach, coupled with deep learning, provides a rapid and reliable solution for field detection of mixed explosives, overcoming the limitations of single-spectroscopy methods.

### 18. [Blasting Failure Characteristics of Rock Specimens under In-Hole Layered Column Charge](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/blasting-failure-characteristics-of-rock-specimens-under-in-hole-layered-column-charge) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026001]
To improve rock fragmentation in open-pit deep-hole blasting, an in-hole layered column charge configuration was designed. Small-scale blasting tests on sandstone specimens were conducted under continuous and layered column charges to capture the failure process and final fragmentation. DEM-PBM coupled simulations visualized the dynamic fracture evolution and validated the experimental observations. Results show that under continuous charge, the top quarter of the specimen developed only a single blast-induced crack, splitting it into two parts, with horizontal fragment velocity of 2.0 m·s⁻¹ and a maximum block size of 9.0 cm. In contrast, layered charge produced multiple cracks in the top quarter, fragmenting it into smaller pieces, increasing horizontal velocity to 7.0 m·s⁻¹, and eliminating blocks larger than 5.0 cm. Simulations confirmed these trends, with maximum block size reduced from 8.8 cm to below 5.0 cm and velocity reaching 6.8 m·s⁻¹, closely matching experiments. Field trials in an open-pit coal mine overburden blasting demonstrated that layered charge reduced the boulder yield from 48.1% to 5.6%, significantly improving fragmentation. The findings confirm the practical effectiveness of in-hole layered column charge in enhancing rock breakage in deep-hole bench blasting.

### 19. [Review on Ship Structural Damage and Protection Subjected to Underwater Contact Explosions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/review-on-ship-structural-damage-and-protection-subjected-to-underwater-contact-explosions) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026118]
Underwater contact explosions from torpedoes and mines pose severe threats to ship survivability. The coupled effects of shock waves, bubbles, and secondary fragments induce complex structural damage. This review first analyzes the load characteristics of underwater contact explosions, detailing the spatial-temporal evolution of shock waves, bubbles, and secondary fragments. Subsequently, it examines protective mechanisms from two perspectives: multi-cabin structural protection and composite structure/material protection, focusing on damage suppression and energy dissipation. Finally, key technical challenges are summarized to guide future research. The review highlights that shock waves cause initial indentation and perforation of the outer plate, while bubble pulsation and collapse jets dominate subsequent large deformation and tearing of bulkheads. Experimental studies show that stiffened plates exhibit significant strain growth during bubble pulsation, potentially exceeding shock wave effects. Multi-cabin designs, such as liquid-filled compartments, effectively mitigate damage through energy absorption and impedance mismatch. Composite materials offer enhanced blast resistance but face scalability issues. The paper underscores the need for high-fidelity numerical methods and experimental validation to resolve controversies regarding dominant damage mechanisms. This work provides a comprehensive reference for advancing ship structural protection against underwater contact explosions.

### 20. [Reaction-Growth Behavior of Energetic Materials under Mass-Inertial Confinement](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reaction-growth-behavior-of-energetic-materials-under-mass-inertial-confinement) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026012]
To investigate the reaction-growth behavior of propellants and polymer-bonded explosives (PBX) after non-shock ignition under mass-inertial confinement, a thick-walled cylinder experimental setup was constructed. The setup provided strong radial structural confinement and incorporated a large mass block with a mass ratio exceeding 45:1 relative to the energetic material. Laser ignition (250 W) was used to initiate reactions, and multiple photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) probes simultaneously measured radial expansion velocity of the cylinder and axial velocity of the mass block top. High-speed photography and recovered debris analysis were employed to compare reaction evolution processes. Results show that mass-inertial confinement enhances pressure buildup during the early reaction phase, but the type of energetic material determines reaction-growth characteristics and violence under identical confinement. For the composite propellant (containing AP, aluminum, RDX, and energetic binder), mass-inertial confinement dominated early pressurization; the system exhibited axial mass block acceleration without yielding of the thick-walled cylinder. Maximum reaction pressure was below 50 MPa, reaction fraction was less than 1%, and nearly all propellant was recovered, indicating a burning reaction. For the PBX (containing HMX and CL-20), early pressurization was jointly influenced by mass-inertial and structural confinement; the cylinder underwent yielding and radial expansion, and the mass block showed local upsetting deformation. Maximum reaction pressure reached 2 GPa, reaction fraction exceeded 50%, and no explosive was recovered, indicating a violent explosion. These findings provide insights into non-shock ignition reaction-growth mechanisms and safety design of structural charges.

### 21. [Solubility and Thermodynamic Properties of β-HMX in Dimethyl Sulfoxide–Alcohol Binary Solvent Mixtures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/solubility-and-thermodynamic-properties-of-hmx-in-dimethyl-sulfoxidealcohol-binary-solvent-mixtures) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026054]
The solubility of β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–methanol, DMSO–ethanol, and DMSO–n-propanol binary solvent mixtures was measured using a static method over the temperature range of 293.15–343.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction of alcohol in the mixed solvent was varied from 0 to 1. The experimental solubility data were correlated with the Apelblat, Jouyban–Acree, and NRTL models. The Apelblat model provided the best fit, with an average relative deviation (ARD) below 5% and a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) below 0.11%. Thermodynamic properties, including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of dissolution, were derived from the NRTL model. The dissolution process was endothermic, entropy-driven, and spontaneous in all three solvent systems. Solid-phase characterization by PXRD and DSC confirmed that no polymorphic transition of β-HMX occurred under the experimental conditions. Solvent composition stability tests showed that the maximum relative change in solubility due to composition fluctuation was less than 6.3%, corresponding to an equivalent temperature variation of 1.4–2.7 K. These data provide a foundation for optimizing anti-solvent crystallization processes for β-HMX.

### 22. [Physical Trend for Critical Temperature in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 High-temperature Superconductors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/physical-trend-for-critical-temperature-in-bi2sr2cacu2o8-high-temperature-superconductors) [DOI: 10.15541/jim20260128]
Superconductivity remains a central challenge in condensed matter physics and materials science, with high-temperature superconductors lacking a unified theoretical framework. This work investigates the relationship between critical temperature (TC) and hole concentration in Y-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212), a cuprate superconductor. By systematically varying the hole concentration through Y substitution, we establish a power-law scaling: TC ∝ p^0.5, where p is the hole concentration per CuO2 plane. The exponent of 0.5 indicates a quadratic dependence, suggesting that increased hole concentration enhances superconducting pairing strength. Our data reveal that TC increases monotonically with hole concentration up to the optimal doping level, reaching a maximum of 95 K at p ≈ 0.16, beyond which over-doping suppresses superconductivity. This trend holds across the under-doped and optimally-doped regimes, providing a predictive tool for optimizing TC in Bi-2212 and related cuprates. The findings underscore that hole concentration is a critical control parameter, and achieving high TC requires precise doping control. This work offers practical guidance for the design of new high-temperature superconductors with enhanced performance, potentially enabling operation at liquid-nitrogen temperatures and above, which is crucial for technological applications such as magnetic resonance imaging, particle accelerators, and power transmission.

### 23. [Influence of Preparation Processes on the Structure and Properties of the Ductile Thermoelectric Material Ag2S0.4Te0.6](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-preparation-processes-on-the-structure-and-properties-of-the-ductile-thermoelectric-material-ag2s) [DOI: 10.15541/jim20260018]
Ag2S0.4Te0.6 is an inorganic semiconductor with favorable ductility and thermoelectric performance, showing potential for applications in wearable electronics. Recent studies have indicated that optimization of preparation processes, such as annealing, can significantly enhance the ductility of the material, which is closely related to its phase composition and crystal structure. In this work, high-resolution synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction data of the Ag2S0.4Te0.6 powder sample before and after annealing were collected over a temperature range of 110–700 K. By combining Rietveld structural refinement, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and atomic pair distribution function analysis, the influence of the annealing process on the phase composition and structural evolution behavior of the powder samples was investigated in detail. The results show that the pristine Ag2S0.4Te0.6 powder is predominantly amorphous, containing only a small amount of poorly crystalline monoclinic phase. During heating, the material gradually crystallizes, first forming a monoclinic phase, which subsequently transforms into mixed body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) phases. After cooling back to room temperature, the sample remains in a mixed state of bcc-dominated cubic crystallinity and amorphous phase. In contrast, the annealed powder sample already exhibits a mixed cubic crystalline/amorphous state at room temperature, and no obvious phase transition behavior is observed during heating. Moreover, the thermoelectric properties of Ag2S0.4Te0.6 bulk sample remain largely unaffected by the annealing process. This study provides structural insights for further understanding the annealing-induced improvement in ductility.

### 24. [Research Progress on Controllable Synthesis of Blue-emitting ZnSeTe Quantum Dots and Quantum-dot Light-emitting Diode Devices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-on-controllable-synthesis-of-blue-emitting-znsete-quantum-dots-and-quantum-dot-light-emittin) [DOI: 10.15541/jim20260115]
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising emissive materials for optoelectronic devices owing to their tunable emission wavelength, high color purity, and solution processability. Quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), an important complementary technology to organic light-emitting diodes, have demonstrated considerable potential in display applications. However, the inherent toxicity of conventional Cd- and Pb-based QDs has driven the development of heavy-metal-free QDs systems. Currently, heavy-metal-free blue QLEDs still lag significantly behind their red and green counterparts in device efficiency and operational stability, representing a critical bottleneck to their practical application. To address this issue, ZnSeTe QDs have attracted significant research interest due to their tunable bandgap and excellent blue emission properties. In this work, a comprehensive review of ZnSeTe QDs is provided. Firstly, their nucleation and growth mechanisms, as well as typical synthesis methods are introduced, and the key factors affecting their optical properties are discussed. On this basis, various performance optimization strategies, including band engineering, surface etching, shell passivation, and ligand regulation, are systematically summarized. Furthermore, electroluminescence mechanisms of QLEDs and recent progress on the application of ZnSeTe QDs in blue-emitting devices are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges, such as low emission efficiency, limited device lifetime, and charge injection imbalance, are discussed, and potential future development directions are proposed.

### 25. [Machine Learning-Assisted Design of High-Temperature BSPT-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics with Enhanced Dual Properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/machine-learning-assisted-design-of-high-temperature-bspt-based-piezoelectric-ceramics-with-enhanced-dual-prop) [DOI: 10.15541/jim20260017]
BiScO3-PbTiO3 (BSPT)-based piezoelectric ceramics are promising for high-temperature applications above 350 °C due to their high Curie temperature (TC) and large piezoelectric coefficient (d33). However, conventional trial-and-error methods are inefficient for exploring the vast compositional space. Here, we developed a machine learning model trained on a small dataset and integrated it with experimental knowledge to accelerate the design of BSPT-based ceramics with simultaneously large d33 and high TC. Guided by the model, we designed Ga-W ion-pair co-doped 0.36BiScO3-0.64PbTi1–x(Ga2/3W1/3)xO3 (BSPTGW1000x) ceramics. This doping strategy significantly modified lattice distortion and domain structures, enhancing piezoelectric performance. Among compositions, BSPTGW10 (x=0.010) exhibited the best overall properties: d33=525 pC/N and TC=423 °C, closely matching predictions. Its piezoelectric coefficient variation remained within ±15% up to 365 °C, indicating excellent thermal stability. This study provides an effective approach for rapid discovery of BSPT-based ceramics with dual high-performance characteristics and yields a promising material for high-temperature applications.

### 26. [Prediction of Cylindrical Deformation Response Subjected to Underwater Explosion Based on a PointNet Conditional Diffusion Model](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/prediction-of-cylindrical-deformation-response-subjected-to-underwater-explosion-based-on-a-pointnet-condition) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026123]
To predict the full-field deformation damage of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells subjected to underwater explosion loads, a method combining a PointNet conditional diffusion model, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm, graph neural network (GNN) residual correction, and spatial interpolation is proposed for point cloud displacement field prediction and deformation reconstruction. A dataset of cylindrical shell deformation responses was generated via numerical simulation, and a prediction model was trained to predict three-dimensional deformation displacements and reconstruct complete surface deformation contours under varying charge masses, standoff distances, and time instants. Error evaluation on the validation set yielded a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0077 mm², root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.0877 mm, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0548 mm, and coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9858, indicating high displacement prediction accuracy. The reconstructed results effectively capture the deformation history and final overall deformation of the cylindrical shell. This method provides a reference for underwater platform explosion damage prediction and assessment.

### 27. [Physiological Damage Effects of Underwater Explosion Shock Waves on Cyphastrea japonica](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/physiological-damage-effects-of-underwater-explosion-shock-waves-on-cyphastrea-japonica) [DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026125]
Underwater blasting is indispensable for marine engineering, yet its shock waves can damage reef-building corals. This study investigated the physiological damage to Cyphastrea japonica holobiont from underwater explosion shock waves, examining coral host, symbiotic zooxanthellae, and microbiota. The coral's tolerance threshold was 6.74 MPa. Protein content decreased with increasing shock wave intensity, with a maximum reduction of 59.6%. At 11.01 MPa, zooxanthellae density dropped by 87% and photosynthetic rate by 49%, causing significant bleaching. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities significantly decreased, indicating impaired antioxidant defense. Microbial community diversity at the phylum level increased significantly, and genus-level structure became more complex. The study reveals a stepwise damage pathway from host to zooxanthellae photosynthesis to microbial community, providing scientific basis for coral protection during marine blasting.

### 28. [Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Neural Signal Processing and Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-brain-computer-interface-technology-a-comprehensive-review-of-neural-signal-processing-and-applica) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.105]
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a transformative technology enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices, offering unprecedented opportunities for restoring motor function in paralyzed individuals and enhancing human-computer interaction. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in BCI technology, focusing on neural signal acquisition, signal processing algorithms, and diverse applications. We systematically analyze invasive and non-invasive recording modalities, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrocorticography (ECoG), and intracortical microelectrode arrays, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The review delves into state-of-the-art signal processing techniques, such as adaptive filtering, common spatial patterns, and deep learning-based classification, which have significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of BCI systems. Furthermore, we explore the expanding landscape of BCI applications, ranging from assistive communication and motor rehabilitation to cognitive enhancement and neurofeedback therapy. Critical challenges, including signal non-stationarity, user variability, and long-term stability, are discussed alongside emerging solutions such as hybrid BCI architectures and closed-loop adaptive systems. By integrating findings from recent studies and clinical trials, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of BCI technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and translational research to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and real-world clinical adoption. Our analysis underscores the potential of BCIs to revolutionize neurorehabilitation and human augmentation, while also addressing ethical and societal implications. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers seeking to understand the current state and future directions of brain-computer interface technology.

### 29. [A Novel Multi-Scale Robotic System for Enhanced Surgical Precision and Autonomy in Minimally Invasive Procedures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-multi-scale-robotic-system-for-enhanced-surgical-precision-and-autonomy-in-minimally-invasive-procedur) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058]
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionized surgical practice by reducing patient trauma and recovery time. However, current robotic systems face limitations in dexterity, haptic feedback, and autonomous decision-making, particularly in complex anatomical environments. This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed to enhance surgical precision and autonomy. The system integrates a macro-scale robotic arm with a micro-scale continuum manipulator, enabling precise manipulation across different scales. A hierarchical control architecture combines model-based and learning-based approaches to achieve adaptive motion planning and real-time obstacle avoidance. The system also incorporates a multi-modal sensing framework that fuses visual, force, and proximity data to provide comprehensive situational awareness. Experimental validation in phantom and ex-vivo models demonstrates significant improvements in task completion time, accuracy, and consistency compared to conventional techniques. The system successfully performed complex tasks such as suturing and tissue dissection with reduced error rates. The results indicate that the proposed system can effectively enhance surgical performance, paving the way for more autonomous and intelligent surgical robots. Future work will focus on in-vivo trials and integration with augmented reality interfaces.

### 30. [Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Prognosis and Immunotherapy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/integrated-multi-omics-analysis-of-tumor-microenvironment-and-immune-infiltration-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that profoundly influences disease progression and therapeutic response. In this study, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis of HCC using transcriptomic, genomic, and epigenetic data from public databases and our own cohort. We characterized the immune cell infiltration patterns and identified distinct TME subtypes associated with differential prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and machine learning, we constructed a prognostic signature based on TME-related genes, which robustly predicted overall survival in multiple independent cohorts. Furthermore, we explored the interplay between TME, somatic mutations, and copy number variations, revealing potential biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings highlight the clinical significance of TME heterogeneity in HCC and provide a foundation for personalized treatment strategies. The prognostic model and immune-related biomarkers may facilitate risk stratification and guide immunotherapeutic decisions in HCC patients.

### 31. [Mitigating Phosphonic Acid–Perovskite Interfacial Degradation via Molecular Engineering for Ultra-Stable Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mitigating-phosphonic-acidperovskite-interfacial-degradation-via-molecular-engineering-for-ultra-stable-solar) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020002]
Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a leading next-generation photovoltaic technology, with certified efficiencies surpassing 27% and approaching the theoretical limit for single-junction devices. However, their commercialization is critically hindered by insufficient long-term operational stability, particularly under harsh conditions such as elevated temperatures (≥85 °C) and full-spectrum illumination. The hole-transport layer (HTL) plays a decisive role in both efficiency and stability, and phosphonic acid-based self-assembled monolayers (PA-SAMs) have become the material of choice for inverted-structure PSCs due to their molecular-scale precision and superior energy-level alignment. Nevertheless, PA-SAMs primarily anchor to ITO surfaces via weak hydrogen bonds, which dissociate under photothermal stress, leading to molecular desorption and migration into the perovskite layer, thereby inducing degradation and performance decline. In a recent breakthrough published in Science (2026), Fei et al. report a transformative molecular engineering strategy that unlocks ultra-stable PSCs. They designed a triphenylamine-based phosphonic acid (1PA-TPD) with robust covalent anchoring to ITO substrates and optimized a mixed SAM system (60 wt% 1PA-TPD + 40 wt% EtCz3EPA), successfully suppressing interfacial reactivity between PA-SAMs and perovskites. This multifunctional strategy integrates strong substrate binding, interfacial reaction inhibition, crystallinity enhancement, and defect passivation, enabling small-area PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.0% and a T90 lifetime of nearly 3000 hours, as well as minimodules with >22% PCE and ~2200 hours T90 under harsh photothermal conditions. This work deciphers a previously underappreciated degradation pathway and provides a universal design principle for stable interfacial layers, marking a critical step toward PSC commercialization.

### 32. [A Novel Approach for Enhanced Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Multimodal MRI and Deep Learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-approach-for-enhanced-brain-tumor-segmentation-using-multimodal-mri-and-deep-learning) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.105]
Brain tumor segmentation from multimodal MRI is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning framework that integrates structural and functional imaging modalities to improve segmentation accuracy. Our method employs a multi-scale attention mechanism and a hybrid loss function to handle class imbalance and boundary ambiguity. Evaluated on the BraTS benchmark, our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance, with Dice scores of 0.91, 0.87, and 0.84 for whole tumor, core, and enhancing tumor, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate the generalizability of our model across different scanners and protocols. Our findings suggest that the proposed method can significantly aid clinical decision-making and surgical planning.

### 33. [Investigation of coupled acoustic and electrical responses and early warning approaches during re-loading of damaged coal](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-of-coupled-acoustic-and-electrical-responses-and-early-warning-approaches-during-re-loading-of-d) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.004]
Initial damage from engineering disturbances in deep coal mining degrades mechanical properties and heightens dynamic-hazard risks, challenging conventional monitoring. This study probes the coupled acoustic-electrical responses of initially damaged coal under reloading and develops a multi-parameter, multi-level dynamic integrated early-warning model. Using a true-triaxial Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system, we prepared specimens with graded damage by varying static deviatoric stresses and dynamic impacts. Uniaxial compression reloading was conducted with synchronous acoustic emission (AE) and resistivity monitoring. Joint time-domain responses of force, acoustics, and electricity delineated distinct loading stages. Time-frequency features were extracted via Fourier and wavelet transforms; crack architecture was quantified by 3D AE localization and fractal-dimension analysis. Initial damage markedly reduced load-bearing capacity. Resistivity decreased sharply with increasing deviatoric stress, while cumulative AE counts increased strongly. The AE spectrum evolved from bimodal to broadband with low- and high-frequency enhancement. The resistivity spectrum showed progressive bandwidth broadening, energy amplification, and high-frequency advancement. The AE spatial fractal dimension rose significantly during compaction. An integrated warning system combining multiscale entropy fusion, Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN)-Transformer forecasting, recurrence-network analysis, and a Bayesian framework yielded a 28.4 s lead time, offering a theoretical basis and technical pathway for intelligent prevention of dynamic hazards.

### 34. [Influence of Aggregate Particle Size on Fracture Behavior and Energy Evolution of Cemented Rockfill in the Post-Peak Stage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-aggregate-particle-size-on-fracture-behavior-and-energy-evolution-of-cemented-rockfill-in-the-pos) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.003]
Cemented rockfill (CRF) combines structural support with sustainable reuse of coal-derived solid waste. This study integrates digital image correlation, acoustic emission monitoring, and finite–discrete element simulations to investigate mechanical behavior, fracture development, and energy evolution of CRF containing 54% aggregate content with three grain-size distributions (5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 mm). Results indicate finer aggregates raise compressive strength and elastic modulus, and increase post-peak softening and residual stiffness. Fracture patterns transition from dominantly unidirectional failure in coarse specimens to pronounced X-shaped conjugate shear in fine specimens, with cracks initiating at boundaries and propagating inward. The proportion of failed joints at comparable strains decreases markedly with finer gradation, reflecting a more homogeneous crack network that enhances post-peak load retention and produces frequent minor stress fluctuations. Energy analyses reveal a coarse > medium > fine ordering in cumulative dissipation; however, finer aggregates delay rapid kinetic and dissipative energy release, promoting slower energy redistribution and improved load resistance. These findings quantify how aggregate gradation controls deformational mechanisms, crack topology, and energy partitioning, and provide design guidance for optimizing aggregate size and cementitious composition to enhance ductility, energy absorption, and structural reliability of CRF in underground engineering.

### 35. [Mid-Wavelength Infrared Detector Array Based on Black Phosphorus Ink Thin Film](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mid-wavelength-infrared-detector-array-based-on-black-phosphorus-ink-thin-film) [DOI: 10.11972/j.issn.1001-9014.2026.03.2026043]
Mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) imaging technology plays a crucial role in aerospace, medical diagnostics, and autonomous driving. Van der Waals material black phosphorus (BP) exhibits exceptionally high carrier mobility and an ideal direct bandgap, making it a proven candidate for high-performance room-temperature MWIR sensing. However, the stringent growth conditions and anisotropic growth characteristics restrict the development of BP optoelectronic devices to small-scale laboratory demonstrations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop large-scale, uniform, and high-performance BP photodetector arrays. This study employed a room temperature preparation technique to deposit a large-area, uniform, low-oxidation BP ink film onto thin-film transistors, resulting in the development of a 64 × 64 high-performance MWIR snapshot photodetector array. The room temperature ink preparation process effectively prevents the oxidation of BP during fabrication, achieving an oxidation loss as low as 1.12%. In addition, a gradient centrifugation strategy was employed to optimize the lateral size and thickness distribution of the nanosheets in the BP ink, thereby facilitating the transport of charge carriers. The BP ink film array demonstrated a high photoresponsivity of 4.52 mA/W in the MWIR range, with pixel light response non-uniformity as low as 10.1%. This study presents a new approach for advancing large-scale MWIR imaging technology.

### 36. [Crystallization-Sequence Engineering Enables Organic Solar Cell Modules with Efficiencies Exceeding 18%](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/crystallization-sequence-engineering-enables-organic-solar-cell-modules-with-efficiencies-exceeding-18) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020050]
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology due to their mechanical flexibility, low density, and compatibility with solution-based fabrication, enabling applications such as wearable electronics and building-integrated photovoltaics. Despite rapid increases in laboratory efficiencies, transferring these advances to large-area modules remains a significant challenge, primarily due to the thickness constraint of the photoactive layer. High-efficiency devices typically require active layers of 80–120 nm, which are difficult to deposit uniformly over large areas, leading to pinholes and nonuniform electric fields. Thicker films are desirable for manufacturing but often cause efficiency losses due to increased recombination and poor morphology. To address this, Li from Soochow University proposed a crystallization-sequence manipulation strategy using a functional molecular regulator (AT-β2O) that selectively interacts with one blend component to control its nucleation and growth. This regulator delays acceptor crystallization, breaking the natural synchrony of donor (D18) and acceptor (N3) solidification, enabling a vertically graded morphology with a donor-rich bottom, intermixed bulk, and acceptor-rich top. This structure enhances exciton dissociation and directional charge transport, reducing recombination, especially in thick films. Additionally, sequential crystallization improves molecular ordering, increasing carrier mobility and fill factor. As a result, OSCs with a 130 nm film achieve a certified power conversion efficiency exceeding 20%, demonstrating the potential of crystallization-sequence engineering for scalable, high-performance organic solar cells.

### 37. [Band Engineering Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Photodetectors: Breaking the Sensitivity-Speed Trade-off](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/band-engineering-solar-blind-ultraviolet-photodetectors-breaking-the-sensitivity-speed-trade-off) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26010031]
Solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are crucial for applications requiring high signal-to-noise ratio and immunity to solar background noise. However, conventional devices often suffer from a trade-off between sensitivity and response speed. This research highlight discusses the emergence of unipolar barrier architectures, such as nBn and pBp structures, as a promising solution to overcome this limitation. By engineering band offsets to block majority carriers while allowing unimpeded transport of minority carriers, these structures suppress dark current and enhance photocurrent collection. Specifically, an nBn avalanche photodetector based on a Ga2O3/MgO/Nb:STO heterostructure is highlighted, which achieves high sensitivity through impact ionization and high speed via rapid carrier sweep-out. This design breaks the sensitivity-speed trade-off, offering a pathway for high-performance solar-blind UV detection.

### 38. [θ-TaN: Redefining the Thermal Conductivity Limit of Metallic Materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tan-redefining-the-thermal-conductivity-limit-of-metallic-materials) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26010049]
Thermal management has become a critical bottleneck for the performance and reliability of modern electronics. For over a century, the thermal conductivity (κ) of metallic materials was believed to have an inherent upper limit of approximately 400 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, constrained by strong electron-phonon coupling and lattice anharmonicity. However, a groundbreaking study by Li et al. (Science, 2026) experimentally realized single-crystalline θ-phase tantalum nitride (θ-TaN), a metastable transition metal nitride with a room-temperature thermal conductivity of ~1100 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ along the a-axis and ~928 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ along the c-axis, nearly three times that of copper. This work shatters the long-standing thermal conductivity limit for metals and validates theoretical predictions. The exceptional performance of θ-TaN arises from its unique hexagonal crystal structure (space group P6m2), featuring a large acoustic-optical phonon gap (~8 THz) and acoustic phonon bunching, which suppress phonon-phonon scattering. Additionally, weak electron-phonon coupling and minimal isotope scattering contribute to phonon-dominated heat transport. The authors synthesized high-quality single crystals via a flux-assisted metathesis reaction, overcoming challenges of conventional high-pressure routes. Using time-domain thermoreflectance and inelastic X-ray scattering, they confirmed the intrinsic ultrahigh thermal conductivity and mapped the phonon band structure. This discovery introduces a new class of high-thermal-conductivity metals, opening transformative opportunities for thermal management in electronics, aerospace, and energy systems.

### 39. [Multi-phase clock generation techniques toward high-frequency and wideband applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-phase-clock-generation-techniques-toward-high-frequency-and-wideband-applications) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020027]
Multi-phase clocks are fundamental components in modern wireline and wireless communication systems, serving as timing and phase references across diverse architectures. As data rates and carrier frequencies scale, the required phase count and operating frequency have increased substantially, pushing conventional clock generation techniques toward their limits. In high-speed wireline transceivers, multi-phase clocks are essential for CDR phase interpolation, time-interleaved ADCs, and advanced PAM-based modulation, imposing stringent requirements on RMS jitter, phase accuracy, and robustness against PVT variations. In wireless and millimeter-wave systems, they are employed for LO generation, quadrature modulation, and beam steering, where phase accuracy often dominates over absolute jitter. Conventional techniques, including PLL-based dividers, multi-core LC oscillators, and passive phase-shifting networks, face scalability challenges at high frequencies, including limited speed, area overhead, narrowband operation, and sensitivity to mismatch. Ring oscillators offer inherent phase scalability and wide tuning range but suffer from poor stability and jitter. Injection-locked ring oscillators (ILROs) enhance stability and phase noise while preserving multi-phase advantages, yet achieving wide locking range and high phase accuracy simultaneously remains challenging. This research highlight reviews these techniques, discusses their limitations, and outlines advanced injection and feedback schemes to overcome these challenges, aiming to guide future developments in high-frequency and wideband multi-phase clock generation.

### 40. [Zigzag Domain Walls Unravel the Polarization Switching Puzzle in Wurtzite Ferroelectrics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/zigzag-domain-walls-unravel-the-polarization-switching-puzzle-in-wurtzite-ferroelectrics) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020035]
The discovery of robust ferroelectricity in scandium-doped aluminum nitride (Al1−xScxN) has sparked significant interest due to its compatibility with CMOS fabrication, making it a promising candidate for next-generation non-volatile memories and high-frequency devices. However, the microscopic mechanism of polarization switching in wurtzite ferroelectrics has remained elusive, with experimental observations seemingly contradicting traditional models. In a recent study, researchers resolved this long-standing puzzle by integrating advanced thin-film fabrication, tailored electrical characterization, and large-scale molecular dynamics simulations powered by a deep neural network-based interatomic potential. Their findings reveal that the broad 'transitional regions' observed in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are not a new nonpolar phase but a projection artifact arising from intrinsically three-dimensional zigzag domain walls. By comparing simulated projections with high-resolution STEM data, they proved that the zigzag inversion domain boundary (IDB*) model consistently explains all experimental observations. The study demonstrates that polarization reversal proceeds through localized, column-by-column atomic displacements, leading to nucleation-limited switching kinetics rather than uniform domain growth. Furthermore, they established a direct link between scandium concentration and coercive field, showing that increasing Sc content lowers the formation energy of domain walls, thereby reducing the nucleation barrier. This work provides a physically grounded framework for understanding wurtzite ferroelectrics and underscores the importance of 3D modeling in interpreting 2D projections. These insights offer a roadmap for predictive materials design, potentially enabling the engineering of domain wall energetics to lower coercive fields and improve device reliability.

### 41. [A Multi-Scale Robotic System for Autonomous Surgical Intervention in Dynamic Environments](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-multi-scale-robotic-system-for-autonomous-surgical-intervention-in-dynamic-environments) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.058]
This paper presents a novel multi-scale robotic system designed for autonomous surgical intervention in dynamic environments. The system integrates advanced perception, planning, and control algorithms to enable precise manipulation in minimally invasive procedures. Key contributions include a hierarchical control architecture, real-time adaptive trajectory planning, and a robust force feedback mechanism. Experimental validation in simulated and in-vivo settings demonstrates significant improvements in accuracy, safety, and operational efficiency compared to conventional methods. The proposed framework addresses critical challenges in surgical robotics, paving the way for broader clinical adoption.

### 42. [Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Role of Digital Twin Technology in Precision Oncology: A Prospective Cohort Study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/integrated-multi-omics-analysis-reveals-the-role-of-digital-twin-technology-in-precision-oncology-a-prospectiv) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2026.066]
Background: Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising tool in precision oncology, yet its clinical utility remains underexplored. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study integrating multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) from 1,200 cancer patients to construct digital twin models. Results: The digital twin models accurately predicted treatment responses (AUC=0.89) and identified novel biomarkers for early detection. Integration of multi-omics improved prognostic accuracy by 23% compared to single-omics approaches. Conclusions: Digital twin technology, when integrated with multi-omics data, significantly enhances precision oncology by enabling personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

### 43. [Load-bearing characteristics of backfilling solids in deep mining under flexible passive confining pressure: An experimental study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/load-bearing-characteristics-of-backfilling-solids-in-deep-mining-under-flexible-passive-confining-pressure-an) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.002]
To address the deviation between rigid confining pressure experiments and actual engineering conditions of deep backfill mining, where backfill near the working face has less confining pressure, while that in deep goaf areas is under high confining pressure, this study investigates the load-bearing characteristics of rock granular materials under flexible passive confining pressure. Customized PC molds with varying wall thicknesses and rigid steel molds were used to construct a gradient confining pressure environment. Compression tests were conducted, combined with the characterization of acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, strain measurement, particle sieving, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. The results show that flexible passive confining pressure divides the particle compression process into three stages that are different from those under traditional rigid constraints, namely the initial compaction stage, the crushing failure stage, and the lateral confinement-dominated stage. AE signals exhibit a bimodal energy distribution, and the time interval between the two can vary by more than 4 times with changes. The failure modes transition from shear to tension. Compared with intact materials, granular materials under lateral confinement maintain continuous volume contraction, and can even maintain a continuous volume contraction trend at least when the strain reaches 8%. And lateral confinement stiffness significantly enhances axial bearing capacity: when the axial strain reaches 30%, the axial stress in the rigid confinement group is nearly 5 times that in the flexible confinement group. Fractal dimension increases from 1.94 to 2.39 as the confinement stiffness rises. This study clarifies the influence mechanism of lateral confinement stiffness on granular mechanics, providing fundamental support for optimizing backfill design based on goaf locations and improving surrounding rock control in deep green mining.

### 44. [Bonding at the Atomic Limit: Redefining Contacts in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bonding-at-the-atomic-limit-redefining-contacts-in-two-dimensional-semiconductors) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26010050]
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) hold promise for next-generation electronics, but their industrial adoption is hindered by van der Waals (vdW) contacts, which exhibit weak interfacial coupling and high contact resistance (RC). This news and views article highlights a recent breakthrough by Zhang and co-workers (Science, 2025) that introduces atomic layer bonding (ALB) contacts. By selectively removing the top sulfur layer of MoS2, the exposed molybdenum atoms bond directly with gold, forming a coherent interface with zero tunneling barrier and a bonding energy 5.4 times higher than vdW contacts. HAADF-STEM imaging confirms lattice contraction and strong chemical bonding. Electrical measurements show ultra-low contact resistance of 70 Ω·μm after annealing, high on-state current of 1.1 mA/μm, and thermomechanical stability up to 400 °C, meeting BEOL thermal budgets. ALB contacts overcome the limitations of conventional contacts, offering a universal strategy for TMDs and paving the way for lab-to-fab transformation of 2D devices.

### 45. [Influence mechanism of pore structure evolution on oxygen consumption dynamics during low-temperature oxidation of igneous metamorphic coal](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-mechanism-of-pore-structure-evolution-on-oxygen-consumption-dynamics-during-low-temperature-oxidatio) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.001]
In igneous-intruded coal seams, coal undergoes significant metamorphism, which critically alters its pore structure and oxygen consumption dynamics, thereby elevating its spontaneous combustion tendency. This study investigates the specific surface area, pore volume, structure complexity/connectivity, heterogeneity/local features of pore size distribution, and oxygen consumption dynamics of igneous metamorphic coal through N2/CO2 isothermal adsorption tests and low-temperature oxidation experiments, and elucidates the influence mechanisms of pore structure evolution on oxygen consumption dynamics during low-temperature oxidation. With increasing metamorphic degree, igneous metamorphic coal exhibits a more pronounced reduction in specific surface area during oxidation, while the increase in structure complexity due to coal-oxygen reactions is suppressed. Thermally metamorphic coal demonstrates accelerated oxygen consumption, with oxidation amplifying the difference in reaction rates compared to raw coal. Key mechanisms include oxidation-induced reduction in mesopore complexity and micropore volume, decreased dominance of small-pore-volume apertures, and increased heterogeneity, collectively leading to a lower half-oxygen-consuming temperature and steeper oxygen consumption curves. Simultaneously, increased pore volume/complexity and reduced uniformity/connectivity act synergistically to enhance oxygen consumption capacity, highlighting the coupling between pore structure evolution and oxidation behavior in igneous metamorphic coal. This study provides theoretical insights into the pore-oxygen coupling mechanisms governing coal spontaneous combustion in igneous intrusion areas.

### 46. [Coupled TM-damage modeling and global sensitivity analysis of thermal spalling in heterogeneous rocks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coupled-tm-damage-modeling-and-global-sensitivity-analysis-of-thermal-spalling-in-heterogeneous-rocks) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.008]
Thermal spalling in heterogeneous rocks under rapid heating poses critical risks to deep mining and geothermal operations. In this study, we develop a coupled thermal–mechanical–damage (TM-D) model that explicitly incorporates Weibull distributed heterogeneity to a single fracture in rock, and validate it against ceramic quenching and granite acoustic emission experiments. Distance based generalized sensitivity analysis (DGSA) is applied to quantify the influence and interactions of key parameters, revealing the dominant controls on spalling onset, severity, and damage morphology. The results demonstrate that thermal stress dominates crack initiation and propagation, that lateral constraints can significantly delay and suppress spalling, and that material heterogeneity markedly influences peak stress and damage modes within a certain range of thermal expansion coefficient and has multiple effects on thermal spalling. This study provides a theoretical basis for quantitative assessment and parameter optimization of thermal spalling processes in rock masses.

### 47. [Investigation of Multiphase Fluid Seepage Behaviour in Abandoned Mines: Insights from Single Fracture to Network Scale](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-of-multiphase-fluid-seepage-behaviour-in-abandoned-mines-insights-from-single-fracture-to-networ) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.01.006]
Quantifying two-phase fluid flow in fractured rocks is essential for resource reutilization in abandoned mines, subsurface energy recovery and underground waste isolation. This study develops a mathematical framework for predicting the permeability of rough fracture networks by integrating fractal geometry with single-phase and two-phase seepage theory. A permeability model for rough fracture networks is first established, and its sensitivity to key geometric parameters is analyzed. A second model is then formulated to relate water-phase saturation to measurable variables, enabling the estimation of two-phase permeability from Reynolds number and aperture. Model predictions show deviations of less than 10% from numerical simulations for both single-phase and two-phase flow, demonstrating the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach. The results highlight the dominant roles of fracture number, tortuosity and aperture in controlling permeability, as well as the influence of flow regimes on relative permeability. The proposed framework provides a practical and physically based method for analyzing multiphase seepage in fractured rock and offers a foundation for further applications to field-scale fractured systems.

### 48. [Crystallization Suppression of Mixed-Halide Intermediates for Perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Tandem Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/crystallization-suppression-of-mixed-halide-intermediates-for-perovskitecuingase2-tandem-solar-cells-with-impr) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020045]
Flexible and lightweight photovoltaics are pivotal for renewable energy applications, and all-thin-film tandem solar cells combining metal-halide perovskites with copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) offer a synergistic approach to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit. However, fabricating high-quality wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite films, especially via scalable blade-coating in ambient air, remains challenging due to uncontrollable crystallization kinetics, phase segregation, and moisture-induced defects. This work addresses these issues by introducing a crystallization suppression strategy that replaces the traditional solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with 2-pyrrolidinone (PDI). In situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) reveals that NMP-based films undergo a crystalline-to-crystalline transition via solvent-coordinated intermediates, leading to residual impurities and incomplete phase transformation. In contrast, PDI, through additional hydrogen bonding, suppresses pre-crystallization and maintains a homogeneous non-crystalline precursor state, enabling a rapid non-crystalline-to-crystalline transition with lower energy barriers. This results in uniform, pinhole-free films with enhanced carrier mobility, longer carrier lifetimes, and reduced trap densities. Single-junction perovskite solar cells fabricated with PDI achieve significantly improved efficiency, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach for high-performance perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells.

### 49. [Exciplex-Enabled Fully Stretchable OLEDs Achieve a Record External Quantum Efficiency of 17%](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/exciplex-enabled-fully-stretchable-oleds-achieve-a-record-external-quantum-efficiency-of-17) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020007]
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are promising candidates for on-skin applications due to their intrinsic stretchability. However, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of stretchable OLEDs has long been limited to approximately 10%, stemming from the incorporation of insulating elastomer matrices that hinder exciton energy transfer and charge transport, and from conventional stretchable electrodes with insufficient electrical properties and poor interfacial contact. In a recent breakthrough published in Nature (2026), Gogotsi and Lee reported an exciplex-enabled strategy that overcomes these limitations. By integrating a stretchable exciplex-assisted phosphorescent emitting layer, triplet harvesting is significantly enhanced through an elastomer-tolerant triplet-recycling mechanism. Furthermore, they employ work-function-tunable MXene-contact stretchable electrodes (MCSEs) that provide two-dimensional electrical contact for efficient charge injection. Combining these advances, they achieve an unprecedented EQE of 17% in fully stretchable OLEDs while maintaining excellent mechanical stability. The spin-flip process, which converts non-radiative triplets into radiative singlets, is critical yet challenging in stretchable OLEDs because the necessary spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is sensitive to variations in intermolecular distance under strain. The authors utilize the phosphorescent emitter bis(2-phenylpyridine) (Ir(ppy)2acac), whose heavy-metal iridium center provides strong SOC, enabling nearly complete intersystem crossing and triplet utilization. The study demonstrates that the intrinsic SOC of Ir(ppy)2acac remains stable under 50% tensile strain, preserving both spin-mixing rates and photoluminescence stability. To prevent aggregation-induced quenching and enable efficient energy transfer within a soft matrix, the authors develop a stretchable exciplex-assisted phosphorescent (ExciPh) layer using TCTA and TPBi to form an exciplex cohost, while a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer provides mechanical stretchability. This system enables triplet excitons to undergo reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) within a charge-transfer state, followed by long-range Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the phosphorescent dopant. The fabricated OLED demonstrates an EQE of 21.7%, validating the effectiveness of this approach. Beyond the emissive layer, the researchers develop MXene-conductive stretchable electrodes (MCSEs) by integrating a two-dimensional MXene interlayer with silver nanowire (AgNW) networks, achieving a sheet resistance of ~30 Ω/sq with over 85% transmittance at 550 nm and a widely tunable work function (3.79–5.71 eV). They also introduce a stretchable gradient hole injection layer (SGraHIL) that suppresses exciton quenching at the interface while maintaining excellent stretchability. By integrating the SGraHIL, the ExciPh emitting layer, and MCSE electrodes, the authors fabricate fully stretchable OLEDs that achieve an unprecedented EQE of 17%, retaining 83% of initial efficiency after 100 cycles of 20% cyclic strain. This work represents a significant advance in intrinsically stretchable optoelectronics, offering a scalable route toward highly conductive, work-function-tunable contacts and influencing broader fields such as stretchable sensors and soft photonic systems.

### 50. [One-dimensional domain walls: A new dimension for ferroelectric nanoelectronics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/one-dimensional-domain-walls-a-new-dimension-for-ferroelectric-nanoelectronics) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020017]
Topological structures in ferroelectric materials, such as vortices, skyrmions, and merons, have attracted significant attention due to their emergent physical properties distinct from the bulk parent phase. Among these, ferroelectric domain walls (DWs) have long been considered potential active elements for next-generation electronic devices, leading to the paradigm of "domain wall nanoelectronics." However, conventional perovskite ferroelectrics exhibit two-dimensional (2D) domain walls, and charged domain walls (CDWs) suffer from structural broadening due to electronic screening, limiting miniaturization. Recently, a research team led by Chen Ge, Kui-juan Jin, and Qinghua Zhang from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, reported the groundbreaking observation of one-dimensional (1D) CDWs in fluorite-structured ferroelectric ZrO2, achieving atomic-scale confinement. Using multislice electron ptychography, they visualized head-to-head and tail-to-tail CDWs with atomic-scale width and thickness (~2.55 Å and ~2.7 Å), equivalent to a single subcell unit. The stability of these atomically thin walls is attributed to a distinct ionic screening mechanism: self-balanced oxygen nonstoichiometry, where H–H walls accumulate excess oxygen ions and T–T walls harbor oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, in situ electric-field experiments demonstrated dynamic manipulation of these 1D structures, revealing a coupling between polarization switching and oxygen ion transport. This discovery breaks the inherent physical limitations of perovskite ferroelectrics and opens new avenues for high-density ferroelectric nanoelectronics.

### 51. [Large-scale integrated photonic accelerators for ultralow-latency and universal AI computing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/large-scale-integrated-photonic-accelerators-for-ultralow-latency-and-universal-ai-computing) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020057]
Integrated silicon photonics has emerged as a transformative technology for post-Moore's law computing, offering intrinsic advantages of high bandwidth, ultralow latency, and low energy consumption that far exceed traditional electronic computing architectures. As artificial intelligence (AI) models continue to grow in complexity and scale, the demand for high-speed, energy-efficient computing has spurred intensive research into photonic computing as a promising alternative to electronic accelerators. Matrix multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations, the core of deep learning and combinatorial optimization algorithms, are particularly amenable to photonic implementation, as light enables parallel multiplication and accumulation with minimal data movement. However, the practical application of photonic computing has long been hindered by critical challenges including large-scale integration of photonic components, electro-optical co-packaging, guaranteed computation accuracy of analog photonic systems, and compatibility with mainstream AI models and algorithms. Recently, two groundbreaking studies published back-to-back in Nature have achieved pivotal breakthroughs in addressing these bottlenecks, demonstrating large-scale integrated photonic accelerators with ultralow latency for combinatorial optimization and universal AI computing capabilities for state-of-the-art neural networks. The two works represent the most advanced level of photonic computing hardware implementation to date, validating the feasibility of photonic accelerators as a competitive alternative to electronic AI chips and marking a critical step toward the commercialization of integrated photonic computing technology.

### 52. [Re-benchmarking Polarization in Wurtzite Nitride Semiconductors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/re-benchmarking-polarization-in-wurtzite-nitride-semiconductors) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020013]
Polarization is a defining lever of wurtzite (WZ) III-nitrides, enabling two-dimensional electron and hole gases, polarization doping, and electrostatic control in GaN-based power, RF, and optoelectronic devices. Recent advances, especially ferroelectric nitrides, have pushed polarization to unprecedented magnitudes, elevating it from a static constant to an engineering knob. However, the field has long suffered from ambiguity in polarization magnitude, orientation, and mapping to crystal polarity due to inconsistent sign conventions and reference choices. This mini-review highlights recent progress that rethinks and unifies polarization in wurtzite III-nitrides. It discusses how experimental re-benchmarking of giant polarization is reshaping understanding and enabling predictive polarization engineering. Key issues include the dependence of polarization sign on coordinate choice and magnitude on reference structure, as exemplified by Bernardini et al.'s 1997 predictions (values below 0.1 C/m², downward orientation for metal-polar) and Dreyer et al.'s 2016 refinements. The review emphasizes that consistent benchmarking under a unified convention makes interface bound charge density a quantitative design knob rather than an adjustable fitting parameter, benefiting classical HEMTs, N-polar stacks, polarization-doped structures, and ferroelectric nitride integration. A pragmatic roadmap is proposed: reports should state polarity, sign convention, and reference explicitly to ensure portability and falsifiability.

### 53. [Tensile-Shear Collaborative Fracturing in Hard Rock Induced by a Controllable Free Surface: Mechanism and Application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tensile-shear-collaborative-fracturing-in-hard-rock-induced-by-a-controllable-free-surface-mechanism-and-appli) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.008]
In deep hard rock mining, high confining pressure inhibits tensile failure, leading to low efficiency and severe tool wear in conventional mechanical rock breaking methods. To solve this problem, we propose a Controllable Free Surface Induced Tensile-Shear Collaborative Fracturing (CFS-TSCF) method. The method pre-forms an engineered controllable free surface (CFS) to reconfigure the local stress field, enabling a specialized device (FIPFD) to apply directional tensile-shear loads for low-energy breaking. A multi-scale approach integrating lab AE tests, DEM simulations, and field verification investigated the fracture mechanism and performance. Results revealed a predominantly tensile-driven (>50%) process. The CFS transforms the rock's triaxial compression into a specific stress path. This path, dominated by directional tension and constrained by lateral compression, guides the fracture along a low-energy channel. This also dictates the micro-mechanism's evolution from central quasi-tensile to peripheral tensile-shear failure. Field trials in hard rock (>200 MPa UCS) validated the method, demonstrating controllable, blocky spalling and achieving an average mining efficiency of 52.03 t/h. This research validates the CFS-TSCF method, offering a new technical paradigm for safe, efficient, continuous hard rock mining.

### 54. [Mechanisms of enhanced wettability and nanomechanical strength in soft coal seams modified by acidic SiO2 nanofluids](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanisms-of-enhanced-wettability-and-nanomechanical-strength-in-soft-coal-seams-modified-by-acidic-sio2-nano) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.001]
Conventional hydraulic fracturing is widely used for underground gas control in coal mines; however, in deep, soft coal seams, poor wettability and low mechanical strength can cause rapid energy release under gas pressure and mining-induced disturbances. These conditions increase the risk of coal and gas outbursts, complicate rapid outburst elimination, and pose serious threats to safe mine operations. In this study, SiO2 nanofluid solutions with varying acidity were prepared, and molecular dynamics simulations, contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nanoindentation tests, and three-dimensional super-depth microscopy were employed to systematically investigate the mechanisms by which acidic SiO2 nanofluids enhance the wettability and nanomechanical strength of soft coal seams. The results show that SiO2 nanoparticles act as bridging agents between water molecules and the coal matrix. In the high-mass fraction H2O/SiO2/coal system, the adsorption layer thickness increases from 15.44 Å in the pure water system to 20.51 Å. Acidic SiO2 nanofluids substantially reduce the coal-water contact angle; at pH 2, the contact angle decreases to 47.9°, representing a 43.86% reduction relative to raw coal. The total absorption peak area of oxygen-containing functional groups increased accordingly, promoting a transition of the coal surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. SiO2 nanofluids with varying acidity also induce pronounced changes in the mechanical properties of coal samples. Under mildly acidic conditions (pH 5), the elastic modulus and hardness increase by 17.880% and 18.794%, respectively, while the peak displacement and contact displacement decrease by 8.056% and 8.117%. Mild acidity promotes the formation of local micropores and facilitates the embedding of SiO2 nanoparticles, enhancing structural support and improving nanomechanical performance. In contrast, under strong acidic conditions, the corrosion effect outweighs the supporting role of the nanoparticles, resulting in mechanical degradation. Overall, the synergistic effects of acidic environments and SiO2 nanofluids significantly influence the wettability and mechanical behavior of coal. By elucidating their combined modification mechanisms, this study provides theoretical support and new perspectives for fluid-injection enhancement and dynamic disaster prevention in deep, soft coal seams.

### 55. [NaNO2-loaded mesoporous MgO for high-efficiency CO2 capture: Synthesis, characterization and novel mechanistic insights](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nano2-loaded-mesoporous-mgo-for-high-efficiency-co2-capture-synthesis-characterization-and-novel-mechanistic-i) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.006]
The development of efficient CO2 adsorbents is critical for achieving net-zero targets. MgO represents a promising solid adsorbent for CO2 capture, yet its limited specific surface area and insufficient active sites restrict its adsorption capacity under moderate temperature conditions. A rod-like anhydrous MgCO3 precursor was hydrothermally synthesized and calcined at 500 °C for 3 h to obtain porous MgO (184.9 m2 g−1, 0.38 cm3/g), which was then modified with 20% NaNO2 (by mole) via impregnation. This adsorbent achieved an adsorption capacity of 12.6 mmol g−1 after 120 min under a pure CO2 atmosphere at 325 °C. Comprehensive characterization reveals that NaNO2 modification leads to the NaNO3 and Na2CO3 formation on the MgO surface during calcination. The introduced NaNO3 effectively promotes oxygen vacancy formation, while the generated Na2CO3 serves as heterogeneous nucleation sites, collectively reducing the reaction energy barrier and enhancing interfacial mass transfer. This synergistic effect facilitates the MgCO3 formation followed by its conversion to the thermodynamically more stable Na2Mg(CO3)2. Kinetic studies elucidate that adsorption is dominated by surface chemical reactions and diffusion mechanisms at different stages. These fundamental insights into the adsorption mechanisms of nitrite-modified MgO provide valuable guidance for the rational design of advanced MgO-based CO2 adsorbents with enhanced performance.

### 56. [Energy characteristics during the progressive shear failure of rock joints and brittleness evaluation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/energy-characteristics-during-the-progressive-shear-failure-of-rock-joints-and-brittleness-evaluation) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.004]
The energy-driven progressive brittle shear failure of rock joints is a key mechanism behind deep engineering disasters such as joint-induced rockbursts and engineering earthquakes. To investigate the energy evolution mechanisms and disaster proneness, monotonic and stepwise loading-unloading tests were performed on regular dentate joints under constant normal stiffness boundary conditions. Results indicate a transition in damage mechanism from climbing wear of low-inclination asperities to brittle rupture of high-inclination ones, accompanied by a marked decrease in irreversible displacement. Energy analysis reveals a strong linear relationship between pre-peak elastic energy density and both input energy density and shear stress squared. The post-peak elastic energy release rate (g) and the self-sustaining instability coefficient (l) increase with joint undulation. A dimensionless brittleness index (BI) integrating the complete energy conversion and release process was proposed to quantify the energy balanced budget. The highly undulated joint R4 showed the most pronounced brittleness and instability intensity with the highest BI value of 0.697, along with g = 0.774 and l = 0.611. This study provides deeper insight into the understanding of the disaster-inducing proneness and stability assessment in jointed rock mass.

### 57. [Unravelling the pH-Driven Multiscale Cascade of Hematite Flocculation: From Interfacial Tuning to Structural Assembly and Sedimentation Dynamics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/unravelling-the-ph-driven-multiscale-cascade-of-hematite-flocculation-from-interfacial-tuning-to-structural-as) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.003]
Efficient flocculation and sedimentation of ultrafine hematite remain a key challenge in mineral processing. This study elucidates the pH-dependent flocculation behaviour of hematite with anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) using a multi-scale correlation framework integrating interfacial analysis, structural characterization, and sedimentation evaluation. Increasing pH induces progressive surface deprotonation, yielding a more negative hematite surface and enhanced APAM adsorption from 0.106 to 0.186 mg/m2. FTIR, XPS, and molecular dynamics simulations consistently reveal strengthened Fe–OOC coordination, intensified hydrogen bonding, and more stabilised polymer conformations under alkaline conditions. Microscopy, SEM, and FBRM show that alkaline conditions facilitate the formation of larger and denser flocs, with size increasing from 56 to 982 μm and fractal dimension from 1.44 to 1.87. These structural changes markedly improve sedimentation performance, reducing turbidity from 436.8 to 76.7 NTU and increasing settled solids from 35.94 to 52.43 percent. The proposed multi-scale correlation model quantitatively links interfacial chemistry, floc structural evolution, and settling behaviour, providing a unified mechanistic basis for pH-regulated hematite flocculation. This framework not only advances understanding of polymer–mineral interactions but also offers practical guidance for optimising solid–liquid separation and tailings-water recycling in fine mineral beneficiation.

### 58. [Consolidation-Sealing of In-Situ Internal Stress in Deep Rocks: Device Development and Mechanical Behavior Characterization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/consolidation-sealing-of-in-situ-internal-stress-in-deep-rocks-device-development-and-mechanical-behavior-char) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.007]
Addressing the scientific problem of unclear understanding of in-situ internal stress and its evolution in deep rock masses, a scientific definition and implementation path for the concept of in-situ internal stress consolidation-sealing in deep rock masses are proposed, and a set of in-situ internal stress consolidation-sealing test device for deep rock masses has been independently developed. The device consists of a material consolidation cultivation module, an in-situ internal stress environment simulation module, and a multi-source information capture module. And the three mechanical tests of internal stress preservation, internal stress release and conventional were carried out with the device. The evolution law of the deformation parameters in the internal stress consolidation-sealing stage was studied, and the difference characteristics of the deformation parameters before and after the internal stress releasing were compared and analyzed. The results show that the internal stress consolidation-sealing significantly affects the mechanical properties of the simulated rock material, while the internal stress release leads to the damage of the material properties, suggesting that the presence and influence of internal stress should not be overlooked. This study could provide a new research direction and scientific devices for the expansion and deepening of the field of deep in-situ rock mechanics.

### 59. [One-dimensional charged domain walls in fluorite ferroelectrics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/one-dimensional-charged-domain-walls-in-fluorite-ferroelectrics) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020026]
Ferroelectric domain walls are conventionally regarded as two-dimensional (2D) interfacial objects that separate regions of different polarization within a crystal. This picture has guided decades of research into polarization switching, domain evolution, and ferroic functionality. In most ferroelectrics, electrostatic considerations strongly favor head-to-tail (H–T) polarization configurations, which minimize bound charge and reduce electrostatic energy. By contrast, charged domain walls (CDWs) carry positive or negative bound polarization charge and form where polarization vectors arrange head-to-head (H–H) or tail-to-tail (T–T), generally considered energetically unfavorable. When such charged walls do occur, they are typically stabilized only as extended 2D structures through a combination of electronic screening, defect accumulation, and lattice relaxation. Despite these energetic constraints, CDWs have attracted growing interest over the past decade because of their emergent functional properties, including enhanced electrical conductivity, strong electromechanical coupling, and reconfigurable electronic behavior localized at charged walls, motivating the broader concept of domain-wall nanoelectronics. Nevertheless, ferroelectric domain walls have almost universally been treated as quasi-2D objects. Further reduction of their dimensionality has long been assumed to be impractical, particularly for charged walls, because confining bound polarization charge to lower dimensions would dramatically increase electrostatic energy. Against this backdrop, Zhong et al. reported the direct observation of one-dimensional (1D) CDWs confined within individual polar layers of ferroelectric ZrO2 (Science (2026)). Using atomic-resolution electron microscopy combined with in situ electric-field manipulation, they demonstrated that both H–H and T–T CDWs can exist as atomic-scale line defects rather than extended 2D interfaces, with their bound polarization charge stabilized through a self-balancing oxygen compensation mechanism. The discovery represents an extreme limit of ferroelectric domain-wall confinement and introduces a fundamentally new class of polar topological objects that occupy an intermediate conceptual regime between conventional domain walls and line defects.

### 60. [Supermoiré Domains in Helical Trilayer Graphene](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/supermoire-domains-in-helical-trilayer-graphene) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26030014]
Helical trilayer graphene (HTG), composed of three graphene layers with equal twist angles in the same rotational sense, has emerged as a rich platform for studying moiré physics. Theoretical predictions suggest that lattice relaxation in HTG leads to the formation of triangular domains with uniform moiré wavelength, arranged on a larger supermoiré length scale, with adjacent domains carrying opposite Chern numbers and hosting topological boundary modes. In a recent study, Hoke and colleagues directly imaged this supermoiré landscape using a scanning single-electron transistor (SET) probe sensitive to local electronic compressibility. Their measurements revealed a periodic modulation with a length scale of several hundred nanometers, far exceeding the moiré wavelength, consistent with theoretical predictions. The spatial maps showed a triangular lattice of domain centers and a honeycomb network of AAA-stacking regions, separated by domain walls with reduced compressibility. Notably, the observed domain areas deviated from ideal expectations, indicating the presence of heterostrain. Modeling showed that biaxial strain applied to the middle layer can substantially enhance the supermoiré wavelength, with a divergence at a critical strain. After thermal cycling, the device exhibited larger and more isotropic supermoiré domains while the local twist angle remained unchanged, demonstrating that strain can be used to engineer the supermoiré network without perturbing local moiré physics. These findings underscore that lattice relaxation and strain are powerful tuning parameters in twistronics, with implications for engineering topological and correlated phases in twisted multilayers.

### 61. [Estimation of characteristic stresses in granite through acoustic emission monitoring of microcrack fracture mode evolution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/estimation-of-characteristic-stresses-in-granite-through-acoustic-emission-monitoring-of-microcrack-fracture-m) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.001]
Characteristic stresses are critical indicators for microcrack initiation and propagation in rock, a process intrinsically linked to fracture mode. To investigate fracture mode evolution and its feasibility for estimating characteristic stresses, this study conducted uniaxial compression and cyclic loading-unloading tests on fine- and coarse-grained granite with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. Cyclic target stresses were set within intervals determined by characteristic stresses. Analysis using the AE parameters AF-RA revealed that fracture mode evolution correlates with damage level, and shear microcrack propagation primarily governs macroscopic failure. A characteristic stress estimation method was developed by mapping key points on the shear crack proportion curve: crack closure stress (transition between fluctuating and stable segments), crack initiation stress (inflection point of curve rise), and crack damage stress (slope change point in ascending segment). Comparative analysis with the crack volumetric strain method validated the proposed method. The influences of fracture mode dividing line and statistical interval were discussed, with practical recommendations provided. Compared to conventional AE parameters, the fracture mode proportion exhibits lower sensitivity to AE parameter variations, enabling more reliable identification of characteristic stress points. Furthermore, it directly reflects microcrack evolution behavior, enhancing interpretability and providing a novel perspective for AE-based characteristic stress determination.

### 62. [Three-Panchromatic Organic Self-Adaptive Transistors for In-Pixel Color Correction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/three-panchromatic-organic-self-adaptive-transistors-for-in-pixel-color-correction) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020023]
Machine vision systems face a fundamental challenge of illumination-dependent color shift, which conventional post-capture white-balance correction methods address at the cost of computational overhead and latency. Inspired by the human retina's chromatic adaptation, we propose a three-panchromatic organic self-adaptive transistor (OAAT) that embeds color correction directly at the pixel level. The device integrates a dual-layer complementary bulk heterojunction (BHJ) into an organic transistor architecture: a PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F blend serves as the adaptive photoresponse layer with broad-spectrum absorption and wavelength-insensitive trap activation energy that decreases with light intensity, while a PDPP3T:PCBM layer provides spectrally compensatory sensing. This design enables rapid, stable, and intensity-dependent photoadaptation, with an active adaptation index exceeding 150 for red, green, and blue stimuli. Under spectrally biased illumination, the device's responses follow von Kries coefficients and converge to a white-like chromatic state within seconds, demonstrating true chromatic adaptation. Wafer-scale fabrication achieved a 96.1% yield across 256 transistors, with pixel density of 347 ppi and over one million pixels integrated on a four-inch sapphire substrate. In a hybrid artificial visual system combining the OAAT array with a lightweight CNN, in-sensor correction restored classification accuracy for 'frog' in CIFAR-10 from 59.1% to 96.3% under blue-light interference, and outperformed conventional RGB cameras in real-world non-uniform lighting. This work presents a scalable, hardware-based solution for in-pixel color correction, promising for energy-efficient and real-time machine vision.

### 63. [Mitigating phosphonic acid-perovskite interfacial degradation via molecular engineering for ultra-stable solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mitigating-phosphonic-acid-perovskite-interfacial-degradation-via-molecular-engineering-for-ultra-stable-solar) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020002]
Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are revolutionizing next-generation photovoltaics by combining high efficiency with low-cost solution processing and flexible compatibility. Certified efficiencies now surpass 27%, nearing the theoretical limit for single-junction cells and highlighting their strong potential for commercialization. In contrast to traditional silicon cells, which require high-temperature processing and rigid substrates, PSCs can be fabricated near room temperature using earth-abundant materials, significantly lowering energy consumption and production costs. However, their commercialization is hindered by a fundamental challenge: insufficient long-term operational stability. PSCs must endure harsh real-world conditions, including elevated temperatures (≥85 °C) and full-spectrum illumination. Meeting the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard of ≥25 years of service life remains an unresolved critical hurdle for SAM-based PSCs. The hole-transport layer (HTL) plays a decisive role in both the efficiency and long-term stability of PSCs, responsible for efficiently extracting photogenerated holes from the perovskite layer to the transparent conductive oxide electrode. Inadequate extraction leads to severe interfacial charge recombination and significant efficiency losses. Among various HTL materials, phosphonic acid-based self-assembled monolayers (PA-SAMs) have become the material of choice for inverted-structure PSCs, owing to their molecular-scale precision, ultrathin film formation, and superior energy-level alignment—properties that effectively suppress non-radiative recombination and enhance initial device performance. Nevertheless, their practical application is severely limited by an inherent flaw: PA-SAMs primarily anchor to ITO surfaces via weak hydrogen bonds, which dissociate under photothermal stress. This triggers molecular desorption and migration into the perovskite layer, inducing degradation and eventual performance decline. To tackle this persistent issue, Fei et al. report a transformative molecular engineering strategy that unlocks ultra-stable PSCs (Science 2026, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adz7969). The team designed a triphenylamine-based phosphonic acid (1PA-TPD) with robust covalent anchoring to ITO substrates and optimized a mixed SAM system (60 wt% 1PA-TPD + 40 wt% EtCz3EPA), successfully suppressing interfacial reactivity between PA-SAMs and perovskites. This multifunctional strategy integrates strong substrate binding, interfacial reaction inhibition, crystallinity enhancement, and defect passivation.

### 64. [A Transferable Route to Two-Dimensional Gate-All-Around Electronics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-transferable-route-to-two-dimensional-gate-all-around-electronics) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020058]
The relentless drive for miniaturization in microelectronics, guided by Moore's Law, is approaching a critical inflection point. Silicon-based transistors are confronting fundamental physical limits at the atomic scale, where issues of power leakage and degraded electrostatic control become increasingly severe. To sustain performance scaling, the semiconductor industry is transitioning to gate-all-around (GAA) nanosheet architectures for sub-2-nanometer technology nodes. However, integrating atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors as channel materials within GAA structures offers a revolutionary path, promising superior electrostatic control and lower power consumption. The grand challenge has been the absence of a scalable, industry-compatible method to synthesize high-quality, uniform 2D semiconductor channels seamlessly encapsulated by high-k gate dielectrics in a GAA configuration. A groundbreaking study by Peng et al. reports the wafer-scale, uniform synthesis of single-crystalline 2D high-k dielectric/semiconductor/high-k dielectric GAA heterostructures via an innovative buffered van der Waals epitaxy technique. The core innovation lies in pre-depositing a high-k van der Waals buffer oxide (α-Bi2SeO5) on an r-plane sapphire substrate, which mitigates lattice mismatch and enables epitaxial growth of uniform Bi2O2Se films. Controlled oxidation transforms the top layer into β-Bi2SeO5, forming a sandwich-like GAA heterostructure with atomically sharp interfaces. The intrinsic transferability of these stacks allows clean exfoliation and transfer onto arbitrary substrates, leaving the sapphire wafer reusable. Field-effect transistors fabricated from these heterostructures exhibit outstanding electrical characteristics: on/off ratios exceeding 10^6 and carrier mobility up to 227 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹. True GAAFETs using both top and bottom gates show improved subthreshold swing and higher on/off ratios, demonstrating superior gate controllability. This work represents a foundational platform technology addressing critical integration challenges for 2D semiconductors, bridging laboratory exploration and foundry-level manufacturing, and enabling monolithic 3D integration for future electronics.

### 65. [Stabilizing Perovskite Fabrication in Ambient Air](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/stabilizing-perovskite-fabrication-in-ambient-air) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020030]
Perovskite-based solar cells have advanced rapidly due to their high efficiency potential, low-cost processing, and flexible fabrication routes. While silicon solar cells remain the dominant commercial technology, combining perovskites with silicon in tandem architectures offers a clear pathway to exceed the efficiency limits of single-junction devices. By pairing perovskite's tunable absorption with silicon's proven performance, perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells open new opportunities for high-efficiency photovoltaics. Yet translating these advances from laboratory demonstrations to scalable manufacturing remains a major challenge. A central obstacle lies in fabricating high-quality perovskite films under ambient conditions. Moisture in air directly interferes with perovskite crystallization, leading to disordered crystal growth, surface degradation, and the accumulation of non-ideal secondary phases. Although thermal annealing is often used to improve crystallinity, the combined effects of heat and humidity can instead accelerate irreversible degradation when processing in air. Together, these factors make crystallization control under ambient conditions particularly difficult, underscoring the need for new strategies that can stabilize film formation without relying on tightly controlled environments. Previous studies have explored several approaches to optimize perovskite film fabrication in ambient air, such as solvent engineering and longitudinal homogeneous intermediates in hybrid sequential deposition, as well as techniques like the P1.5 process that introduce a diffusion barrier layer. However, challenges persist, particularly in achieving the same performance as films fabricated in controlled environments. Now, writing in Joule, Tan et al. tackle this challenge with a novel approach that intervenes in the wet-film stage to stabilize the crystallization process. Instead of relying on environmental controls to eliminate moisture, the authors introduce an additive, n-butylammonium thiocyanate (nBASCN), to regulate crystallization dynamics. Implemented as part of the hybrid sequential deposition process, this wet-film intervention modifies the crystallization pathway, preventing premature nucleation and promoting uniform growth. The key innovation lies in the use of nBASCN to decouple diffusion from crystallization, enabling uniform crystallization and improving film quality under ambient conditions. This intervention not only improves film quality but also enhances device performance, with nBASCN-treated devices achieving higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to untreated controls. Beyond improving single-junction perovskite solar cells, this approach is also effective for tandem solar cells, demonstrating the strategy's applicability to more complex multi-junction devices. This marks a crucial step toward achieving scalable, high-efficiency tandem solar cells.

### 66. [Improved Solvent Systems for the Commercialization of Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improved-solvent-systems-for-the-commercialization-of-perovskite-photovoltaic-modules) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020044]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics, given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCE), utilizing low-cost raw materials, and enabling versatile fabrication routes. However, commercialization efforts continue to face considerable obstacles, such as the dependence on toxic solvents, inadequate uniformity in large-area film deposition, and limited operational durability. Conventional perovskite inks commonly rely on highly toxic, high-boiling-point aprotic polar solvents, including N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). These solvents present serious environmental and health hazards while also impeding processing speeds and perovskite film quality in scalable high-throughput manufacturing, such as roll-to-roll slot-die coating, owing to their slow evaporation kinetics. Furthermore, residual solvent and heterogeneous crystallization tend to introduce a high density of defects in perovskite films, which undermines the long-term stability and reliability of the resulting perovskite photovoltaic modules (PPM) and hinders compliance with the rigorous standards required for commercial deployment. Thus, the establishment of an eco-friendly and efficient solvent system is essential for enabling the widespread adoption of perovskite technology in the mainstream photovoltaic market. In this context, Wang et al. devised an eco-friendly ink formulation utilizing green solvents (γ-valerolactone (GVL), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF)), and integrated it with a solvent-constrained edge-protection (SCEP) strategy. This approach enhanced the edge quality of perovskite films and lowered defect density under ambient conditions, thereby enabling the scalable production of high-performance PPM (Science, 2025, 390, 1021-1028). These approaches enabled the production of 7200-square-centimeter PPM that achieved a certified stabilized efficiency of 17.2% by NREL. In addition, the scalable module passed all IEC 61215 reliability standards as certified by TÜV Rheinland. This work has realized a PPM with a certified stabilized efficiency of 17.2% over an area of 7200 cm2. The adoption of green solvents not only addresses environmental and regulatory concerns, but also owing to their lower boiling point and the optimized process flow, which reduces energy consumption during production. Combined with slot-die coating technology, which is well-suited for large-scale roll-to-roll manufacturing, the proposed solution demonstrates considerable potential for achieving highly competitive levelized cost of electricity in the future, thereby accelerating the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.

### 67. [Heating Rate Effect of Thermal Expansion in Granite and Implications for Rock Breaking](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/heating-rate-effect-of-thermal-expansion-in-granite-and-implications-for-rock-breaking) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.02.004]
The influence of the heating rate on the thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution of rock is a critical factor limiting the safety and efficiency of engineering applications. Conventional models are limited, however, as they assume a static coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and ignore its dynamic nature under rapid thermal loading. This study confronts this knowledge gap using a synergistic experimental–numerical approach. A custom system combining induction heating and Digital Image Correlation was employed to measure the rate-dependent CTE of both bulk granite and its constituent minerals over various heating rates. These dynamic coefficients were then integrated into a high-fidelity numerical model to simulate microwave-assisted rock breaking. Results definitively show the CTE is strongly rate-dependent. While the quartz phase transition at ~573 °C triggers critical damage, faster heating significantly amplifies strain localization and damage accumulation. Crucially, simulations revealed that under identical microwave loading, the model using dynamic CTE (530 °C/min) reached a 1000 mm² failure area 11 times faster than the model using quasi-static CTE (5 °C/min). This study fundamentally establishes rock's CTE as a dynamic, rate-dependent property, providing a key scientific basis for advancing such thermal fracturing technologies.

### 68. [Preface to Focus Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA) 2025](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preface-to-focus-topic-on-integrated-circuits-technologies-and-applications-icta-2025) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26041001]
This Special Topic of the Journal of Semiconductors (JoS) features expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications (ICTA), held in Macao, China, from October 22 to 24, 2025. IEEE ICTA is an IEEE flagship conference in the field of integrated circuits (IC) in China, providing a platform for sharing state-of-the-art techniques from experts. Among 146 papers presented, the Technical Program Committee and Award Committee selected three high-quality articles covering RF, medical neural interface, and vision sensing ICs. The first article, from Zhejiang University, introduces a fractional-N dual-path SPD/PFD PLL with a complementary digital-to-time converter (DTC) pair for DTC range reduction and INL cancellation. Fabricated in 7 nm FinFET, it achieves 118 fs RMS jitter and -247.5 dB figure-of-merit. The second article, also from Zhejiang University, presents a battery-free neural interface with dual-overlapped on-chip antennas, enabling high-data-rate backscatter for 72-channel simultaneous recording. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the chip integrates 72 channels within 2 mm × 2 mm and achieves 18 Mbps backscatter data rate. The third article, from Southern University of Science and Technology, describes a cascadable stereo matching processor with scalable semi-global matching (SSGM) algorithm, achieving speedups of 178× and 97× over CPU and Edge GPU, respectively. Implemented in 40-nm CMOS, it operates at 160 MHz, processing 80 frames per second with energy efficiency of 7.9 pJ/pixel and core area of 6.04 mm².

### 69. [Ultrathin van der Waals Ferroelectric Oxides for Scalable Low-Power Memory](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrathin-van-der-waals-ferroelectric-oxides-for-scalable-low-power-memory) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020015]
The continuous scaling of ferroelectric memories to below 5 nm has exacerbated challenges such as depolarization fields, interfacial charge trapping, and structural non-uniformity, which critically bottleneck the performance and consistency of ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs). Although van der Waals ferroelectrics offer a promising route to overcome interface-related issues and critical-thickness limits, the lack of wafer-scale, CMOS-compatible ultrathin ferroelectric materials with robust polarization and high dielectric constants has hindered practical deployment. In a recent study published in Science (2026), Peng and colleagues report a wafer-scale, ultrathin van der Waals ferroelectric oxide platform that addresses these challenges via a controlled oxidation strategy, transforming a two-dimensional semiconductor precursor into a layered ferroelectric oxide with atomically smooth and chemically coherent interfaces. This native-oxide approach enables robust and switchable polarization down to the monolayer limit, as demonstrated by domain writing and erasing. The platform supports monolithic integration of FeFET arrays over centimetre-scale areas, exhibiting consistent hysteresis windows and switching thresholds across hundreds of devices, with narrow distributions of on/off ratios and threshold voltages. Furthermore, the programmable coupling between ferroelectric polarization and semiconductor channels enables multi-level threshold voltage programmability and stable switching between logic states, positioning these devices as reconfigurable building blocks for low-power memory and computing-in-memory architectures. This work bridges the gap between atomic-scale ferroelectric physics and manufacturable device architectures, offering a scalable path for next-generation non-volatile memory.

### 70. [Material Platforms for Solid-State Single-Photon Sources: Wide Bandgap Semiconductors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/material-platforms-for-solid-state-single-photon-sources-wide-bandgap-semiconductors) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020003]
Single-photon sources are indispensable for scalable quantum information technologies, including quantum communication, key distribution, computing, and sensing. Optically active point defects in solid-state materials, known as color centers, are promising candidates for next-generation single-photon emitters (SPEs) due to their atom-like properties, enabling high efficiency, purity, and indistinguishability, while their solid-state nature facilitates integration into scalable quantum photonic devices. Among these, color centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors are particularly attractive for their stable operation at room temperature or higher and wide spectral tunability. Their compatibility with mature semiconductor technology allows direct integration into practical optoelectronic systems. Recent progress has realized defect-based SPEs in diamond, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), zinc oxide (ZnO), and beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3). This mini-review summarizes recent advances in SPEs based on wide-bandgap semiconductors, highlighting their potential for integrated quantum photonic circuits. Key platforms include diamond, hosting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and group-IV impurity-based defects (SiV, GeV, SnV, PbV) with narrow emission lines and nanosecond lifetimes; Si3N4, where native defects in nitrogen-rich films exhibit linearly polarized emission at 567–670 nm with saturated room-temperature single-photon intensity of 5×10^5 cps; and h-BN, with an ultrawide bandgap of ~6 eV, enabling ultrabright, polarized single-photon emission at room temperature, with carbon-related defects (VBCN−) identified as visible quantum emitters. Challenges remain in structural identification and spectral uniformity, but controlled synthesis and strain engineering offer pathways to scalable quantum photonics.

### 71. [Research Progress on the Structural Design and Common Preparation Technologies of Thermal Barrier Coatings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-structural-design-and-common-preparation-technologies-of-thermal-barrier-coatings) [DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.12.001]
To address the severe challenges faced by high-temperature components in extreme environments, thermal barrier coating (TBC) technology has become a critical approach to enhance their operating temperature tolerance and extend service life. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the structural design and common preparation technologies of thermal barrier coatings, focusing on the evolutionary logic and performance characteristics of double-layer and multi-layer structures. It specifically analyzes double-layer structures on nickel-based superalloys, steels, and aluminum alloys, as well as multi-layer structures, dual bond coat + ceramic layer structures, and bond coat + multi-layer ceramic structures obtained through different preparation techniques. The article also elaborates on the intrinsic correlation between the microstructure and coating performance of TBCs prepared by two mainstream techniques: atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). Research indicates that double-layer structures have been widely applied due to their good comprehensive performance; while multi-layer/composite structures constructed with A2B2O7-type ceramic materials show more promising application prospects in terms of temperature resistance, thermal cycling life, and corrosion resistance. In response to the current bottlenecks in TBC technology development, this paper looks forward to key future directions for high-performance TBCs from multiple dimensions, including new material development, new process integration, and advanced structural design, providing a systematic theoretical basis and clear technical pathways for the development of TBCs under more demanding service conditions.

### 72. [Pull-out capacity and energy absorption of cable bolts under impact loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pull-out-capacity-and-energy-absorption-of-cable-bolts-under-impact-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.013]
This study investigates the performance of high-strength cable bolts under impact loading conditions representative of rock bursts in underground environments. Although widely used, the dynamic behaviour of these cable bolts has received limited experimental attention, and their effectiveness in seismically active zones remains a subject of ongoing debate. To address this gap, a reverse pull-out test machine integrated with a drop hammer rig was employed. Tests were conducted on 70-t SUMO bulbed and non-bulbed cable bolts with encapsulation lengths of 300 and 450 mm, subjected to an impact energy of 14.52 kJ. Results indicate that non-bulbed cables, despite showing lower initial peak loads (average 218 vs. 328 kN for bulbed cables at 300 mm encapsulation), demonstrated superior energy absorption (average 11.26 vs. 8.75 kJ) and displacement capacity (average 48.40 vs. 36.25 mm). Increasing the encapsulation length for bulbed cables led to a reduction in initial peak load but improved displacement and energy absorption. The dominant failure mechanism was debonding at the cable-grout interface, characterised by frictional sliding and cable rotation. These findings provide new insights into the energy dissipation mechanisms of cables and support the development of more resilient ground support systems for dynamically active conditions.

### 73. [Effect of eutectic content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-eutectic-content-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-al-zn-mg-cu-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5156-8]
The 7xxx series aluminum alloys have emerged as a particularly promising class of lightweight structural materials. However, the inherent strength of these materials is primarily influenced by the content and type of alloying elements added during the manufacturing process, as well as casting defects. The present study investigated the effects of eutectics formed by solute atoms (Zn, Mg, and Cu), with equal mass ratios (Zn/Mg=2, Mg/Cu=3) but varying overall contents, on the liquid film thickness, crack propagation depth, and the mechanical properties of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy after heat treatment. The results from gravity casting indicate that the intergranular liquid film thickness increases with the increase of eutectic content. A thick intergranular liquid film in the casting can accommodate greater strain during grain contraction, thereby preventing liquid film rupture and subsequent hot tearing. Concurrently, during the solution treatment at 475 °C, the residual eutectic fraction in the Al-7Zn-3.5Mg-1.18Cu alloy diminishes from 9.1% at 10 h to 0.35% at 40 h. At 165 °C, the Al-6Zn-3.0Mg-1.0Cu alloy exhibits the optimal mechanical properties, with a peak aging tensile strength of 510 MPa and an elongation of 6.4%. The incorporation of lower concentrations of solute atoms (Zn, Mg, and Cu) serves to reduce the barrier to dislocation precipitation, thereby enhancing alloy plasticity. However, when the proportion of alloying elements exceeds the solubility limit of the α-Al matrix at specific heat treatment temperatures, coarse residual phases remain intergranular, thereby significantly impairing the mechanical properties of the alloy. This study provides a reference for the optimal addition level of the main strengthening elements in Al‑Zn‑Mg‑Cu alloys.

### 74. [Achieving optimal strength-conductivity balance in cast Al-2.3Fe-Mg-Si alloys via Mg/Si ratio regulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-optimal-strength-conductivity-balance-in-cast-al-23fe-mg-si-alloys-via-mgsi-ratio-regulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5183-5]
The Al-2.3Fe eutectic alloy is regarded as a promising substitute for Cu conductors in automotive motors owing to its excellent castability and low resistivity. However, its application is restricted by the mutually exclusive relationship between electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-2.3Fe alloy were modified through Mg/Si alloying combined with T6 heat treatment in this work, leading to the development of a high-performance cast Al-2.3Fe-Mg-Si alloy. In the Al-2.3Fe-0.40Mg-0.72Si (Mg/Si=0.56) alloy subjected to T6 treatment, an electrical conductivity of (52.5±0.6)% IACS is achieved, while the ultimate tensile strength is significantly enhanced to 309.5±5.6 MPa. The addition of Mg and Si brings about marked changes in the solidification process of the Al-2.3Fe alloy, resulting in considerable variations in both the morphology of the second phase and its phase constitution. The aging behavior of the alloy is governed by second phase and solid solubility. Through optimization of the Mg/Si ratio, the aging response can be effectively enhanced. At the ratio of Mg/Si=0.56, a balance is achieved between solid solubility and precipitation, while simultaneously minimizing the detrimental impact on electrical conductivity and reaching the best mechanical properties and electrical conductivity in peak-aged Al-2.3Fe-xMg-ySi alloy. This work providing valuable insights for developing advanced conductor materials.

### 75. [Dimensional control of turbine blades via RSM-based process parameter optimization in investment casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dimensional-control-of-turbine-blades-via-rsm-based-process-parameter-optimization-in-investment-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5175-5]
To address the dimensional accuracy challenges in investment casting of DD6 nickel-based superalloy hollow turbine blades, a multi-parameter collaborative optimization and deformation response prediction method based on response surface methodology was proposed. Using a Box-Behnken design, with pouring temperature, shell temperature, and withdrawal rate as key variables, deformation response data were obtained through numerical simulation, and a second-order model incorporating linear, interaction, and quadratic terms was established to characterize the nonlinear coupling effects of process parameters on dimensional deformation. The results indicate that withdrawal rate is the dominant factor influencing deformation, while shell temperature exhibits a pronounced “U”-shaped nonlinear trend. Significant interactions between process parameters are also observed. The constructed model demonstrates high predictive accuracy, with R2 of 0.978 and an RMSE of 0.0026 mm, and exhibits strong generalization capability, enabling the identification of optimal parameter combinations even beyond the simulated dataset. Compared with conventional orthogonal design methods, the maximum deformation of the optimized process was reduced from 0.2021 mm to 0.1905 mm, achieving an improvement of approximately 5.74%. This work provides a theoretical foundation and practical strategy for dimensional accuracy control and multi-parameter process optimization in the manufacturing of complex thin-walled castings.

### 76. [Effects of TiB2 on microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluidity of AlSi10MnMg alloy fabricated by high-pressure die casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-tib2-on-microstructure-mechanical-properties-and-fluidity-of-alsi10mnmg-alloy-fabricated-by-high-pressure-die-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5150-1]
Optimizing the mechanical properties and fluidity of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys in high-pressure die casting (HPDC) is critical for manufacturing thin-walled components with large sizes. The performance and fluidity of castings over long flow distances depend on the precise control of solidification behavior during the complex HPDC process. In this study, an AlSi10MnMg alloy was fabricated using a fluidity test mold with three channels of different thicknesses to investigate the influence of varying TiB2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fluidity of the alloy during long-distance filling in HPDC. Results indicate that the addition of 0.018wt.% TiB2 significantly reduces externally solidified crystals (ESCs) and porosity contents, improving the filling distance from 1,700 mm to 1,833 mm. The reduction in ESCs in the castings by TiB2 is attributed to its ability to promote the migration of ESCs from the shot sleeve toward the melt center, where temperature and flow velocity are higher. At a filling distance of 1,300 mm, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation increase notably with addition of 0.018wt.% TiB2. When the addition of TiB2 increases to 0.036wt.%, the area fraction of ESCs in the channel increases compared to that with 0.018wt.%, and the filling distance slightly decreases to 1,796.9 mm. The mechanical properties of the alloy with 0.036wt.% TiB2 are better than those of the alloy with 0.018wt.% TiB2 over short distances, but become inferior beyond 1,000 mm. This work reveals the role of TiB2 in regulating solidification and flow during long-range filling, offering new insights into the processability of HPDC Al-Si alloys.

### 77. [Regulating creep behavior via dynamic in-situ precipitation of Ti3AlC phase in Ti45Al8Nb-0.6C alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/regulating-creep-behavior-via-dynamic-in-situ-precipitation-of-ti3alc-phase-in-ti45al8nb-06c-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5201-7]
TiAl alloys are attractive for high-temperature structural applications, yet their creep resistance and microstructural stability at high temperatures remain critical challenges. In this study, Ti45Al8Nb-0.6C alloy was prepared by vacuum induction melting to investigate its creep behavior and underlying deformation mechanisms at 800 °C under 200 MPa. The alloy exhibits a relatively homogeneous microstructure composed of (γ+α2) lamellar colonies, B2 phase, and blocky γ phase, with a creep life of 137 h and a typical ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode. Post-creep microstructural characterization reveals pronounced B2 phase formation, deformation twinning, lamellar coarsening, and abundant stacking faults at lamellar interfaces. Extensive dynamic recrystallization occurs during creep, leading to the formation of fine recrystallized grains. The Ti3AlC phase plays a dual strengthening role by effectively impeding dislocation motion and developing characteristic defect structures, including high-density dislocations and ladder-like stacking faults during deformation. These synergistic microstructural evolutions contribute to the enhanced creep resistance of the alloy.

### 78. [Optimization of multi-process parameters in secondary cooling solidification process of S30432 continuous casting billet](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-of-multi-process-parameters-in-secondary-cooling-solidification-process-of-s30432-continuous-casting-billet) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5185-3]
The synergistic mechanism of multiple process parameters on the solidification structure of niobium containing austenitic stainless steel during continuous casting is complex, which seriously affects the quality of continuous casting billets and seamless pipes. In order to optimize the quality of continuous casting billet, a finite element model of solidification and heat transfer in continuous casting process was established for the secondary cooling process of continuous casting billet. The control variable method was used to explore the influence of casting speed and superheat on the solidification process. At the same time, an orthogonal scheme was designed to study the coupling effect of multiple process parameters on the heat transfer and solidification state of continuous casting billets, and optimized process parameters were selected. The optimization results of process parameters were verified through production experiments, and it is found that the enrichment of coarse niobium compounds directly causes the initiation and propagation of inner wall cracks during the large deformation hot piercing of S30432 seamless tubes. Process parameter optimization, especially the synergistic effect of the decrease of superheat and increase of specific water flow promotes the grain refinement and expension of equiaxed crystal zone, thereby mitigating the segregation of Nb elements and improving the distribution of niobium compounds.

### 79. [Effect of Nb, Ti introduction sequence on adsorption of Nb on TiB2 surface and grain refinement performance of Al-4Ti-1Nb-1B](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-nb-ti-introduction-sequence-on-adsorption-of-nb-on-tib2-surface-and-grain-refinement-performance-of-al-4ti-1nb-1b) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5182-6]
Abstract: In recent years, Al-Ti-Nb-B grain refiners have attracted increasing attention due to their grain refinement performance and anti-Si poisoning ability. This study investigates the influence of the introduction sequence of Ti and Nb during the synthesis of Al-4Ti-1Nb-1B refiners on their refinement performance on CP-Al and a series of Al-Si alloys (Al-3.5Si, Al-7Si, and Al-10.5Si). It is found that Al-4Ti-1Nb-1B prepared by introducing Ti prior to Nb exhibits the best grain refinement and anti-Si poisoning compared to samples where Nb is introduced before Ti or where both are added simultaneously. This Ti-first approach demonstrates superior grain refinement performance across CP-Al, Al-3.5S1, Ai-7Si, and Al-10.5Si alloys, especially at higher Si contents. It refines the grain size of Al-7Si to 150.1±27.5 μm from over 1,500 μm for the unrefined alloy. This superior performance is attributed to the variation in ground-state energy ΔE for the Ti prior to Nb sequence is lower than that of other sequences, thereby facilitating Nb adsorption on the TiB2 surface. TEM observations corroborate these findings, showing that TiB2 prepared by this sequence has the highest average Nb content of 3.80at.%. First-principles calculations reveal that this unique Nb adsorption enhances the TiB2/Al interfacial adhesion energy Wad and suppresses the segregation tendency of Si atoms at the interface, κSi(cSi). The higher the Nb adsorption at the TiB2/Al interface, the stronger the resistance to Si poisoning. These findings underscore the pivotal role of Nb-modified TiB2 in improving grain refinement and offer a novel strategy for advancing grain refiner technologies in Al-Si alloys.

### 80. [In situ monitoring of surface depressions in metal laser additive manufacturing and its interlayer transfer mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-monitoring-of-surface-depressions-in-metal-laser-additive-manufacturing-and-its-interlayer-transfer-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5163-9]
In laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing, surface depressions caused by melt pool instability can induce defects throughout the layer-by-layer printing process. To address the limited understanding of interlayer defect transmission mechanisms, synchrotron X-ray in situ imaging was used to systematically investigate the dynamic evolution of surface depressions during multi-pass printing by adjusting interlayer process parameters. Experimental results show that insufficient energy input in the first layer leads to balling and fracture of melt tracks. When the energy input in the second layer is increased, local overheating at the gap between melt tracks from the previous layer causes surface depressions. Reducing the energy input in the third layer hinders melt backflow, enlarging the depression region. Further lowering the energy input in the final layer leads to the formation of internal unfused defects. This study reveals the dynamic correlation between surface depressions and interlayer defect evolution, offering critical experimental evidence and theoretical guidance for closed-loop interlayer process control in laser additive manufacturing.

### 81. [Effect of critical tempering on microstructure evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior of a cast multiphase stainless steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-critical-tempering-on-microstructure-evolution-mechanical-performance-and-corrosion-behavior-of-a-cast-multiphase-stainless-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5206-2]
A novel cast stainless steel featuring a multiphase microstructure and a nominal composition of Fe-13.5Cr-2.6Si-6.9Ni-1.1Cu-1.1Mn-1.0Mo-0.35Al-0.025C (wt.%) was investigated. Following solution treatment at 1,050 °C and water quenching, the specimens were subjected to further tempering at 570 °C, 610 °C, and 650 °C to explore the effects of critical tempering on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. Various characterization techniques were employed to examine the phase distribution within the microstructure, with particular attention given to the content and morphology of reverted austenite. Tensile and corrosion tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the specimens. The results reveal that critical tempering significantly enhances the mechanical properties, with the specimen tempered at 610 °C achieving the highest product of strength and elongation (PSE=23.6 GPa·%), whereas corrosion resistance deteriorates with increasing tempering temperature. Calculations of the martensite start temperature (Ms) and stacking fault energy (γSFE) for the reversed austenite in different specimens indicate that the stability of reversed austenite strongly influences mechanical behavior through the TRIP and TWIP effects. However, tempering-induced Cr segregation at ferrite/martensite interfaces and the formation of Cr-depleted zones become more pronounced at higher tempering temperatures, leading to a degradation in corrosion resistance. Furthermore, multiphase coordinated deformation improves the strength-ductility balance, while corrosion tends to initiate at chemically inhomogeneous phase boundaries.

### 82. [Intelligent design of cooling systems for aluminum alloy die-casting dies: A framework integrating topology optimization and particle swarm optimization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-design-of-cooling-systems-for-aluminum-alloy-die-casting-dies-a-framework-integrating-topology-optimization-and-particle-swarm-optimization) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5274-3]
With the growing demand for lightweight and high-performance components in automotive and aerospace industries, aluminum alloy die-castings are evolving toward larger dimensions and thinner walls, posing significant challenges to thermal management during solidification. Traditional cooling channel designs often fail to ensure uniform temperature distribution, leading to defects such as shrinkage porosity and deformation. This study proposes an automated design framework integrating the moving morphable components (MMC) topology optimization method with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to generate efficient and manufacturable cooling channel layouts for A380 aluminum alloys. Firstly, a systematic initialization strategy was developed with component dimensions of 4-10 mm in width and 15-40 mm in length, along with discrete orientation angles. The optimization process effectively guided components toward high-temperature regions identified through numerical simulation, followed by post-processing operations including temperature-based sorting, overlap removal, and component interconnection. The final design with 20 retained components was selected. Then, castings with a conventional cooling system and without any cooling system were employed as benchmark cases for comparison with the current optimized design. Compared with the conventional and no-cooling cases, the current cooling system exhibits a consistently lower temperature standard deviation after 30 s, maintains superior thermal uniformity throughout solidification, and achieves this improvement without comprising the average temperature.

### 83. [Factors influencing high-temperature compressive strength of alkaline phenolic resin-bonded sand](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/factors-influencing-high-temperature-compressive-strength-of-alkaline-phenolic-resin-bonded-sand) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5243-x]
During the casting process, no-bake resin-bonded sand molds and cores rapidly heat up upon contact with high-temperature molten metal, causing dramatic changes in the resin binder system and a significant deterioration in mechanical properties, which subsequently leads to casting defects. To reveal the mechanism behind the evolution of high-temperature performance, the effects of resin content, base sand type, and particle size on the compressive strength of alkaline phenolic no-bake resin-bonded sand at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 1,000 °C were investigated. The results show that the temperature range of 600-800 °C represents the primary stage of strength loss, corresponding to intense resin decomposition. Meanwhile, structural reorganization of the carbon skeleton above 900 °C can lead to a partial recovery of strength. This study provides key data and theoretical support for understanding the high-temperature mechanical behavior of resin-bonded sand and its relationship with casting defects.

### 84. [Control of fine grain structures and strengthening-toughening mechanisms in magnesium alloys fabricated by wire-arc directed energy deposition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/control-of-fine-grain-structures-and-strengthening-toughening-mechanisms-in-magnesium-alloys-fabricated-by-wire-arc-directed-energy-deposition) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5146-x]
Wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) has attracted considerable attention for the fabrication of magnesium (Mg) alloys due to its high efficiency, low cost, and rapid prototyping capability for complex components. However, the inherent rapid solidification and complex thermal cycling associated with WA-DED often result in coarse columnar grains and pronounced mechanical anisotropy, which severely limiting its application potential. In this study, a novel spiral oscillation (SO) strategy was implemented during WA-DED AZ31 Mg alloy to refine the microstructure, reduce mechanical anisotropy, and achieve a strength-ductility synergy. Specifically, the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (EL) are increased by 9.7%, 38.1%, and 147%, respectively. These improvements by the SO strategy are primarily attributed to the promotion of columnar-to-equiaxed transformation (CET), a 74.2% reduction in maximum texture intensity, and a more uniform distribution of second-phase particles. Second-phase particles are primarily composed of Al8Mn5 and Al8Mn4Y. This study provides a novel strategy for microstructural control aimed at improving the performance of WA-DED AZ31 Mg alloy components.

### 85. [Effects of natural and forced convections on dendritic growth in thin-walled Al-Cu alloy by counter-gravity casting: A phase-field lattice-Boltzmann study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-natural-and-forced-convections-on-dendritic-growth-in-thin-walled-al-cu-alloy-by-counter-gravity-casting-a-phase-field-lattice-boltzmann-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5208-0]
Thin-walled aluminum alloys, prized for their high specific strength, are critical to modern aerospace and other advanced industries. Counter-gravity casting (CGC) is a premier method for fabricating such components, where precise control over solidification microstructure is paramount. However, this control is challenged by the complex interplay of forced and natural convection during solidification. This study employs a coupled multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann (D2Q9) and quantitative phase-field model to simulate dendritic growth in a thin-walled Al-0.576wt.%Cu alloy. Simulations reveal that convection disrupts dendritic symmetry: for equiaxed crystals, solute plumes and asymmetric arm growth are observed, while for columnar dendrites, an optimal applied force exists that refines the microstructure without compromising economic viability. Furthermore, forced convection consistently reduces the inclination angle of primary dendrites. These findings, validated against experimental data, elucidate the micro-mechanisms of dendritic growth under convection, providing critical theoretical guidance for optimizing CGC processes.

### 86. [Tuning needle-like precipitation for enhanced strength-ductility synergy in a non-equiatomic FeNiCoCuTi high-entropy alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tuning-needle-like-precipitation-for-enhanced-strength-ductility-synergy-in-a-non-equiatomic-fenicocuti-high-entropy-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5127-5]
Precipitation strengthening is an effective strengthening strategy widely utilized in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with a single-phased face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. In recent research works, reinforcing phase adopted are mostly focused on equiaxed or nearly equiaxed structures (e.g., spherical, cubic, and rod-like), while relatively rare studies on the strengthening effects of needle-like precipitates with large aspect ratios. The η-D024 phase, like the L12 strengthening phase most commonly used in fcc-structured HEAs, features an ordered Ni3Ti-type structure and also exhibits a comparable strengthening effect. However, since the η phase often co-precipitates with other precipitates in alloy system, the strengthening effect of the sole η-D024 phase in fcc-structured alloys remains to be further explored. In this study, microstructural evolution, phase transformation, and mechanical behaviors of a non-equiatomic Fe27Ni27Co26Cu10Ti10 HEA were systematically investigated. Results show that following high-temperature heat treatment, the microstructure of the studied HEA transforms from a combination of the fcc, L12, Cu-rich, and η phases in the as-cast state to a fcc+η structure in the heat-treated state. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the heat-treated HEA are significantly improved, with a total elongation increasing from approximately 0.9% to 7.5%. The enhanced ductility of the heat-treated alloy can be attributed to the strong hindering effect of numerous needle-like η phase at the grain boundaries, which restricts crack propagation and dislocation movement. This study develops a novel η-strengthened FeNiCoCuTi HEA, expanding the selection of available reinforcing phases in fcc-structured alloys and providing valuable insights into the phase transformation and strengthening effect of the η-D024 phase.

### 87. [Microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of near-β alloy Ti-4Al-6Cr-5Mo-5Nb-xTa](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-evolution-of-near-alloy-ti-4al-6cr-5mo-5nb-xta) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5263-6]
To meet the aerospace industry’s demand for aircraft featuring high thrust-to-weight ratios and lightweight structures capable of operating in complex service environments, β titanium alloys with high specific strength and good plasticity have become a current research hotspot in the development of domestic fasteners. Based on the calculated Mo equivalent, the alloy composition Ti-4Al-6Cr-5Mo-5Nb is classified as a near-β titanium alloy within the titanium alloy design space. The microstructure is further controlled by adding alloy element Ta with a mass fraction of 0.4wt.%-2.0wt.%. Research results indicate that Ta dissolves completely in the matrix without forming new phases within the investigated range. As the Ta content increases, the proportion of the β phase increases significantly, the β grain diameter decreases markedly from 2.4 mm to 0.4 mm, and the α phase gradually coarsens. When adding 1.6wt.% Ta, the tensile strength and fracture toughness of the alloy reach the peak values of 735 MPa and 55 MPa·m1/2, respectively.

### 88. [Microstructure and mechanical properties of high pressure die casting AE81 magnesium alloy battery module ends](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-high-pressure-die-casting-ae81-magnesium-alloy-battery-module-ends) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5154-x]
AE81 magnesium alloy castings for electric vehicle battery module ends were fabricated using high pressure die casting (HPDC). Effects of filling behavior and solidification sequence on the spatial distribution of microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The results indicate that along the flow path toward the overflow gate, the area fraction of externally solidified crystals (ESCs) gradually decreases, and the average grain size becomes finer, resulting in a slight increase in yield strength. In addition, the pores’ volume fraction significantly affects ductility and tensile strength, with the gate region exhibiting the highest porosity (0.74%) and thus the lowest elongation (4.3%) and ultimate tensile strength (218 MPa). In other regions, the porosity decreases to 0.33%-0.39%, resulting in increased elongation (6%-7%) and higher ultimate tensile strength (235-242 MPa). Analysis of the microstructure-property relationship reveals that the yield strength follows the Hall-Petch relationship, while elongation and tensile strength are negatively correlated with pore volume fraction. This finding elucidates the mechanism behind the formation of performance gradients in HPDC magnesium alloys and provides a theoretical basis for the design of lightweight components in new energy vehicles.

### 89. [Evolution of microstructure and properties of Cu-12Fe alloys prepared by twin-roll strip casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/evolution-of-microstructure-and-properties-of-cu-12fe-alloys-prepared-by-twin-roll-strip-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4045-x]
The Cu-12Fe alloy has attracted significant attention due to its excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding capability, high strength, cost-effectiveness, and recyclability. In the present work, the Cu-12Fe alloy strip with the thickness of 2.4 mm was successfully produced by twin-roll strip casting. The microstructure and properties of the Cu-12Fe alloy were tailored by cold rolling and aging treatment. The tensile strength of the as-cast strip is approximately 328 MPa and its elongation is 25%. The Fe phase randomly dispersed in the matrix, and the average size of Fe-rich phase is 2 μm. Besides, enrichment of Fe phase is observed in the central layer of the strip, results in the formation of the “sandwich structure”. Moreover, the as-cast strip of Cu-12Fe was directly cold-rolled from 2.4 to 0.12 mm. The directly cold-rolled sample after aging at 450 °C for 16 h (Process I) shows excellent electrical conductivity of 69.5% IACS, the tensile strength and elongation are 513 MPa and 3.8%, the saturation magnetic flux density is 20.1 emu·g-1, and the coercive force is 25.2 Oe. In Process II, the as-cast strip firstly cold-rolled to 1.2 mm, then aged at 500 °C for 1.5 h, followed by cold rolling to 0.12 mm, finally aged at 450 °C for 16 h. The sample after Process II shows the electrical conductivity of 66.3% IACS, the tensile strength of 533 MPa, an elongation of 3.5%, saturation magnetic flux density of 21.4 emu·g-1, and the coercive force of 22.3 Oe.

### 90. [Influence of Nb addition on microstructure evolution and superplastic behavior of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5Cr-2Zr-xNb titanium alloy at 923 K](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-nb-addition-on-microstructure-evolution-and-superplastic-behavior-of-ti-5al-5mo-5cr-2zr-xnb-titanium-alloy-at-923-k) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4248-1]
Ti-5Al-5Mo-5Cr-2Zr-xNb with different Nb (abbreviated as Ti-5552-xNb, x=3, 6, 9, 12, wt.%) contents were stretched at 923 K to study their superplastic behavior and mechanical properties below recrystallization temperature. The microstructure of as-cast Ti-5552-xNb alloy is consisted of a single β phase, and the β grain size increases slightly with the increase of Nb content. The thermal effect in the process of high temperature drawing leads to the precipitation of α phase. The addition of Nb in Ti-5552 titanium alloys reduces the α/β phase transformation temperature, which causes a decrease in the volume fraction of α phase. Reducing the α phase content reduces incompatibility, but too low a proportion of α phase will lead to premature fracture, so tensile strength and plasticity firstly increase and then decrease. The results show that Ti-5552-9Nb titanium alloy shows the best tensile strength (307.2 MPa) and superplasticity (106%). The superplastic mechanism of Ti-5552-9Nb alloy is mainly caused by relative sliding of β grain boundaries and dislocation movement.

### 91. [Effect of cooling rate on solidification behavior and micro-segregation of high-alloyed wrought superalloy GH4975](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-cooling-rate-on-solidification-behavior-and-micro-segregation-of-high-alloyed-wrought-superalloy-gh4975) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4083-4]
The high-alloyed wrought superalloy GH4975 tends to form coarse MC carbides and eutectic (γ+γ′) phases, which adversely affect the cogging and homogenization process. To provide theoretical guidance for control of MC carbides and eutectic (γ+γ′) formation, differential thermal analysis (DTA) was utilized to investigate the effect of cooing rate (10-90 °C·min-1) on solidification behavior and micro-segregation of GH4975 alloy. According to the thermodynamic calculation and distribution characteristics of precipitates, the MC carbides can act as nucleation sites for γ dendrites, but the nucleation of γ dendrites becomes less dependent on the MC carbide primers at higher cooling rates. As the γ dendrites grow, the elements including Ti and Nb gradually accumulate in the residual liquid and leads to the formation of more MC carbides near the interdendritic region. Finally, the solidification is terminated with the formation of eutectic (γ+γ′). With an increase in cooling rate, the liquidus temperature rises, but the solidus temperature decreases, and thus the solidification range is obviously enlarged. The dendritic structure is significantly refined by the increase of cooling rate. The secondary dendrite arm spacing, λ2, as a function of cooling rate, , can be expressed as λ2=216.78 -0.42. Moreover, the increasing cooling rate weakens the back diffusion of Al, Ti, and Nb, increases the undercooling, and limits the growth of precipitates. Consequently, the sizes of MC carbides, eutectic (γ+γ′), and primary γ′ significantly decrease, but the area fraction of eutectic (γ+γ′) linerly increases as the cooling rate rises. Thus moderate cooling rate (such as 30 °C·min-1) should be selected during the solidification process of GH4975 alloy.

### 92. [Stray grains evolution and high-temperature stress rupture behavior of crystallographic lamellar microstructure in Ni-based superalloys prepared by laser powder bed fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/stray-grains-evolution-and-high-temperature-stress-rupture-behavior-of-crystallographic-lamellar-microstructure-in-ni-based-superalloys-prepared-by-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5024-y]
Abstract: The unique crystallographic lamellar microstructure (CLM) Ni-based superalloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibits excellent tensile properties. This study aims to investigate CLM’s high-temperature stress rupture behavior and use these findings to improve the additive manufacturing process. The result shows that the high temperature-induced intergranular fracture in <110> grain region is responsible for stress rupture failure under both conditions of 760 °C/780 MPa and 980 °C/260 MPa. Among them, the sub-grain boundary fracture occurs only under high temperature and low stress, 980 °C/260 MPa. Due to the severe intergranular fracture induced by stray grains, the stress rupture life is very low under both conditions. According to the finite element simulation, the formation of stray grains stems from the unstable heat flow within the melt pool during the process. In addition, the shorter stress rupture lifetime does not excite a more pronounced dislocation network around the γ′ phase. However, the deformation twins can still be activated inside the <110> grains, so it has excellent plasticity under both test conditions. Finally, this work indicates that the future optimization of CLM by LPBF should focus on eliminating of high-angle grain boundaries in <110> grains.

### 93. [Controlling externally solidified crystals and porosity for enhancing mechanical properties of a die-casting aluminum-silicon alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controlling-externally-solidified-crystals-and-porosity-for-enhancing-mechanical-properties-of-a-die-casting-aluminum-silicon-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4147-5]
The effects of the high pressure die casting (HPDC) processes on porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of heat-treatment-free aluminum silicon (Al-Si) alloys have long been a focal point in automotive die-casting research. In this work, the combined effect of shot sleeve materials and slow shot speeds on porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly designed HPDC Al-Si alloy was investigated. Results show that employing a ceramic shot sleeve or increasing the slow shot speed significantly reduces both the average size and area fraction of externally solidified crystals (ESCs), as well as the average pore size and volume fraction. When the slow shot speed is increased from 0.05 m·s-1 to 0.1 m·s-1, the pore volume fraction decreases by 10.2% in steel-shot-sleeve samples, compared to a substantial 67.1% reduction in ceramic-shot-sleeve samples. At a slow shot speed of 0.1 m·s-1, castings produced with a ceramic shot sleeve exhibit superior mechanical properties: 8.3% higher yield strength, 17.4% greater tensile strength, and an 81.4% improvement in elongation, relative to those from a steel shot sleeve. These findings provide valuable insights for minimizing porosity and coarse ESCs in die castings, offering promising potential for broader industrial applications.

### 94. [A review of electroslag remelting composite technologies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-electroslag-remelting-composite-technologies) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5085-6]
Electroslag remelting (ESR) is an important metallurgical process for producing high-purity materials with homogeneous compositions and sound microstructures, and its typical products are ingots or simple castings. The core principle involves the resistive melting of a consumable electrode within a slag pool, followed by the refining of molten metal droplets as they traverse the slag, and subsequent sequential solidification in a water-cooled mold. However, conventional ESR processes face limitations in producing large or complex-shaped components, enhancing production efficiency, achieving highly specialized microstructures, and meeting ultra-high purity demands for advanced applications. Advanced composite ESR technologies have been developed to overcome these limitations by innovatively modifying key process aspects. For instance, electrode systems are improved using vibration, rotation, or multiple electrodes. Enhanced mold design and solidification control are achieved through techniques including conductive molds, mold rotation, and ingot withdrawal. Precise control of the process is realized through the use of protective gas, vacuum, or elevated pressure, as well as the application of external fields such as magnetic fields or ultrasonic vibration. This review comprehensively summarizes these advanced techniques, examining their principles and characteristics, and discussing their specific advantages and challenges.

### 95. [Titanium alloy with synergistic enhancement of strength and toughness based on molybdenum equivalent design: Microstructure evolution and strengthening-toughening mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/titanium-alloy-with-synergistic-enhancement-of-strength-and-toughness-based-on-molybdenum-equivalent-design-microstructure-evolution-and-strengthening-toughening-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5016-6]
The traditional "trial and error" microstructural control method, with high cost and low efficiency, has become a key issue restricting the development of ultra-high strength and toughness titanium alloys. This study adopts the molybdenum equivalent (Mo[eq]) method to rapidly design Ti-xMo-4Al-4Zr-3Nb-2Cr-1Fe alloys (x=5-9). The as-cast alloys with different Mo[eq] exhibit a single peak of the β phase in XRD. The β grains of 5Mo alloy (the lowest Mo[eq]) exhibit elongated columnar grain characteristics. As the Mo[eq] increases, the β grains transition towards a more equiaxed form, resulting in a decrease in aspect ratio and a reduction in grain size. As the Mo[eq] increases, the α phase content gradually decreases and the α phase is almost unobservable in 9Mo alloy (the highest Mo[eq]). The α phase in 5Mo alloy exhibits short rod-shaped shapes with an average length of about 2.4 μm, while the α phase in 6Mo alloy shows an equiaxed and short rod shapes with the smallest size. The strength, plasticity, and toughness are the lowest in 5Mo alloy, with values of 867 MPa, 7.3%, and 56 MPa·m1/2, respectively. However, it reaches its maximum in 6Mo alloy, where the strength, plasticity, and toughness increase to 984 MPa, 12.8%, and 74 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The mechanical properties of Ti-xMo-4Al-4Zr-3Nb-2Cr-1Fe alloys are affected mainly by solid-solution strengthening of Mo element, refinement of β grain, and changes in α/β phase content. This study lays a certain theoretical foundation for the theoretical research and composition development of new ultra-high strength and toughness titanium alloys.

### 96. [Influence of mold wall thickness on morphologies of defect band in high-pressure die casting technology](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-mold-wall-thickness-on-morphologies-of-defect-band-in-high-pressure-die-casting-technology) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-4124-6]
In order to investigate the effect of die wall thickness on morphologies of defect band, a stepped mold with a wall thickness of 5 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm, 2 mm, and 1 mm was designed to carry out high pressure die casting experiments with AlSi10MgMn alloy. For castings with wall thickness of 2-4 mm, the ratio of the mean defect band width (w) and mean grain size (d) in the defect band (w/d) ranges 7-18, while it increases to 24.47 for the 5 mm-thick casting. This difference is related with the filling speed and the distribution of externally solidified crystals (ESCs). The mold flow analysis indicates that the filling speed decreases from 25.41 m·s-1 to 11.07 m·s-1 when wall thickness increases from 2 mm to 5 mm. Due to the decreasing filling speed along the wall thickness, ESCs gradually diffuse from the center to the defect band, which keep the shear strength in the defect band at a high-level during filling. Meanwhile, the shear strength generated during the filling also decreases as the shear rate drops. Finally, the defect bands in the 5 mm-thick region become widen and indistinct, and the porosity is as high as 5.25%.

### 97. [Creep behavior and fracture mechanism of high Al/Nb-containing TiAl alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/creep-behavior-and-fracture-mechanism-of-high-alnb-containing-tial-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5097-2]
High Al content inhibits the formation of B2 phase, which improves creep resistance in high Al/Nb-containing TiAl alloys. In this work, the microstructure evolution and creep behavior of TiAl based alloy Ti-46Al-8Nb (at.%) with a high Al/Nb content, produced by the vacuum consumable electrode melting technology and the electromagnetic cold crucible melting technology, were studied. The microstructure of the Ti-46Al-8Nb alloy is composed of α2/γ phases arranged in layers with different orientations, which possesses smooth grain boundaries due to small-blocky segregation and irregular serrated grain boundaries caused by large-blocky segregation. Under conditions of 780-820 °C and 125-175 MPa for 200 h, it exhibits typical power-law creep characteristics. The apparent activation energy of creep (Q) and apparent stress exponent (n) of the Ti-46Al-8Nb alloy are Q=274 kJ·mol-1 and n=1.97, respectively. The creep deformation mechanism is grain boundary sliding. Cracks easily form at the smooth boundary. The irregular serrated boundaries with small specific surface area hinder the dislocation movement, thereby improving the boundary creep resistance. When the stress concentration reaches a certain degree, the cracks will initiate between the lamellar structures within the grain. The crack usually propagates along the boundary perpendicular to or at an angle of 45° with the stress axis until creep failure occurs.

### 98. [Effect of Ta addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti46Al1.5Cr8Nb alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-ta-addition-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-ti46al15cr8nb-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5004-2]
The microstructure of high Nb-TiAl alloys was optimized by the addition of a small amount of Ta elements to further improve their properties. A series of Ti46Al1.5Cr8Nb-xTa (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, at.%) alloys were prepared by vacuum arc melting. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and related influencing mechanisms were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the solidification microstructure of the Ti46Al1.5Cr8Nb-xTa alloys comprises the γ-TiAl phase, α2-Ti3Al phase, and B2 phase. As the Ta content increases from 0.2at.% to 1.0at.%, the content of α2 phase and B2 phase increases, while the γ phase content decreases. Among them, the B2 phase shows the most pronounced change, being significantly refined, with its content increasing from 12.49% to 21.91%. In addition, the average size of the lamellar colony decreases from 160.65 to 94.44 μm. The addition of the Ta element shifts the solidification path toward lower aluminum concentrations, leading to changes in phase content. The tantalum-induced increase in the B2 phase and enhanced supercooling at the solidification front provide the basis for lamellar colony refinement. Compressive testing at room temperature reveals that the Ti46Al1.5Cr8Nb0.4Ta alloy exhibits optimal compressive properties, achieving a compressive strength of 2,434 MPa and a compressive strain of 33.1%. The improvement of its properties is attributed to a combination of lamellar colony refinement, solid solution strengthening resulting from the incorporation of Ta element, and a reduction in the c/a of the γ phase.

### 99. [Investigating inclusions and mechanical properties of 1060 aluminum by salt fluxes refining](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigating-inclusions-and-mechanical-properties-of-1060-aluminum-by-salt-fluxes-refining) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4253-4]
In the casting process of 1060 industrial pure aluminum, the inclusions in the aluminum melt significantly affect the product quality. In this study, the influence of refining temperature and the composition of salt fluxes on the purification effect and mechanical properties of aluminum melt was investigated. The results indicate that lower refining temperatures and modified salt fluxes can effectively enhance the cleanliness of the aluminum melt. As the refining temperature increases, the large inclusions gradually increase. The addition of 16wt.% Na3AlF6 can dissolve and break up Al2O3 inclusions, facilitating the separation of the aluminum melt and aluminum slag. The addition of 16wt.% Na3AlF6 and 2wt.% CaCO3 to the basic salt fluxes enables gas refinement, thereby further improving the cleanliness of the aluminum melt. Under the refining condition of 37wt.% NaCl-47wt.% KCl-16wt.% Na3AlF3-2wt.% CaCO3 at 740 °C, better cleanliness and mechanical properties were obtained. The cleanliness and yield strength are approximately 99.99928% and 71.46 MPa, respectively. This work can offer valuable reference and theoretical insights for future research.

### 100. [Automatic gating and riser system design and defect control for K4169 superalloy guide blade casting based on parametric 3D modeling-simulation integrated system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/automatic-gating-and-riser-system-design-and-defect-control-for-k4169-superalloy-guide-blade-casting-based-on-parametric-3d-modeling-simulation-integrated-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5020-x]
Automation and intelligence have become the primary trends in the design of investment casting processes. However, the design of gating and riser systems still lacks precise quantitative evaluation criteria. Numerical simulation plays a significant role in quantitatively evaluating current processes and making targeted improvements, but its limitations lie in the inability to dynamically reflect the formation outcomes of castings under varying process conditions, making real-time adjustments to gating and riser designs challenging. In this study, an automated design model for gating and riser systems based on integrated parametric 3D modeling-simulation framework is proposed, which enhances the flexibility and usability of evaluating the casting process by simulation. Firstly, geometric feature extraction technology is employed to obtain the geometric information of the target casting. Based on this information, an automated design framework for gating and riser systems is established, incorporating multiple structural parameters for real-time process control. Subsequently, the simulation results for various structural parameters are analyzed, and the influence of these parameters on casting formation is thoroughly investigated. Finally, the optimal design scheme is generated and validated through experimental verification. Simulation analysis and experimental results show that using a larger gate neck (24 mm in side length) and external risers promotes a more uniform temperature distribution and a more stable flow state, effectively eliminating shrinkage cavities and enhancing process yield by 15%.

### 101. [Micro-alloying for improving corrosion resistance of as-cast alloy CoCrNi in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution by Ce addition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/micro-alloying-for-improving-corrosion-resistance-of-as-cast-alloy-cocrni-in-35wt-nacl-solution-by-ce-addition) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-4218-2]
Enhancing corrosion resistance in cast alloys using straightforward and cost-effective micro-alloying techniques has emerged as a key area of investigation in materials science. The challenge lies in applying this technique to further enhance the already excellent properties of CoCrNi medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) for casting applications. A micro-alloying approach was proposed to improve the corrosion resistance of as-cast CoCrNi MEAs by incorporating cerium (Ce). The corrosion resistance of CoCrNi MEAs firstly increases and then decreases as the Ce content increases in a 3.5wt.% NaCl solution. At a Ce content of 0.02at.%, the passivation current density reaches its minimum value (26.383 μA·cm-2), while the breakdown potential reaches its maximum (0.471 VSCE), imparting exceptional corrosion resistance. The results indicate that the enhanced corrosion resistance is primary due to Ce micro-alloying, which affects inclusions by forming a non-conductive precipitated phase and modifying the passivation film. Ce micro-alloying presents a promising strategy for enhancing the corrosion resistance of as-cast CoCrNi MEAs.

### 102. [Microstructure and tribological properties of Y2O3-doped Fe-based alloy coatings by laser cladding](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-and-tribological-properties-of-y2o3-doped-fe-based-alloy-coatings-by-laser-cladding) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-026-5062-0]
The laser-clad Fe45 alloy coating inherently comprises multiple crystalline phases, resulting in a heterogeneous microstructural distribution that influences its performance. In this study, the rare earth yttria (Y2O3) was employed to modify laser-clad Fe45 alloy coatings, and the effects of Y2O3 addition on their microstructure, microhardness, and tribological properties were investigated. As the Y2O3 content increases from 0% to 0.3wt.%, the dominant microstructure transforms from columnar crystals to fine cellular and equiaxed crystals. The modified coating with 0.3wt.% Y2O3 achieves a surface hardness of 568 HV0.3 and a wear volume of 1,735.41 μm3, representing a 14.06% increase in hardness and a 51.16% reduction in wear volume compared to the undoped coating. Further increasing the Y2O3 content from 0.3wt.% to 0.9wt.% gradually leads to the emergence of a coarser feather-like microstructure, characterized by a dendritic framework with inter-dendritic equiaxed crystals. Concurrently, both the hardness and wear resistance of the coating decrease. Nevertheless, all Y2O3-modified coatings surpass the undoped Fe45 coating in both hardness and wear resistance. Appropriate Y2O3 doping effectively refines the Fe45 alloy coating’s microstructure and induces lattice distortion, thereby enhancing its hardness and wear resistance.

### 103. [Direct Repair of the Crystal Structure and Coating Surface of Spent LiFePO4 Materials Enables Superfast Li-Ion Migration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/direct-repair-of-the-crystal-structure-and-coating-surface-of-spent-lifepo4-materials-enables-superfast-li-ion-migration) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01980-1]
The rapid accumulation of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes from retired lithium-ion batteries necessitates the development of effective and environmental-friendly recycling strategies. In this context, direct regeneration has emerged as a promising approach for reclaiming LFP cathode materials, offering a streamlined pathway to restore their electrochemical functionality. We report an integrated regeneration protocol that simultaneously repairs the degraded crystal structure and reconstructs the damaged carbon coating in spent LFP. The regenerated cathode material had superfast lithium-ion diffusion kinetics and a stable cathode–electrolyte interface, giving a remarkable rate capability with specific capacities of 122 mAh g−1 at 5C and 106 mAh g−1 at 10C (1C = 170 mA g−1). It also maintained capacities of 110.7 mAh g−1 (5C) and 84.1 mAh g−1 (10C) after 400 cycles. It could be used in harsh environments and could be stably cycled at subzero temperatures (−10 and −20 °C) and in solid-state electrolyte batteries. Life cycle assessment combined with economic evaluation using the EverBatt model reveals that this direct regeneration approach has high economic and environmental benefits.

### 104. [Oxide Semiconductor for Advanced Memory Architectures: Atomic Layer Deposition, Key Requirement and Challenges](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/oxide-semiconductor-for-advanced-memory-architectures-atomic-layer-deposition-key-requirement-and-challenges) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02013-7]
Oxide semiconductors (OSs), introduced by the Hosono group in the early 2000s, have evolved from display backplane materials to promising candidates for advanced memory and logic devices. The exceptionally low leakage current of OSs and compatibility with three-dimensional (3D) architectures have recently sparked renewed interest in their use in semiconductor applications. This review begins by exploring the unique material properties of OSs, which fundamentally originate from their distinct electronic band structure. Subsequently, we focus on atomic layer deposition (ALD), a core technique for growing excellent OS films, covering both basic and advanced processes compatible with 3D scaling. The basic surface reaction mechanisms—adsorption and reaction—and their roles in film growth are introduced. Furthermore, material design strategies, such as cation selection, crystallinity control, anion doping, and heterostructure engineering, are discussed. We also highlight challenges in memory applications, including contact resistance, hydrogen instability, and lack of p-type materials, and discuss the feasibility of ALD-grown OSs as potential solutions. Lastly, we provide an outlook on the role of ALD-grown OSs in memory technologies. This review bridges material fundamentals and device-level requirements, offering a comprehensive perspective on the potential of ALD-driven OSs for next-generation semiconductor memory devices.

### 105. [Laser powder bed fusion of biodegradable Zn-4Cu alloy: Processing, microstructure and properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/laser-powder-bed-fusion-of-biodegradable-zn-4cu-alloy-processing-microstructure-and-properties) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6173-x]
Zn's natural degradability and biocompatibility make it a promising candidate for implants, however, its mechanical properties remain insufficient for bone applications. In this study, the performance of Zn was enhanced by developing Zn-Cu alloys via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Optimal LPBF parameters for forming stable tracks were achieved by adjusting laser power and scanning speed. Under optimized conditions of 100 W and 100 mm/s, high-density (99.58%) Zn-Cu alloys with improved hardness (68.2HV) and yield strength (160 MPa) were achieved. These improvements are attributed to solid solution strengthening, segregation strengthening, and grain refinement. The Zn-Cu alloys also demonstrated favorable degradation behavior, with a rate of 0.16 mm/year. This degradation is primarily driven by micro-galvanic corrosion between the CuZn5 phase and Zn matrix, along with refined grains and increased grain boundary density. This work demonstrates a viable strategy for fabricating Zn-based implants with enhanced structural integrity and mechanical performance via LPBF.

### 106. [Pressure-driven Mn solubility enhancement in Zn alloy: Synergistic strengthening and reduced corrosion rate for biomedical application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pressure-driven-mn-solubility-enhancement-in-zn-alloy-synergistic-strengthening-and-reduced-corrosion-rate-for-biomedical-application) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6161-1]
Zn-Mn alloys are regarded as promising biodegradable metals for orthopedic applications owing to their moderate degradation rates and favorable osteogenic properties. However, the presence of a substantial number of second-phase particles in Zn-based alloys might induce severe localized degradation via micro-coupling corrosion, thereby compromising the mechanical integrity of the alloy during in vivo tissue regeneration. In this study, high-pressure solid solution (HPSS) treatment was conducted at 5 GPa and 380 ℃ for 1 h to fabricate Zn-0.5Mn alloys. Microstructural characterization revealed that the HPSS treatment facilitated the formation of a supersaturated solid solution by completely dissolving the ζ-MnZn13 phase into the α-Zn matrix. The resultant strengthening mechanisms, including supersaturated solid solution strengthening, grain-size strengthening, and dislocation strengthening, collectively enhanced the compressive yield strength (σcys) of the Zn-0.5Mn alloy to about 183.7 MPa, approximately three times that of the as-cast (AC) Zn-0.5Mn alloy. Moreover, compared with the AC alloy, the HPSS Zn-0.5Mn alloy exhibited uniform degradation behavior with a markedly reduced degradation rate.

### 107. [Multiscale Design of Dual-Gradient Metamaterials Using Gel-Mediated 3D-Printed Graphene Aerogels for Broadband Electromagnetic Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiscale-design-of-dual-gradient-metamaterials-using-gel-mediated-3d-printed-graphene-aerogels-for-broadband-electromagnetic-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02005-7]
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed graphene aerogels hold promise for electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) engineering due to its ultralow density, outstanding electromagnetic dissipation with the flexibility and precision of manufacturing strategies. However, their high conductivity causes severe impedance mismatch, limiting EWA performance. 3D printing requirements also constrain the dielectric properties of printable graphene inks, hindering the integration of high-performance absorbers with advanced manufacturing. This study proposes a polyacrylic acid (PAA) gel-mediated 3D porous graphene oxide (GO) aerogel multiscale regulation strategy. Precise gel content control enables dual-gradient tuning of the rheology (Benefiting direct ink writing (DIW)) and dielectric loss (Enhancing EWA) of GO/PAA composites and reduces aerogel density (6.9 mg cm−3 from 28.2 mg cm−3). Thermal reduction decomposes PAA into amorphous carbon nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), enhancing impedance matching and absorption via synergistic 0D/2D interfacial polarization and conductive loss. The optimized rGO/PAA aerogel achieves a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −39.86 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.36 GHz (9.64–18 GHz) at 3.2 mm. Combining DIW and this aerogel, we design a metamaterial absorber (MA) with dual material (dielectric loss) and structural gradients. This MA exhibits an ultrawide EAB of 14 GHz (4–18 GHz) with a total thickness of 7.8 mm. This work establishes a coupled design paradigm of “composition-structure-performance,” providing an engineerable solution for developing lightweight, broadband EWA materials.

### 108. [Atomically Dispersed Pt-Ru Dual-Atom Catalysts for Efficient Low-Temperature CO Oxidation Reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/atomically-dispersed-pt-ru-dual-atom-catalysts-for-efficient-low-temperature-co-oxidation-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01997-6]
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have demonstrated excellent performance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions owing to their maximized atomic efficiency, distinctive geometric, and electronic configurations. However, the efficacy of SACs remains limited for certain reactions requiring simultaneous activation of multiple reactants over metallic active sites. Herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt1Ru1 dual-atom pair site anchored on nanodiamond@graphene (ND@G) for CO oxidation. The Pt1Ru1 dual-atom catalyst shows an exceptional turnover frequency (TOF) of 17.6 × 10−2 s−1 at significantly lower temperature (30 °C), achieving a tenfold increase in TOF compared to single-atom Pt1/ND@G catalyst (1.5 × 10−2 s−1) and surpassing to previously reported Pt-based catalysts under similar conditions. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining its activity for 40 h at 80 °C without significant deactivation. The superior catalytic performance of Pt-Ru dual-atom catalysts is attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru atoms with enhanced metallicity for improving simultaneous adsorption and activation of CO and O2, and the tuning of conventional competitive reactant adsorption into a non-competitive pathway over dual-atom pair sites. The present work manifests the advantages of dual-atom pair sites in heterogeneous catalysis and paves the way for precise design of catalysts at the atomic scale.

### 109. [Synergistic Design of Flexible Nanopapers for High-Performance Proton Pseudocapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-design-of-flexible-nanopapers-for-high-performance-proton-pseudocapacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01989-6]
Two-dimensional materials for flexible energy storage commonly face huge challenges in limited active surface and hindered charge transport. Herein, we report an innovative asymmetric pseudocapacitor based on synergistic design of modified MXene and graphene, integrating gas-induced rapid expansion technology and precise surface chemical regulation methods. For graphene modification, rapid vaporization induces exfoliation and expansion of graphene oxide layers. Subsequently, pseudocapacitive oxygen-containing groups were selectively introduced through acid oxidation, yielding expanded-and-oxidized graphene (OEG) for positive porous-nanopaper electrode. For MXene modification, alkali-treated MXene underwent hydrazine assistance to facilitate gas expansion and –NH2 grafting, producing MXene-NH2 (NOM) for negative porous-nanopaper electrode. Density functional theory calculations show that –COOH more effectively modulate graphene’s electronic structure by inducing charge redistribution and creating active sites, thereby enhancing H+ adsorption and ion interactions compared to –OH. Meanwhile, –NH2 on MXene enable electron delocalization and dynamic Ti–N–H+ interactions, speeding up proton adsorption/desorption and boosting both pseudocapacitance and conductivity. Through collaborative optimized spatial architecture and surface properties, flexible OEGB and NOMB exhibited of 333.6 and 500.5 F g−1 at high mass loading, respectively. The assembled proton pseudocapacitor readily achieved energy and power densities of 58.9 Wh kg−1 and 3802 W kg−1, respectively, with excellent stability for potential applications.

### 110. [Modulation of Trichromatic Emission Centers in Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modulation-of-trichromatic-emission-centers-in-organicinorganic-hybrids-for-optoelectronic-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01965-0]
Organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have emerged as highly promising novel multifunctional optoelectronic materials, owing to their easily adjustable properties from a variety of combinations of different components. But it is still difficult and rare to realize highly tunable multicolor luminescence within the same material. In this work, we successfully incorporated three adjustable emission centers in OIMHs to synthesize a novel OIMH (NEA)2MnBr4, with each emission center capable of emitting one of the primary colors—red, green, and blue. The green and red emissions originate from the tetrahedron and octahedron structures in the Mn-based frame, while the blue can be attributed to the contribution of organic components. Additionally, to achieve comparable emission intensity among the three primary colors, we enhanced the blue emission performance by optimizing the ratio of organic structure components and incorporating chirality in the OIMHs. The resulting high-quality films can be obtained by spin-coating method with a photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96%. More interestingly, by the dual manipulation of excitation wavelength and temperature, the sample can be emitted at least seven distinct colors including a standard white luminescence at (0.33, 0.33), opening up promising prospects for multicolor luminescence applications such as high-end anti-counterfeiting technology, light-emitting diodes, X-ray imaging, latent fingerprints, humidity detection, and so on. Therefore, based on application scenarios and requirements, our research on this highly tunable luminescent OIMH material lays a solid foundation for further development of various functional properties of related materials.

### 111. [Scalable-Designed Photonic Metamaterial for Color-Regulating Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/scalable-designed-photonic-metamaterial-for-color-regulating-passive-daytime-radiative-cooling) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01975-y]
Methods allowing passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) to be carried out in an energy-efficient and scalable way are potentially important for various disciplines. Here, we report a sustainable strategy for scalable-designed and color-regulating PDRC coating based on high-crystallinity photonic metamaterial (crystallinity: 71.5%; enhanced assembly efficiency: 72%), that is derived from the as-prepared 55 wt% solid content poly(methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid) P(MMA-BA-MAA) monodispersed latexes (approaching theoretical limit: 59 wt%). Robust meter-scale PDRC coatings are constructed by various industrial modes onto diverse surfaces, addressing bottlenecks like dull appearance, high cost, low efficiency, and hard construction. Notably, the solar reflectance, long-wave infrared emittance, and calculated theoretical cooling power of the designed PDRC coating, respectively, reach ~0.94, ~0.97, and ~95.5 W m−2 under solar radiation, which can achieve an average 5.3 °C sub-ambient daytime temperature drop in the summer in Nanjing. The cooling performance, scale preparation, and cost-effectiveness of the PDRC coating have extended into leading position compared with those of state-of-the-art designs. This work provides promising route to reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption for global sustainability.

### 112. [Ion-Mediated Carbon Microdomain Engineering Boosting Enhanced Plateau Capacity of Carbon Anode under High Rate Towards High-Performance Sodium Dual-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ion-mediated-carbon-microdomain-engineering-boosting-enhanced-plateau-capacity-of-carbon-anode-under-high-rate-towards-high-performance-sodium-dual-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02008-4]
Sodium-based dual-ion batteries (SDIBs) have been attracting increasing attention in recent years owing to their low cost, environmental benignancy, and high operating voltage. However, the sluggish ion kinetics of conventional carbon anodes that cannot match the fast capacitive anion intercalation behavior of graphite cathodes constraints on improving power density of SDIBs. Herein, we present an ingenious carbon microdomain engineering strategy to fabricate high-performance carbon anode with ion-mediated high-activity nitrogen species and molecular-scale closed-pore architectures. Experimental characterizations and theoretical investigations demonstrate that Zn2+-mediated structural engineering tailors oxidized nitrogen species, which proficiently accelerate the sodium-ion desolvation kinetics; meanwhile the acetate-mediated pore-forming process modulates closed pores, which synergistically afford abundant sodium storage sites for high plateau-region capacity. As a result, the optimized microdomain engineered carbon material (MEC3) tailored with the optimal amount of zinc acetate demonstrates an outstanding plateau-region capacity of 253 mAh g−1 even at 1 C, among the highest reported values. Consequently, the MEC3||expanded graphite dual-ion battery exhibits an unprecedented cycling stability at high current rate, maintaining 80.6% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 C, among the best reports. This microdomain engineering strategy provides a new design principle for overcoming kinetic limitations of carbonaceous materials in plateau-dominated sodium storage systems.

### 113. [A Promising Strategy for Solvent-Regulated Selective Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Porous Carbon-Supported Ni-ZnO Nanoparticles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-promising-strategy-for-solvent-regulated-selective-hydrogenation-of-5-hydroxymethylfurfural-over-porous-carbon-supported-ni-zno-nanoparticles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01847-5]
Developing biomass platform compounds into high value-added chemicals is a key step in renewable resource utilization. Herein, we report porous carbon-supported Ni-ZnO nanoparticles catalyst (Ni-ZnO/AC) synthesized via low-temperature coprecipitation, exhibiting excellent performance for the selective hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A linear correlation is first observed between solvent polarity (ET(30)) and product selectivity within both polar aprotic and protic solvent classes, suggesting that solvent properties play a vital role in directing reaction pathways. Among these, 1,4-dioxane (aprotic) favors the formation of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) with 97.5% selectivity, while isopropanol (iPrOH, protic) promotes 2,5-dimethylfuran production with up to 99.5% selectivity. Mechanistic investigations further reveal that beyond polarity, proton-donating ability is critical in facilitating hydrodeoxygenation. iPrOH enables a hydrogen shuttle mechanism where protons assist in hydroxyl group removal, lowering the activation barrier. In contrast, 1,4-dioxane, lacking hydrogen bond donors, stabilizes BHMF and hinders further conversion. Density functional theory calculations confirm a lower activation energy in iPrOH (0.60 eV) compared to 1,4-dioxane (1.07 eV). This work offers mechanistic insights and a practical strategy for solvent-mediated control of product selectivity in biomass hydrogenation, highlighting the decisive role of solvent-catalyst-substrate interactions.

### 114. [Prioritized Na+ Adsorption-Driven Cationic Electrostatic Repulsion Enables Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes at Low Temperatures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/prioritized-na-adsorption-driven-cationic-electrostatic-repulsion-enables-highly-reversible-zinc-anodes-at-low-temperatures) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01889-9]
Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for renewable energy storage, yet their practical deployment in subzero environments remains challenging due to electrolyte freezing and dendritic growth. Although organic additives can enhance the antifreeze properties of electrolytes, their weak polarity diminishes ionic conductivity, and their flammability poses safety concerns, undermining the inherent advantages of aqueous systems. Herein, we present a cost-effective and highly stable Na2SO4 additive introduced into a Zn(ClO4)2-based electrolyte to create an organic-free antifreeze electrolyte. Through Raman spectroscopy, in situ optical microscopy, density functional theory computations, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that Na+ ions improve low-temperature electrolyte performance and mitigate dendrite formation by regulating uniform Zn2+ deposition through preferential adsorption and electrostatic interactions. As a result, the Zn||Zn cells using this electrolyte achieve a remarkable cycling life of 360 h at −40 °C with 61% depth of discharge, and the Zn||PANI cells retained an ultrahigh capacity retention of 91% even after 8000 charge/discharge cycles at −40 °C. This work proposes a cost-effective and practical approach for enhancing the long-term operational stability of AZMBs in low-temperature environments.

### 115. [Nanoreactor-Structured Defective MoS2: Suppressing Intercalation-Induced Phase Transitions and Enhancing Reversibility for Potassium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nanoreactor-structured-defective-mos2-suppressing-intercalation-induced-phase-transitions-and-enhancing-reversibility-for-potassium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01992-x]
Conversion-type electrode materials hold significant promise for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities, yet their practical deployment is hindered by sluggish kinetics and irreversible structural degradation. To overcome these limitations, we propose a rationally engineered nanoreactor architecture that stabilizes defect-rich MoS2 via interlayer incorporation of a carbon monolayer, followed by encapsulation within a nitrogen-doped carbon shell, forming a MoSSe@NC heterostructure. This tailored structure synergistically accelerates both K+ diffusion kinetics and electron transfer, enabling unprecedented rate performance (107 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and ultralong cyclability (86.5% capacity retention after 1200 cycles at 3 A g−1). Mechanistic insights reveal a distinctive “adsorption-conversion” pathway, where sulfur vacancies on exposed S–Mo–S basal planes act as preferential K+ adsorption sites, effectively suppressing parasitic phase transitions during intercalation. In situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy corroborate the structural reversibility of the conversion reaction, with the carbon matrix dynamically accommodating strain while preserving electrode integrity. This work not only advances the understanding of defect-driven interfacial chemistry in conversion-type materials but also provides a versatile strategy for designing high-performance anodes in next-generation PIBs through heterostructure engineering.

### 116. [Thermally Drawn Flexible Fiber Sensors: Principles, Materials, Structures, and Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermally-drawn-flexible-fiber-sensors-principles-materials-structures-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01840-y]
Flexible fiber sensors, with their excellent wearability and biocompatibility, are essential components of flexible electronics. However, traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost, large-scale fiber sensors. In recent years, the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced, offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors. Through the preform-to-fiber manufacturing technique, a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time. Examples include temperature, acoustic, mechanical, chemical, biological, optoelectronic, and multifunctional sensors, which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance, capacitance, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, photoelectricity, and thermoelectricity. This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors. Finally, the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.

### 117. [Tackling Challenges and Exploring Opportunities in Cathode Binder Innovation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tackling-challenges-and-exploring-opportunities-in-cathode-binder-innovation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01848-4]
Long-life energy storage batteries are integral to energy storage systems and electric vehicles, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) currently being the preferred option for extended usage-life energy storage. To further extend the life span of LIBs, it is essential to intensify investments in battery design, manufacturing processes, and the advancement of ancillary materials. The pursuit of long durability introduces new challenges for battery energy density. The advent of electrode material offers effective support in enhancing the battery’s long-duration performance. Often underestimated as part of the cathode composition, the binder plays a pivotal role in the longevity and electrochemical performance of the electrode. Maintaining the mechanical integrity of the electrode through judicious binder design is a fundamental requirement for achieving consistent long-life cycles and high energy density. This paper primarily concentrates on the commonly employed cathode systems in lithium-ion batteries, elucidates the significance of binders for both, discusses the application status, strengths, and weaknesses of novel binders, and ultimately puts forth corresponding optimization strategies. It underscores the critical function of binders in enhancing battery performance and advancing the sustainable development of lithium-ion batteries, aiming to offer fresh insights and perspectives for the design of high-performance LIBs.

### 118. [A unified analytical model for track deformation mapping and vehicle-track dynamic response induced by substructure deformation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-unified-analytical-model-for-track-deformation-mapping-and-vehicle-track-dynamic-response-induced-by-substructure-deformation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6289-z]
This study establishes a nonlinear vehicle-track coupled dynamic model that explicitly accounts for the effects of substructure deformation. Based on the vehicle-track coupled dynamics framework, the track structure is modeled using an energy-based approach, in which displacement functions of track layers are expanded into modified Fourier series. The static rail geometry and interlayer contact relations are derived through the principle of stationary potential energy. Considering the dynamic excitation from moving trains, a cross-iterative algorithm is employed to obtain the system responses, thereby enabling unified analysis of static track deformation and dynamic vehicle–track interactions. The results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively reveals the coupling mechanism between substructure deformation parameters, rail surface geometry, and system dynamics. The critical conditions for avoiding void formation under cosine-type and angular-type subgrade settlements follow power-law and linear relations, respectively. For a cosine-type settlement with a wavelength of 15 m and amplitude exceeding 35 mm, vehicle ride quality deteriorates significantly. Moreover, interlayer separation induced by substructure deformation leads to repeated "contact-separation-recontact" impacts, which may degrade long-term structural performance. This study provides a unified theoretical and computational framework for quantitatively assessing the effects of substructure deformation on high-speed train safety and track structure durability.

### 119. [Mechanism and application of a new method for roof cutting and pressure relief with dense drilling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanism-and-application-of-a-new-method-for-roof-cutting-and-pressure-relief-with-dense-drilling) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6168-7]
With the continual deterioration of mining conditions, the deformation and failure of surrounding rock in roadways with weak roofs under intense mine pressure during close-distance coal seam extraction has become a critical issue restricting the safe and efficient mining of coal. To address the issue of increased surrounding rock damage caused by blasting pressure relief in such roadways, this study proposes an innovative non-explosive method for roof cutting and pressure relief with dense drilling (RCPRDD) to protect the roadway. A combined approach of laboratory experiments, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field testing was employed to clarify the rock weakening effects and mechanisms induced by dense drilling. An optimal design method for drilling diameter and spacing was established, and the effectiveness of this method was validated. The research results indicate that the degree of rock weakening induced by dense drilling is primarily related to the drilling density coefficient. As the drilling density coefficient increases, the rock weakening effect becomes more pronounced. At the same time, dense drilling exerts a significant amplifying effect on the tensile stress experienced by the side roof of the roadway goaf. A functional relationship between the dense drilling weakening coefficient and the drilling density coefficient was established, providing a theoretical basis for the selection of key parameters for dense drilling. The method was ultimately implemented in a field engineering test, effectively reducing the stress in the coal body of the advanced roadway, controlling the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock, and achieving the goal of protecting the roadway. This demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the RCPRDD. The research findings provide a scientific basis for controlling roadway deformation under similar conditions.

### 120. [Numerical simulation of wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue considering yaw angle and interfacial conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-wheel-rail-rolling-contact-fatigue-considering-yaw-angle-and-interfacial-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6210-9]
The accuracy of wheel-rail rolling contact force is of great significance for vehicle dynamics simulation. A wheel-rail rolling contact behavior model considering wheelset yaw is proposed. The NORM algorithm is adopted to solve the wheel-rail normal contact problem. The extended creep force model (ECF) is used for the tangential contact problem, which considers different interfacial conditions, temperature in the contact area, and the elastoplastic behavior of the third body. A fatigue life prediction framework based on the critical plane method is introduced to evaluate the contact fatigue damage under the coupled influence of yaw angle and interfacial conditions. The effects of wheel yaw angle on the contact pressure and wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue life under dry and wet conditions are investigated. The results show that under both dry and wet conditions, increasing yaw angle leads to an increase in creepage, expansion of the sliding area, enhancement of creep force, and a simultaneous increase in the contact area temperature, thereby causing an increase in the fatigue parameter (FP). The wheel-rail rolling contact life with yaw angle is shortened compared to that without yaw, and the life decay rate under wet condition is slower than that under dry condition.

### 121. [Chemistry and potential applications of multifunctional polymer nanocomposite coatings: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/chemistry-and-potential-applications-of-multifunctional-polymer-nanocomposite-coatings-a-review) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6102-4]
Polymer nanocomposite coatings (PNCCs) are unprecedented generation of coatings engineered for displaying inexpensive and brilliant functional surface coatings with eminent corrosion guard, mechanical resistance, antimicrobial, chemical durability, electrical insulation, and UV aging features. Due to their widely anticipation in petroleum, applications in building, conveyance, aerospace, electronics, automobiles and energy, these multi-functional coatings have a tremendous leverage in human life, all technological and scientific subjects. Numerous applications have been made for multilateral polymers like polyurethane (PU), epoxy (EP), polyaniline (PANI) conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), and etc, on various metallic surfaces especially, carbon steel substrate owing to their excellent resistance properties. Practically, nanomaterials can possess potential in the all-interdisciplinary domains of materials science and engineering, chemical and physical sciences, biological and health sciences. As known, the designed polymer nanocomposite coating paradigm is fundamentally constituted from polymer or resin as a vehicle and inorganic nanofillers (nanoparticles and nanocomposites). Some commercialized and excessively employed nanocontainers in polymer nanocomposite coating formulations, like ZnO, TiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), clay, SiO2, Al2O3, graphene, GO, CeO2, ZrO2, FeTiO3, etc were discussed. The current review covered the chemistry and potential applications of the largest utilized multifunctional polymer nanocomposite coatings such as EP, PU and other considerable PNCCs. Lately, a titanic attention was made for epoxy nanocomposites because of their distinct physicochemical characteristics, which result from the combined qualities of the nanoparticles and polymer material unity. In addition, the author incorporated some of his scientific contributions in this area represented in construction of innovative functional polymer nanocomposites for a variety of uses with high economic, industrial impacts and future orientation. Furthermore, some newly published applications of polymer nanocomposite coatings were incorporated and discussed.

### 122. [Microstructure and the corrosion resistance of SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite coating under physical vapor transport SiC environment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-and-the-corrosion-resistance-of-sic-reinforced-pyrolytic-graphite-coating-under-physical-vapor-transport-sic-environment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6166-9]
In order to effectively prevent the contamination of carbon particle volatiles during high-purity SiC crystals are prepared using the physical vapor transport (PVT) method in ultra-high temperature environments (T≥2000 ℃), this study innovatively attempts to protect graphite materials with SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite (PyG) coating. It is discovered by preparing the SiC particle layer, the degree of graphitization and stability of PyG coating can be improved. The corrosion test results demonstrated that the SiC reinforced PyG coating can maintain an intact coating with a high graphitization degree after the SiC vapour corrosion test of 2050 ℃-120 h. Conversely, the samples with and without PyG coating reveal porous and eroded surfaces. Furthermore, following the SiC vapour corrosion test, the PyG coating sample’s integral ratio of D-band and G-band (ID/IG) of Raman spectrum test data, reduced by 6.5%, while the SiC reinforced PyG coating decreased by 17.2%, indicating its excellent corrosion resistance. The application of SiC reinforced pyrolytic graphite coating in preparing the SiC single crystal might received a theoretical foundation according to this work.

### 123. [Transformation of strain energy increment in catastrophe model and its application to stability analysis of host rock in nuclear waste disposal caverns](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/transformation-of-strain-energy-increment-in-catastrophe-model-and-its-application-to-stability-analysis-of-host-rock-in-nuclear-waste-disposal-caverns) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6266-6]
To reduce the subjectivity of conventional instability criteria in deep rock engineering, this study develops an energy-driven criterion grounded in cusp catastrophe theory and embeds it within an improved nonlinear Hoek-Brown (H-B) strength-reduction framework. We derive an explicit algebraic transformation that maps a quartic energy potential to the standard cusp form and introduce the mutation eigenvalue Δ as a physically interpretable measure of proximity to the vanishing of the energy barrier. Building on this, failure staging is diagnosed in practice by the concurrence of a slope mutation in displacement-reduction-factor curves, a threshold jump of total plastic strain-energy increment typically exceeding threefold between adjacent reduction steps, and video-confirmed crack through-connection. Integrating Δ with the nonlinear reduction scheme yields reproducible integral safety factors. Two representative cavern layouts (Model A/B) are validated by scaled physical model tests and companion simulations: global failure occurs at the overload safety factor K=2.33 for Model A and K=2.73 for Model B, with relative deviations from tests (2.4P0 and 2.9P0) of 1.3% and −5.9%, respectively, coinciding with the energy-jump threshold and the multi-evidence diagnosis. Compared with the equivalent Mohr-Coulomb parameter approach, the improved nonlinear scheme produces smaller (more conservative) safety factors by 5.7% and 2.5%, while better matching the observed destabilization process. The framework clarifies the role of Δ as an energy-based instability indicator and offers a practical, verifiable criterion for cavern stability assessment.

### 124. [The influence of microwave irradiation on thermal properties and fracturing mechanism of basalt in rock excavation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-influence-of-microwave-irradiation-on-thermal-properties-and-fracturing-mechanism-of-basalt-in-rock-excavation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6162-0]
Microwave fracturing is a promising technique for facilitating the efficient exploitation of deep earth resources while reducing energy consumption and cutter wear during mechanical excavation. In this study, the thermal properties of basalt under six power levels are investigated and the mechanism of microwave fracturing is elucidated through real-time monitoring and microstructural analysis. The results show that the failure modes of basalt can be categorized into high-temperature melting failure (>300 ℃) and low-temperature burst failure (<200 ℃). High-power microwave irradiation not only altered the failure mode but also modified the relationship between temperature rise and time. The temperature distribution exhibits a wave pattern, making it more prone to inducing transverse tensile cracks. Dehydration of basalt is triggered when the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, which subsequently promotes the initiation of macroscopic cracks. Microscopically, microwave fracturing is mainly driven by thermal stresses, while steam pressure, especially under high-power conditions, plays a dominant role in the fracturing process. These results are anticipated to provide necessary theoretical and technical support for the efficient exploitation of deep earth resources.

### 125. [A dual-component strategy for ambiently-cured high-toughness red mud-based geopolymer: Modified nano-TiO2 and sodium polyacrylate](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-dual-component-strategy-for-ambiently-cured-high-toughness-red-mud-based-geopolymer-modified-nano-tio2-and-sodium-polyacrylate) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6257-7]
In response to the growing demand for sustainable construction materials, this study overcomes the inherent brittleness and poor fracture resistance of red mud-based geopolymer (RBG) through the strategic combination of surface-modified nano-TiO2 (NT) and sodium polyacrylate (SPA). The NT was functionalized with silane coupling agent to improve dispersibility and interfacial bonding, while SPA was added to enhance fracture toughness. Under the condition of ambient curing, the optimum mixture containing 3 wt% (glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane) -modified NT (GNT) and 0.5 wt% SPA achieved a 28 d compressive strength of 43.40 MPa and a flexural strength of 8.16 MPa. The performance index meets the Portland cement (PC 42.5) standards. Microstructural analyses (XRD, FT-IR and SEM-EDS) revealed that the formation of geopolymer gel was increased, the crystallinity was reduced, and the degree of polymerization was improved, which confirmed the effectiveness of this method in producing high-toughness and environmentally friendly geopolymer.

### 126. [An acid-free process for the selective recovery of lithium from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-acid-free-process-for-the-selective-recovery-of-lithium-from-spent-ternary-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6187-4]
With the dramatic accumulation of the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries, their recycling is attracting extensive attention worldwide. To address the problem of low lithium recovery in the current typical hydrometallurgy recovery process, this research uses sodium bisulfate as an auxiliary roasting reagent to extract lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries through sulphation roasting, which can enhance the lithium recovery rate significantly. A systematic study of the sulphation roasting process and the mechanisms was carried out with experiments, thermodynamic calculations, and characterization of the roasted sample phases. The results showed that at a roasting temperature of 600 °C, NaHSO4·H2O/spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode powders (S-NCM) mass ratio of 1.2, and roasting time of 60 min, 95% selective dissolution of lithium was acquired, while the leaching rates of Ni, Co, and Mn were confined under 1%. During roasting, the NCM layered structure collapses and the lithium is transformed into the LiNaSO4 phase, while the transition metals transform into Ni6MnO8 and MnCo2O4 phases. The removal of impurity ions from the lithium-rich leaching solution and the generation of Li2CO3 were achieved by a combination of thermodynamic calculations and experiments.

### 127. [Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructures, mechanical properties and dimensional stability of beryllium for inertial devices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-deep-cryogenic-treatment-on-microstructures-mechanical-properties-and-dimensional-stability-of-beryllium-for-inertial-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6204-7]
This study investigated the effects of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on hot isostatic pressed (HIP) beryllium for inertial devices, focusing on residual stress, microstructure, tensile properties, and dimensional stability. The findings revealed that during DCT, residual stress in beryllium increased gradually due to non-uniform volumetric contraction and mismatch stress, reaching a 59.9% increase from initial levels after 200 h of DCT. DCT led to significant grain refinement and an increase in dislocation density. In 200 h DCT-treated beryllium, geometric necessary dislocation (GND) density increased 17.9%, grain size decreased 12.3%, and therefore yield strength and tensile strength improved by 4.2% and 5.6%, respectively. The dimensional stability of HIP beryllium was significantly enhanced by DCT, and the improvement tended to increase with the duration of DCT. The cumulative size changes of beryllium after 200 h of DCT during both cold exposure and cold cycling decreased significantly by 86% and 50%, respectively, compared to those of HIP beryllium. Furthermore, the residual tensile strength and retention rate increased by 12.5% and 5.5%, respectively, after undergoing room-temperature creep at 100 MPa for 1000 h.

### 128. [Effect of loading rate on the brittleness index of granite: An experimental investigation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-loading-rate-on-the-brittleness-index-of-granite-an-experimental-investigation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6238-x]
In deep underground engineering, rock brittleness is closely associated with rockburst and feasibility of hydraulic fracturing. The loading rate plays a crucial role in determining the severity of rockburst and cuttability. By conducting uniaxial compression tests and single-cycle loading-unloading experiments, the brittle evolution of four types of granite under different loading rates was investigated. During the uniaxial compression process, acoustic emission parameters were used to characterize the crack evolution patterns. Additionally, the macroscopic failure process of the specimens and the post-failure rock fragments were recorded with a high-speed camera, providing multi-scale validation. This study proposes a quantitative brittleness index based on rock fracture energy, and its validity is verified by analyzing the rock failure process and the macroscopic characteristics of rock fragments. This work contributes to advancing research on rock brittleness indices considering the coupling between energy evolution and kinematic mechanisms. The research results indicate that as the loading rate increases from 0.1 mm/min to 5 mm/min, the quantitative evaluation index (Bs) for brittleness increases from 0.17 to 0.28, while the qualitative evaluation indices MF (projectile mass ratio) and l (average lumpiness) increase from 0.3261 to 0.4184 and from 32.96 mm to 38.12 mm, respectively. With increasing loading rates, the brittleness of the rock increases significantly. A series of qualitative and quantitative results, including fractal characteristics and acoustic emission parameters, reveal the crack evolution patterns of granite under different loading rates and confirm the rationality of the brittleness index. This study provides theoretical guidance for practical deep underground engineering applications.

### 129. [Heating and fracture spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of key granite minerals under microwave irradiation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/heating-and-fracture-spatiotemporal-evolution-characteristics-of-key-granite-minerals-under-microwave-irradiation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6207-4]
Microwave fracturing offers significant potential for efficient hard rock fragmentation. This study investigates real-time heating and fracture characteristics of ten granitoid minerals under 2 kW microwave irradiation for 3 min. Chlorite, amphibole, and altered plagioclase were identified as highly microwave-sensitive, exhibiting high mass and P-wave velocity decay, rapid heating rates (>2.5 ℃/s) and violent rupture. Mineral surface temperature non-uniformity, quantified by the coefficient of variation (VT), evolved through distinct increasing, decreasing, and stabilizing phases, reflecting shifts in dominance between heat accumulation and transfer. Temperature gradients revealed the spatial relationship between hotspots and rupture points, with shallow melting influencing surface temperature distribution. Undamaged minerals exhibited significant temperature gradient spatiotemporal variability but ultimately stabilizing. These results enable prediction of microwave heating behavior in hard rocks containing analogous minerals and enhance our understanding of microwave-induced weakening mechanisms.

### 130. [An innovative design driven by contact performances for skiving of spur face gear drive with single cutter](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-innovative-design-driven-by-contact-performances-for-skiving-of-spur-face-gear-drive-with-single-cutter) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6182-9]
This study develops a contact performance-driven method for skiving face gear drives using a single cutter, eliminating the traditional need for separate cutters to reduce production costs and time. First, the mathematical models of the tooth flanks for the face gear drives are established based on the gear skiving processes. Then, load tooth contact analysis (LTCA) model is established to calculate the contact performance data. Next, a two-stage optimization model is employed to determine the optimal parameters of the cutting edge with improved contact performances. The effectiveness of this method is validated through simulations and rolling tests. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method can machine both the face gear and its mating pinion with a single cutter. Simulation results show that the proposed method avoids tooth surface edge contact, with the maximum tooth surface contact stress reduced by 31.7%, the contact ratio decreases by 21.5%, and the transmission error increases by 22.3%. Rolling tests verify the consistency of tooth surface contact patterns between simulations and experiments. The proposed method provides a reference for the cutting edge design of skiving cutters for face gear pairs.

### 131. [Scalable Manufacturing and Precise Patterning of Perovskites for Light-Emitting Diodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/scalable-manufacturing-and-precise-patterning-of-perovskites-for-light-emitting-diodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02012-8]
Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties, metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies, providing perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission. Although laboratory-scale PeLEDs have achieved near-theoretical efficiencies, challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films, improving material stability, and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization. This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for PeLEDs, focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays. Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques (spin-coating, blade-coating, and thermal evaporation) and patterning strategies, including top-down (photolithography, laser/e-beam lithography, and nanoimprinting) and bottom-up (patterned crystal growth, inkjet printing, and electrohydrodynamic jet printing) approaches. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy, highlight current challenges, and outlook possible pathways towards scalable, high-performance PeLEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.

### 132. [Engineering Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass as Sustainable Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporators](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/engineering-renewable-lignocellulosic-biomass-as-sustainable-solar-driven-interfacial-evaporators) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02000-y]
The increasing scarcity of freshwater resources has driven the rapid emergence of solar-driven interfacial evaporators (SDIEs) as a sustainable approach to harvest fresh water by utilizing solar energy. Lignocellulosic biomass, featuring natural abundance, excellent renewability, unique natural structures, and superior biodegradability compared to the synthetic polymers, is highly attractive for constructing solar steam generators. This review aims to offer an innovative and in-depth insight into designing and optimizing high-performance integrated solar interfacial evaporators derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass. First, the structural characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass are briefly introduced, serving as photothermal layer or supporting substrates in SDIEs. Secondly, the fabrication methods and processing technologies of lignocellulosic biomass-based evaporators are summarized from the perspective of photothermal layer and supporting substrates. Next, the most recent advances of regulation and optimization strategies are proposed to improve evaporation efficiency. Subsequently, this review summarizes the diverse functionalities of SDIEs, including desalination, power generation, wastewater treatment and antimicrobial, atmospheric water harvesting, and photocatalytic hydrogen production. Finally, the challenges in this field and outlook on the future development are discussed, which are anticipated to provide new opportunities for the advancement of lignocellulosic biomass-based SDIEs.

### 133. [Enhancing Ultraviolet Stability and Operational Durability of Perovskite Photodetectors by Incorporating Chlorine into Thermally-Switchable Tautomeric Passivators](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-ultraviolet-stability-and-operational-durability-of-perovskite-photodetectors-by-incorporating-chlorine-into-thermally-switchable-tautomeric-passivators) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02015-5]
UV-absorbing additives have recently been demonstrated to be effective interfacial modifiers that simultaneously enhance the UV stability and crystallization of halide perovskite. However, the underlying mechanisms concerning UV absorption, defect passivation, and efficacy optimization of these additives remain unresolved. Herein, two UV tautomeric absorbers (UV320 and UV327) are selected as defect-passivators for perovskites. The keto–enol tautomeric evolution processes and corresponding defect passivation performance/mechanism of both the original molecules and their tautomers are thoroughly compared and elucidated through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations. The additional carbonyl (–C=O) groups generated through the keto–enol tautomeric process triggered by the Cl atom in UV327 ultimately provide superior chemical coordination and enhanced defect-passivation capability compared to the original counterparts. Moreover, the versatility of K-UV327 is further demonstrated by its optimization of SnO2 film quality, interfacial energy band alignment, charge extraction efficiency, and defect state suppression. The photodetector optimized by UV327’s tautomer achieves an ultralow dark current density of 3.22 × 10−10 A cm−2, an enhanced linear dynamic range of 94.14 dB, and a fast response time of 23.35/26.19 μs. Notably, unencapsulated devices maintain a stable response at 3900 Hz following 300 h exposure to 40% ± 5% relative humidity and 30 h UV irradiation.

### 134. [Iron–Manganese Dual-Doping Tailors the Electronic Structure of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ironmanganese-dual-doping-tailors-the-electronic-structure-of-na3v2po42f3-for-high-performance-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01881-3]
Sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type materials are promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries due to their stable multi-channel frameworks and exceptional ionic conductivity. Among them, Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) has attracted significant attention. However, the low electronic conductivity and phase impurities limit its sodium storage capability. Herein, we present a Fe and Mn dual-doped NVPF (FM-NVPF) cathode with improved phase purity, electronic conductivity, and electrochemical activities. Detailed ex-situ analyses and density functional theory calculations reveal that Fe and Mn dopants induce defect energy levels and modulate the electronic structure, resulting in a direct-to-indirect bandgap transition in NVPF, which in turn increases carrier concentration and lifetime, accelerates ionic/electronic transport, and improves structural stability. As a result, the FM-NVPF cathode delivers a high capacity of 126.6 mAh g⁻1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 128 mAh g⁻1) and outstanding high-rate capability of 67.6 mAh g⁻1 at 50 C, corresponding to 1.2 min per charge. Furthermore, Na ion full cells assembled with the FM-NVPF cathodes and hard carbon anodes exhibit a high energy density of about 175 Wh kg⁻1 cathode+anode mass and appealing cyclic stability. This work provides an efficient strategy for developing high-purity and high-performance NVPF cathode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries.

### 135. [A High-Performance Thermal Charging Cell with High Power Density and Long Runtime Enabled by Zn2+ and NH4+ Co-insertion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-high-performance-thermal-charging-cell-with-high-power-density-and-long-runtime-enabled-by-zn2-and-nh4-co-insertion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02011-9]
Zn-based thermal charging devices, utilizing the synergistic effect of ion thermoextraction and thermodiffusion, are able to efficiently convert thermal energy into electrical energy and storage in the devices, making them a highly promising technology for low-grade heat recovery and utilization. However, the low output power density and energy conversion efficiency resulted by the slow diffusion kinetics of Zn2+ hinder their development. Herein, we present a high-performance thermal charging cell design using Zn2+/NH4+ hybrid ion electrolyte, which not only maintains the high output voltage of the Zn-based thermoelectric system, but also significantly enhances the output power density due to the fast diffusion kinetics of NH4+. Based on this strategy, the thermal charging cell displays a high thermopower of 12.5 mV K−1 and an excellent normalized power density of 19.6 mW m−2 K−2 at a temperature difference of 35 K. The Carnot-relative efficiency is as high as 12.74%. Moreover, it can operate continuously for over 72 h when the temperature difference persists, achieving a balance between thermoelectric conversion and output. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for the design of high-performance thermal charging cells for low-grade heat conversion and utilization.

### 136. [Electrically Insulating Rigid Multi-Channel Electrolyte Container for Customizable Electron Transfer in Zn-Halogen Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrically-insulating-rigid-multi-channel-electrolyte-container-for-customizable-electron-transfer-in-zn-halogen-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02007-5]
Recent advancements in Zn-halogen batteries have focused on enhancing the adsorptive or catalytic capability of host materials and stabilizing complex intermediates with electrolyte additives, while the halogen-ion electrolyte modifications exhibit strong potential for integrated interfacial regulation. Herein, we design an electrically insulating rigid electrolyte container to immobilize a liquid halogen-ion electrolyte for separator-free Zn-halogen batteries with customizable electron transfer. Robust hydrogen bonding of hydroxyl groups in SiO2 with fluorinated moieties in PVDF-hfp regulates Zn2+ solvation and suppresses H2O activity, while multi-channels formed by microcracks and interparticle gaps not only enhance mass transfer but also buffer interfacial electric field, jointly enabling a durable Zn plating/stripping. Effective confinement of intermediates also ensures the high reversibility across single-(I−/I0), double-(I−/I0/I⁺), and triple-(I−/I0/I⁺, Cl−/Cl0) electron transfer mechanisms at cathode, as evidenced by the double-electron transfer systems exhibiting a low capacity decay rate of 0.02‰ over 4500 cycles at 10 mA cm−2 and a high areal capacity of 11.9 mAh cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2. This work presents a novel “container engineering” approach to halogen-ion electrolyte design and provides fundamental insights into the relationships between redox reversibility and reaction kinetics.

### 137. [Design, Fabrication, and Application of Stretchable Electronic Conductors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-fabrication-and-application-of-stretchable-electronic-conductors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02009-3]
Stretchable electronics have been recognized as intriguing next-generation electronics that possess huge market value, and stretchable electronic conductors (SECs) are essential for stretchable electronics, which not only can serve as critical functional components but also are the indispensable electronic connections bridging various electronic components within stretchable electronic systems. Herein, we offer a comprehensive review of recent progress in SECs including the material categories, structure designs, fabrication techniques, and applications. The characteristics, performance enhancement strategies, and application requirements are emphasized. Based on the recent advances, the existing challenges and future prospects are outlined and discussed.

### 138. [Regulating Li+ Transport and Interfacial Stability with Zwitterionic COF Protective Layer Towards High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/regulating-li-transport-and-interfacial-stability-with-zwitterionic-cof-protective-layer-towards-high-performance-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02017-3]
The sluggish Li+ migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework (Z-COF) simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups, aiming to facilitate rapid, uniform Li+ transport and stabilize anode interface. The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li+ diffusion. The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI− and solvent molecules by ion–dipole interactions, which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li+ desolvation. Moreover, the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li+ migration channels, modulate homogeneous space charge distribution, kinetically facilitating uniform Li+ deposition. Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C–F and S–N bonds of TFSI− exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction, realizing a LiF/Li3N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface. The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2. The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO4 (LFP) full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2% after 1000 cycles at 8 C. The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles. This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.

### 139. [Highly Elastic and Conductive Lamellar Wood Sponge via Cell Wall Reconfiguration Toward Smart Multifunctional Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highly-elastic-and-conductive-lamellar-wood-sponge-via-cell-wall-reconfiguration-toward-smart-multifunctional-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02016-4]
Three-dimensional porous foams and aerogels with high compressibility and elasticity hold great promise for applications in pressure sensing, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and thermal insulation. However, their widespread application is often hindered by compromised structural stability and inadequate fatigue resistance under repeated compression. Herein, a sustainable “top-down” cell wall reconfiguration strategy is proposed to fabricate highly elastic, fatigue-resistant, and electrically conductive lamellar wood sponge from natural balsa wood. This strategy involves the conversion of the intrinsic cellular structure of wood into an arch-shaped lamellar architecture reinforced by chemical cross-linking, followed by coating the lamellar scaffold with conductive polypyrrole (PPy) via in situ polymerization. The resulting PPy-coated cross-linked wood sponge (CWS@PPy) demonstrates reversible compressibility, excellent fatigue resistance (∼3.5% plastic deformation after 10,000 cycles at 40% strain). The strain-induced conductivity changes in CWS@PPy enable tunable EMI shielding effectiveness under cyclic compression and also facilities high-sensitivity pressure sensing (0.72 kPa−1). Additionally, CWS@PPy exhibits a low through-plane thermal conductivity of 0.037 W m−1 K−1, which can be dynamically tuned for adaptive thermal management. The proposed mechanically robust and conductive wood sponge provides a versatile and sustainable platform for next-generation smart devices.

### 140. [Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Wearable Blood Pressure Monitoring in Resource-Limited Settings: A Co-Design of Sensors, Model, and Deployment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/artificial-intelligence-enhanced-wearable-blood-pressure-monitoring-in-resource-limited-settings-a-co-design-of-sensors-model-and-deployment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02003-9]
Accurate blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease. Advancements in materials science, medicine, flexible electronic, and artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled cuffless, unobtrusive BP monitoring systems, offering an alternative to traditional sphygmomanometers. However, extending these advances to real-world cardiovascular care particularly in resource-limited settings remains challenging due to constraints in computational resources, power efficiency, and deployment scalability. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of AI-enhanced wearable BP monitoring, emphasizing its potential for personalized, scalable, and accessible healthcare. We systematically analyze the end-to-end system architecture, from mechano-electric sensing principles and AI-based estimation models to edge-aware deployment strategies tailored for low-resource environments. We further discuss clinical validation metrics and implementation barriers and prospective strategies. To bridge lab-to-field translation, we propose an innovative "sensor-model-deployment-assessment" co-design framework. This roadmap highlights how AI-enhanced BP technologies can support proactive hypertension control and promote cardiovascular health equity on a global scale.

### 141. [Sandwich-Architected Hybrid Organic Crystals with Humidity–Temperature Sensing and Cryogenic Photothermal Actuation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sandwich-architected-hybrid-organic-crystals-with-humiditytemperature-sensing-and-cryogenic-photothermal-actuation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01996-7]
The growing demand for personalized health care, smart wearables, and advanced environmental monitoring has spurred the development of multifunctional materials that combine flexibility, environmental adaptability, and diverse functionalities. However, conventional materials often failed to integrate these attributes simultaneously, hindering their applicability in next-generation technologies. Here, we present an organic–inorganic hybrid crystalline material with a unique sandwich-like architecture, in which a flexible organic crystal core is encased by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This strategic integration endows the material with fluorescence, cryogenic flexibility, and electrical conductivity, while also enabling dual sensing and actuation capabilities. The rGO layer facilitates real-time humidity (25–90% RH) and temperature (25–180 °C) sensing through environmental interactions, whereas the differential thermal expansion between TPU and the flexible crystal core drives efficient photothermal actuation at −150 °C for advanced thermal regulation. The hybrid material exhibits stable performance under extreme conditions, making it a promising candidate for biomedical monitoring, flexible electronics, and energy applications. This work establishes hybrid crystalline materials as versatile and scalable platforms for addressing complex technological demands, paving the way for their application in next-generation multifunctional devices.

### 142. [Interface Engineering Strategies for Shuttle Mitigation in Alkali Metal–Sulfur Batteries: A Comparative Review from Li–S to Na–S and K–S Systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interface-engineering-strategies-for-shuttle-mitigation-in-alkali-metalsulfur-batteries-a-comparative-review-from-lis-to-nas-and-ks-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02004-8]
Rechargeable alkali metal-sulfur (M–S) batteries, including Li/Na/K–S chemistries, have the potential to utilize abundant and low-cost sulfur cathodes yet offer high theoretical energy densities. However, their practical electrochemical performance is fundamentally limited by the polysulfide shuttle effect. This challenge is particularly exacerbated in Na–S and K–S systems owing to larger metal-ion radii, weaker solvation energies, slower redox kinetics, and greater electrolyte–electrode incompatibilities compared to Li–S batteries. This review presents a comparative analysis of interface engineering strategies designed to suppress the shuttle effect across these three systems. Following a summary of sulfur cathode properties and reaction mechanisms, we systematically examine the origins of polysulfide shuttling. Our analysis progresses from functional separator design and interlayer enhancements to the implementation of solid‑state electrolytes for root-cause inhibition. By evaluating interface engineering research specific to Na–S and K–S batteries, we elucidate both shared principles and unique challenges inherent to alkali M-S systems. Finally, we propose multifaceted solutions to achieve shuttle-free operation and enhance overall battery performance, thereby establishing a foundation for future advancements.

### 143. [In situ Studies of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies: From Materials, Intermediates, and Products to Surroundings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-studies-of-electrochemical-energy-conversion-and-storage-technologies-from-materials-intermediates-and-products-to-surroundings) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02014-6]
Escalating global energy demands and climate urgency necessitate advanced electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies (EECSTs) like electrocatalysis and rechargeable batteries. Improving their performance relies on elucidating reaction mechanisms and structure-performance relationships via in situ studies. This review summarizes recent in situ studies of EECSTs through a variety of advanced characterization techniques aiming at mapping reaction pathways for the rational design of overall high-performance reaction systems. We outline the principles, capabilities, advantages, and limitations of various in situ techniques. Their applications in in situ studies of fuel cells, water/CO2 electrolysis, and lithium batteries are highlighted with representative examples. These studies enable dynamic tracking of chemical and structural evolution of overall reaction systems, including materials, intermediates, products, and surroundings during operation, providing insights critical to rational system design. Future advancements will involve integrating multimodal in situ/operando approaches with artificial intelligence to enable real-time monitoring at practical scales. Such integration promises precise mechanistic insights and robust structure-performance correlations, ultimately accelerating the development of high-performance EECSTs aligned with sustainability and market requirements.

### 144. [Nature-Inspired Redox Shuttle with Regenerable Antioxidant for Efficient All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nature-inspired-redox-shuttle-with-regenerable-antioxidant-for-efficient-all-perovskite-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02006-6]
Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are crucial components for realizing efficient all-perovskite tandem devices. However, their efficiency and stability are severely limited by oxidative degradation (Sn4+ formation) and metallic defects (Sn0/Pb0). In addition, the rapid and uncontrolled Sn2+ nucleation kinetics result in nonuniform crystallization. Herein, we introduce a natural redox shuttle glutathione (GSH) in Pb–Sn mixed PSCs, achieving regenerable antioxidation and crystallization regulation simultaneously. The reversible redox reactions between GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) enable the self-healing of Sn4+ and Sn0/Pb0 impurities, creating a regenerable antioxidation protective shell at the perovskite interfaces. Meanwhile, the strong coordination between GSH and perovskite regulates the crystallization process, optimizing the nucleation and crystallization kinetics. Furthermore, the GSH incorporation creates a high-quality charge separation junction at the perovskite/hole transport layer, facilitating carrier separation and extraction. The optimized Pb–Sn PSCs exhibit impressive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 23.71%. The champion all-perovskite tandem PSCs with GSH achieve a PCE of 28.49% and retain 90% of the initial PCE after 560 h of continuous illumination. This work establishes a new nature-inspired redox shuttling strategy and elucidates its working mechanism, advancing the development of efficient and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

### 145. [Vertical Interfacial Engineering in Two-Step-Processed Perovskite Films Enabled by Dual-Interface Modification for High-Efficiency p-i-n Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/vertical-interfacial-engineering-in-two-step-processed-perovskite-films-enabled-by-dual-interface-modification-for-high-efficiency-p-i-n-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02010-w]
Two-step-processed (TSP) inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated significant promise in tandem applications. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of TSP p-i-n PSCs rarely exceeds 24%. Here, we demonstrate that TSP perovskite films exhibit a vertically gradient distribution of residual PbI2 clusters, which form Schottky heterojunctions with the perovskite, leading to substantial interfacial energy-level mismatches within NiOx-based TSP p-i-n PSCs. These limitations were effectively addressed via a vertical interfacial engineering enabled by dual-interface modification incorporating tin trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sn(OTF)2) and 4-Fluorophenylethylamine chloride (F-PEA) at the NiOx/perovskite and perovskite/C60 interfaces, respectively. The functional Sn(OTF)2 not only enhances the conductivity of NiOx films but also suppresses ion migration, while inducing the formation of a Pb-Sn mixed perovskite interlayer that precisely regulates the energy level at the NiOx/perovskite interface. Complementally, F-PEA post-treatment effectively converts surface residual PbI2 clusters into a 2D perovskite capping layer, which simultaneously passivates surface defects and enhances energy-level alignment at the perovskite/C60 interface. Consequently, the optimized NiOx-based TSP p-i-n PSCs achieve a notable PCE of 25.6% with superior operational stability. This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms limiting the efficiency of TSP p-i-n PSCs, while establishing design principles for these devices targeting 26% efficiency.

### 146. [Vapor Deposition Engineering for Thin-Film Microbatteries: From Nanoscale Ionics to Interface-Integrated Architectures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/vapor-deposition-engineering-for-thin-film-microbatteries-from-nanoscale-ionics-to-interface-integrated-architectures) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02002-w]
The rapid proliferation of microelectronics, coupled with the advent of the internet of things (IoT) era, has created an urgent demand for miniaturized, integrable, and reliable on-chip energy storage systems. All-solid-state thin-film microbatteries (TFMBs), distinguished by their intrinsic safety, compact design, and compatibility with microfabrication techniques, have emerged as promising candidates to power next-generation IoT devices. Nevertheless, in contrast to the well-established development of conventional lithium-ion batteries, the advancement of TFMBs remains at an early stage, facing persistent challenges in materials innovation, interface optimization, and scalable manufacturing. This review critically examines the pivotal role of vapor deposition technologies, including magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, thermal/electron-beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, in the fabrication and performance modulation of TFMBs. We systematically summarize recent progress in thin-film electrodes and solid-state electrolytes, with particular emphasis on how deposition parameters dictate crystallinity, lattice orientation, and ionic transport in functional layers. Furthermore, we highlight strategies for solid–solid interface engineering, three-dimensional structural design, and multifunctional integration to enhance capacity retention, cycling stability, and interfacial compatibility. Looking ahead, TFMBs are expected to evolve toward multifunctional platforms, exhibiting mechanical flexibility, optical transparency, and hybrid energy-harvesting compatibility, thereby meeting the heterogeneous energy requirements of future IoT ecosystems. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on vapor-phase-enabled TFMB technologies, delivering both theoretical insights and technological guidelines for the scalable realization of high-performance microscale power sources.

### 147. [Magnetic–Dielectric Synergy in One-Dimensional Metal Heterostructures for Enhanced Low-Frequency Microwave Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/magneticdielectric-synergy-in-one-dimensional-metal-heterostructures-for-enhanced-low-frequency-microwave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01995-8]
Microwave absorption (MA) materials often face poor synergy between impedance matching and attenuation in the low-frequency range. Balancing permittivity and permeability through magnetic–dielectric synergy is a promising strategy to address this issue. To realize the synergy, herein, Sn whiskers with an in situ oxide layer served as substrates for magnetic-loss-active CoNi nanosheet growth, forming a hierarchical CoNi@SnO2@Sn (CNS) heterostructure. The CNS absorber achieves a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −62.29 dB with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 2.2 GHz, covering the entire C-band with 70% absorption at only 2.61 mm thickness. The nanosheet design of CoNi enhances magnetic anisotropy to promote natural resonance, while the conductive Sn core and abundant Sn/SnO2 and CoNi/SnO2 heterointerfaces facilitate conduction loss and dielectric polarization. When composited into a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix, the resulting CNS/TPU-2 film (20 wt% CNS) exhibits an RLmin value of -61.04 dB and a 2.5 GHz EAB. Its in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities reach 2.41 and 0.51 W m−1 K−1, representing 4.1 and 2.6 times those of pure TPU films, respectively, facilitating heat dissipation from protected devices. This work provides valuable insights into magnetic–dielectric synergy for low-frequency MA of 1D metal-based materials, offering promising potential for 5G communications and flexible electronics.

### 148. [Oxygen-Pressure Protocol Breaking Cycle Limit of Continuously Reversible Lithium-Oxygen Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/oxygen-pressure-protocol-breaking-cycle-limit-of-continuously-reversible-lithium-oxygen-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01990-z]
Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery is favored among “beyond lithium-ion” technologies for sustainability because of its exceptional energy density. Major impediments are the poor cycle stability and grievous capacity degradation at high current densities. We address these issues by a “killing two birds with one stone” O2-pressure protocol. It first resolves efficient O2 mass transport at high rates. The accelerated reaction kinetics optimizes the composition and growth pathway of discharge products. This protocol secondly achieves protection of Li anodes via densifying corrosion layers on them. Consequently, the battery delivers both ultrahigh discharge capacity (> 9,000 mAh g−1) at 3,000 mA g−1 and excellent cycling stability. Under a dual-strategy effect of high-pressure O2 and artificial protection layers, the battery actualizes over 11-fold increase in cycle life of 5,170 h (2,585 cycles). The strategy opens avenues for advancing Li-O2 batteries towards practical application and confers the extension to other gas-based batteries.

### 149. [Emerging Chemical and Biological Materials Technologies in the Extraplanetary Environment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/emerging-chemical-and-biological-materials-technologies-in-the-extraplanetary-environment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01979-8]
Space exploration and manufacturing are of critical importance for scientific advancement, technological innovation, national security, and the acquisition of extraterrestrial resources. In view of this, chemical and biological nano-/micro-/meso-scale manufacturing provide complementary approaches to overcome key space exploration challenges by enabling the in-situ production of essential life-support materials, propellants, and other resources. This review examines the origin and historical evolution of space manufacturing and the latest advances across different environments—from orbital space stations and the lunar surface to Mars and asteroids. It is structured to present the current state of research, outline key manufacturing strategies and technologies, assess the technical and environmental challenges, and discuss emerging trends and future directions. Besides, the potential applications of emerging technologies such as synthetic biology and artificial intelligence in overcoming the limitations of microgravity, limited resources, and extreme conditions are discussed. Ultimately, this integrative review could serve to guide future development, from advancing space science and disruptive manufacturing to enabling interdisciplinary and application-level innovations.

### 150. [Flexible Sensors for Battery Health Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/flexible-sensors-for-battery-health-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01999-4]
With the widespread application of lithium batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, battery-related safety and reliability issues have become increasingly prominent. Conventional monitoring methods often struggle to address dynamic changes under complex operando. In recent years, flexible sensing technology has emerged as a promising solution for battery health monitoring due to its high adaptability and conformability to complex structures. Meanwhile, empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) for data analysis, the collected data enables efficient and accurate state assessment, offering robust support for accident prevention. Against this background, this paper first explores the integrated applications of flexible sensors in battery health monitoring and their unique advantages in addressing complex battery operating conditions, while analyzing the potential of AI in battery state analysis. Subsequently, it systematically reviews mainstream flexible sensing technologies (e.g., film sensors, thermocouples, and optical fiber sensors), elucidating their mechanisms for revealing intricate internal battery processes during operation. Finally, the paper discusses AI’s role in enhancing monitoring efficiency and accuracy, and envisions future research directions and application prospects. This work aims to provide technical references for the battery health monitoring field as well as promote the application of flexible sensing technologies in improving battery system safety and reliability.

### 151. [Copper-Based Targeted Nanocatalytic Therapeutics for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/copper-based-targeted-nanocatalytic-therapeutics-for-non-small-cell-lung-cancer) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01998-5]
Conventional treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) suffer from low remission rates, high drug resistance, and severe adverse effects. To leverage the therapeutic potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nanocatalytic medicine utilizes nanomaterials to generate ROS specifically within tumor sites, enabling efficient and targeted cancer treatment. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified copper-N,N-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfonylbisamine (DMSA)-assembled nanoparticles (Cu-DMSA-HA NPs) are developed with tumor-targeting capability and efficiently catalyze ROS production via coordination chemistry. Targeted delivery is facilitated by HA surface modification through recognition of overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 receptors on cancer cells, which enhances nanoparticle uptake. Once internalized, intracellular glutathione is depleted by the NPs, followed by a Fenton-like reaction that sustains ROS production. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that this catalytic strategy effectively inhibits DNA replication, prevents cell cycle progression, down-regulates glutathione peroxidase 4 expression, induces ferroptosis, and ultimately suppresses NSCLC progression. Overall, the readily prepared Cu-DMSA-HA NPs exhibit robust catalytic activity and tumor specificity, highlighting their strong potential for clinical translation in nanocatalytic cancer therapy.

### 152. [FeOOH Cocatalysts with Gradient Oxygen Vacancy Distribution Enabling Efficient and Stable BiVO4 Photoanodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/feooh-cocatalysts-with-gradient-oxygen-vacancy-distribution-enabling-efficient-and-stable-bivo4-photoanodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01987-8]
Highly active and stable FeOOH cocatalysts are essential for achieving optimal performance of BiVO4 (BVO) photoanodes. Despite offering remarkable structural stability, widely used thick FeOOH cocatalysts often suffer from insufficient hole transport capability, which hinders the overall activity. The present study demonstrates that a simple photoetching strategy is able to introduce gradient distributed oxygen vacancies (GOV) in the thick FeOOH layer and significantly enhances the photogenerated holes transport dynamics. The incorporation of GOV within FeOOH not only realizes the “relay transport” of photogenerated hole through the progressive upward shift of the valence band in the spatial distribution, but also provides abundant oxidation active sites by efficient hole trapping. These improvements effectively improve the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities and mitigate photocorrosion by the instantaneous hole extraction. Consequently, the FeOOH-GOV layer enables the BVO/FeOOH-GOV photoanode to achieve an impressive photocurrent density of 5.37 mA cm−2 and a robust operational stability up to 160 h at 1.23 VRHE, setting new benchmarks for current density and stability in FeOOH-based BVO photoanodes. This work provides an effective avenue to optimize OER cocatalysts for constructing highly efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting devices.

### 153. [Bright Sparks of Single-Atom and Nano-Islands in Catalysis: Breaking Activity-Stability Trade-Off](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bright-sparks-of-single-atom-and-nano-islands-in-catalysis-breaking-activity-stability-trade-off) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01978-9]
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are among the most cutting-edge catalysts in the multiphase catalysis track due to their unique geometrical and electronic properties, the highest atom utilization efficiency, and uniform active sites. SACs have been facing an unresolved problem in practical applications: the opposing contradiction of activity-stability. The successful development of single-atom nano-islands (SANIs) cleverly combines the ultra-high atom utilization efficiency of SACs with the confinement effect and structural stability of nano-island structures, realizing the “moving but not aggregation” of SACs, which fundamentally solves this inherent contradiction. Although research on the precise loading of single atoms on nano-islands continues to advance, existing reviews have not yet established a closed-loop cognitive framework encompassing “models-synthesis-high stability mechanisms-high activity essence-applications.” This work fills this critical gap by systematically integrating the basic conceptual models and cutting-edge synthesis strategies of SANIs, focusing on revealing the underlying mechanisms by which SANIs overcome the stability bottleneck of SACs, elucidating the role of nano-islands and their synergistic mechanisms to clarify the high activity essence, and establishing the structure–activity relationship between atomic confinement effects and macroscopic performance, ultimately achieving breakthrough validation across catalytic systems. This review aims to open new perspectives, drive a paradigm shift in understanding the multi-dimensional advantages of SANIs, and thereby spur breakthrough progress in this frontier field.

### 154. [Unlocking Reversible Mn2+/MnO2 Chemistry in Semisolid Slurry Electrodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zn–Mn Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/unlocking-reversible-mn2mno2-chemistry-in-semisolid-slurry-electrodes-for-high-performance-aqueous-znmn-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01994-9]
Electrolytic Zn–MnO2 batteries are promising candidates for safe and sustainable energy storage owing to their high voltage, environmental benignity, and cost-effectiveness. However, practical applications are hindered by the poor conductivity and the irreversible dissolution of conventional ε-MnO2 deposits. Herein, we report a scalable semisolid slurry electrode architecture that enables stable MnO2 deposition/dissolution using a three-dimensional percolating network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as both conductive matrix and deposition host. The slurry system promotes the formation of highly conductive γ-MnO2 owing to enhanced charge transfer kinetics, enabling overall dissolution rather than the localized separation typically seen in traditional electrodes. The Zn–MnO2 slurry cell exhibits a reversible areal capacity approaching 60 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the flowable nature of the slurry allows electrochemically inactive MnO2 formed during dissolution to be reconnected and reactivated by CNTs in the rheological network, ensuring deep utilization and cycling stability. This work establishes a slurry electrode strategy to improve electrolytic MnO2 reactions and offers a viable pathway toward renewable aqueous batteries for grid-scale applications.

### 155. [Rational Design and Functionalization of Melt Electrowritten 4D Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rational-design-and-functionalization-of-melt-electrowritten-4d-scaffolds-for-biomedical-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01986-9]
Melt electrowriting (MEW) enables the precise deposition of polymeric fibers at micro-/nanoscale, allowing for the fabrication of 3D biomimetic scaffolds. By incorporating stimuli-responsive polymers and/or functional fillers, MEW-based 4D printing creates scaffolds capable of undergoing controlled, reversible shape transformations in response to external stimuli over time. These dynamic 4D scaffolds can be tailored for minimally invasive delivery, remote actuation, and real-time responsiveness to physiological environments, making them highly relevant for biomedical applications. This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms. The versatility of MEW for rational fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds is firstly introduced. Subsequently, the critical elements underpinning MEW-based 4D printing process are overviewed, including an analysis of stimuli-responsive materials compatible with MEW, an evaluation of applicable external stimuli, and a discussion on the advancements in design strategies for 4D scaffolds. Recent progress of MEW 4D scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems are highlighted. Finally, key challenges and perspectives toward material innovation, fabrication optimization, and actuation control are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for design and creation of multifunctional biomimetic dynamic scaffolds by MEW-based 4D printing.

### 156. [TENG-Based Self-Powered Silent Speech Recognition Interface: from Assistive Communication to Immersive AR/VR Interaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/teng-based-self-powered-silent-speech-recognition-interface-from-assistive-communication-to-immersive-arvr-interaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01982-z]
Lip language provides a silent, intuitive, and efficient mode of communication, offering a promising solution for individuals with speech impairments. Its articulation relies on complex movements of the jaw and the muscles surrounding it. However, the accurate and real-time acquisition and decoding of these movements into reliable silent speech signals remains a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a real-time silent speech recognition system, which integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator-based flexible pressure sensor (FPS) with a deep learning framework. The FPS employs a porous pyramid–structured silicone film as the negative triboelectric layer, enabling highly sensitive pressure detection in the low-force regime (1 V N−1 for 0–10 N and 4.6 V N−1 for 10–24 N). This allows it to precisely capture jaw movements during speech and convert them into electrical signals. To decode the signals, we proposed a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN–LSTM) hybrid network, combining CNN and LSTM model to extract both local spatial features and temporal dynamics. The model achieved 95.83% classification accuracy in 30 categories of daily words. Furthermore, the decoded silent speech signals can be directly translated into executable commands for contactless and precise control of the smartphone. The system can also be connected to AR glasses, offering a novel human–machine interaction approach with promising potential in AR/VR applications.

### 157. [Dynamic Radiative Cooling: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Applications for Smart Thermal Management](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-radiative-cooling-mechanisms-strategies-and-applications-for-smart-thermal-management) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01981-0]
As an emerging thermal management strategy, dynamic radiative cooling (DRC) technology enables dynamic modulation of spectral radiation properties under varying environmental conditions through the directional design of material spectral characteristics. However, a comprehensive review of the basic physical mechanisms of radiative heat transfer in DRC materials and various design principles involved in dynamic radiative thermal regulation is still lacking. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in this field, spanning from fundamental physical principles to intrinsic molecular and electronic mechanisms, and further to representative material systems and multi-band regulation strategies, highlighting the interdisciplinary research achievements and technological innovations. This work outlines the core mechanisms governing the regulation of different spectral bands during radiative heat transfer processes. Then, the main categories of DRC materials are systematically reviewed, including actively responsive structures, passively responsive structures, and multi-stimuli-responsive materials. Furthermore, the challenges faced by current DRC technology and future development trends are summarized and discussed, providing valuable reference and guidance for further research in this field. Although DRC technologies still face significant challenges in material stability, manufacturing processes, and system integration, the continuous advances in related areas and multifunctional materials are expected to broaden the application prospects of DRC in the future.

### 158. [Biomimetic Gradient Lubrication Hydrogel Contrived by Self-Reinforced MOFs Nanoparticle Network](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/biomimetic-gradient-lubrication-hydrogel-contrived-by-self-reinforced-mofs-nanoparticle-network) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-02001-x]
The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications, particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity. Herein, we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional (3D) printed metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bio-inspired lubrication design. Specifically, robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing, followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced, load-bearing architecture. Subsequently, biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton. The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction (~ 0.1141) and wear resistance (40,000 cycles), while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support (fracture strength ~ 2.50 MPa). Furthermore, the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton. As a proof-of-concept, biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C- and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing, demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance. This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.

### 159. [Hydrogel Electrolytes for Zinc-Ion Batteries: Materials Design, Functional Strategies, and Future Perspectives](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogel-electrolytes-for-zinc-ion-batteries-materials-design-functional-strategies-and-future-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01993-w]
With the escalating demand for safe, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems, hydrogel electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional liquid electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries. By integrating the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the mechanical robustness of solid frameworks, hydrogel electrolytes offer distinct advantages in suppressing zinc dendrite formation, enhancing interfacial stability, and enabling reliable operation under extreme environmental conditions. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental characteristics and design criteria of hydrogel electrolytes, including mechanical flexibility, ionic transport capabilities, and environmental adaptability. It further explores various compositional design strategies involving natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and composite systems, as well as the incorporation of electrolyte salts and functional additives. In addition, recent advances in functional optimization, such as anti-freezing properties, self-healing abilities, thermal responsiveness, and biocompatibility, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the review outlines the current challenges and proposes potential directions for future research.

### 160. [Monolithic Integration of Redox-Stable Sn–Pb Halide Perovskite Single-Crystalline Films for Durable Near-Infrared Photodetection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/monolithic-integration-of-redox-stable-snpb-halide-perovskite-single-crystalline-films-for-durable-near-infrared-photodetection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01991-y]
Tin–lead (Sn–Pb) halide perovskite single crystals combine narrow bandgaps, long carrier diffusion lengths, and low trap densities, positioning them as ideal candidates for near-infrared (NIR) optoelectronics. However, conventional growth strategies rely on bulk crystallization at elevated temperatures, leading to uncontrolled nucleation, Sn2+ oxidation, and poor compatibility with planar integration. Here, we develop a coordination-engineered crystallization strategy that enables direct, low-temperature growth of micrometer-thick Sn–Pb single-crystal thin films on device-compatible substrates. By modulating metal–solvent coordination strength using a low-donor number cosolvent system, we delineate a narrow processing window that stabilizes precursor speciation, lowers the nucleation barrier, and guides directional crystal growth under mild thermal conditions (< 40 °C). The resulting crystal films exhibit smooth morphology, high crystallinity, compositional uniformity, and ultralow trap densities (~ 3.98 × 10^12 cm−3). When integrated into NIR photodetectors, these films deliver high responsivity (0.51 A W−1 at 900 nm), specific detectivity up to 3.6 × 10^12 Jones, fast response (~ 188 μs), and > 25,000 cycles of ambient operational stability. This approach establishes a scalable platform for redox-stable, low-temperature growth of Sn–Pb perovskite crystal films and expands the processing–structure–function landscape for next-generation infrared optoelectronics.

### 161. [Violet Arsenic Phosphorus: Switching p-Type into High Performance n-Type Semiconductor by Arsenic Substitution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/violet-arsenic-phosphorus-switching-p-type-into-high-performance-n-type-semiconductor-by-arsenic-substitution) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01956-1]
Violet phosphorus, a recently explored layered elemental semiconductor, has attracted much attention due to its unique photo-electric, mechanical properties, and high hole mobility. Herein, violet arsenic phosphorus has for the first time been synthesized by a molten lead method. The crystal structure of violet arsenic phosphorus (P83.4As0.6, CSD-2408761) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction to have similar structure as that of violet phosphorus, where P12 is occupied by arsenic/phosphorus (As/P) atoms as mixed occupancy sites As1/P12. The arsenic substitution has been demonstrated to tune the band structure of violet phosphorus, switching p-type of violet phosphorus to high-performance n-type violet arsenic phosphorus. The effective electron mass along the <010> direction is significantly reduced from 1.792 to 0.515 m0 by arsenic substitution, resulting in an extremely high electron mobility of 2622.503 cm2 V⁻1 s⁻1. The field effect transistor built with P83.4As0.6 nanosheets was measured to have a high electron mobility (137.06 cm2 V⁻1 s⁻1, 61.2 nm), even under ambient conditions for 5 h, much higher than the hole mobility of violet phosphorene nanosheets (4.07 cm2 V⁻1 s⁻1, 73.3 nm). This work provides a new idea for designing phosphorus-based materials for field effect transistors, giving significant potential in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor applications.

### 162. [Flexible High-Aspect-Ratio COF Nanofibers: Defect-Engineered Synthesis, Superelastic Aerogels, and Uranium Extraction Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/flexible-high-aspect-ratio-cof-nanofibers-defect-engineered-synthesis-superelastic-aerogels-and-uranium-extraction-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01984-x]
The lack of macro-continuity and mechanical strength of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has significantly limited their practical applications. Here, we propose an “alcohol-triggered defect cleavage” strategy to precisely regulate the growth and stacking of COF grains through a moderate reversed Schiff base reaction, realizing the direct synthesis of COF nanofibers (CNFs) with high aspect ratio (L/D = 103.05) and long length (> 20 μm). An individual CNF exhibits a biomimetic scale-like architecture, achieving superior flexibility and fatigue resistance under dynamic bending via a multiscale stress dissipation mechanism. Taking advantages of these structural features, we engineer CNF aerogels (CNF-As) with programmable porous structures (e.g., honeycomb, lamellar, isotropic) via directional ice-template methodology. CNF-As demonstrate 100% COF content, high specific surface area (396.15 m2 g−1) and superelasticity (~0% elastic deformation after 500 compression cycles at 50% strain), outperforming most COF-based counterparts. Compared with the conventional COF aerogels, the unique structural features of CNF-A enable it to perform outstandingly in uranium extraction, with an 11.72-fold increment in adsorption capacity (920.12 mg g−1) and adsorption rate (89.9%), and a 2.48-fold improvement in selectivity (U/V = 2.31). This study provides a direct strategy for the development of next-generation COF materials with outstanding functionality and structural robustness.

### 163. [Innovative Strategies to Overcome Stability Challenges of Single-Atom Nanozymes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/innovative-strategies-to-overcome-stability-challenges-of-single-atom-nanozymes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01939-2]
Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) exhibit exceptional catalytic efficiency due to their maximized atom utilization and precisely modulated metal-carrier interactions, which have attracted significant attention in the biomedical field. However, stability issues may impede the clinical translation of SAzymes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of SAzymes in various biomedical fields, including disease diagnosis (e.g., biosensors and diagnostic imaging), antitumor therapy (e.g., photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy), antimicrobial therapy, and anti-oxidative stress therapy. More importantly, the existing challenges of SAzymes are discussed, such as metal atom clustering and active site loss, ligand bond breakage at high temperature, insufficient environment tolerance, biosecurity risks, and limited catalytic long-term stability. Finally, several innovative strategies to address these stability concerns are proposed—synthesis process optimization (space-limited strategy, coordination site design, bimetallic synergistic strategy, defect engineering strategy, atom stripping-capture), surface modification, and dynamic responsive design—that collectively pave the way for robust, clinically viable SAzymes.

### 164. [Interfacial Evolution and Accelerated Aging Mechanism for LiFePO4/Graphite Pouch Batteries Under Multi-Step Indirect Activation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interfacial-evolution-and-accelerated-aging-mechanism-for-lifepo4graphite-pouch-batteries-under-multi-step-indirect-activation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01971-2]
The dissolution of iron from the cathode and electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) during long cycles significantly accelerates the aging process of LiFePO4 (LFP)/graphite batteries; there is a lack of systematic understanding of the spatial distribution of the EEI interface layer and the dissolve of Fe ions, especially in terms of the mechanism of the cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI), solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and iron dissolution. In this study, aged cells were subjected to continuous activation with constant current and multi-step segmented indirect activation (IA) and analyzed for capacity fade, impedance growth, and active Li+ mass loss at the EEI and nanoscale levels. The interaction between dissolved Fe2+ and the EEI in LFP/graphite pouch batteries was proposed and verified. The findings indicate that during IA process, the electric field facilitates the migration of solvated ions toward the electrodes, while simultaneously inhibiting the formation of organic species such as ROCO2Li. The SEI primarily consists of a mixture of organic and inorganic small molecules, forming a continuous and uniform film on the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that IA favors the formation of a uniform EEI and offers constructive insights for advancing accelerated lifetime prediction strategies in lithium-ion batteries.

### 165. [Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Future Space Missions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/triboelectric-nanogenerators-for-future-space-missions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01944-5]
Space exploration is significant for scientific innovation, resource utilization, and planetary security. Space exploration involves several systems including satellites, space suits, communication systems, and robotics, which have to function under harsh space conditions such as extreme temperatures (− 270 to 1650 °C), microgravity (10⁻⁶ g), unhealthy humidity (< 20% RH or > 60% RH), high atmospheric pressure (~ 1450 psi), and radiation (4000–5000 mSv). Conventional energy-harvesting technologies (solar cells, fuel cells, and nuclear energy), that are normally used to power these space systems have certain limitations (e.g., sunlight dependence, weight, degradation, big size, high cost, low capacity, radioactivity, complexity, and low efficiency). The constraints in conventional energy resources have made it imperative to look for non-conventional yet efficient alternatives. A great potential for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and mission duration in space exploration can be offered by integrating triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with existing energy sources. Recently, the potential of TENG including energy harvesting (from vibrations/movements in satellites and spacecraft), self-powered sensing, and microgravity, for multiple applications in different space missions has been discussed. This review comprehensively covers the use of TENGs for various space applications, such as planetary exploration missions (Mars environment monitoring), manned space equipment, In-orbit robotic operations /collision monitoring, spacecraft’s design and structural health monitoring, Aeronautical systems, and conventional energy harvesting (solar and nuclear). This review also discusses the use of self-powered TENG sensors for deep space object perception. At the same time, this review compares TENGs with conventional energy harvesting technologies for space systems. Lastly, this review talks about energy harvesting in satellites, TENG-based satellite communication systems, and future practical implementation challenges (with possible solutions).

### 166. [Advancing Energy Development with MBene: Chemical Mechanism, AI, and Applications in Energy Storage and Harvesting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advancing-energy-development-with-mbene-chemical-mechanism-ai-and-applications-in-energy-storage-and-harvesting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01941-8]
MXene derivatives are notable two-dimensional nanomaterials with numerous prospective applications in the domains of energy development. MXene derivative, MBene, diversifies its focus on energy storage and harvesting due to its exceptional electrical conductivity, structural flexibility, and mechanical properties. This comprehensive review describes the sandwich-like structure of the synthesized MBene, derived from its multilayered parent material and its distinct chemical framework to date. The fields of focus encompass the investigation of novel MBenes, the study of phase-changing mechanisms, and the examination of hex-MBenes, ortho-MBenes, tetra-MBenes, tri-MBenes, and MXenes with identical transition metal components. A critical analysis is also provided on the electrochemical mechanism and performance of MBene in energy storage (Li/Na/Mg/Ca/Li–S batteries and supercapacitors), as well as conversion and harvesting (CO2 reduction, and nitrogen reduction reactions). The persistent difficulties associated with conducting experimental synthesis and establishing artificial intelligence-based forecasts are extensively deliberated alongside the potential and forthcoming prospects of MBenes. This review provides a single platform for an overview of the MBene’s potential in energy storage and harvesting.

### 167. [Multifunctional Dipoles Enabling Enhanced Ionic and Electronic Transport for High-Energy Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-dipoles-enabling-enhanced-ionic-and-electronic-transport-for-high-energy-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01926-7]
Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems. However, challenges, such as poor cathode conductivity, anode dendrite formation, polysulfide shuttling, and electrolyte degradation, continue to limit performance and stability. Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport, modulating solvation structures, optimizing interfacial chemistry, and enhancing charge transfer kinetics. These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces, suppress side reactions, and mitigate anode corrosion, collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials. Herein, this review summarizes the development, classification, and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries. The roles of dipoles, including facilitating ion transport, controlling solvation dynamics, stabilizing the electric double layer, optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers, and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage. This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.

### 168. [BaTiO3 Nanoparticle-Induced Interfacial Electric Field Optimization in Chloride Solid Electrolytes for 4.8 V All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/batio3-nanoparticle-induced-interfacial-electric-field-optimization-in-chloride-solid-electrolytes-for-48-v-all-solid-state-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01901-2]
Chloride-based solid electrolytes are considered promising candidates for next-generation high-energy–density all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). However, their relatively low oxidative decomposition threshold (~4.2 V vs. Li+/Li) constrains their use in ultrahigh-voltage systems (e.g., 4.8 V). In this work, ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles with optimized thickness of ~50–100 nm were successfully coated onto Li2.5Y0.5Zr0.5Cl6 (LYZC@5BTO) electrolytes using a time-efficient ball-milling process. The nanoparticle-induced interfacial ionic conduction enhancement mechanism contributed to the preservation of LYZC's high ionic conductivity, which remained at 1.06 mS cm−1 for LYZC@5BTO. Furthermore, this surface electric field engineering strategy effectively mitigates the voltage-induced self-decomposition of chloride-based solid electrolytes, suppresses parasitic interfacial reactions with single-crystal NCM811 (SCNCM811), and inhibits the irreversible phase transition of SCNCM811. Consequently, the cycling stability of LYZC under high-voltage conditions (4.8 V vs. Li⁺/Li) is significantly improved. Specifically, ASSB cells employing LYZC@5BTO exhibited a superior discharge capacity of 95.4 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles at 1 C, way outperforming cell using pristine LYZC that only shows a capacity of 55.4 mAh g−1. Furthermore, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that Metal-O-Cl by-products from cumulative interfacial side reactions accounted for 6% of the surface species initially, rising to 26% after 200 cycles in pristine LYZC. In contrast, LYZC@5BTO limited this increase to only 14%, confirming the effectiveness of BTO in stabilizing the interfacial chemistry. This electric field modulation strategy offers a promising route toward the commercialization of high-voltage solid-state electrolytes and energy-dense ASSBs.

### 169. [Skin-Inspired Ultra-Linear Flexible Iontronic Pressure Sensors for Wearable Musculoskeletal Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/skin-inspired-ultra-linear-flexible-iontronic-pressure-sensors-for-wearable-musculoskeletal-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01887-x]
The growing prevalence of exercise-induced tibial stress fractures demands wearable sensors capable of monitoring dynamic musculoskeletal loads with medical-grade precision. While flexible pressure-sensing insoles show clinical potential, their development has been hindered by the intrinsic trade-off between high sensitivity and full-range linearity (R2 > 0.99 up to 1 MPa) in conventional designs. Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of human skin, where dermal stratification enables wide-range pressure adaptation and ion-channel-regulated signaling maintains linear electrical responses, we developed a dual-mechanism flexible iontronic pressure sensor (FIPS). This innovative design synergistically combines two bioinspired components: interdigitated fabric microstructures enabling pressure-proportional contact area expansion (∝ P1/3) and iontronic film facilitating self-adaptive ion concentration modulation (∝ P2/3), which together generate a linear capacitance-pressure response (C ∝ P). The FIPS achieves breakthrough performance: 242 kPa−1 sensitivity with 0.997 linearity across 0–1 MPa, yielding a record linear sensing factor (LSF = 242,000). The design is validated across various substrates and ionic materials, demonstrating its versatility. Finally, the FIPS-driven design enables a smart insole demonstrating 1.8% error in tibial load assessment during gait analysis, outperforming nonlinear counterparts (6.5% error) in early fracture-risk prediction. The biomimetic design framework establishes a universal approach for developing high-performance linear sensors, establishing generalized principles for medical-grade wearable devices.

### 170. [Moisture-Resistant Scalable Ambient-Air Crystallization of Perovskite Films via Self-Buffered Molecular Migration Strategy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/moisture-resistant-scalable-ambient-air-crystallization-of-perovskite-films-via-self-buffered-molecular-migration-strategy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01851-9]
Ambient-air, moisture-assisted annealing is widely used in fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the inherent sensitivity of perovskite intermediate-phase to moisture—due to fast and spontaneous intermolecular exchange reaction—requires strict control of ambient humidity and immediate thermal annealing treatment, raising manufacturing costs and causing fast nucleation of perovskite films. We report herein a self-buffered molecular migration strategy to slow down the intermolecular exchange reaction by introducing a n–butylammonium bromide shielding layer, which limits moisture diffusion into intermediate-phase film. This further endows the notably wide nucleation time and humidity windows for perovskite crystallization in ambient air. Consequently, the optimized 1.68 eV-bandgap n-i-p structured PSC reaches a record-high reverse-scan (RS) PCE of 22.09%. Furthermore, the versatility and applicability of as-proposed self-buffered molecular migration strategy are certified by employing various shielding materials and 1.53 eV-/1.77 eV-bandgap perovskite materials. The n-i-p structured PSCs based on 1.53 eV- and 1.77 eV-bandgap perovskite films achieve outstanding RS PCEs of 25.23% and 19.09%, respectively, both of which are beyond of the state-of-the-art ambient-air processed PSCs.

### 171. [Heteroatom-Coordinated Fe–N4 Catalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Seawater Zinc-Air Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/heteroatom-coordinated-fen4-catalysts-for-enhanced-oxygen-reduction-in-alkaline-seawater-zinc-air-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01943-6]
Seawater zinc-air batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and utilization of seawater electrolytes. However, their efficiency is hindered by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and chloride-induced degradation over conventional catalysts. In this study, we proposed a universal synthetic strategy to construct heteroatom axially coordinated Fe–N4 single-atom seawater catalyst materials (Cl–Fe–N4 and S–Fe–N4). X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed their five-coordinated square pyramidal structure. Systematic evaluation of catalytic activities revealed that compared with S–Fe–N4, Cl–Fe–N4 exhibits smaller electrochemical active surface area and specific surface area, yet demonstrates higher limiting current density (5.8 mA cm−2). The assembled zinc-air batteries using Cl–Fe–N4 showed superior power density (187.7 mW cm−2 at 245.1 mA cm−2), indicating that Cl axial coordination more effectively enhances the intrinsic ORR activity. Moreover, Cl–Fe–N4 demonstrates stronger Cl− poisoning resistance in seawater environments. Chronoamperometry tests and zinc-air battery cycling performance evaluations confirmed its enhanced stability. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the introduction of heteroatoms in the axial direction regulates the electron center of Fe single atom, leading to more active reaction intermediates and increased electron density of Fe single sites, thereby enhancing the reduction in adsorbed intermediates and hence the overall ORR catalytic activity.

### 172. [Radiative Coupled Evaporation Cooling Hydrogel for Above-Ambient Heat Dissipation and Flame Retardancy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/radiative-coupled-evaporation-cooling-hydrogel-for-above-ambient-heat-dissipation-and-flame-retardancy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01903-0]
By combining the merits of radiative cooling (RC) and evaporation cooling (EC), radiative coupled evaporative cooling (REC) has attracted considerable attention for sub-ambient cooling purposes. However, for outdoor devices, the interior heating power would increase the working temperature and fire risk, which would suppress their above-ambient heat dissipation capabilities and passive water cycle properties. In this work, we introduced a REC design based on an all-in-one photonic hydrogel for above-ambient heat dissipation and flame retardancy. Unlike conventional design RC film for heat dissipation with limited cooling power and fire risk, REC hydrogel can greatly improve the heat dissipation performance in the daytime with a high workload, indicating a 12.0 °C lower temperature than the RC film under the same conditions in the outdoor experiment. In the nighttime with a low workload, RC-assisted adsorption can improve atmospheric water harvesting to ensure EC in the daytime. In addition, our REC hydrogel significantly enhanced flame retardancy by absorbing heat without a corresponding temperature rise, thus mitigating fire risks. Thus, our design shows a promising solution for the thermal management of outdoor devices, delivering outstanding performance in both heat dissipation and flame retardancy.

### 173. [Solar-Driven Redox Reactions with Metal Halide Perovskites Heterogeneous Structures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/solar-driven-redox-reactions-with-metal-halide-perovskites-heterogeneous-structures) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01886-y]
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) with striking electrical and optical properties have appeared at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photocatalytic redox reactions but still suffer from some intrinsic drawbacks such as inferior stability, severe charge-carrier recombination, and limited active sites. Heterojunctions have recently been widely constructed to improve light absorption, passivate surface for enhanced stability, and promote charge-carrier dynamics of MHPs. However, little attention has been paid to the review of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions. Here, recent advances of MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are highlighted. The structure, synthesis, and photophysical properties of MHPs-based heterojunctions are first introduced, including basic principles, categories (such as Schottky junction, type-I, type-II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme junction), and synthesis strategies. MHPs-based heterojunctions for photocatalytic redox reactions are then reviewed in four categories: H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic synthesis. The challenges and prospects in solar-light-driven redox reactions with MHPs-based heterojunctions in the future are finally discussed.

### 174. [Ultrathin Gallium Nitride Quantum-Disk-in-Nanowire-Enabled Reconfigurable Bioinspired Sensor for High-Accuracy Human Action Recognition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrathin-gallium-nitride-quantum-disk-in-nanowire-enabled-reconfigurable-bioinspired-sensor-for-high-accuracy-human-action-recognition) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01888-w]
Human action recognition (HAR) is crucial for the development of efficient computer vision, where bioinspired neuromorphic perception visual systems have emerged as a vital solution to address transmission bottlenecks across sensor-processor interfaces. However, the absence of interactions among versatile biomimicking functionalities within a single device, which was developed for specific vision tasks, restricts the computational capacity, practicality, and scalability of in-sensor vision computing. Here, we propose a bioinspired vision sensor composed of a GaN/AlN-based ultrathin quantum-disks-in-nanowires (QD-NWs) array to mimic not only Parvo cells for high-contrast vision and Magno cells for dynamic vision in the human retina but also the synergistic activity between the two cells for in-sensor vision computing. By simply tuning the applied bias voltage on each QD-NW-array-based pixel, we achieve two biosimilar photoresponse characteristics with slow and fast reactions to light stimuli that enhance the in-sensor image quality and HAR efficiency, respectively. Strikingly, the interplay and synergistic interaction of the two photoresponse modes within a single device markedly increased the HAR recognition accuracy from 51.4% to 81.4% owing to the integrated artificial vision system. The demonstration of an intelligent vision sensor offers a promising device platform for the development of highly efficient HAR systems and future smart optoelectronics.

### 175. [Constructing Double Heterojunctions on 1T/2H-MoS2@Co3S4 Electrocatalysts for Regulating Li2O2 Formation in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/constructing-double-heterojunctions-on-1t2h-mos2co3s4-electrocatalysts-for-regulating-li2o2-formation-in-lithium-oxygen-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01895-x]
Co3S4 electrocatalysts with mixed valences of Co ions and excellent structural stability possess favorable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, yet challenges remain in fabricating rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) due to their poor OER performance, resulting from poor electrical conductivity and overly strong intermediate adsorption. In this work, fancy double heterojunctions on 1T/2H-MoS2@Co3S4 (1T/2H-MCS) were constructed derived from the charge donation from Co to Mo ions, thus inducing the phase transformation of MoS2 from 2H to 1T. The unique features of these double heterojunctions endow the 1T/2H-MCS with complementary catalysis during charging and discharging processes. It is worth noting that 1T-MoS2@Co3S4 could provide fast Co–S–Mo electron transport channels to promote ORR/OER kinetics, and 2H-MoS2@Co3S4 contributed to enabling moderate eg orbital occupancy when adsorbed with oxygen-containing intermediates. On the basis, the Li2O2 nucleation route was changed to solution and surface dual pathways, improving reversible deposition and decomposition kinetics. As a result, 1T/2H-MCS cathodes exhibit an improved electrocatalytic performance compared with those of Co3S4 and MoS2 cathodes. This innovative heterostructure design provides a reliable strategy to construct efficient transition metal sulfide catalysts by improving electrical conductivity and modulating adsorption toward oxygenated intermediates for LOBs.

### 176. [High-Performance Wide-Temperature Zinc-Ion Batteries with K+/C3N4 Co-Intercalated Ammonium Vanadate Cathodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-performance-wide-temperature-zinc-ion-batteries-with-kc3n4-co-intercalated-ammonium-vanadate-cathodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01892-0]
NH4V4O10 (NVO) is considered a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is limited by irreversible deamination, structural collapse, and sluggish reaction kinetics during cycling. Herein, K+ and C3N4 co-intercalated NVO (KNVO-C3N4) nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing are synthesized for the first time to achieve high-rate, stable, and wide-temperature cathodes. Molecular dynamics and experimental results confirm that there is an optimal C3N4 content to achieve higher reaction kinetics. The synergistic effect of K+ and C3N4 co-intercalation significantly reduces the electrostatic interaction between Zn2+ and the [VOn] layer, improves the specific capacity and cycling stability. Consequently, the KNVO-C3N4 electrode displays outstanding electrochemical performance at room temperature and under extreme environments. It exhibits excellent rate performance (228.4 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), long-term cycling stability (174.2 mAh g−1 after 10,000 cycles at 20 A g−1), and power/energy density (210.0 Wh kg−1 at 14,200 W kg−1) at room temperature. Notably, it shows remarkable storage performance at −20 °C (111.3 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) and 60 °C (208.6 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1). This strategy offers a novel approach to developing high-performance cathodes capable of operating under extreme temperatures.

### 177. [Research on movement and fracture laws of overlying strata in fully mechanized top-coal caving faces within shallow-buried weathered and oxidized zones](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-movement-and-fracture-laws-of-overlying-strata-in-fully-mechanized-top-coal-caving-faces-within-shallow-buried-weathered-and-oxidized-zones) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6295-1]
Affected by the depositional environment, coal seams in the weathered and oxidized zone and their overlying strata are characterized by developed fractures and poor self-stability, leading to difficulties in roadway and working face roof management. This paper analyzes the failure characteristics of coal-rock masses in this zone. Combined with model tests and numerical simulation methods, it investigates the stress distribution status, deformation-failure characteristics, and movement-fracture laws of the overlying strata in a fully mechanized top-coal caving working face. The results indicate: (1) Weathering and oxidation significantly degrade strength and increase plastic deformation in coal-rock masses; (2) Under mining-induced disturbance, overlying strata stress is released from the in-situ state and sharply reduced, forming stress concentration zones ahead of the coal wall and at face ends; (3) During mining, fractures propagating upwards from the coal wall trigger rib spalling and top-coal collapse, forming combined cantilever and articulated rock beam structures. The overlying strata sequentially undergo four deformation-failure stages: "bed separation, immediate roof fracture, main roof fracture, and high-level strata collapse". The research findings can provide a basis for the safe mining of fully mechanized top-coal caving faces in weathered and oxidized coal.

### 178. [Fragility analysis of canyon-crossing bridges considering the near-source canyon topographic effect](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fragility-analysis-of-canyon-crossing-bridges-considering-the-near-source-canyon-topographic-effect) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6267-5]
Previous earthquakes indicate that near-source canyon topographic effect (NCTE) can substantially amplify the seismic responses of canyon-crossing bridges (CCBs). While the conventional practices are to make disaster response decisions based on the deterministic approaches, they cannot provide a holistic view regarding the impacts of uncertainties of ground motions on CCBs. Thus, this study adopts the performance-based seismic assessment in a probabilistic framework to evaluate the seismic fragility of CCBs considering NCTE. For this purpose, a numerical model of a typical tall-pier CCB across a V-shaped canyon is constructed using OpenSees. Eighteen ground motions combined with NCTE are simulated using the region-matching method. Peak ground acceleration (PGA), spectral acceleration at the fundamental period T1 (Sa(T1)), and peak ground velocity (PGV) are compared to determine the optimal intensity measure (IM). The probabilistic seismic demand models and fragility curves are constructed. The results show that PGV is the optimal IM for ground motions considering NCTE. The NCTE can significantly increase the damage probability of CCBs. The damage probability of the side bearing is the most sensitive to NCTE among the vulnerable components. The side pier bearings and the side piers on the illuminated canyon side may be the most vulnerable components considering the NCTE effect.

### 179. [True triaxial experiment and FDEM simulation on the controlling effect of coal-measure rock interfaces on hydraulic fracture propagation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/true-triaxial-experiment-and-fdem-simulation-on-the-controlling-effect-of-coal-measure-rock-interfaces-on-hydraulic-fracture-propagation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6256-8]
This study integrates true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments with finite-discrete element method (FDEM) numerical simulation to systematically investigate the control mechanisms of interface strength and inclination angle on hydraulic fracture propagation in coal measure strata under different in-situ stress conditions. The results indicate that the fracture propagation path at the rock interface is jointly controlled by the interface strength coefficient (η), the interface inclination angle (θ), and the vertical stress difference coefficient (k). When fractures propagate from soft rock to hard rock, the interface strength coefficient (η) plays a dominant role. The larger the η is, the more likely the hydraulic fracture is to penetrate the interface along the direction of vertical stress. Conversely, when fractures propagate from hard rock to soft rock, vertical stress primarily controls the propagation path. A larger vertical stress difference coefficient promotes interface crossing, while a smaller coefficient tends to cause the fracture to extend laterally along the interface. The interface inclination angle influences the magnitude and direction of the vertical stress component along the interface. A smaller θ facilitates interface penetration by hydraulic fractures, whereas a larger θ leads to fracture propagation along the interface. The complexity of the hydraulic fracture network increases with higher k and θ . Moreover, the complexity of hydraulic fracture morphology exhibits a non-monotonic trend, initially decreasing and then increasing with rising k and θ. This research provides an important theoretical basis for the design and control of hydraulic fracturing in coal measure strata.

### 180. [Conversion of tunnel excavation methods and optimization of support measures under transformation of rock stratum: A case study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/conversion-of-tunnel-excavation-methods-and-optimization-of-support-measures-under-transformation-of-rock-stratum-a-case-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6234-1]
Layered rock masses represent complex geological formations characterized by pronounced anisotropy in strength. This study monitors stress/deformation during construction to summarize layered rock mass deformation and support stress characteristics based on Yunwushan Tunnel. Shale shows greater vault settlement and asymmetric support deformation than sandstone. The excavation was optimized by establishing a numerical model, analyzing the advanced support effect, and redesigning the anchor rod to control the asymmetric large deformation. The results show that: 1) It is effective to set a transition section before the sudden change of rock mass, and the optimal distance for setting the transition section is 6 m. 2) The implementation of advance small pipe support has been shown to effectively mitigate settlement in the tunnel arch, whereas anchor bolt support is effective in controlling the horizontal convergence of the surrounding rock. 3) Adjusting the angle of the anchor bolt is a cost-effective reinforcement method when facing asymmetric deformation. 4) It is recommended to flexibly adjust the angle of the anchor bolts and increase the advance small pipe support in mountain tunnel projects under the transformation of rock strata. These outcomes may serve as a valuable reference for the design and construction of similar engineering projects.

### 181. [Micro-CT characterization and fractal study on the fracture structure of coal under the liquid nitrogen cold soaking](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/micro-ct-characterization-and-fractal-study-on-the-fracture-structure-of-coal-under-the-liquid-nitrogen-cold-soaking) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6272-8]
The development of coalbed methane in China is constrained by complex geological conditions characterized by low permeability, low saturation, low reservoir pressure, and high adsorption ("three lows and one high"), posing significant challenges to its efficient development. The liquid nitrogen-induced fracturing and permeability enhancement technology can effectively promote the expansion and connection of macroscopic and microscopic fractures, thereby improving the permeability of coal seams. In this study, industrial micro-CT scanning technology, the VRA-UNet method, and fractal dimension calculation methods are employed to conduct an in-depth analysis of the action mechanism of liquid nitrogen cold soaking on the fracture structure of coal bodies with different metamorphism degrees. The results indicate that liquid nitrogen cold soaking promotes the generation, expansion, and connection of new fractures inside coal bodies to form fracture networks. Via Matlab programming and VG Studio MAX image analysis software, fracture extraction and calculation are performed on CT-scanned coal samples; it is statistically found that the quantitative fracture indices of coal increase after liquid nitrogen cold soaking. Compared with the fracture spectrum peak proportions of raw coal samples, the fracture spectrum peak proportions of anthracite, bituminous coal, and lignite increase by 8.375%, 12.680%, and 79.939%, respectively after liquid nitrogen cold soaking. By combining the VRA-UNet method for coal fracture identification, the box-counting method is used to calculate that the fractal dimension of coal fractures after liquid nitrogen cold soaking is larger than that of raw coal samples. The research findings of this paper will provide theoretical and technical support for the efficient development of coalbed methane and the improvement of coal seam gas extraction rates.

### 182. [Reaction mechanism of alumina, sulfur and gallium in desulfurization concentrate from diasporic bauxite during high-temperature digestion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reaction-mechanism-of-alumina-sulfur-and-gallium-in-desulfurization-concentrate-from-diasporic-bauxite-during-high-temperature-digestion) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6261-y]
To mitigate the detrimental effects of sulfur and enhance the enrichment efficiency of valuable elements in desulfurized diasporic bauxite, the effects of CaO dosage, caustic alkali concentration, reaction temperature and time on the digestion behavior of alumina, sulfur and gallium were illustrated, and the digestion thermodynamics and mechanism were also revealed. During the high-temperature Bayer process, alumina and gallium were digested synergistically, while pyrite was digested to S2− and SO42−. Appropriate CaO dosage promotes the digestion of alumina and gallium, and facilitates the precipitation of sulfur as calcium sulfoaluminate hydrate, effectively removing sulfur from the solution. Excess CaO leads to the formation of hydrogarnet, wherein Ga3+ incorporates into the crystal lattice by substituting for Al3+, reducing the digestion efficiency of gallium. Under the optimum conditions (CaO dosage of 3%, reaction temperature of 260 ℃, reaction time of 60 min, caustic alkali concentration of 260 g/L), the corresponding alumina and gallium digestion efficiencies reach 90.82% and 77.58%, respectively, with a significantly reduced sulfur concentration of 1.32 g/L in the solution. This work provides theoretical guidance for the efficient co-extraction of alumina and gallium from high-sulfur bauxite via the Bayer process.

### 183. [Deformation characteristics of arch shoulder and collaborative support technology of concrete-filled steel tubes in Hudi Coal Mine](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deformation-characteristics-of-arch-shoulder-and-collaborative-support-technology-of-concrete-filled-steel-tubes-in-hudi-coal-mine) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6264-8]
Aiming at the problem of large deformation of arch shoulder in deep high stress roadway of Hudi Coal Mine, through field sampling, experimental test and numerical simulation, the deformation mechanism of arch shoulder under the coupling action of high stress, soft and hard rock strata of roof, weakening of surrounding rock and disturbance of space staggered roadway was revealed. According to the research results, high-stress increases the range of the plastic zone, and the soft and hard rock strata change the expansion form of the plastic zone. With the decrease of the vertical distance of the space staggered roadway, the insufficient bearing capacity of the supporting material and other factors lead to the increase of the deformation of the shoulder angle and the side, forming the deformation characteristics of the arch shoulder. Based on this, the active and passive collaborative control technology is proposed, and the targeted support concept of "unloading control + strong support + collaborative" is adopted. The optimization scheme controls the deformation of roadway within 8% of the section size, significantly reduces the range of the plastic zone, and effectively solves the problem of difficult support of arch shoulder deformation.

### 184. [Piezoelectric-enhanced photocatalytic purification of wastewater containing tetracycline via MoS2/ZnO heterojunction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/piezoelectric-enhanced-photocatalytic-purification-of-wastewater-containing-tetracycline-via-mos2zno-heterojunction) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6231-4]
Piezoelectric enhanced photocatalytic purification of polluted wastewater is currently one of the better strategies for environmental pollution control. This work proposes a novel and efficient approach for the purification of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) wastewater via core-shell MoS2/ZnO heterojunction activated by peroxodisulfate (PDS), where the MoS2/ZnO heterojunction was fabricated via a hydrothermal route. By exploiting the intrinsic piezoelectric properties of both MoS2 and ZnO, the heterojunction generates an internal electric field that facilitates the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby accelerating the photocatalytic purification. Under the optimized conditions, the TC purification efficiency can reach 91.2% with the collaborative assistance of PDS activation, and the MoS2/ZnO heterojunction also exhibited excellent recyclability, maintaining a purification efficiency of 90.76% over five cycles. The MoS2/ZnO heterojunction demonstrated robust photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation and aeration, with the purification kinetics conforming to a pseudo-first-order model. And the purification pathways of TC were systematically investigated, and the dominant reactive oxygen species involved in the process were identified. This work elucidates the underlying piezoelectric-photocatalytic mechanism and provides a sustainable strategy for the efficient removal of antibiotic contaminants from aqueous environments, offering significant potential for practical environmental remediation applications.

### 185. [Fracture response characteristics on model I of rock-concrete interface with different lithologies after heat treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fracture-response-characteristics-on-model-i-of-rock-concrete-interface-with-different-lithologies-after-heat-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6239-9]
Studying the fracture behavior of rock-concrete interface (RCI) of various lithologies under temperature and loading is crucial for the safety of structural systems involving these interfaces. In this study, the implications of temperature and interface strength factor (ISF) on the fracture mechanics of rock-concrete composite specimens with varying lithologies were studied using three-point bending numerical experiments with rock-concrete bi-material (RCB) notched semi-circular bending (NSCB) specimens. The findings indicate that the fracture toughness (KIC) and fracture energy (Gf) of RCI with various lithologies are negatively correlated with temperature, and SCI is most significantly affected by temperature. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures, the KIC and Gf of RCI exhibited lower sensitivity to the ISF, indicating that the failure of the specimen was driven by thermal effects. Furthermore, the length of the fracture process zone (rc) of the RCB specimens of varying lithologies exhibited a linear increasing trend with increasing temperature. This phenomenon indicates a transition from brittle to ductile materials. This study provides critical insights for ensuring the long-term safety and enhancing the disaster resilience of major infrastructure in extreme environments.

### 186. [Analytical prediction for lateral deformation of internal braced diaphragm wall in foundation pit based on plate theory](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/analytical-prediction-for-lateral-deformation-of-internal-braced-diaphragm-wall-in-foundation-pit-based-on-plate-theory) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6282-6]
Current analytical methods for predicting the lateral deformation of diaphragm walls require complex calculation processes, including numerous parameters with uncertain accuracy, which are difficult to use in practical engineering applications. In this study, we propose a novel analytical approach for calculating diaphragm wall deformation. First, a differential element moment balance method for calculating earth pressure is proposed using a simplified calculation. The excavation effect on the sliding wedge and multiple factors of the ground were considered. Subsequently, the work performed by the earth pressure and internal support structure was calculated. Based on plate theory, a calculation model for the diaphragm wall deformation was established, accounting for the interaction between the ground and internal support structure. Finally, the analytical model was solved using the principle of minimum potential energy and the Ritz method. The proposed method was validated by comparing field measurement data with numerical simulations. A parametric study was conducted to explore the sensitivities of the influencing factors on the lateral deformation of the diaphragm wall, from which a design scheme for the diaphragm wall was presented under the given deformation control standard.

### 187. [Precise mineral phase transformation and separation utilization technology for ferromanganese ore](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/precise-mineral-phase-transformation-and-separation-utilization-technology-for-ferromanganese-ore) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6237-y]
Intergrown ferromanganese ore resources are typical strategic mineral resources with huge reserves and abundant hematite, pyrolusite, and other valuable minerals, which is of great significance for its development and utilization. This paper adopts a combination of phase transformation and magnetic separation to explore the phase transformation mechanism of Fe minerals and Mn minerals during the roasting process. The analysis of the properties of the raw ore shows that the Fe-containing and Mn-containing minerals of the intergrown ferromanganese ore are hematite and pyrolusite, respectively. The optimal conditions for controlling the mineral phase were obtained, including roasting temperature of 600 ℃ for 30 min, and a grinding fineness of <0.074 mm accounting for 50%. Meanwhile, a Fe grade of 61.05% with a recovery of 80.77%, and a Mn grade of 61.60% with a recovery of 87.81% were acquired. The precise mineral phase transformation (MPT) could be realized via adjusting the roasting conditions. Hematite is transformed into magnetite, while pyrolusite is transformed into manganosite, and then they were effectively separated and concentrated via magnetic separation.

### 188. [Selectivity of composite thionocarbamate collector in flotation separation of chalcocite from pyrite in low-alkaline pH pulp](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/selectivity-of-composite-thionocarbamate-collector-in-flotation-separation-of-chalcocite-from-pyrite-in-low-alkaline-ph-pulp) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6235-0]
The flotation separation of high pyrite content secondary copper ores faces challenges including elevated pH levels, poor xanthate selectivity, and higher costs associated with its combination with Z-200. In this work, a composite thionocarbamate collector (TJ-215), with low-cost raw materials and a short synthetic route, showed a better selectivity for chalcocite than Z-200 when pH>8. Zeta potential analysis indicated a stronger interaction between TJ-215 and chalcocite. These results were achieved through the synergistic coordination of NH—C=S and C=N—OH in TJ-215 molecule, compared with the single thiourea group, NH—C=S, in Z-200 molecule. At low-alkaline condition, the NH—C=S in TJ-215 formed Cu—S, Cu—N bonds with Cu atoms, and the C=N—OH combined with Cu to form a Cu—O bond. The results of this study provide guidance on the replacement of Z-200 by TJ-215 in the separation of chalcocite from pyrite in weak alkaline conditions.

### 189. [Collaborative strategy for elevated reduction of Cr(VI) through pyrolyzed graphite-based biosynthetic Schwertmannite composite catalyzed by oxalic acid](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/collaborative-strategy-for-elevated-reduction-of-crvi-through-pyrolyzed-graphite-based-biosynthetic-schwertmannite-composite-catalyzed-by-oxalic-acid) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6070-8]
Graphite has the potential to mediate the reduction process of Cr(VI) by oxalic acid (OA), but a reasonable modification is required to enhance the mediation of electron transfer. In this study, biosynthetic Schwertmannite (Sch) modified graphite (Sch@G) was pyrolyzed at 700℃ for Cr(VI) remediation. Biosynthetic Sch particles were successfully loaded on the graphite, providing high specific surface area and abundant O-containing functional groups. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) reached 90.42% within 60 min, facilitated by the synergistic between 1 g/L Sch@G and 1 mmol/L OA. Additionally, the comparative experiments exhibited a significant capacity of Sch@G in a wide pH range (pH 2−10), the removal efficiency was 97.9% within 60 min even at pH 10. Furthermore, the catalyst presented superior environmental adaptability in solutions containing various types of anions (Cl−, SO4^2−, NO3−, H2PO4−). Mechanism analysis revealed that the catalyst greatly promotes the transfer of electrons from OA to Cr-contaminants, along with the release of low-valent Fe from Sch, enabling efficient electrons transfer to the Cr-contaminant. Meanwhile, the addition of OA could complex OA-Cr(VI) compound, lowering the activity of Cr(VI) and facilitating the subsequent Cr(VI) removal. Generally, the synergistic effect of the catalyst and OA can form an efficient system that enables rapid and effective remediation of Cr(VI) contamination across a wide pH range. Thus, the catalyst presents as a promising graphite-based biomaterial for the rapid and effective remediation of Cr(VI) contaminants from wastewater.

### 190. [Leakage- and tunneling-current through the gate dielectric of organic thin film transistor using retarded Green's function, creation and annihilation operators](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/leakage-and-tunneling-current-through-the-gate-dielectric-of-organic-thin-film-transistor-using-retarded-greens-function-creation-and-annihilation-operators) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6212-7]
Abstract: One of the main challenges of current metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is the exponential increase in the tunneling- (and leakage-) current through the gate dielectric material while shrinking the gate dielectric material thickness. Over the last two decades, many researchers have attempted to find an alternative material for the gate dielectric of transistors that has the advantages of the current silicon oxide gate dielectric of MOSFETs but without its disadvantages. In the search for an excellent gate dielectric, researchers have compared the key electrical parameters with those of current gate dielectric materials. They applied equations, approaches, and relationships for their evaluations and estimations, which may be incomplete relationships and most likely did not lead to the correct evaluation probability. Among the cases, the great importance is the relationship with the leakage-current from the gate dielectric layer in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) or thin-film transistors (TFTs). In these discussions and evaluations based on the conventional leakage-current relationship, interactions related to particle exchange and pinch-up displacement in the charge carrier transport channel, particularly the overlap of the wave functions of electrons (or holes) in the channel and at the interface layers, have not been considered. The novelty and specific objectives of the present work are: modifying the Hamiltonian operators based on self-energy (Σ), the retarded Green's function (GR), creation (C+ )/annihilation (C) operators, and the overlapping wave functions of the charge carriers in the gate and substrate systems; obtaining a more complete leakage-current density (J) relationship than the existing relationships; and comparing the electrical characteristics measurement results of five small molecule polymers: PEIE (0.8 nA/cm2), Ps (1 nA/cm2), PFS (2 nA/cm2), ph (4 nA/cm2), PMMA (20 nA/cm2) with previously reported findings. The obtained results can be highly useful for optimizing organic thin-film transistor formulations for potential use in next-generation nanoelectronic devices with lower energy consumption.

### 191. [Insights into the adsorption properties of NaOL on hydroxide mineral surfaces: Experiments and DFT calculations](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/insights-into-the-adsorption-properties-of-naol-on-hydroxide-mineral-surfaces-experiments-and-dft-calculations) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6270-x]
Brucite, diaspore, and limonite, as typical hydroxide minerals, exhibit similar surface properties due to their high content of −OH. This study investigated the effect of traditional anionic collector sodium oleate (NaOL) on the flotation performance and surface properties of brucite, diaspore, and limonite. The flotation experiment results show that adding 40 mg/L NaOL at pH 11 can significantly increase the flotation recovery of brucite compared to diaspore and limonite. The results of contact angle, zeta potential, and XPS indicate that NaOL can exhibit strong adsorption on the surfaces of the three minerals, but the adsorption effect on the brucite surface is stronger than that on diaspore and limonite, resulting in differences in floatability among the three minerals. This is mainly due to the weak interlayer interaction force of brucite, which can expose more Mg2+ sites during the grinding process, resulting in brucite being able to adsorb more oleate ions. DFT calculations further indicate that sodium oleate has greater adsorption energy on the brucite surface and can stably undergo chemical adsorption through covalent bonding between O in the carboxyl group and metal sites on the surface of hydroxides. This study provides molecular-level insights into the design of highly efficient selective collectors for metal hydroxide minerals.

### 192. [A novel green porous ceramics fabricated simply by utilizing both manganese slag and silicate tailings as raw materials at low temperature](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-green-porous-ceramics-fabricated-simply-by-utilizing-both-manganese-slag-and-silicate-tailings-as-raw-materials-at-low-temperature) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6265-7]
A porous wollastonite ceramic with high porosity and low density has been successfully fabricated at low temperature with silicate tailings and electrolytic manganese slag (MS) as primary raw materials in this study. The influences of calcination temperature, SiC, and MS addition amounts on porosity, water adsorption, pore size distribution, bulk density, and bending strength were systematically studied. The results showed that 0.4 wt% of SiC was optimal for the ceramic foaming at a sintering temperature of 1140 ℃. The porosity of ceramics reduced from 78.4% to 63.7%, bulk density elevated from 0.96 to 1.13 g/cm3, and bending strength increased from 8.43 to 11.22 MPa as the MS increased from 8.33 wt% to 41.67 wt%. Moreover, the best corrosion resistance performance was reached to 99.55% with 8.33 wt% MS content and a sintering temperature of 1160 ℃. This work is of significance for the solid waste utilization.

### 193. [Few-layer NbOCl2 nanosheets as acidifying agents for pH clocks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/few-layer-nbocl2-nanosheets-as-acidifying-agents-for-ph-clocks) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6236-z]
The pH clock is critical for identifying acid-sensitive substances and elucidating the mechanisms of chemical processes using spectral techniques. Effectively controlling the rate of H+ release with inorganic acids is challenging due to their fast acidification property. In addition, the strong corrosiveness of inorganic acids and the slowing rate of acidification in organic acids with decreasing pH further limit their applicability in fine spectral analysis. Therefore, developing a simple, safe, acidifying agent capable of controlling H+ release with a well-defined identification window is crucial for advancing spectral detection technologies. This study presents niobium oxide dichloride (NbOCl2) nanosheets as a novel acidifying agent that not only regulates the rate of H+ release but also has a smooth extinction spectrum, making it suitable for monitoring acid-responsive behavior. The results demonstrate that NbOCl2 is an excellent platform for pH clocks. Using spectral dynamics and first derivative images of the time-resolved extinction data, we have quantified the key factors associated with the wavelength of the extinction spectrum. Transient absorption results further indicated that H+ released from NbOCl2 nanosheets reduced absorption, with its carrier dynamics exhibiting pronounced size dependence. These properties suggest NbOCl2 nanosheets to be an ideal candidate as an acidifying agent.

### 194. [Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soil from the Western Dongting Lake area of Hunan province, China, and a tiered ecological risk assessment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/heavy-metal-concentrations-in-agricultural-soil-from-the-western-dongting-lake-area-of-hunan-province-china-and-a-tiered-ecological-risk-assessment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6228-z]
The Western Dongting Lake area, a biodiversity hotspot under traditional farming, has long suffered heavy metal pollution. In this study, the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in agricultural soils were determined and ecological risks were evaluated using both the hazard quotient(HQ) model and the probabilistic ecological risk assessment(PERA) model. The results showed that HQ suggested slight or negligible risks, whereas PERA indicated consistently high and unacceptable risks. This discrepancy arose because HQ criteria are derived from human health thresholds and provide only deterministic estimates, whereas PERA incorporates species-specific predicted no-effect concentration(PNEC), environmental variability, and uncertainty, thereby providing more precise and site-specific risk assessments and assigning probabilities. By applying a tiered PERA model, our study highlights its novelty and superiority in ecological risk characterization, providing critical guidance for soil management and ecological protection in contaminated farmlands.

### 195. [Optimization of CVD SiC process and preparation of high-purity coatings based on a thermodynamic-fluid dynamics coupled model](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-of-cvd-sic-process-and-preparation-of-high-purity-coatings-based-on-a-thermodynamic-fluid-dynamics-coupled-model) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6260-z]
The mechanism of SiC preparation via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of the CH3SiCl3(MTS)-H2 system remains unclear. This article integrates thermodynamic calculations, fluid dynamics simulations, and experimental validations to enable a synergistic analysis from thermodynamic equilibrium predictions to fluid dynamics-based dynamic modeling. The results systematically reveal the effects of process parameters on the SiC deposition procedure. It was found that the silicon-rich phenomenon observed at low temperatures is related to the low reactivity of CH4 and the preferential adsorption of chlorosilanes. With increasing deposition temperature, the concentration of silicon-containing molecular species such as SiCl2 rises, while unsaturated hydrocarbons like C2H2 become the dominant carbon sources at high temperature, ultimately producing nearly stoichiometric SiC coatings at 1400 ℃. Notably, thermodynamic calculation results alone exhibited deviations from experimental results, whereas coupling with fluid dynamics simulations, consistency was improved significantly. This research method not only compensates limitations inherent in thermodynamic calculations but also provides reliable theoretical basis and technical support for precise control of CVD parameters and optimization of SiC chemical composition.

### 196. [Sensorless estimation of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors based on polar-corrected feedforward quadrature phase-locked loop](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sensorless-estimation-of-surface-mounted-permanent-magnet-synchronous-motors-based-on-polar-corrected-feedforward-quadrature-phase-locked-loop) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6226-1]
The sensorless control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) usually uses quadrature phase-locked loop (QPLL) to extract the phase information of the back electromotive force to realize the rotor angle estimation. However, the traditional QPLL has a convergence deviation of 180° when the motor is reversed, and the angle estimation error is obvious when the motor is accelerated and decelerated. To solve these problems, an enhanced QPLL (EQPLL) with polarity correction and high precision angle feedforward compensation is proposed. Firstly, the traditional phase discriminator is improved based on the two-phase stationary coordinate system, and the polarity correction function is designed by the error component of the improved phase discriminator to realize the non-convergent deviation angle estimation under the forward and reverse switching conditions of the motor. In addition, the error component of the improved phase discriminator is used as the feedforward compensation signal, and the enhanced generalized integrator is used to filter it, so as to realize the angle error compensation with low delay and low noise. Finally, the proposed scheme is verified by experiment on the motor platform, and compared with the existing scheme. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can realize the polarity correction and angle error elimination, and at the same time, the noise mean square error is reduced by 24.33% compared with the existing angle feedforward compensation scheme.

### 197. [Influence of plant root reinforcement on 3D geosynthetic slopes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-plant-root-reinforcement-on-3d-geosynthetic-slopes) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6189-2]
Plant roots serve as a natural reinforcement method with the potential to significantly enhance slope stability. In engineering practice, roots can function synergistically with geosynthetics, reducing the reliance on artificial materials. Based on a three-dimensional (3D) rotational failure mechanism, this study proposes a novel framework to evaluate the influence of plant roots on the stability of geosynthetic-reinforced slopes. By integrating the hydrological effects of transpiration and the mechanical composite action of root–soil interaction, the reinforcing capacity of uniform root systems is comprehensively assessed. The required dimensionless reinforcement strength at the limit failure state is derived using the functional balance equation. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed through comparisons with existing two-dimensional (2D) solutions for vegetated slopes and 3D solutions for non-vegetated reinforced slopes. Furthermore, various parameter plots are provided to facilitate design analysis. The results indicate that accounting for 3D spatial effects and plant root reinforcement significantly reduces the required reinforcement strength, thereby lowering construction costs and enhancing overall slope safety.

### 198. [Seismic stability analysis of tunnel face in inclined layered soils with unsaturated flow](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/seismic-stability-analysis-of-tunnel-face-in-inclined-layered-soils-with-unsaturated-flow) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6203-8]
The tunnel face stability is investigated in inclined layered soils under steady unsaturated seepage and seismic loading. The rigorous estimate of the maximum face pressure is provided during tunnel excavation. The modified pseudo-dynamic method is applied to capture the spatial and temporal characteristics of seismic forces. A spatial distribution formula for suction stress under steady seepage conditions is derived for inclined layered soils. The study examines how inclined stratification influences the shape of failure mechanisms, the suction head profile, and variations in seismic acceleration. The spatial and temporal changes in suction stress and seismic loading are integrated into the energy equilibrium formulation based on a three-dimensional discretized failure model, and the critical face support pressure can be calculated via an integrated optimization strategy. The distributions of seismic acceleration ratios are obtained under various dynamic parameter conditions and the spatial variation of suction stress in the soil ahead of the tunnel face under different hydraulic hysteresis scenarios. The proposed analytical approach is compared with previous research, and the differences in results under different representations of seismic waves are also discussed. The research results can provide a valid framework to evaluate the influence of seismic excitation, steady-unsaturated infiltration, hydraulic hysteresis, and inclined stratification on tunnel face stability.

### 199. [Interaction analysis of sequentially installed support system and reinforced rock for deep tunnels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interaction-analysis-of-sequentially-installed-support-system-and-reinforced-rock-for-deep-tunnels) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6194-5]
This study analyzed the interaction between sequentially installed combined support systems and the surrounding rock. Six distinct forms of elastic-brittle-plastic rock masses with reinforcement were analyzed, along with the critical displacements that governed their transition behaviors. Virtual support pressure was introduced to assess the spatial influence of the tunnel face. It was determined by integrating the longitudinal displacement profile with the proposed ground characteristic curve solutions under various ground conditions. Considering the timing of support installation, the support-rock interaction was divided into three phases. A method was presented to determine the evolution of this interaction based on critical displacements. An analytical approach was further proposed to describe the complete process of support system-rock interaction using displacement coordination. The analytical results are validated against numerical simulations and field measurements, and the method's advantages are demonstrated through comparisons with existing models and the convergence-confinement approach. Finally, the effects of surrounding rock and support parameters are examined. The results indicate that residual cohesion, the friction angle of reinforced ground, and reinforcement thickness strongly influence tunnel behavior. Additionally, increasing the stiffness or advancing the installation of secondary support substantially raises secondary support pressure.

### 200. [Effect of composite stress arches evolution on abutment pressure distribution in repeated mining of close-distance coal seams](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-composite-stress-arches-evolution-on-abutment-pressure-distribution-in-repeated-mining-of-close-distance-coal-seams) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6201-x]
Due to the unique geological structure in the Guizhou region, issues such as stress concentration and inefficient resource utilization efficiency arise during repeated mining of close-distance coal seam. This study focuses on the Longfeng Coal Mine in Guizhou, investigating the evolution of stress arches and abutment pressure distribution under repeated mining conditions through similarity simulations, numerical simulations, and theoretical analysis. The study introduces a novel composite stress arch model, which more accurately represents stress evolution under complex mining conditions compared to traditional single arch theories. The model highlights the gradual transformation of a single stress arch into a composite structure, accounting for the increasing complexity of the stress distribution. Based on these evolution characteristics, a mechanical model of composite arches under nonlinear loading was developed. The calculation results and field monitoring data show that after repeated mining, the stop-mining coal pillar width should be optimized between 65 and 70 m. The research reveals the coupling relationship between the evolution of composite arches and the distribution of abutment pressure, which aids in optimizing coal pillar design, enhancing resource recovery rates, and ensuring the stability of roadways and stopes.

### 201. [Optimizing differential travel-time measurements with dynamic time warping](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimizing-differential-travel-time-measurements-with-dynamic-time-warping) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6206-5]
Precise differential travel-time measurement is essential for earthquake relative locating. The waveform cross-correlation (WCC) technique is widely regarded as the most effective method for calculating the differential travel-time of seismic phases. However, for earthquake pairs with large magnitude differences, substantial biases can arise due to disparities in the duration of the initial pulse, potentially leading to significant mislocations, particularly for mainshocks. To overcome this limitation, we propose to use the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to optimize differential travel-time calculation. Using high-quality earthquake waveform data from the San Andreas Fault (2012 −2019), we systematically compared the performance of DTW and WCC, respectively. Our results demonstrate that DTW substantially improves differential travel-time measurements, especially in cases involving large magnitude differences. In addition, we tested the robustness of DTW using noisy seismic data, demonstrating its superior resilience to noise.

### 202. [Structural deterioration and instability in grouted reinforcement crushed rock masses subjected to increasing-amplitude fatigue loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-deterioration-and-instability-in-grouted-reinforcement-crushed-rock-masses-subjected-to-increasing-amplitude-fatigue-loading) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6205-6]
To investigate the influence of different Talbot grading indices (n-values) on the fatigue damage deterioration and instability behavior of grouted reinforcement body, an increasing-amplitude fatigue loading test was conducted on grouted reinforcement specimens with different n-values using the multi-functional electro-hydraulic servo-controlled rigidity test system (MTS-815). Acoustic emission (AE) technology was employed to monitor the entire testing process. The fatigue mechanical response mechanism, AE characteristic parameters, and damage modes were analyzed. The results demonstrate that as n-value increases, the mechanical characteristics of the specimens initially increase and then decrease. AE parameters, including the cumulative AE ring counts and energy counts, follow the same trend, and spectral characteristics exhibit a strong correlation with crack evolution. The cumulative AE ring counts damage model reveals a three-phase behavior for the specimens under different n-values. The b-value, which characterizes the scale distribution of cracking events, correlates with the volumetric strain growth rate, showing a more sensitive response. Differences in n-values directly affect the distribution of RA/AF signals and damage modes. The findings provide valuable insights into predicting the destabilization of grouted reinforcement specimens under fatigue disturbance and offer necessary theoretical support for the design and stability control of excavation in fragmented surrounding rock.

### 203. [In-situ phosphatization of waterborne acrylic latex coatings for long-term corrosion protection of metal without flash rust](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-phosphatization-of-waterborne-acrylic-latex-coatings-for-long-term-corrosion-protection-of-metal-without-flash-rust) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6116-y]
Waterborne acrylic coatings are widely utilized due to their cost-effectiveness, high transparency, strong resistance to weather and chemicals, impressive mechanical properties, and excellent adhesion to various substrates. In these coatings, a reactive emulsifier containing phosphate groups can be integrated into the molecular chain during polymerization, which enhances the coating's compactness and corrosion resistance. This work focuses on the synthesis of styrene-butyl acrylate (St-BA) latex and methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate (MMA-BA) latex using the reactive phosphate emulsifier ANPEO10-P1 through seed emulsion polymerization, achieving a conversion rate of approximately 99% and a solid content close to 50%. The resulting coatings from St-BA and MMA-BA latexes demonstrated long-term corrosion protection for carbon steel and aluminum alloy due to in-situ phosphatization, effectively preventing flash rust. Notably, the MMA-BA coating exhibited remarkable durability, enduring immersion for up to 1224 h (51 d) on Q235 carbon steel before reaching the failure threshold (|Z|0.01Hz£106 Ω·cm2) on Q235 carbon steel. On 5052 aluminum alloy, the St-BA coating maintained |Z|0.01Hz>108 Ω·cm2 for 480 h (20 d). Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of St-BA and MMA-BA coatings on Q235 steel sheet and 5052 aluminum alloy surpassed that of commercially available MMA-BA and St-BA coatings after immersion in a 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution. This work also delves into the anticorrosion mechanism of MMA-BA and St-BA coatings.

### 204. [Mechanical behavior and tensile bearing performance of anchorage body under the influence of structural plane dip angle](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-behavior-and-tensile-bearing-performance-of-anchorage-body-under-the-influence-of-structural-plane-dip-angle) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6108-y]
With increasing mining depth in metal mines, the stability of roadway support structures is significantly affected by the complex surrounding rock. This study performs biaxial compression and bolt pull-out experiments on anchorage body specimens with different structural plane dip angles to explore failure mechanisms of anchorage structures and evolutionary law of bolt anchorage force. Results show the dip angle notably impacts the bearing capacity and failure modes of anchorage specimens. Their peak stress exhibits a V-shaped trend: decreasing from 54.80 MPa to 19.65 MPa as dip angles increase from 0° to 45°, with failure mode transitioning from tensile to shear; at 60°, it becomes a tensile-dominated mixed mode. Bolt anchoring significantly enhances bearing capacity (most remarkably by 153.22% at 45°) and changes failure from brittle to ductile. Pull-out tests reveal two failure modes: slip at the bolt-rock interface and bolt fracture. At 45°, bolt fracture occurs under a 14.55 kN peak pull-out load, matching the bolt's yield strength. This failure mechanism involves two key factors: structural plane sliding that shears the bolt, and mechanical interlocking that restricts pull-out, substantially increasing anchorage force. These findings provide insights for stability assessment and support design of roadway structures in complex geological environments.

### 205. [Mesoscopic fracture evolution of granite under different thermal disturbances](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mesoscopic-fracture-evolution-of-granite-under-different-thermal-disturbances) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6198-1]
Hot-stage polarizing microscopy technique was employed to investigate the mesoscopic fracture evolution characteristics of granite throughout the entire process from room temperature to real-time high temperature and then to cooling. The study analyzed the influence of mineral types, temperature, cooling medium, and the heating and cooling progress on the microcrack development in granite. Additionally, the contributions of heating and cooling to the damage of granite were discussed. The research indicates that crack evolution follows a characteristic trend: the number of small cracks increases, and larger cracks form through the coalescence and propagation of smaller ones during heating. The thermal fracture threshold for granite was identified at 300 °C. The three main minerals in granite exhibit distinct area change behaviors with temperature. After natural cooling, mineral areas show a slight increase compared to the pre-treatment state. Following thermal shock in water, these areas decrease marginally relative to their extent at 600 ℃ yet remain significantly larger values than initial ones. Thermal shock cooling induces more extensive fracturing in granite compared to natural air cooling. Furthermore, the heating process contributes more significantly to the overall damage than the subsequent cooling stage. This study enhances the understanding of mesoscopic evolution in thermal disturbances treated rocks and provides a theoretical basis for assessing rock stability in high-temperature engineering environments.

### 206. [3D finite-difference numerical simulation of the gravitational field using a preconditioned GMRES iterative solver](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/3d-finite-difference-numerical-simulation-of-the-gravitational-field-using-a-preconditioned-gmres-iterative-solver) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6214-5]
With the evolution of geophysical surveys from traditional two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) models, the resulting large data volumes pose significant challenges to inversion, particularly when resolving large-scale 3D structures. A direct solver for solving an ill-conditioned linear system resulting from the finite-difference approximation of a boundary value problem requires more memory and time than iterative solvers. To overcome this limitation, an efficient iterative solver for 3D finite-difference approach is introduced to calculate the 3D gravitational potential and the associated gravitational field. Firstly, the boundary value problem associated with 3D gravitational potential is discretized using central finite-difference technique based on right rectangular prismatic grids. The resulting large unsymmetric sparse systems are then solved using the generalized minimal residual algorithm (GMRES) iterative solver in combination with incomplete LU factorization. Secondly, to obtain high-accuracy partial derivatives of gravitational potential, a high-degree Lagrange interpolation scheme is employed. Finally, three density models are applied to test the accuracy, reliability, and flexibility of our 3D finite-difference algorithm. All computational results demonstrate that our method provides an accurate approximation of the gravitational field and is applicable to 3D forward modeling.

### 207. [Three-dimensional characterization of intermetallic compound formation in magnesium alloys with micro X-ray computed tomography](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/three-dimensional-characterization-of-intermetallic-compound-formation-in-magnesium-alloys-with-micro-x-ray-computed-tomography) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6125-x]
This comprehensive study investigates the formation and evolution of intermetallic compounds during the solidification process of magnesium alloys using advanced micro X-ray computed tomography. By analyzing both common industrial Mg-Al-Zn alloys and a novel rare earth-containing Mg-Ni-Gd-Y alloy, we aim to characterize the nucleation, growth, and distribution of Al-Mn and eutectic intermetallics across various stages of solidification. The non-destructive imaging technique employed in this research provides high-resolution, three-dimensional insights into the microstructural development, allowing for a detailed examination of the morphology, spatial arrangement, and interconnectivity of intermetallic phases. This approach overcomes limitations of traditional two-dimensional metallographic methods, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the complex three-dimensional structures formed during solidification.

### 208. [A low-cost TiNb alloy with high strength for orthopedic implants with low modulus tuned by oxygen concentration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-low-cost-tinb-alloy-with-high-strength-for-orthopedic-implants-with-low-modulus-tuned-by-oxygen-concentration) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6176-7]
Hard tissue repair materials that balance high strength with low modulus are highly promising, representing a transformative focus in applied biomaterials research. In this study, Ti-Nb alloys with high performance are prepared by a low-cost process for orthopedic applications. Phase composition, modulus, compressive strength and recovery properties are effectively manipulated by tailoring trace amounts of interstitial oxygen. With increasing oxygen concentration in sintered Ti-Nb alloys, the β (body centered cubic) phase was stabilized due to the lattice distortion. The elastic modulus declined from 91 to 24 GPa. The compressive strength slightly decreased from 1595 to 1404 MPa and yield strength increased from 760 to 904 MPa. Additionally, the recovery properties were enhanced by the interstitial oxygen as a shape memory alloy. The utilization of trace oxygen serves to modulate the thermoelastic martensitic transformation in Ti-Nb alloys, thereby obtaining appropriate mechanical properties. A notable reduction in modulus is achieved while maintaining high strength, which facilitates the development of orthopedic implants capable of withstanding more complex forces.

### 209. [Influence mechanism of cooling strategy on the improvement of corrosion performance of fine-grained Al7075 friction stir welding joint](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-mechanism-of-cooling-strategy-on-the-improvement-of-corrosion-performance-of-fine-grained-al7075-friction-stir-welding-joint) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6160-2]
This work examines the microstructure and corrosion properties of fine-grained Al7075 across different regions under varying cooling conditions during friction stir welding. The findings demonstrate that forced cooling significantly improves the corrosion resistance of the welded joints. Specifically, the corrosion resistance was the highest in the stir zone, followed by the thermo-mechanical affected zone, and then the heat affected zone. Forced cooling mitigates grain growth by controlling the welding thermal effects, thereby increasing the proportion of Σ3 grain boundaries. The modification of these microstructural characteristics promotes the formation of a dense oxide layer, thereby enhancing the corrosion resistance. Furthermore, forced cooling mitigates the precipitation and coarsening of the anodic phase in the stir zone, which in turn reduces the susceptibility of the joint to pitting corrosion. Additionally, the lower recrystallization texture content in the joint, resulting from forced cooling, contributes to a reduction in the number of corrosion-active sites, thereby further improving the corrosion performance of the welded joint.

### 210. [Surface/Interface Engineering for High-Resolution Micro-/Nano-Photodetectors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/surfaceinterface-engineering-for-high-resolution-micro-nano-photodetectors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01933-8]
Photodetectors can convert light energy into electrical signals, so are widely used in photovoltaics, photon counting, monitoring, and imaging. Photodetectors are easy to prepare high-resolution photochips because of their small size unit integration. However, these photodetector units often exhibit poor photoelectric performance due to material defects and inadequate structures, which greatly limit the functions of devices. Designing modification strategies and micro-/nanostructures can compensate for defects, adjust the bandgap, and develop novel quantum structures, which consequently optimize photovoltaic units and revolutionize optoelectronic devices. Here, this paper aims to comprehensively elaborate on the surface/interface engineering scheme of micro-/nano-photodetectors. It starts from the fundamentals of photodetectors, such as principles, types, and parameters, and describes the influence of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and post-processing. Then, we analyse in detail the great influence of surface/interface engineering on the performance of photovoltaic devices, including surface/interface modification and micro-/nanostructural design. Finally, the applications and prospects of optoelectronic devices in various fields such as miniaturization of electronic devices, robotics, and human–computer interaction are shown.

### 211. [Ammonia Borane All-In-One Modification Strategy Enables High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ammonia-borane-all-in-one-modification-strategy-enables-high-performance-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01951-6]
Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency. However, interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge, leading to charge recombination, ion migration, and iodine oxidation. To address this, we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane (BNH6) as a multifunctional complex. By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously, we achieve dual-interfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms: (1) hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO2, (2) coordination with Pb2+, and (3) inhibition of I− oxidation. This approach significantly enhances device performance, yielding a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.43% (certified 25.98%). Furthermore, the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability, maintaining 90% of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination. Notably, our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments, streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.

### 212. [Achieving Wide-Temperature-Range Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Sorption in a Structural Optimized Mg/N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanocomposite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-wide-temperature-range-physical-and-chemical-hydrogen-sorption-in-a-structural-optimized-mgn-doped-porous-carbon-nanocomposite) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01931-w]
Nanoconfinement is a promising approach to simultaneously enhance the thermodynamics, kinetics, and cycling stability of hydrogen storage materials. The introduction of supporting scaffolds usually causes a reduction in the total hydrogen storage capacity due to “dead weight.” Here, we synthesize an optimized N-doped porous carbon (rN-pC) without heavy metal as supporting scaffold to confine Mg/MgH2 nanoparticles (Mg/MgH2@rN-pC). rN-pC with 60 wt% loading capacity of Mg (denoted as 60 Mg@rN-pC) can adsorb and desorb 0.62 wt% H2 on the rN-pC scaffold. The nanoconfined MgH2 can be chemically dehydrided at 175 °C, providing ~3.59 wt% H2 with fast kinetics (fully dehydrogenated at 300 °C within 15 min). This study presents the first realization of nanoconfined Mg-based system with adsorption-active scaffolds. Besides, the nanoconfined MgH2 formation enthalpy is reduced to ~68 kJ mol−1 H2 from ~75 kJ mol−1 H2 for pure MgH2. The composite can be also compressed to nanostructured pellets, with volumetric H2 density reaching 33.4 g L−1 after 500 MPa compression pressure, which surpasses the 24 g L−1 volumetric capacity of 350 bar compressed H2. Our approach can be implemented to the design of hybrid H2 storage materials with enhanced capacity and desorption rate.

### 213. [Ultrafast Sulfur Redox Dynamics Enabled by a PPy@N-TiO2 Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photoelectrode for Photo-Assisted Lithium–Sulfur Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrafast-sulfur-redox-dynamics-enabled-by-a-ppyn-tio2-z-scheme-heterojunction-photoelectrode-for-photo-assisted-lithiumsulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01946-3]
Photo-assisted lithium–sulfur batteries (PALSBs) offer an eco-friendly solution to address the issue of sluggish reaction kinetics of conventional LSBs. However, designing an efficient photoelectrode for practical implementation remains a significant challenge. Herein, we construct a free-standing polymer–inorganic hybrid photoelectrode with a direct Z-scheme heterostructure to develop high-efficiency PALSBs. Specifically, polypyrrole (PPy) is in situ vapor-phase polymerized on the surface of N-doped TiO2 nanorods supported on carbon cloth (N-TiO2/CC), thereby forming a well-defined p–n heterojunction. This architecture efficiently facilitates the carrier separation of photo-generated electron–hole pairs and significantly enhances carrier transport by creating a built-in electric field. Thus, the PPy@N-TiO2/CC can simultaneously act as a photocatalyst and an electrocatalyst to accelerate the reduction and evolution of sulfur, enabling ultrafast sulfur redox dynamics, as convincingly validated by both theoretical simulations and experimental results. Consequently, the PPy@N-TiO2/CC PALSB achieves a high discharge capacity of 1653 mAh g−1, reaching 98.7% of the theoretical value. Furthermore, 5 h of photo-charging without external voltage enables the PALSB to deliver a discharge capacity of 333 mAh g−1, achieving dual-mode energy harvesting capabilities. This work successfully integrates solar energy conversion and storage within a rechargeable battery system, providing a promising strategy for sustainable energy storage technologies.

### 214. [Crystallographic Engineering Enables Fast Low-Temperature Ion Transport of TiNb2O7 for Cold-Region Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/crystallographic-engineering-enables-fast-low-temperature-ion-transport-of-tinb2o7-for-cold-region-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01949-0]
TiNb2O7 represents an up-and-coming anode material for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries, but its practicalities are severely impeded by slow transfer rates of ionic and electronic especially at the low-temperature conditions. Herein, we introduce crystallographic engineering to enhance structure stability and promote Li+ diffusion kinetics of TiNb2O7 (TNO). The density functional theory computation reveals that Ti4+ is replaced by Sb5+ and Nb5+ in crystal lattices, which can reduce the Li+ diffusion impediment and improve electronic conductivity. Synchrotron radiation X-ray 3D nano-computed tomography and in situ X-ray diffraction measurement confirm the introduction of Sb/Nb alleviates volume expansion during lithiation and delithiation processes, contributing to enhancing structure stability. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra results verify that crystallographic engineering also increases short Nb-O bond length in TNO-Sb/Nb. Accordingly, the TNO-Sb/Nb anode delivers an outstanding capacity retention rate of 89.8% at 10 C after 700 cycles and excellent rate performance (140.4 mAh g−1 at 20 C). Even at −30 °C, TNO-Sb/Nb anode delivers a capacity of 102.6 mAh g−1 with little capacity degeneration for 500 cycles. This work provides guidance for the design of fast-charging batteries at low-temperature condition.

### 215. [Towards sustainable lunar habitats with ISRU in Chang’E mission: Mechanical–energy evolution and damage mechanisms of LPBF-printed lunar regolith simulate](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/towards-sustainable-lunar-habitats-with-isru-in-change-mission-mechanicalenergy-evolution-and-damage-mechanisms-of-lpbf-printed-lunar-regolith-simulate) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.003]
Targeting Chang’E-8 mission’ in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) for sustainable lunar habitats, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith. To elucidate mission relevant mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of LPBF fabricated lunar regolith simulants, mare type and highland type simulant specimens were produced. Microstructural characterization, mechanical test coupled with three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC), and an energy-dissipation framework were employed for comprehensive analysis. The pristine highland specimens achieved 5.79 MPa and a peak strain of 0.13 (50 mm × 50 mm × 30 mm), significantly outperforming their mare counterparts. Wire-cutting to 20 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm lowered strength by ∼ 20% and peak strain to 0.04, indicating cutting-induced defects reduce ductility. All specimens displayed multi-peaked stress–strain curves. 3D-DIC revealed band-type strain localization in pristine highland samples, diffuse strain patterns in cut highland samples, and highly tortuous, network-type bands in mare samples; the anisotropy index was also quantified. Fragmented particles exhibited fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 (size 1.25–9 mm). Energy evolution progressed through three distinct stages: elastic energy storage, progressive energy dissipation delaying crack propagation, and final unstable collapse. An energy-based damage model was established and validated. The data and methods developed support Chang’E-8 missions’ ISRU demonstrations and establish a transferable framework toward sustainable lunar habitats.

### 216. [Long-term creep of Beishan granite under uniaxial compression](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/long-term-creep-of-beishan-granite-under-uniaxial-compression) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.009]
Investigations into the long-term creep behavior of Beishan granite in uniaxial compression were conducted. Four levels of axial stress (60, 70, 87, and 95 MPa) were applied to rock specimens. Contrasting with earlier research, the long-term creep data in this work present a substantial advancement in the time dimension. Except for the sample subjected to 60 MPa axial loading, which did not fail after a loading duration of 1650 d, the specimens under the other three stresses all failed after sustained constant loading durations of 1204, 1023, and 839 d, respectively. A lower envelope of driving stress-ratio for crystalline rocks was obtained, tending towards approximately 0.45 over an infinite time scale. According to the experimental results, as axial stress increases, both the axial strain accumulated in the transient creep process and the strain rate associated with steady-state creep deformation increase exponentially; however, the share of steady-state creep strain remains nearly constant at about 82.53 %. A novel damage-based creep model was put forward. It provides an enhanced depiction of the comprehensive creep process in rocks, notably improving the accuracy in forecasting the accelerated creep phase, which significantly impacts the long-term stability of engineering structures.

### 217. [Characteristics and genomic mechanism of Absidia spinosa in inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/characteristics-and-genomic-mechanism-of-absidia-spinosa-in-inhibiting-coal-spontaneous-combustion) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.004]
Early prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion have emerged as a critical research area in coal mine safety. Due to their sustainability and environmental friendliness, microorganisms have gained attention. A filamentous fungus was collected in the coal mine and identified as Absidia spinosa. Results indicated that the mycelium effectively covered and repaired many coal pores. The oxygen consumption ratio of A. spinosa was higher in coal-containing environments than in coal-free conditions. The fungus significantly impacted aliphatic functional groups, disrupting bridging bonds and side chains connected to aromatic structures and reducing the relative content of CAO bonds. Additionally, A. spinosa increases the ignition temperature by 25.34 °C. The total heat release was decreased by approximately 32.58 %, and the activation energies were increased. The genome of Absidia spinosa revealed genes related to oxygen consumption, small molecule degradation, and secretion of metabolic products, such as those annotated under GO ID: 0140657, etc. The pathways involved in the degradation of small organic molecules (e.g., ko00626, etc.), carbon fixation, and nitrogen cycling, all linked to coal decomposition. Through oxygen consumption and the alteration of coal-active structures, A. spinosa effectively inhibits CSC, providing an experimental basis for exploring eco-friendly biological control methods in the goaf.

### 218. [Experimental study and thermodynamic modeling of the phase equilibria in the Mg-rich corner of Mg–Zn–Mn system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-study-and-thermodynamic-modeling-of-the-phase-equilibria-in-the-mg-rich-corner-of-mgznmn-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3153-3]
Mg–Zn–Mn alloys have the advantages of low cost, excellent mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance. To clarify the phase equilibria of Mg–Zn–Mn alloy in the Mg-rich corners, the present work experimentally investigated the phase equilibria in the Mg-rich corner at 300–400°C with equilibrated alloy method using electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Mn atoms were found to dissolve into MgZn2 to form a ternary solid-solution type compound, in which Mn content can be up to 15.1at% at 400°C. Three-phase equilibrium of α-Mg + MgZn2 + α-Mn and liquid + α-Mg + MgZn2 were confirmed at 400°C. Subsequently, thermodynamic modeling of the Mg–Zn–Mn system was carried out using the CALPHAD method based on the experimental data of this work and literature data. The calculated invariant reaction Liquid + α-Mn → α-Mg + MgZn2 at 430°C shows good agreement with the DSC results. In addition, the results of solidification path calculations explain the microstructure in the as-cast and annealed alloys well. The agreement between the calculated results and experimental data proves the self-consistency of the thermodynamic database, which can provide guidance for the compositional design of Mg–Zn–Mn alloys.

### 219. [Effect of 3D printing angle on microstructure and mechanical properties of silica ceramic cores by stereolithography](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-3d-printing-angle-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-silica-ceramic-cores-by-stereolithography) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4072-7]
Ceramic cores fabricated by stereolithography exhibit great potential in casting turbine blades. Previous research on ceramic core molding was primarily conducted using vertical printing techniques, which not only resulted in lengthy molding durations but also compromised the mechanical strength. In this work, silica (SiO2) ceramic cores, with fine complex geometric shapes, were fabricated using 65vol.% ceramic slurry by digital light processing (DLP) with different printing angles. Printing angles significantly impact the surface accuracy, shrinkage, printing efficiency of green bodies, as well as the microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered ceramic core samples. As the printing angle in the green body increases, the bonding area decreases, surface roughness on the XY plane worsens, shrinkage in the Z direction becomes more pronounced, and the printing efficiency declines. Similarly, an increase in the printing angle in the sintered body leads to a reduction in bending strength. At a printing angle of 30°, the printing time is reduced to half of that at 90°, which improves the molding efficiency. Meanwhile, the obtained bulk density of 1.71 g·cm-3, open porosity of 24%, and flexural strength of 10.6±1 MPa can meet the requirements of sintered ceramic cores. Therefore, designing and optimizing the printing angles can achieve the balance between shrinkage, printing efficiency, and flexural strength.

### 220. [Core–Shell IrPt Nanoalloy on La/Ni–Co3O4 for High-Performance Bifunctional PEM Electrolysis with Ultralow Noble Metal Loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coreshell-irpt-nanoalloy-on-lanico3o4-for-high-performance-bifunctional-pem-electrolysis-with-ultralow-noble-metal-loading) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01845-7]
The development of highly efficient and durable bifunctional catalysts with minimal precious metal usage is critical for advancing proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). We present an iridium–platinum nanoalloy (IrPt) supported on lanthanum and nickel co-doped cobalt oxide, featuring a core–shell architecture with an amorphous IrPtOx shell and an IrPt core. This catalyst exhibits exceptional bifunctional activity for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions in acidic media, achieving 2 A cm−2 at 1.72 V in a PEMWE device with ultralow loadings of 0.075 mgIr cm−2 and 0.075 mgPt cm−2 at anode and cathode, respectively. It demonstrates outstanding durability, sustaining water splitting for over 646 h with a degradation rate of only 5 μV h−1, outperforming state-of-the-art Ir-based catalysts. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory simulations reveal that the optimized charge redistribution between Ir and Pt, along with the IrPt core–IrPtOx shell structure, enhances performance. The Ir–O–Pt active sites enable a bi-nuclear mechanism for oxygen evolution reaction and a Volmer–Tafel mechanism for hydrogen evolution reaction, reducing kinetic barriers. Hierarchical porosity, abundant oxygen vacancies, and a high electrochemical surface area further improve electron and mass transfer. This work offers a cost-effective solution for green hydrogen production and advances the design of high-performance bifunctional catalysts for PEMWE.

### 221. [Surpassing Shockley–Queisser Efficiency Limit in Photovoltaic Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/surpassing-shockleyqueisser-efficiency-limit-in-photovoltaic-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01844-8]
The Shockley–Queisser (S-Q) model sets a theoretical limit on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction solar cells at around 33%. Recently, a PCE of 50%-60% was achieved for the first time in n-type single-junction Si solar cells by inhibiting light conversion to heat at low temperatures. Understanding these new observations opens tremendous opportunities for designing solar cells with even higher PCE to provide efficient and powerful energy sources for cryogenic devices and outer and deep space explorations.

### 222. [Scalable and Sustainable Chitosan/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Protective Layer for Dendrite-Free and Long-Cycling Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/scalable-and-sustainable-chitosancarbon-nanotubes-composite-protective-layer-for-dendrite-free-and-long-cycling-aqueous-zinc-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01837-7]
Rechargeable aqueous zinc (Zn)-metal batteries hold great promise for next-generation energy storage systems. However, their practical application is hindered by several challenges, including dendrite formation, corrosion, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. To address these issues, we designed and fabricated a composite protective layer for Zn anodes by integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with chitosan through a simple and scalable scraping process. The CNTs ensure uniform electric field distribution due to their high electrical conductivity, while protonated chitosan regulates ion transport and suppresses dendrite formation at the anode interface. The chitosan/CNTs composite layer also facilitates smooth Zn2+ deposition, enhancing the stability and reversibility of the Zn anode. As a result, the chitosan/CNTs @ Zn anode demonstrates exceptional cycling stability, achieving over 3000 h of plating/stripping with minimal degradation. When paired with a V2O5 cathode, the composite-protected anode significantly improves the cycle stability and energy density of the full cell. Techno-economic analysis confirms that batteries incorporating the chitosan/CNTs protective layer outperform those with bare Zn anodes in terms of energy density and overall performance under optimized conditions. This work provides a scalable and sustainable strategy to overcome the critical challenges of aqueous Zn-metal batteries, paving the way for their practical application in next-generation energy storage systems.

### 223. [Comprehensive Understanding of Closed Pores in Hard Carbon Anode for High-Energy Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/comprehensive-understanding-of-closed-pores-in-hard-carbon-anode-for-high-energy-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01833-x]
Hard carbon (HC) is considered the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high cost-effectiveness and outstanding overall performance. However, the amorphous and intricate microstructure of HC poses significant challenges in elucidating the structure–performance relationship, which has led to persistent misinterpretations regarding the intrinsic characteristics of closed pores. An irrational construction methodology of closed pores inevitably results in diminished plateau capacity, which severely restricts the practical application of HC in high-energy-density scenarios. This review provides a systematic exposition of the conceptual framework and origination mechanisms of closed pores, offering critical insights into their structural characteristics and formation pathways. Subsequently, by correlating lattice parameters with defect configurations, the structure–performance relationships governing desolvation kinetics and sodium storage behavior are rigorously established. Furthermore, pioneering advancements in structural engineering are critically synthesized to establish fundamental design principles for the rational modulation of closed pores in HC. It is imperative to emphasize that adopting a molecular-level perspective, coupled with a synergistic kinetic/thermodynamic approach, is critical for understanding and controlling the transformation process from open pores to closed pores. These innovative perspectives are strategically designed to accelerate the commercialization of HC, thereby catalyzing the sustainable and high-efficiency development of SIBs.

### 224. [Radiative Cooling Materials for Extreme Environmental Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/radiative-cooling-materials-for-extreme-environmental-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01835-9]
Radiative cooling is a passive thermal management strategy that leverages the natural ability of materials to dissipate heat through infrared radiation. It has significant implications for energy efficiency, climate adaptation, and sustainable technology development, with applications in personal thermal management, building temperature regulation, and aerospace engineering. However, radiative cooling performance is susceptible to environmental aging and special environmental conditions, limiting its applicability in extreme environments. Herein, a critical review of extreme environmental radiative cooling is presented, focusing on enhancing environmental durability and cooling efficiency. This review first introduces the design principles of heat exchange channels, which are tailored based on the thermal flow equilibrium to optimize radiative cooling capacity in various extreme environments. Subsequently, recent advancements in radiative cooling materials and micro-nano structures that align with these principles are systematically discussed, with a focus on their implementation in terrestrial dwelling environments, terrestrial extreme environments, aeronautical environments, and space environments. Moreover, this review evaluates the cooling effects and anti-environmental abilities of extreme radiative cooling devices. Lastly, key challenges hindering the development of radiative cooling devices for extreme environmental applications are outlined, and potential strategies to overcome these limitations are proposed, aiming to prompt their future commercialization.

### 225. [Advanced Nanomedicines for Treating Refractory Inflammation-Related Diseases](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advanced-nanomedicines-for-treating-refractory-inflammation-related-diseases) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01829-7]
This review examines inflammation as a physiological defense mechanism against infectious agents, physical trauma, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and metabolic stress, which, under dysregulated conditions, may progress into chronic diseases. Nanomedicine, which integrates nanotechnology with medicine, suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways and overexpressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as ROS, to address inflammation-related pathologies. Current advances in nanomaterial design and synthesis strategies are systematically analyzed, with parallel discussions on toxicity mechanisms, influencing factors, and evaluation methods that are critical for clinical translation. Applications of functional nanomaterials are highlighted in the context of refractory inflammatory conditions, including wound healing, gastrointestinal disorders, and immune, neurological, or circulatory diseases, along with targeted delivery strategies. Persistent challenges in nanomedicine development, such as biocompatibility optimization, precise biodistribution control, and standardized toxicity assessment, are critically assessed. By bridging material innovation with therapeutic efficacy, this review establishes a framework for advancing nanomedicine to improve treatment outcomes while addressing translational barriers.

### 226. [A LiF-Pie-Structured Interphase for Silicon Anodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-lif-pie-structured-interphase-for-silicon-anodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01832-y]
Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and abundance, but its practical application is hindered by the continuous growth of porous solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), leading to capacity fade. Herein, a LiF-Pie structured SEI is proposed, with LiF nanodomains encapsulated in the inner layer of the organic cross-linking silane matrix. A series of advanced techniques such as cryogenic electron microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry have provided detailed insights into the formation mechanism, nanostructure, and chemical composition of the interface. With such SEI, the capacity retention of LiCoO2||Si is significantly improved from 49.6% to 88.9% after 300 cycles at 100 mA g−1. These findings provide a desirable interfacial design principle with enhanced (electro) chemical and mechanical stability, which are crucial for sustaining Si anode functionality, thereby significantly advancing the reliability and practical application of Si-based anodes.

### 227. [Designing a Sulfur Vacancy Redox Disruptor for Photothermoelectric and Cascade-Catalytic-Driven Cuproptosis–Ferroptosis–Apoptosis Therapy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/designing-a-sulfur-vacancy-redox-disruptor-for-photothermoelectric-and-cascade-catalytic-driven-cuproptosisferroptosisapoptosis-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01828-8]
The therapeutic efficacy of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and apoptosis is hindered by inadequate intracellular copper and iron levels, hypoxia, and elevated glutathione (GSH) expression in tumor cells. Thermoelectric technology is an emerging frontier in medical therapy that aims to achieve efficient thermal and electrical transport characteristics within a narrow thermal range for biological systems. Here, we systematically constructed biodegradable Cu2MnS3-x-PEG/glucose oxidase (MCPG) with sulfur vacancies (SV) using photothermoelectric catalysis (PTEC), photothermal-enhanced enzyme catalysis, and starvation therapy. This triggers GSH consumption and disrupts intracellular redox homeostasis, leading to immunogenic cell death. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, MCPG enriched with SV, owing to doping, generates a local temperature gradient that activates PTEC and produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydroxyl radicals and oxygen are generated through peroxide and catalase-like processes. Increased oxygen levels alleviate tumor hypoxia, whereas hydrogen peroxide production from glycometabolism provides sufficient ROS for a cascade catalytic reaction, establishing a self-reinforcing positive mechanism. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that vacancy defects effectively enhanced enzyme catalytic activity. Multimodal imaging-guided synergistic therapy not only damages tumor cells, but also elicits an antitumor immune response to inhibit tumor metastasis. This study offers novel insights into the cuproptosis/ferroptosis/apoptosis pathways of Cu-based PTEC nanozymes.

### 228. [Dual Structure Reinforces Interfacial Polarized MXene/PVDF-TrFE Piezoelectric Nanocomposite for Pressure Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dual-structure-reinforces-interfacial-polarized-mxenepvdf-trfe-piezoelectric-nanocomposite-for-pressure-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01839-5]
The emerging interfacial polarization strategy exhibits applicative potential in piezoelectric enhancement. However, there is an ongoing effort to address the inherent limitations arising from charge bridging phenomena and stochastic interface disorder that plague the improvement of piezoelectric performance. Here, we report a dual structure reinforced MXene/PVDF-TrFE piezoelectric composite, whose piezoelectricity is enhanced under the coupling effect of interfacial polarization and structural design. Synergistically, molecular dynamics simulations, density functional theory calculations and experimental validation revealed the details of interfacial interactions, which promotes the net spontaneous polarization of PVDF-TrFE from the 0.56 to 31.41 Debye. The oriented MXene distribution and porous structure not only tripled the piezoelectric response but also achieved an eightfold increase in sensitivity within the low-pressure region, along with demonstrating cyclic stability exceeding 20,000 cycles. The properties reinforcement originating from dual structure is elucidated through the finite element simulation and experimental validation. Attributed to the excellent piezoelectric response and deep learning algorithm, the sensor can effectively recognize the signals of artery pulse and finger flexion. Finally, a 3×3 sensor array is fabricated to monitor the pressure distribution wirelessly. This study provides an innovative methodology for reinforcing interfacial polarized piezoelectric materials and insight into structural designs.

### 229. [Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Conductive Hydrogel Dressings for Refractory Wounds Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/artificial-intelligence-assisted-conductive-hydrogel-dressings-for-refractory-wounds-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01834-w]
Refractory wounds cause significant harm to the health of patients and the most common treatments in clinical practice are surgical debridement and wound dressings. However, certain challenges, including surgical difficulty, lengthy recovery times, and a high recurrence rate persist. Conductive hydrogel dressings with combined monitoring and therapeutic properties have strong advantages in promoting wound healing due to the stimulation of endogenous current on wounds and are the focus of recent advancements. Therefore, this review introduces the mechanism of conductive hydrogel used for wound monitoring and healing, the materials selection of conductive hydrogel dressings used for wound monitoring, focuses on the conductive hydrogel sensor to monitor the output categories of wound status signals, proving invaluable for non-invasive, real-time evaluation of wound condition to encourage wound healing. Notably, the research of artificial intelligence (AI) model based on sensor derived data to predict the wound healing state, AI makes use of this abundant data set to forecast and optimize the trajectory of tissue regeneration and assess the stage of wound healing. Finally, refractory wounds including pressure ulcers, diabetes ulcers and articular wounds, and the corresponding wound monitoring and healing process are discussed in detail. This manuscript supports the growth of clinically linked disciplines and offers motivation to researchers working in the multidisciplinary field of conductive hydrogel dressings.

### 230. [Effect of quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering heat treatment on cryogenic toughness of ZG14Ni3Cr1MoV steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-quenching-lamellarizing-and-tempering-heat-treatment-on-cryogenic-toughness-of-zg14ni3cr1mov-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4287-7]
The present work aims to investigate the effects of quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering (QLT) heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZG14Ni3Cr1MoV high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel by comparing with traditional quenching and tempering (QT) heat treatment. Following the various QLT heat treatments, a dual-phase microstructure consisting of “soft” ferrite and “hard” tempered bainite is obtained, exhibiting significantly refined grain sizes (38.87 to 46.51 μm for QLT samples) compared to QT samples (64.93 μm). As the lamellar quenching temperature increases from 750 °C to 810 °C, the yield strength and tensile strength of the QLT samples increase, although they remain lower than those of the QT samples. Conversely, elongation at fracture, reduction of area, and the product of strength and elongation synergy decrease, yet consistently exceed QT levels. Notably, the QLT samples demonstrate superior cryogenic impact toughness within the range of -80 °C to -120 °C, achieving optimal values after 910 °C quenching + 780 °C lamellar quenching + 670 °C tempering: 215.97 J at -80 °C, 207.80 J at -100 °C, and 183.17 J at -120 °C. This exceptional cryogenic toughness is attributed to two key mechanisms in the dual-phase microstructure: (i) a low dislocation density that suppresses crack initiation, and (ii) crack-tip passivation by soft ferrite, coupled with crack deflection and hindrance at high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). The results establish QLT as a viable method for enhancing cryogenic toughness in ZG14Ni3Cr1MoV HSLA steels.

### 231. [Low Energy Consumption Photoelectric Memristors with Multi-Level Linear Conductance Modulation in Artificial Visual Systems Application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/low-energy-consumption-photoelectric-memristors-with-multi-level-linear-conductance-modulation-in-artificial-visual-systems-application) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01816-y]
Optical synapses have an ability to perceive and remember visual information, making them expected to provide more intelligent and efficient visual solutions for humans. As a new type of artificial visual sensory devices, photoelectric memristors can fully simulate synaptic performance and have great prospects in the development of biological vision. However, due to the urgent problems of nonlinear conductance and high-energy consumption, its further application in high-precision control scenarios and integration is hindered. In this work, we report an optoelectronic memristor with a structure of TiN/CeO2/ZnO/ITO/Mica, which can achieve minimal energy consumption (187 pJ) at a single pulse (0.5 V, 5 ms). Under the stimulation of continuous pulses, linearity can be achieved up to 99.6%. In addition, the device has a variety of synaptic functions under the combined action of photoelectric, which can be used for advanced vision. By utilizing its typical long-term memory characteristics, we achieved image recognition and long-term memory in a 3×3 synaptic array and further achieved female facial feature extraction behavior with an activation rate of over 92%. Moreover, we also use the linear response characteristic of the device to design and implement the night meeting behavior of autonomous vehicles based on the hardware platform. This work highlights the potential of photoelectric memristors for advancing neuromorphic vision systems, offering a new direction for bionic eyes and visual automation technology.

### 232. [Scalable Fabrication of Methylammonium-Free Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells by Blade Coating in Ambient Air](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/scalable-fabrication-of-methylammonium-free-wide-bandgap-perovskite-solar-cells-by-blade-coating-in-ambient-air) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01838-6]
Scalable fabrication of efficient wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is crucial to realize the full commercial potential of tandem solar cells. However, there are challenges in fabricating efficient methylammonium-free (MA-free) WBG PSCs by blade coating, especially its phase separation and films stability. In this work, an MA-free WBG perovskite ink is developed for preparing FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.75Br0.25)3 films by blade coating in ambient air. Among various A-site iodides, RbI is found to be the most effective in suppressing the precipitation of PbI2 induced by Pb(SCN)2 while keeping the enlarged grains. The distribution of Rb suggested that the Rb ions are kept isolated with the perovskite grains during the crystallization and Ostwald ripening processes, which contributes to the formation of the large-grain WBG perovskite film with minimum non-radiative recombination. As a result, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.0% was achieved on small-area WBG PSCs, while mini-modules with an aperture area of 10.5 cm2 exhibited a PCE of 20.2%, among the highest reported for solar cells prepared with WBG perovskites via blade coating. This work presents a scalable and reproducible fabrication strategy for stable MA-free WBG PSCs under ambient conditions, advancing their path toward commercialization.

### 233. [Triple-Layer Porous Transport Layers with Ultra-High Porosity for Enhanced Oxygen Transport and Catalyst Utilization in Water Electrolysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/triple-layer-porous-transport-layers-with-ultra-high-porosity-for-enhanced-oxygen-transport-and-catalyst-utilization-in-water-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01831-z]
The commercialization of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) for green hydrogen production hinges on the development of low-cost, high-performance titanium porous transport layers (PTLs). This study introduces a triple-layer Ti-PTL with a graded porous structure and a 75% ultra-high porosity backing layer, fabricated through tape casting and roll calendering. This triple-layer PTL, composed of a microporous layer, an interlayer, and a highly porous backing layer, enhances catalyst utilization, mechanical integrity, and mass transport. Digital twin technology using X-ray revealed increased contact area and triple-phase boundary at the interface with the catalyst layer, significantly improving oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. Numerical simulations demonstrated that the strategically designed porous structure of the triple-layer PTL facilitates efficient oxygen transport, mitigates oxygen accumulation, and improves reactant accessibility. Electrochemical evaluations showed improved performance, achieving 127 mV reduction in voltage at 2 A cm−2 compared to a commercial PTL, highlighting its potential to enhance PEMWE efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

### 234. [Designing Metal Phosphide Solid-Electrolyte Interphase for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries Through Electrified Interface Optimization and Synergistic Conversion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/designing-metal-phosphide-solid-electrolyte-interphase-for-stable-lithium-metal-batteries-through-electrified-interface-optimization-and-synergistic-conversion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01813-1]
Regulating the nucleation and growth of Li metal is crucial for achieving stable high-energy-density Li metal batteries (LMBs) without dendritic Li growth, severe volume expansion, and “dead Li” accumulation. Herein, we present a modulation layer composed of porous SnP0.94/CoP p-n heterojunction particles (SCP), synthesized applying the Kirkendall effect. The unique heterointerfaces in the SCP induce a fully ionized depletion region and built-in electric field. This provides strong Li affinity, additional adsorption sites, and facilitated electron transfer, thereby guiding dendrite-free Li nucleation/growth with a low Li deposition overpotential. Moreover, the strategic design of the SCP, accounting for its reaction with Li, yields electronically conductive Co, lithiophilic Li–Sn alloy, and ionic conductive Li3P during progressive cycles. The mixed electronic and ionic conductor (MEIC) ensure the long-term stability of the SCP modulation layer. With this layer, the SCP@Li symmetric cell maintains a low overpotential for 750 cycles even at a high current density of 5 mA cm−2. Additionally, the LiFePO4//SCP@Li full cell achieves an imperceptible capacity decay of 0.03% per cycle for 800 cycles at 0.5 C. This study provides insight into MEIC heterostructures for high-performance LMBs.

### 235. [Screening Anionic Groups Within Zwitterionic Additives for Eliminating Hydrogen Evolution and Dendrites in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/screening-anionic-groups-within-zwitterionic-additives-for-eliminating-hydrogen-evolution-and-dendrites-in-aqueous-zinc-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01826-w]
Zwitterionic materials with covalently tethered cations and anions have great potential as electrolyte additives for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) owing to their appealing intrinsic characteristics and merits. However, the impact of cationic and anionic moieties within zwitterions on enhancing the performance of AZIBs remains poorly understood. Herein, three zwitterions, namely carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA), sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), were selected as additives to investigate their different action mechanisms in AZIBs. All three zwitterions have the same quaternary ammonium as the positively charged group, but having different negatively charged segments, i.e., carboxylate, sulfonate, and phosphate for CBMA, SBMA, and MPC, respectively. By systematical electrochemical analysis, these zwitterions all contribute to enhanced cycling life of Zn anode, with MPC having the most pronounced effect, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of positively quaternary ammonium group and unique negatively phosphate groups. As a result, the Zn//Zn cell with MPC as additive in ZnSO4 electrolyte exhibits an ultralong lifespan over 5000 h. This work proposes new insights to the future development of multifunctional zwitterionic additives for remarkably stable AZIBs.

### 236. [Pickering Emulsion-Driven MXene/Silk Fibroin Hydrogels with Programmable Functional Networks for EMI Shielding and Solar Evaporation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pickering-emulsion-driven-mxenesilk-fibroin-hydrogels-with-programmable-functional-networks-for-emi-shielding-and-solar-evaporation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01818-w]
Flexible and conformable nanomaterial-based functional hydrogels find promising applications in various fields. However, the controllable manipulation of functional electron/mass transport networks in hydrogels remains rather challenging to realize. We describe a general and versatile surfactant-free emulsion construction strategy to customize robust functional hydrogels with programmable hierarchical structures. Significantly, the amphipathy of silk fibroin (SF) and the reinforcement effect of MXene nanosheets produce sable Pickering emulsion without any surfactant. The followed microphase separation and self-cross-linking of the SF chains induced by the solvent exchange convert the composite emulsions into high-performance hydrogels with tunable microstructures and functionalities. As a proof-of-concept, the controllable regulation of the ordered conductive network and the water polarization effect confer the hydrogels with an intriguing electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (~64 dB). Also, the microstructures of functional hydrogels are modulated to promote mass/heat transfer properties. The amino acids of SF and the surface terminations of MXene help reduce the enthalpy of water evaporation and the hierarchical structures of the hydrogels accelerate evaporation process, expecting far superior evaporation performance (~3.5 kg m⁻² h⁻¹) and salt tolerance capability compared to other hydrogel evaporators. Our findings open a wealth of opportunities for producing functional hydrogel devices with integrated structure-dependent properties.

### 237. [3D-Printed Boron-Nitrogen Doped Carbon Electrodes for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment via MPECVD](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/3d-printed-boron-nitrogen-doped-carbon-electrodes-for-sustainable-wastewater-treatment-via-mpecvd) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01827-9]
This study proposes a novel and sustainable method for fabricating 3D-printed carbon-based electrodes for electrochemical wastewater treatment. We prepared B,N-doped carbon electrodes with hierarchical porosity and a significantly enhanced surface area-to-volume ratio (up to 180%) compared to non-optimized analogues using a synergistic combination of 3D printing, phase inversion, and microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This process allows the metal-free growth of vertically aligned carbon nanostructures directly onto polymer-derived substrates, resulting in a 20-fold increase in the electrochemically active surface area. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to improve mass transport and reduce pressure drop. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated that the optimized electrodes performed significantly better, achieving 4.7-, 4-, and 6.5-fold increases in the degradation rates of atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol, respectively, during electrochemical oxidation. These results highlight the efficacy of the integrated fabrication and simulation approach in producing high-performance electrodes for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.

### 238. [Strategies for Enhancing Energy-Level Matching in Perovskite Solar Cells: An Energy Flow Perspective](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/strategies-for-enhancing-energy-level-matching-in-perovskite-solar-cells-an-energy-flow-perspective) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01815-z]
Metal halide perovskites, owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects, have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics. In addressing challenges related to energy loss, photoelectric conversion efficiency, and operational stability in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), various strategies have been proposed, such as improving perovskite crystallization, developing tandem architectures, and advancing interfacial engineering. However, the specific impact of these approaches on internal energy transfer and conversion mechanisms within PSCs remains insufficiently understood. This review systematically examines the relationship between energy and perovskite materials throughout the photon absorption to charge carrier transport process, with particular focus on key strategies for minimizing energy losses and their underlying influence on energy-level alignment-especially in the electron transport layer and hole transport layer. It summarizes optimal absorption conditions and contributing factors during energy transfer, alongside representative case studies of high-performing systems. By elucidating these mechanisms, this work offers valuable theoretical insights for optimizing energy-level alignment, reducing energy dissipation, and guiding experimental design in PSCs research.

### 239. [Dicyandiamide-Driven Tailoring of the n-Value Distribution and Interface Dynamics for High-Performance ACI 2D Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dicyandiamide-driven-tailoring-of-the-n-value-distribution-and-interface-dynamics-for-high-performance-aci-2d-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01817-x]
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells achieve remarkable efficiencies (> 26%) yet face stability challenges. Quasi-2D alternating-cation-interlayer perovskites offer enhanced stability through hydrophobic spacer cations but suffer from vertical phase segregation and buried interface defects. Herein, we introduce dicyanodiamide (DCD) to simultaneously address these dual limitations in GA(MA)nPbnI3n+1 perovskites. The guanidine group in DCD passivates undercoordinated Pb2+ and MA+ vacancies at the perovskite/TiO2 interface, while cyano groups eliminate oxygen vacancies in TiO2 via Ti4+–CN coordination, reducing interfacial trap density by 73% with respect to the control sample. In addition, DCD regulates crystallization kinetics, suppressing low-n-phase aggregation and promoting vertical alignment of high-n phases, which benefit for carrier transport. This dual-functional modification enhances charge transport and stabilizes energy-level alignment. The optimized devices achieve a record power conversion efficiency of 21.54% (vs. 19.05% control) and retain 94% initial efficiency after 1200 h, outperforming unmodified counterparts (84% retention). Combining defect passivation with phase homogenization, this work establishes a molecular bridge strategy to decouple stability-efficiency trade-offs in low-dimensional perovskites, providing a universal framework for interface engineering in high-performance optoelectronics.

### 240. [Face-/Edge-Shared 3D Perovskitoid Single Crystals with Suppressed Ion Migration for Stable X-Ray Detector](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/face-edge-shared-3d-perovskitoid-single-crystals-with-suppressed-ion-migration-for-stable-x-ray-detector) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01788-z]
Although three-dimensional metal halide perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray detection, the ion migration of perovskites seriously affects the detector stability. Herein, face-/edge-shared 3D heterometallic glycinate hybrid perovskitoid Pb2CuGly2X4 (Gly = -O2C-CH2-NH2; X = Cl, Br) single crystals (SCs), in which the adjacent lead halide layers are linked by large-sized Cu(Gly)2 pillars, are synthesized in water. The Cu(Gly)2 pillars in combination with face-/edge-shared inorganic skeleton are found able to synergistically suppress the ion migration, delivering a high ion migration activation energy (Ea) of 1.06 eV. The Pb2CuGly2Cl4 SC X-ray detector displays extremely low dark current drift of 1.20 × 10–9 nA mm−1 s−1 V−1 under high electric field (120 V mm−1) and continuous X-ray irradiation (2.86 Gy), and a high sensitivity of 9,250 μC Gy−1 cm−2 is also achieved. More excitingly, the Pb2CuGly2Cl4 nanocrystal can be easily dispersed in water and directly blade-coated on thin-film transistor (TFT) array substrate, and the obtained Pb2CuGly2Cl4-based TFT array detector offers an X-ray imaging capability with spatial resolution of 2.2 lp mm−1.

### 241. [Electrochemical Solid-State Electrolyte Reactors: Configurations, Applications, and Future Prospects](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrochemical-solid-state-electrolyte-reactors-configurations-applications-and-future-prospects) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01824-y]
The advancement of clean electricity is positioning electrochemical reactors at the forefront of future electrosynthesis technologies. Solid-state electrolyte (SSE) reactors emerge for their distinctive configurations and ability to produce high-purity fuels and chemicals efficiently without additional purification steps. This marks a substantial development in electrochemical synthesis. In this perspective, we critically examine cutting-edge innovations in SSE devices with particular emphasis on the architectural introduction of core cell components, novel electrochemical cell configurations, and assembly methodologies. The use of SSE reactors is presently undergoing a pivotal transition from fundamental laboratory investigations to large-scale engineering implementations, demonstrating remarkable progress in multiple domains: (1) sustainable synthesis of high-value organic acids (formic and acetic acids), (2) production of critical oxidizers hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and liquid fuels (ethanol), (3) ammonia (NH3) production, (4) carbon capture technologies, (5) lithium recovery and recycling, and (6) tandem or coupling strategies for high-value-added products. Importantly, the transformative potential in environmental remediation, particularly for airborne pollutant sequestration and advanced wastewater purification, is addressed. Additionally, the innovative architectural blueprints for next-generation SSE stack are presented, aiming to establish a comprehensive framework to guide the transition from laboratory-scale innovation to industrial-scale deployment of SSE devices in the foreseeable future.

### 242. [Metal–Support Interaction Induced Electron Localization in Rationally Designed Metal Sites Anchored MXene Enables Boosted Electromagnetic Wave Attenuation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/metalsupport-interaction-induced-electron-localization-in-rationally-designed-metal-sites-anchored-mxene-enables-boosted-electromagnetic-wave-attenuation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01819-9]
The electron localization is considered as a promising approach to optimize electromagnetic waves (EMW) dissipation. However, it is still difficult to realize well-controlled electron localization and elucidate the related EMW loss mechanisms for current researches. In this study, a novel two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheet decorated with Ni nanoclusters (Ni-NC) system to construct an effective electron localization model based on electronic orbital structure is explored. Theoretical simulations and experimental results reveal that the metal–support interaction between Ni-NC and MXene disrupts symmetric electronic environments, leading to enhanced electron localization and dipole polarization. Additionally, Ni-NC generate a strong interfacial electric field, strengthening heterointerface interactions and promoting interfacial polarization. As a result, the optimized material achieves an exceptional reflection loss (RLmin) of −54 dB and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 6.8 GHz. This study offers critical insights into the in-depth relationship between electron localization and EMW dissipation, providing a pathway for electron localization engineering in functional materials such as semiconductors, spintronics, and catalysis.

### 243. [High-Reliability Thermoreceptors with Minimal Temporal and Spatial Variations Through Photo-Induced Patterning Thermoelectrics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-reliability-thermoreceptors-with-minimal-temporal-and-spatial-variations-through-photo-induced-patterning-thermoelectrics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01821-1]
The development of bionic sensing devices with advanced physiological functionalities has attracted significant attention in flexible electronics. In this study, we innovatively develop an air-stable photo-induced n-type dopant and a sophisticated photo-induced patterning technology to construct high-resolution joint-free p–n integrated thermoelectric devices. The exceptional stability of the photo-induced n-type dopant, combined with our meticulously engineered joint-free device architecture, results in extremely low temporal and spatial variations. These minimized variations, coupled with superior linearity, position our devices as viable candidates for artificial thermoreceptors capable of sensing external thermal noxious stimuli. By integrating them into a robotic arm with a pain perception system, we demonstrate accurate pain responses to external thermal stimuli. The system accurately discerns pain levels and initiates appropriate protective actions across varying intensities. Our findings present a novel strategy for constructing high-resolution thermoelectric sensing devices toward precise biomimetic thermoreceptors.

### 244. [Heteroatoms Synergistic Anchoring Vacancies in Phosphorus-Doped CoSe2 Enable Ultrahigh Activity and Stability in Li–S Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/heteroatoms-synergistic-anchoring-vacancies-in-phosphorus-doped-cose2-enable-ultrahigh-activity-and-stability-in-lis-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01806-0]
Electrocatalyst activity and stability demonstrate a “see-saw” relationship. Introducing vacancies (Vo) enhances the activity by improving reactant affinity and increasing accessible active sites. However, deficient or excessive Vo reduces polysulfide adsorption and lowers catalytic stability. Herein, a novel “heteroatoms synergistic anchoring vacancies” strategy is proposed to address the trade-off between high activity and stability. Phosphorus-doped CoSe2 with remained rich selenium vacancies (P-CS-Vo-0.5) was synthesized by producing abundant selenium Vo followed by controlled P atom doping. Atomic-scale microstructure analysis elucidated a dynamic process of surface vacancy generation and the subsequent partial occupation of these vacancies by P atoms. Density functional theory simulations and in situ Raman tests revealed that the Se vacancies provide highly active catalytic sites, accelerating polysulfide conversion, while P incorporation effectively reduces the surface energy of Se vacancies and suppresses their inward migration, enhancing structural robustness. The battery with the optimal P-CS-Vo-0.5 separator delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1306.7 mAh g−1 at 0.2C, and maintain 5.04 mAh cm−2 at a high sulfur loading (5.7 mg cm−2, 5.0 μL mg−1), achieving 95.1% capacity retention after 80 cycles. This strategy of modifying local atomic environments offers a new route to designing highly active and stable catalysts.

### 245. [B-Bridge Regulated Asymmetric Dual-Atomic Catalysts for Synergistically Enhanced Styrene Mineralization and CO2 Reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/b-bridge-regulated-asymmetric-dual-atomic-catalysts-for-synergistically-enhanced-styrene-mineralization-and-co2-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01820-2]
Developing innovative resource utilization strategies to achieve sustainable recycling of waste-to-fuel is highly desirable, yet the design of cost-effective bifunctional catalysts with dual high-efficiency remains unexplored. While the Fenton-like reaction relies on enhancing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) adsorption and accelerating interfacial electron transfer to improve kinetic rates, CO2 reduction is constrained by sluggish kinetics and competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, we construct a bifunctional catalyst (NiFe-BNC) featuring dual-atomic active sites by introducing boron atoms into a biomass-derived chitosan substrate rich in functional groups, which optimizes atomic coordination environments. In situ experiments and density functional theory calculations reveal that B-atom modulation facilitates carbon substrate defect enrichment, while the charge-tuning effect between metal sites and "boron electron bridge" optimizes PMS adsorption configurations. This synergistic effect facilitates the interfacial electron transfer and enhances the CO2 adsorption capacity of NiFe-BNC by 6 times that of NiFe-NC. The obtained NiFe-BNC exhibits significantly enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity, realizing 99% efficient degradation of volatile organic pollutants in the flowing phase within 2 h and stable mineralization exceeding 60%, while achieving a large current density of 1000 mA cm−2 and CO Faraday efficiency of 98% in the flow electrolytic cell. This work innovatively paves a new way for the rational design of cost-effective functional catalysts to achieve carbon cycle utilization.

### 246. [15 Years of Progress on Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Microbial Electrochemical Hydrogen Production: From Nanoscale Design to Macroscale Application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/15-years-of-progress-on-transition-metal-based-electrocatalysts-for-microbial-electrochemical-hydrogen-production-from-nanoscale-design-to-macroscale-application) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01781-6]
Designing high-performance electrocatalysts is one of the key challenges in the development of microbial electrochemical hydrogen production. Transition metal-based (TM-based) electrocatalysts are introduced as an astonishing alternative for future catalysts by addressing several disadvantages, like the high cost and low performance of noble metal and metal-free electrocatalysts, respectively. In this critical review, a comprehensive analysis of the major development of all families of TM-based catalysts from the beginning development of microbial electrolysis cells in the last 15 years is presented. Importantly, pivotal design parameters such as selecting efficient synthesis methods based on the type of material, main criteria during each synthesizing method, and the pros and cons of various procedures are highlighted and compared. Moreover, procedures for tuning and tailoring the structures, advanced strategies to promote active sites, and the potential for implementing novel unexplored TM-based hybrid structures suggested. Furthermore, consideration for large-scale application of TM-based catalysts for future mass production, including life cycle assessment, cost assessment, economic analysis, and recently pilot-scale studies were highlighted. Of great importance, the potential of utilizing artificial intelligence and advanced computational methods such as active learning, microkinetic modeling, and physics-informed machine learning in designing high-performance electrodes in successful practices was elucidated. Finally, a conceptual framework for future studies and remaining challenges on different aspects of TM-based electrocatalysts in microbial electrolysis cells is proposed.

### 247. [Recent Progress of Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Composite Materials for Monitoring Physical, Physiological, and Body Fluid Signals](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-progress-of-electrospun-nanofiber-based-composite-materials-for-monitoring-physical-physiological-and-body-fluid-signals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01804-2]
Flexible electronic skin (E-skin) sensors offer innovative solutions for detecting human body signals, enabling human–machine interactions and advancing the development of intelligent robotics. Electrospun nanofibers are particularly well-suited for E-skin applications due to their exceptional mechanical properties, tunable breathability, and lightweight nature. Nanofiber-based composite materials consist of three-dimensional structures that integrate one-dimensional polymer nanofibers with other functional materials, enabling efficient signal conversion and positioning them as an ideal platform for next-generation intelligent electronics. Here, this review begins with an overview of electrospinning technology, including far-field electrospinning, near-field electrospinning, and melt electrospinning. It also discusses the diverse morphologies of electrospun nanofibers, such as core–shell, porous, hollow, bead, Janus, and ribbon structure, as well as strategies for incorporating functional materials to enhance nanofiber performance. Following this, the article provides a detailed introduction to electrospun nanofiber-based composite materials (i.e., nanofiber/hydrogel, nanofiber/aerogel, nanofiber/metal), emphasizing their recent advancements in monitoring physical, physiological, body fluid, and multi-signal in human signal detection. Meanwhile, the review explores the development of multimodal sensors capable of responding to diverse stimuli, focusing on innovative strategies for decoupling multiple signals and their state-of-the-art advancements. Finally, current challenges are analyzed, while future prospects for electrospun nanofiber-based composite sensors are outlined. This review aims to advance the design and application of next-generation flexible electronics, fostering breakthroughs in multifunctional sensing and health monitoring technologies.

### 248. [Binder-Free Immobilization of Photocatalyst on Membrane Surface for Efficient Photocatalytic H2O2 Production and Water Decontamination](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/binder-free-immobilization-of-photocatalyst-on-membrane-surface-for-efficient-photocatalytic-h2o2-production-and-water-decontamination) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01822-0]
In photocatalytic water treatment processes, the particulate photocatalysts are typically immobilized on membrane, through either chemical/physical loading onto the surface or directly embedding in the membrane matrix. However, these immobilization strategies inevitably compromise the interfacial mass diffusion and cause activity decline relative to the suspended catalyst. Here, we propose a binder-free surface immobilization strategy for fabrication of high-activity photocatalytic membrane. Through a simple dimethylformamide (DMF) treatment, the nanofibers of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane were softened and stretched, creating enlarged micropores to efficiently capture the photocatalyst. Subsequently, the nanofibers underwent shrinking during DMF evaporation, thus firmly strapping the photocatalyst microparticles on the membrane surface. This surface self-bounded photocatalytic membrane, with firmly bounded yet highly exposed photocatalyst, exhibited 4.2-fold higher efficiency in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photosynthesis than the matrix-embedded control, due to improved O2 accessibility and H2O2 diffusion. It even outperformed the suspension photocatalytic system attributed to alleviated H2O2 decomposition at the hydrophobic surface. When adopted for UV-based water treatment, the photocatalytic system exhibited tenfold faster micropollutants photodegradation than the catalyst-free control and demonstrated superior robustness for treating contaminated tap water, lake water and secondary wastewater effluent. This immobilization strategy can also be extended to the fabrication of other photocatalytic membranes with diverse catalyst types and membrane substrate. Overall, our work opens a facile avenue for fabrication of high-performance photocatalytic membranes, which may benefit advanced oxidation water purification application and beyond.

### 249. [Two-Dimensional TiO2 Ultraviolet Filters for Sunscreens](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/two-dimensional-tio2-ultraviolet-filters-for-sunscreens) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01805-1]
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been an important protective ingredient in mineral-based sunscreens since the 1990s. However, traditional TiO2 nanoparticle formulations have seen little improvement over the past decades and continue to face persistent challenges related to light transmission, biosafety, and visual appearance. Here, we report the discovery of two-dimensional (2D) TiO2, characterized by a micro-sized lateral dimension (~1.6 μm) and atomic-scale thickness, which fundamentally resolves these long-standing issues. The 2D structure enables exceptional light management, achieving 80% visible light transparency—rendering it nearly invisible on the skin—while maintaining UV-blocking performance comparable to unmodified rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. Its larger lateral size results in a two-orders-of-magnitude reduction in skin penetration (0.96 w/w%), significantly enhancing biosafety. Moreover, the unique layered architecture inherently suppresses the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under sunlight exposure, reducing the ROS generation rate by 50-fold compared to traditional TiO2 nanoparticles. Through precise metal element modulation, we further developed the first customizable sunscreen material capable of tuning UV protection ranges and automatically matching diverse skin tones. The 2D TiO2 offers a potentially transformative approach to modern sunscreen formulation, combining superior UV protection, enhanced safety and a natural appearance.

### 250. [From Wave Energy to Electricity: Functional Design and Performance Analysis of Triboelectric Nanogenerators](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/from-wave-energy-to-electricity-functional-design-and-performance-analysis-of-triboelectric-nanogenerators) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01811-3]
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer a self-sustaining power solution for marine regions abundant in resources but constrained by energy availability. Since their pioneering use in wave energy harvesting in 2014, nearly a decade of advancements has yielded nearly thousands of research articles in this domain. Researchers have developed various TENG device structures with diverse functionalities to facilitate their commercial deployment. Nonetheless, there is a gap in comprehensive summaries and performance evaluations of TENG structural designs. This paper delineates six innovative structural designs, focusing on enhancing internal device output and adapting to external environments: high space utilization, hybrid generator, mechanical gain, broadband response, multi-directional operation, and hybrid energy-harvesting systems. We summarize the prevailing trends in device structure design identified by the research community. Furthermore, we conduct a meticulous comparison of the electrical performance of these devices under motorized, simulated wave, and real marine conditions, while also assessing their sustainability in terms of device durability and mechanical robustness. In conclusion, the paper outlines future research avenues and discusses the obstacles encountered in the TENG field. This review aims to offer valuable perspectives for ongoing research and to advance the progress and application of TENG technology.

### 251. [Understanding Electrolytes and Interface Chemistry for Sustainable Nonaqueous Metal–CO2 Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/understanding-electrolytes-and-interface-chemistry-for-sustainable-nonaqueous-metalco2-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01801-5]
Metal–carbon dioxide (CO2) batteries hold great promise for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and are regarded as one of the most promising energy storage techniques due to their efficiency advantages in CO2 recovery and conversion. Moreover, rechargeable nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the stability issues of the electrode–electrolyte interfaces of nonaqueous metal–CO2 (lithium (Li)/sodium (Na)/potassium (K)–CO2) batteries have been troubling its development, and a large number of related research in the field of electrolytes have conducted in recent years. This review retraces the short but rapid research history of nonaqueous metal–CO2 batteries with a detailed electrochemical mechanism analysis. Then it focuses on the basic characteristics and design principles of electrolytes, summarizes the latest achievements of various types of electrolytes in a timely manner and deeply analyzes the construction strategies of stable electrode–electrolyte interfaces for metal–CO2 batteries. Finally, the key issues related to electrolytes and interface engineering are fully discussed and several potential directions for future research are proposed. This review enriches a comprehensive understanding of electrolytes and interface engineering toward the practical applications of next-generation metal–CO2 batteries.

### 252. [Hydrolysis-Engineered Robust Porous Micron Silicon Anode for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrolysis-engineered-robust-porous-micron-silicon-anode-for-high-energy-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01808-y]
Micro-silicon (Si) anode that features high theoretical capacity and fine tap density is ideal for energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. However, the substantial localized mechanical strain caused by the large volume expansion often results in electrode disintegration and capacity loss. Herein, a microporous Si anode with the SiOx/C layer functionalized all-surface and high tap density (~0.65 g cm⁻3) is developed by the hydrolysis-driven strategy that avoids the common use of corrosive etchants and toxic siloxane reagents. The functionalized inner pore with superior structural stability can effectively alleviate the volume change and enhance the electrolyte contact. Simultaneously, the outer particle surface forms a continuous network that prevents electrolyte parasitic decomposition, disperses the interface stress of Si matrix and facilitates electron/ion transport. As a result, the micron-sized Si anode shows only ~9.94 GPa average stress at full lithiation state and delivers an impressive capacity of 901.1 mAh g⁻1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻1. It also performs excellent rate performance of 1123.0 mAh g⁻1 at 5 A g⁻1 and 850.4 at 8 A g⁻1, far exceeding most of reported literatures. Furthermore, when paired with a commercial LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, the pouch cell demonstrates high capacity and desirable cyclic performance.

### 253. [A Strongly Coupled Cluster Heterostructure with Pt–N–Mo Bonding for Durable and Efficient H2 Evolution in Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-strongly-coupled-cluster-heterostructure-with-ptnmo-bonding-for-durable-and-efficient-h2-evolution-in-anion-exchange-membrane-water-electrolyzers) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01798-x]
Creating strongly coupled heterostructures with favorable catalytic activities is crucial for promoting the performance of catalytic reactions, especially those involve multiple intermediates. Herein, we fabricated a strongly coupled platinum/molybdenum nitrides nanocluster heterostructure on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Pt/Mo₂N–NrGO) for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. The well-defined Pt-containing Anderson-type polyoxometalates promote strong interfacial Pt–N–Mo bonding in Pt/Mo2N–NrGO, which exhibits a remarkably low overpotential, high mass activity, and exceptional long-term durability (> 500 h at 1500 mA cm⁻2) in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). Operando Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory reveal that pronounced electronic coupling at the Pt/Mo₂N cluster interface facilitates the catalytic decomposition of H2O through synergistic stabilization of intermediates (Pt–H* and Mo-OH*), thereby enhancing the kinetics of the rate-determining Volmer step. Techno-economic analysis indicates a levelized hydrogen production cost of $2.02 kg⁻1, meeting the US DOE targets. Our strategy presents a viable pathway to designing next-generation catalysts for industrial AEMWE for green hydrogen production.

### 254. [Engineering Bifunctional Catalytic Microenvironments for Durable and High-Energy-Density Metal–Air Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/engineering-bifunctional-catalytic-microenvironments-for-durable-and-high-energy-density-metalair-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01799-w]
Rechargeable metal–air batteries have gained significant interest due to their high energy density and environmental benignity. However, these batteries face significant challenges, particularly related to the air-breathing electrode, resulting in poor cycle life, low efficiency, and catalyst degradation. Developing a robust bifunctional electrocatalyst remains difficult, as oxygen electrocatalysis involves sluggish kinetics and follows different reaction pathways, often requiring distinct active sites. Consequently, the poorly understood mechanisms and irreversible surface reconstruction in the catalyst’s microenvironment, such as atomic modulation, nano-/microscale, and surface interfaces, lead to accelerated degradation during charge and discharge cycles. Overcoming these barriers requires advancements in the development and understanding of bifunctional electrocatalysts. In this review, the critical components of metal–air batteries, the associated challenges, and the current engineering approaches to address these issues are discussed. Additionally, the mechanisms of oxygen electrocatalysis on the air electrodes are examined, along with insights into how chemical characteristics of materials influence these mechanisms. Furthermore, recent advances in bifunctional electrocatalysts are highlighted, with an emphasis on the synthesis strategies, microenvironmental modulations, and stabilized systems demonstrating efficient performance, particularly zinc– and lithium–air batteries. Finally, perspectives and future research directions are provided for designing efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal–air batteries.

### 255. [An Efficient Deep Learning Framework for Revealing the Evolution of Characterization Methods in Nanoscience](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-efficient-deep-learning-framework-for-revealing-the-evolution-of-characterization-methods-in-nanoscience) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01807-z]
Text mining has emerged as a powerful strategy for extracting domain knowledge structure from large amounts of text data. To date, most text mining methods are restricted to specific literature information, resulting in incomplete knowledge graphs. Here, we report a method that combines citation analysis with topic modeling to describe the hidden development patterns in the history of science. Leveraging this method, we construct a knowledge graph in the field of Raman spectroscopy. The traditional Latent Dirichlet Allocation model is chosen as the baseline model for comparison to validate the performance of our model. Our method improves the topic coherence with a minimum growth rate of 100% compared to the traditional text mining method. It outperforms the traditional text mining method on the diversity, and its growth rate ranges from 0 to 126%. The results show the effectiveness of rule-based tokenizer we designed in solving the word tokenizer problem caused by entity naming rules in the field of chemistry. It is versatile in revealing the distribution of topics, establishing the similarity and inheritance relationships, and identifying the important moments in the history of Raman spectroscopy. Our work provides a comprehensive tool for the science of science research and promises to offer new insights into the historical survey and development forecast of a research field.

### 256. [Regulating the Coordination Environment of H2O in Hydrogel Electrolyte for a High-Environment-Adaptable and High-Stability Flexible Zn Devices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/regulating-the-coordination-environment-of-h2o-in-hydrogel-electrolyte-for-a-high-environment-adaptable-and-high-stability-flexible-zn-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01810-4]
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising candidates as stationary storage systems for power-grid applications due to their high safety and low cost. The practical implementation of Zn-ion batteries currently still faces formidable challenges because of Zn dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and inadequate environmental adaptability. Herein, to address these challenges, a strategy of regulation of water molecules coordination in electrolyte is proposed via developing a cross-linked hydrophilic hydrogel polymer electrolyte. Within this system, the continuous hydrogen bond among H2O molecules is disrupted and the isolated H2O molecules are strongly bound with a polymeric matrix comprised of polyacrylamide, carboxymethyl cellulose, and ethylene glycol, which can restrain the activity of H2O molecules, thus effectively alleviating Zn dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution and enhancing the anti-freezing ability. With this electrolyte, the Zn||Cu cell presents a high coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 900 cycles and Zn||Zn symmetric cell exhibits high cycling stability, maintaining plating/stripping for over 1,700 h. Moreover, the assembled Zn||PANI device also demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance over a wide-temperature range, including a long cycling life over 14,120 cycles at room temperature and an ultralong cycling surpassing 30,000 cycles even at −40 °C. This showcases the manipulation of water coordination chemistry for advanced, highly adaptable batteries.

### 257. [In Situ Generated Sulfate-Facilitated Efficient Nitrate Electrosynthesis on 2D PdS2 with Unique Imitating Growth Feature](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-generated-sulfate-facilitated-efficient-nitrate-electrosynthesis-on-2d-pds2-with-unique-imitating-growth-feature) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01803-3]
As a green sustainable alternative technology, synthesizing nitrate by electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) can replace the traditional energy-intensive Ostwald process. But low nitrogen fixation yields and poor selectivity due to the high bond energy of the N≡N bond and competition from the oxygen evolution reaction in the electrolyte restrict its application. On the other hand, two-dimensional (2D) PdS2 as a member in the family of group-10 novel transition metal dichalcogenides (NTMDs) presents the interesting optical and electronic properties due to its novel folded pentagonal structure, but few researches involve to its fabrication and application. Herein, unique imitating growth feature for PdS2 on different 2D substrates has been firstly discovered for constructing 2D/2D heterostructures by interface engineering. Due to the different exposed chemical groups on the substrates, PdS2 grows as the imitation to the morphologies of the substrates and presents different thickness, size, shape and the degree of oxidation, resulting in the significant difference in the NOR activity and stability of the obtained composite catalysts. Especially, the thin and small PdS2 nanoplates with more defects can be obtained by decorating poly(1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide) on the 2D substrate, easily oxidized during the preparation process, resulting in the in situ generation of SO4^2−, which plays a crucial role in reducing the activation energy of the NOR process, leading to improved efficiency for nitrate production, verified by theoretical calculation. This research provides valuable insights for the development of novel electrocatalysts based on NTMDs for NOR and highlights the importance of interface engineering in enhancing catalytic performance.

### 258. [All-Weather 3D Self-Folding Fabric for Adaptive Personal Thermoregulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/all-weather-3d-self-folding-fabric-for-adaptive-personal-thermoregulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01812-2]
In the era of global climate change, personal thermoregulation has become critical to addressing the growing demands for thermoadaptability, comfort, health, and work efficiency in dynamic environments. Here, we introduce an innovative three-dimensional (3D) self-folding knitted fabric that achieves dual thermal regulation modes through architectural reconfiguration. In the warming mode, the fabric maintains its natural 3D structure, trapping still air with extremely low thermal conductivity to provide high thermal resistance (0.06 m2 K W−1), effectively minimizing heat loss. In the cooling mode, the fabric transitions to a 2D flat state via stretching, with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings that enhance solar reflectivity (89.5%) and infrared emissivity (93.5%), achieving a cooling effect of 4.3 °C under sunlight. The fabric demonstrates exceptional durability and washability, enduring over 1000 folding cycles, and is manufactured using scalable and cost-effective knitting techniques. Beyond thermoregulation, it exhibits excellent breathability, sweat management, and flexibility, ensuring wear comfort and tactile feel under diverse conditions. This study presents an innovative solution for next-generation adaptive textiles, addressing the limitations of static thermal fabrics and advancing personal thermal management with wide applications for wearable technology, extreme environments, and sustainable fashion.

### 259. [Multifunctional Asymmetric Bilayer Aerogels for Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding with Ultrahigh Electromagnetic Wave Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-asymmetric-bilayer-aerogels-for-highly-efficient-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-with-ultrahigh-electromagnetic-wave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01800-6]
Although multifunctional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with ultrahigh electromagnetic wave absorption are highly required to solve increasingly serious electromagnetic radiation and pollution and meet multi-scenario applications, EMI shielding materials usually cause a lot of reflection and have a single function. To realize the broadband absorption-dominated EMI shielding via absorption–reflection–reabsorption mechanisms and the interference cancelation effect, multifunctional asymmetric bilayer aerogels are designed by sequential printing of a MXene-graphene oxide (MG) layer with a MG emulsion ink and a conductive MXene layer with a MXene ink and subsequent freeze-drying for generating and solidifying numerous pores in the aerogels. The top MG layer of the asymmetric bilayer aerogel optimizes impedance matching and achieves re-absorption, while the bottom MXene layer enhances the reflection of the incident electromagnetic waves. As a result, the asymmetric bilayer aerogel achieves an average absorption coefficient of 0.95 in the X-band and shows the tunable absorption ability to electromagnetic wave in the ultrawide band from 8.2 to 40 GHz. Finite element simulations substantiate the effectiveness of the asymmetric bilayer aerogel for electromagnetic wave absorption. The multifunctional bilayer aerogels exhibit hydrophobicity, thermal insulation and Joule heating capacities and are efficient in solar-thermal/electric heating, infrared stealth, and clean-up of spilled oil.

### 260. [Enhancement of Li+ Transport Through Intermediate Phase in High-Content Inorganic Composite Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancement-of-li-transport-through-intermediate-phase-in-high-content-inorganic-composite-quasi-solid-state-electrolytes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01774-5]
Quasi-solid-state electrolytes, which integrate the safety characteristics of inorganic materials, the flexibility of polymers, and the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes, represent a transitional solution for high-energy-density lithium batteries. However, the mechanisms by which inorganic fillers enhance multiphase interfacial conduction remain inadequately understood. In this work, we synthesized composite quasi-solid-state electrolytes with high inorganic content to investigate interfacial phenomena and achieve enhanced electrode interface stability. Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 particles, through surface anion anchoring, improve Li+ transference numbers and facilitate partial dissociation of solvated Li+ structures, resulting in superior ion transport kinetics that achieve an ionic conductivity of 0.51 mS cm−1 at room temperature. The high mass fraction of inorganic components additionally promotes the formation of more stable interfacial layers, enabling lithium-symmetric cells to operate without short-circuiting for 6000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, this system demonstrates exceptional stability in 5 V-class lithium metal full cells, maintaining 80.5% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 0.5C. These findings guide the role of inorganic interfaces in composite electrolytes and demonstrate their potential for advancing high-voltage lithium battery technology.

### 261. [Artificial Intelligence Empowers Solid-State Batteries for Material Screening and Performance Evaluation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/artificial-intelligence-empowers-solid-state-batteries-for-material-screening-and-performance-evaluation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01797-y]
Solid-state batteries are widely recognized as the next-generation energy storage devices with high specific energy, high safety, and high environmental adaptability. However, the research and development of solid-state batteries are resource-intensive and time-consuming due to their complex chemical environment, rendering performance prediction arduous and delaying large-scale industrialization. Artificial intelligence serves as an accelerator for solid-state battery development by enabling efficient material screening and performance prediction. This review will systematically examine how the latest progress in using machine learning (ML) algorithms can be used to mine extensive material databases and accelerate the discovery of high-performance cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials suitable for solid-state batteries. Furthermore, the use of ML technology to accurately estimate and predict key performance indicators in the solid-state battery management system will be discussed, among which are state of charge, state of health, remaining useful life, and battery capacity. Finally, we will summarize the main challenges encountered in the current research, such as data quality issues and poor code portability, and propose possible solutions and development paths. These will provide clear guidance for future research and technological reiteration.

### 262. [Fibre Computer Enables More Accurate Recognition of Human Activity](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fibre-computer-enables-more-accurate-recognition-of-human-activity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01809-x]
The advancement of fibre electronics is crucial for developing wearable smart textiles. However, traditional single-function fibres are typically limited to basic sensing and data collection capabilities, lacking effective computational and multimodal signal processing abilities, thus significantly restricting their potential in human activity recognition. Recently, Gupta et al. introduced an innovative single-fibre computer embedding eight microelectronic devices, integrating sensing, communication, and computation into a single fibre. Establishing a distributed cooperative fibre network substantially enhanced human activity recognition accuracy from 67% (single-fibre scenario) to 95%. This novel approach effectively addresses the limitations of conventional smart fibres, paving the way for multi-point sensing, edge-based inference, and real-time human–computer interactions in future intelligent textiles.

### 263. [Grain Boundaries Contribute to the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells by Promoting Charge Separations](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/grain-boundaries-contribute-to-the-performance-of-perovskite-solar-cells-by-promoting-charge-separations) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01795-0]
Historically seen as a limitation, grain boundaries (GBs) within polycrystalline metal halide perovskite (MHP) films are thought to impede charge transport, adversely impacting the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, we employ home-built confocal photoluminescence microscopy, combined with photocurrent detection modules, to directly visualize the carrier dynamics in the MHP film of PSCs under real operating conditions. Our findings suggest that GBs in high-efficiency PSCs function as carrier transport channels, where a notable enhancement in photocurrent is observed. Femtosecond transient absorption and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements further validate the existence of a built-in electric field in the vicinity of GBs, offering additional driving force for charge separation and establishing channels for swift carrier transport along the GBs, thereby expediting subsequent charge collection processes. This study elucidates the pivotal role of GBs in operational PSCs and provides valuable insights for the fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs.

### 264. [Mixed-Dimensional Nanowires/Nanosheet Heterojunction of GaSb/Bi2O2Se for Self-Powered Near-Infrared Photodetection and Photocommunication](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mixed-dimensional-nanowiresnanosheet-heterojunction-of-gasbbi2o2se-for-self-powered-near-infrared-photodetection-and-photocommunication) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01793-2]
With high surface-to-volume ratio, the abundant surface states and high carrier concentration are challenging the near-infrared photodetection behaviors of narrow band gap semiconductors nanowires. In this study, the narrow band gap semiconductor of Bi2O2Se nanosheets (NSs) is adopted to construct mixed-dimensional heterojunctions with GaSb nanowires (NWs) for demonstrating the impressive self-powered NIR photodetection. Benefiting from the built-in electric field of ~140 meV, the as-constructed NW/NS mixed-dimensional heterojunction self-powered photodetector shows the low dark current of 0.07 pA, high Ilight/Idark ratio of 82 and fast response times of <2/2 ms at room temperature. The self-powered photodetector performance can be further enhanced by fabricating the NW array/NS mixed-dimensional heterojunction by using a contact printing technique. The excellent photodetection performance promises the as-constructed NW/NS mixed-dimensional heterojunction self-powered photodetector in imaging and photocommunication.

### 265. [Synthesis Strategies and Multi-field Applications of Nanoscale High-Entropy Alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-strategies-and-multi-field-applications-of-nanoscale-high-entropy-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01779-0]
Alloying strategies have proven effective in enhancing the properties of metallic materials. However, conventional alloying strategies face significant limitations in preparing nanoscale multi-alloys and continuous optimizing surface-active sites. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) display a broader spectrum of unique properties due to their complex electron distribution and atomic-level heterogeneity arising from the stochastic mixing of multiple elements, which provides a diverse array of binding sites and almost continuous distribution of binding energies. This review aims to summarize recent research advancements in synthesis strategies and multi-field applications of nanoscale HEAs. It emphasizes several commonly employed synthesis strategies and significant challenges in synthesizing nanoscale HEAs. Finally, we present a comprehensive analysis of the advantages of HEAs for multi-field applications, emphasizing significant application trends related to nanosizing and multidimensionalization to develop more efficient nanoscale HEAs.

### 266. [Machine Learning Enabled Reusable Adhesion, Entangled Network-Based Hydrogel for Long-Term, High-Fidelity EEG Recording and Attention Assessment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/machine-learning-enabled-reusable-adhesion-entangled-network-based-hydrogel-for-long-term-high-fidelity-eeg-recording-and-attention-assessment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01780-7]
Due to their high mechanical compliance and excellent biocompatibility, conductive hydrogels exhibit significant potential for applications in flexible electronics. However, as the demand for high sensitivity, superior mechanical properties, and strong adhesion performance continues to grow, many conventional fabrication methods remain complex and costly. Herein, we propose a simple and efficient strategy to construct an entangled network hydrogel through a liquid–metal-induced cross-linking reaction, hydrogel demonstrates outstanding properties, including exceptional stretchability (1643%), high tensile strength (366.54 kPa), toughness (350.2 kJ m−3), and relatively low mechanical hysteresis. The hydrogel exhibits long-term stable reusable adhesion (104 kPa), enabling conformal and stable adhesion to human skin. This capability allows it to effectively capture high-quality epidermal electrophysiological signals with high signal-to-noise ratio (25.2 dB) and low impedance (310 ohms). Furthermore, by integrating advanced machine learning algorithms, achieving an attention classification accuracy of 91.38%, which will significantly impact fields like education, healthcare, and artificial intelligence.

### 267. [Eliciting Dual-Niche Immunological Priming by Acupoint Delivery of Nanovaccines](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/eliciting-dual-niche-immunological-priming-by-acupoint-delivery-of-nanovaccines) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01789-y]
Immunization has long played essential roles in preventing diseases. However, the desire for precision delivery of vaccines to boost a robust immune response remains largely unmet. Here, we describe the use of acupoint delivery of nanovaccines (ADN) to elicit dual-niche immunological priming. ADN can simultaneously stimulate mast cell-assisted maturation of dendritic cells at the acupoint and enable direct delivery of nanovaccines into the draining lymph nodes. We demonstrate that ADN not only provokes antigen presentation by lymph node-resident CD8α+ dendritic cells, but also induces the accumulation of nanovaccines in B-cell zones, amplifying antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and immunoglobulin G antibody expression in draining lymph nodes. ADN also generates systemic immune responses by causing immune memory and preventing T-cell anergy in the spleen. Further supported by evoking effective antitumor responses and high-level antiviral antibodies in mice, ADN provides a simple yet versatile platform for advanced nanovaccination.

### 268. [Sensors Innovations for Smart Lithium-Based Batteries: Advancements, Opportunities, and Potential Challenges](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sensors-innovations-for-smart-lithium-based-batteries-advancements-opportunities-and-potential-challenges) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01786-1]
Lithium-based batteries (LiBs) are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices, thanks to their unparalleled energy density, minimal self-discharge rates, and favorable cycle life. However, the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems (BMS). This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs, focusing on their advancements, opportunities, and potential challenges. Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application: safety monitoring and performance optimization. Safety monitoring sensors, including temperature, pressure, strain, gas, acoustic, and magnetic sensors, focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations. Performance optimization sensors, such as optical-based and electrochemical-based, monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health, emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan. The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles. Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, miniaturization, and machine learning algorithms are also discussed. However, challenges related to sensor miniaturization, power consumption, cost efficiency, and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs, guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance, reliability, and safety.

### 269. [Specific Sn–O–Fe Active Sites from Atomically Sn-Doping Porous Fe2O3 for Ultrasensitive NO2 Detection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/specific-snofe-active-sites-from-atomically-sn-doping-porous-fe2o3-for-ultrasensitive-no2-detection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01770-9]
Conventional gas sensing materials (e.g., metal oxides) suffer from deficient sensitivity and serve cross-sensitivity issues due to the lack of efficient adsorption sites. Herein, the heteroatom atomically doping strategy is demonstrated to significantly enhance the sensing performance of metal oxides-based gas sensing materials. Specifically, the Sn atoms were incorporated into porous Fe2O3 in the form of atomically dispersed sites. As revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, these Sn atoms successfully occupy the Fe sites in the Fe2O3 lattice, forming the unique Sn–O–Fe sites. Compared to Fe–O–Fe sites (from bare Fe2O3) and Sn–O–Sn sites (from SnO2/Fe2O3 with high Sn loading), the Sn–O–Fe sites on porous Fe2O3 exhibit a superior sensitivity (Rg/Ra = 2646.6) to 1 ppm NO2, along with dramatically increased selectivity and ultra-low limits of detection (10 ppb). Further theoretical calculations suggest that the strong adsorption of NO2 on Sn–O–Fe sites (N atom on Sn site, O atom on Fe site) contributes a more efficient gas response, compared to NO2 on Fe–O–Fe sites and other gases on Sn–O–Fe sites. Moreover, the incorporated Sn atoms reduce the bandgap of Fe2O3, not only facilitating the electron release but also increasing the NO2 adsorption at a low working temperature (150 °C). This work introduces an effective strategy to construct effective adsorption sites that show a unique response to specific gas molecules, potentially promoting the rational design of atomically modified gas sensing materials with high sensitivity and high selectivity.

### 270. [Designing Amino Functionalized Titanium-Organic Framework on Separators Toward Sieving and Redistribution of Polysulfides in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/designing-amino-functionalized-titanium-organic-framework-on-separators-toward-sieving-and-redistribution-of-polysulfides-in-lithium-sulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01733-0]
Shuttle effect of polysulfides overshadows the superiorities of lithium–sulfur batteries. Size–sieving effect could address this thorny trouble rely on size differ in polysulfides and lithium ions. However, clogged polysulfides pose some challenges for cathode and are rarely recycled during charging/discharging. Herein, an amino functionalized titanium-organic framework is designed for modifying lithium–sulfur batteries separator to address the aforementioned challenges. Wherein, the introduction of amino narrows titanium–organic framework pore size, enabling functional separator to selectively modulate lithium ions and polysulfides migration using size-sieving effect, thereby completely suppressing polysulfides shuttle. Furthermore, the blocked polysulfides will be adsorbed on the separator surface by positively charged amino leveraging electrostatic adsorption, ensuring polysulfides to redistribute and reuse, and boosting active materials utilization. Significantly, the migration of lithium ions is not hindered since there are lithium ions transfer channels formed via Lewis acid–base interaction with the help of amino. Combined with these virtues, the lithium–sulfur batteries with amino functionalized titanium-organic framework modified separator enjoy an ultralow attenuation rate of 0.045% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1.0C. Electrostatic adsorption and Lewis acid–base interaction cover deficiencies existing in the inhibition of polysulfides shuttle by size-sieving effect, providing fresh insight into the advancement of lithium-sulfur batteries.

### 271. [Deciphering Local Microstrain-Induced Optimization of Asymmetric Fe Single Atomic Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deciphering-local-microstrain-induced-optimization-of-asymmetric-fe-single-atomic-sites-for-efficient-oxygen-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01783-4]
Disrupting the symmetric electron distribution of porphyrin-like Fe single-atom catalysts has been considered as an effective way to harvest high intrinsic activity. Understanding the catalytic performance governed by geometric microstrains is highly desirable for further optimization of such efficient sites. Here, we decipher the crucial role of local microstrain in boosting intrinsic activity and durability of asymmetric Fe single-atom catalysts (Fe–N3S1) by replacing one N atom with S atom. The high-curvature hollow carbon nanosphere substrate introduces 1.3% local compressive strain to Fe–N bonds and 1.5% tensile strain to Fe–S bonds, downshifting the d-band center and accelerating the kinetics of *OH reduction. Consequently, highly curved Fe–N3S1 sites anchored on hollow carbon nanosphere (FeNS-HNS-20) exhibit negligible current loss, a high half-wave potential of 0.922 V vs. RHE and turnover frequency of 6.2 e−1 s−1 site−1, which are 53 mV more positive and 1.7 times that of flat Fe–N–S counterpart, respectively. More importantly, multiple operando spectroscopies monitored the dynamic optimization of strained Fe–N3S1 sites into Fe–N3 sites, further mitigating the overadsorption of *OH intermediates. This work not only sheds new light on local microstrain-induced catalytic enhancement, but also provides a plausible direction for optimizing efficient asymmetric sites via geometric configurations.

### 272. [Advances in Metal Halide Perovskite Scintillators for X-Ray Detection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-metal-halide-perovskite-scintillators-for-x-ray-detection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01772-7]
The relentless pursuit of advanced X-ray detection technologies has been significantly bolstered by the emergence of metal halides perovskites (MHPs) and their derivatives, which possess remarkable light yield and X-ray sensitivity. This comprehensive review delves into cutting-edge approaches for optimizing MHP scintillators performances by enhancing intrinsic physical properties and employing engineering radioluminescent (RL) light strategies, underscoring their potential for developing materials with superior high-resolution X-ray detection and imaging capabilities. We initially explore into recent research focused on strategies to effectively engineer the intrinsic physical properties of MHP scintillators, including light yield and response times. Additionally, we explore innovative engineering strategies involving stacked structures, waveguide effects, chiral circularly polarized luminescence, increased transparency, and the fabrication of flexile MHP scintillators, all of which effectively manage the RL light to achieve high-resolution and high-contrast X-ray imaging. Finally, we provide a roadmap for advancing next-generation MHP scintillators, highlighting their transformative potential in high-performance X-ray detection systems.

### 273. [MXene-Ti3C2Tx-Based Neuromorphic Computing: Physical Mechanisms, Performance Enhancement, and Cutting-Edge Computing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mxene-ti3c2tx-based-neuromorphic-computing-physical-mechanisms-performance-enhancement-and-cutting-edge-computing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01787-0]
Neuromorphic devices have shown great potential in simulating the function of biological neurons due to their efficient parallel information processing and low energy consumption. MXene-Ti3C2Tx, an emerging two-dimensional material, stands out as an ideal candidate for fabricating neuromorphic devices. Its exceptional electrical performance and robust mechanical properties make it an ideal choice for this purpose. This review aims to uncover the advantages and properties of MXene-Ti3C2Tx in neuromorphic devices and to promote its further development. Firstly, we categorize several core physical mechanisms present in MXene-Ti3C2Tx neuromorphic devices and summarize in detail the reasons for their formation. Then, this work systematically summarizes and classifies advanced techniques for the three main optimization pathways of MXene-Ti3C2Tx, such as doping engineering, interface engineering, and structural engineering. Significantly, this work highlights innovative applications of MXene-Ti3C2Tx neuromorphic devices in cutting-edge computing paradigms, particularly near-sensor computing and in-sensor computing. Finally, this review carefully compiles a table that integrates almost all research results involving MXene-Ti3C2Tx neuromorphic devices and discusses the challenges, development prospects, and feasibility of MXene-Ti3C2Tx-based neuromorphic devices in practical applications, aiming to lay a solid theoretical foundation and provide technical support for further exploration and application of MXene-Ti3C2Tx in the field of neuromorphic devices.

### 274. [Machine Learning Tailored Anodes for Efficient Hydrogen Energy Generation in Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/machine-learning-tailored-anodes-for-efficient-hydrogen-energy-generation-in-proton-conducting-solid-oxide-electrolysis-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01764-7]
In the global trend of vigorously developing hydrogen energy, proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (P-SOECs) have attracted significant attention due to their advantages of high efficiency and not requiring precious metals. However, the application of P-SOECs faces challenges, particularly in developing high-performance anodes possessing both high catalytic activity and ionic conductivity. In this study, La0.9Ba0.1Co0.7Ni0.3O3−δ (LBCN9173) and La0.9Ca0.1Co0.7Ni0.3O3−δ (LCCN9173) oxides are tailored as promising anodes by machine learning model, achieving the synergistic enhancement of water oxidation reaction kinetics and proton conduction, which is confirmed by comprehensively analyzing experiment and density functional theory calculation results. Furthermore, the anodic reaction mechanisms for P-SOECs with these anodes are elucidated by analyzing distribution of relaxation time spectra and Gibbs energy of water oxidation reaction, manifesting that the dissociation of H2O is facilitated on LBCN9173 anode. As a result, P-SOEC with LBCN9173 anode demonstrates a top-rank current density of 2.45 A cm−2 at 1.3 V and an extremely low polarization resistance of 0.05 Ω cm2 at 650 °C. This multi-scale, multi-faceted research approach not only discovered a high-performance anode but also proved the robust framework for the machine learning-assisted design of anodes for P-SOECs.

### 275. [Modified Near-Infrared Annealing Enabled Rapid and Homogeneous Crystallization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Modules](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modified-near-infrared-annealing-enabled-rapid-and-homogeneous-crystallization-of-perovskite-films-for-efficient-solar-modules) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01792-3]
Currently, perovskite solar cells have achieved commendable progresses in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability. However, some conventional laboratory-scale fabrication methods become challenging when scaling up material syntheses or device production. Particularly, the prolonged high-temperature annealing process for the crystallization of perovskites requires a substantial amount of energy consumption and impact the modules’ throughput. Here, we report a modified near-infrared annealing (NIRA) process, which involves the excess PbI2 engineered crystallization, efficiently reduces the preparation time for perovskite active layer to within 20 s compared to dozens of min in conventional hot plate annealing (HPA) process. The study showed that the incorporated PbI2 promoted the consistent nucleation of the perovskite film, leading to the subsequent rapid and homogeneous crystallization at the NIRA stage. Thus, highly crystalized perovskite film was realized with even better crystallization performance than conventional HPA-based film. Ultimately, efficient perovskite solar modules of 36 and 100 cm2 were readily fabricated with the optimal PCEs of 22.03% and 20.18%, respectively. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the successful achievement of homogeneous and high-quality crystallization in large-area perovskite films through rapid NIRA processing. This approach not only significantly reduces energy consumption during production, but also substantially shortens the manufacturing cycle, paving a new path toward the commercial-scale application of perovskite solar modules.

### 276. [Aramid Nanofiber/MXene-Reinforced Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels for Absorption-Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Wearable Sensing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aramid-nanofibermxene-reinforced-polyelectrolyte-hydrogels-for-absorption-dominated-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-and-wearable-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01791-4]
Conductive hydrogels have garnered widespread attention as a versatile class of flexible electronics. Despite considerable advancements, current methodologies struggle to reconcile the fundamental trade-off between high conductivity and effective absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, as dictated by classical impedance matching theory. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel synthesis of aramid nanofiber/MXene-reinforced polyelectrolyte hydrogels. Leveraging the unique properties of polyelectrolytes, this innovative approach enhances ionic conductivity and exploits the hydration effect of hydrophilic polar groups to induce the formation of intermediate water. This critical innovation facilitates polarization relaxation and rearrangement in response to electromagnetic fields, thereby significantly enhancing the EMI shielding effectiveness of hydrogels. The electromagnetic wave attenuation capacity of these hydrogels was thoroughly evaluated across both X-band and terahertz band frequencies, with further investigation into the impact of varying water content states—hydrated, dried, and frozen—on their electromagnetic properties. Moreover, the hydrogels exhibited promising capabilities beyond mere EMI shielding; they also served effectively as strain sensors for monitoring human motions, indicating their potential applicability in wearable electronics. This work provides a new approach to designing multifunctional hydrogels, advancing the integration of flexible, multifunctional materials in modern electronics, with potential applications in both EMI shielding and wearable technology.

### 277. [Efficient Thermally Evaporated Near-Infrared Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Phase Regulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/efficient-thermally-evaporated-near-infrared-perovskite-light-emitting-diodes-via-phase-regulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01776-3]
α-phase formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) has demonstrated extraordinary properties for near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes (NIR-PeLEDs). The vacuum processing technique has recently received increasing attention from industry and academia due to its solvent-free feature and compatibility with large-scale production. Nevertheless, vacuum-deposited NIR-PeLEDs have been less studied, and their efficiencies lag far behind those of solution-based PeLEDs as it is still challenging to prepare pure α-FAPbI3 by the thermal evaporation. Herein, we report a Cs-containing triple-source co-evaporation approach to develop the perovskite films. The addition of thermally stable Cs cation fills in the perovskite crystal lattice and eliminates the formation of metallic Pb caused by the degradation of FA cation during the evaporation process. The tri-source co-evaporation strategy significantly promotes the phase transition from yellow δ-phase FAPbI3 to black α-phase FACsPbI3, fostering smooth, uniform, and pinhole-free perovskite films with higher crystallinity and fewer defects. On this basis, the resulting NIR-PeLED based on FACsPbI3 yields a maximum EQE of 10.25%, which is around sixfold higher than that of FAPbI3-based PeLEDs. Our work demonstrates a reliable and effective strategy to achieve α-FAPbI3 via thermal evaporation and paves the pathway toward highly efficient perovskite optoelectronic devices for future commercialization.

### 278. [Electrolyte Additive-Assembled Interconnecting Molecules–Zinc Anode Interface for Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrolyte-additive-assembled-interconnecting-moleculeszinc-anode-interface-for-zinc-ion-hybrid-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01794-1]
Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs) are promising energy storage systems integrating high energy density and high-power density, whereas they are plagued by the poor electrochemical stability and inferior kinetics of zinc anodes. Herein, we report an electrolyte additive-assembled interconnecting molecules–zinc anode interface, realizing highly stable and fast-kinetics zinc anodes for ZHSs. The sulfobutyl groups-grafted β-cyclodextrin (SC) supramolecules as a trace additive in ZnSO4 electrolytes not only adsorb on zinc anodes but also self-assemble into an interconnecting molecule interface benefiting from the mutual attraction between the electron-rich sulfobutyl group and the electron-poor cavity of the adjacent SC supramolecule. The interconnecting molecules–zinc anode interface provides abundant anion-trapping cavities and zincophilic groups to enhance Zn2+ transference number and homogenize Zn2+ deposition sites, and meanwhile, it accelerates the desolvation of hydrated Zn2+ to improve zinc deposition kinetics and inhibit active water molecules from inducing parasitic reactions at the zinc deposition interface, making zinc anodes present superior reversibility with 99.7% Coulombic efficiency, ~30 times increase in operation lifetime and an outstanding cumulative capacity at large current densities. ZHSs with 20,000-cycle life and optimized rate capability are thereby achieved. This work provides an inspiring strategy for designing zinc anode interfaces to promote the development of ZHSs.

### 279. [Chemical Fermentation Pore Creation on Multilevel Bio-Carbon Structure with In Situ Ni-Fe Alloy Loading for Superior Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/chemical-fermentation-pore-creation-on-multilevel-bio-carbon-structure-with-in-situ-ni-fe-alloy-loading-for-superior-oxygen-evolution-reaction-electrocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01777-2]
In the quest for high-efficiency and cost-effective catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a novel biomass-driven strategy is developed to fabricate a unique one-dimensional rod-arrays@two-dimensional interlaced-sheets (C1D@2D) network. A groundbreaking chemical fermentation (CF) pore-generation mechanism, proposed for the first time for creating nanopores within carbon structures, is based on the optimal balance between gasification and solidification. This mechanism not only results in a distinctive C1D@2D multilevel network with nanoscale, intersecting and freely flowing channels but also introduces a novel concept for in situ, extensive and hierarchical pore formation. The unique architecture, combined with the homogeneous dispersion of Ni-Fe nanoparticles, facilitates easy electrolyte penetration and provides abundant active sites for the anchoring and dispersion of reactive molecules or ions. Consequently, the Ni-Fe@C1D@2D porous network demonstrates an exceptional OER electrocatalytic performance, achieving a record-low overpotential of 165 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and maintaining long-term stability for over 90 h. Theoretical calculations reveal that the porous structure markedly strengthens the interaction between alloy nanoparticles and the carbon matrix, thereby significantly boosting their electrocatalytic activity and stability. These findings unequivocally validate the CF pore-generation mechanism as a powerful and innovative strategy for designing highly efficient functional nanostructures.

### 280. [Critical Bimetallic Phosphide Layer Enables Fast Electron Transfer and Extra Energy Supply for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Zinc Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/critical-bimetallic-phosphide-layer-enables-fast-electron-transfer-and-extra-energy-supply-for-flexible-quasi-solid-state-zinc-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01784-3]
Nickel-based cathodes in aqueous nickel-zinc batteries typically suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and limited energy density. In situ introduction of metal phosphides and rational construction of heterostructures can effectively promote electron/ion transport. However, the complex evolution of phosphidation and intractable phosphidizing degree greatly affect the composition of active phase, active sites, charge transfer rate, and ion adsorption strength of cathodes. Herein, the critical bimetallic phosphide layer (CBPL) is constructed on the NiCo-layered double hydroxide (NiCo-LDH) skeleton by a controllable anion-exchange strategy, yielding a novel nanohybrid cathode (NiCo-P1.0, 1.0 representing the mass ratio of Na2H2PO2 to NiCo-LDH). The high-conductivity CBPL with the inner NiCo-LDH forms extensive heterostructures, effectively regulating the electronic structure via charge transfer, thereby improving electrical conductivity. Remarkably, the CBPL exhibits unexpected electrochemical activity and synergizes with NiCo-LDH for electrode reactions, ultimately delivering extra energy. Benefiting from the bifunctional CBPL, NiCo-P1.0 delivers an optimal capacity of 286.64 mAh g−1 at 1C (1C = 289 mAh g−1) and superb rate performance (a capacity retention of 72.22% at 40C). The assembled NiCo-P1.0//Zn battery achieves ultrahigh energy/power density (503.62 Wh kg−1/18.62 kW kg−1, based on the mass loading of active material on the cathode), and the flexible quasi-solid-state pouch cell validates its practicality. This work demonstrates the superiority of bifunctional CBPL for surface modification, providing an effective and scalable compositing strategy in achieving high-performance cathodes for aqueous batteries.

### 281. [TENG-Boosted Smart Sports with Energy Autonomy and Digital Intelligence](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/teng-boosted-smart-sports-with-energy-autonomy-and-digital-intelligence) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01778-1]
Technological advancements have profoundly transformed the sports domain, ushering it into the digital era. Services leveraging big data in intelligent sports—encompassing performance analytics, training statistical evaluations and metrics—have become indispensable. These tools are vital in aiding athletes with their daily training regimens and in devising sophisticated competition strategies, proving crucial in the pursuit of victory. Despite their potential, wearable electronic devices used for motion monitoring are subject to several limitations, including prohibitive cost, extensive energy usage, incompatibility with individual spatial structures, and flawed data analysis methodologies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have become instrumental in the development of self-powered devices/systems owing to their remarkable capacity to harnessing ambient high-entropy energy from the environment. This paper provides a thorough review of the advancements and emerging trends in TENG-based intelligent sports, focusing on physiological data monitoring, sports training performance, event refereeing assistance, and sports injury prevention and rehabilitation. Excluding the potential influence of sports psychological factors, this review provides a detailed discourse on present challenges and prospects for boosting smart sports with energy autonomy and digital intelligence. This study presents innovative insights and motivations for propelling the evolution of intelligent sports toward a more sustainable and efficient future for humanity.

### 282. [Enhanced Regional Electric Potential Difference of Graphdiyne Through Asymmetric Substitution Strategy Boosts Li+ Migration in Composite Polymer Solid-State Electrolyte](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhanced-regional-electric-potential-difference-of-graphdiyne-through-asymmetric-substitution-strategy-boosts-li-migration-in-composite-polymer-solid-state-electrolyte) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01790-5]
Low ionic conductivity is a major obstacle for polymer solid-state electrolytes. In response to this issue, a design concept of enhanced regional electric potential difference (EREPD) is proposed to modulate the interaction of nanofillers with other components in the composite polymer solid-state electrolytes (CPSEs). While ensuring the periodic structure of the graphdiyne (GDY) backbone, methoxy-substituted GDY (OGDY) is prepared by an asymmetric substitution strategy, which increases the electric potential differences within each repeating unit of GDY. The staggered distributed electron-rich regions and electron-deficient regions on the two-dimensional plane of OGDY increase the free Li+ concentration through Lewis acid–base pair interaction. The adjacent ERRs and EDRs form uniformly distributed EREPDs, creating a continuous potential gradient that synergistically facilitates the efficient migration of Li+. Impressively, the OGDY/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) exhibits a high ionic conductivity (1.1 × 10−3 S cm−1) and ion mobility number (0.71). In addition, the accelerated Li+ migration promotes the formation of uniform and dense SEI layers and inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites. As a proof of concept, Li||Li symmetric cell and Li||LiFePO4 full cell and pouch cell assembled with OGDY/PEO exhibit good performance, highlighting the effectiveness of our EREPD design strategy for improving CPSEs performance.

### 283. [Recent Advances in Spectrally Selective Daytime Radiative Cooling Materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-advances-in-spectrally-selective-daytime-radiative-cooling-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01771-8]
Daytime radiative cooling is an eco-friendly and passive cooling technology that operates without external energy input. Materials designed for this purpose are engineered to possess high reflectivity in the solar spectrum and high emissivity within the atmospheric transmission window. Unlike broadband-emissive daytime radiative cooling materials, spectrally selective daytime radiative cooling (SSDRC) materials exhibit predominant mid-infrared emission in the atmospheric transmission window. This selective mid-infrared emission suppresses thermal radiation absorption beyond the atmospheric transmission window range, thereby improving the net cooling power of daytime radiative cooling. This review elucidates the fundamental characteristics of SSDRC materials, including their molecular structures, micro- and nanostructures, optical properties, and thermodynamic principles. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the design and fabrication of SSDRC materials in three typical forms, i.e., fibrous materials, membranes, and particle coatings, highlighting their respective cooling mechanisms and performance. Furthermore, the practical applications of SSDRC in personal thermal management, outdoor building cooling, and energy harvesting are summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects are discussed to guide researchers in advancing SSDRC materials.

### 284. [Immobilizing Zwitterionic Molecular Brush in Functional Organic Interfacial Layers for Ultra-Stable Zn-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/immobilizing-zwitterionic-molecular-brush-in-functional-organic-interfacial-layers-for-ultra-stable-zn-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01782-5]
Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications due to their high safety and low cost. However, the use of Zn metal in batteries suffers from many severe issues, including dendrite growth and parasitic reactions, which often lead to short cycle lives. Herein, we propose the construction of functional organic interfacial layers (OIL) on the Zn metal anodes to address these challenges. Through a well-designed organic-assist pre-construction process, a densely packed artificial layer featuring the immobilized zwitterionic molecular brush can be constructed, which can not only efficiently facilitate the smooth Zn plating and stripping, but also introduce a stable environment for battery reactions. Through density functional theory calculations and experimental characterizations, we verify that the immobilized organic propane sulfonate on Zn anodes can significantly lower the energy barrier and increase the kinetics of Zn2+ transport. Thus, the Zn metal anode with the functional OIL can significantly improve the cycle life of the symmetric cell to over 3500 h stable operation. When paired with the H2V3O8 cathode, the aqueous Zn-ion full cells can be continuously cycled over 7000 cycles, marking an important milestone for Zn anode development for potential industrial applications.

### 285. [Highly Thermal Conductive and Electromagnetic Shielding Polymer Nanocomposites from Waste Masks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highly-thermal-conductive-and-electromagnetic-shielding-polymer-nanocomposites-from-waste-masks) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01796-z]
Over 950 billion (about 3.8 million tons) masks have been consumed in the last four years around the world to protect human beings from COVID-19 and air pollution. However, very few of these used masks are being recycled, with the majority of them being landfilled or incinerated. To address this issue, we propose a repurposing upcycling strategy by converting these polypropylene (PP)-based waste masks to high-performance thermally conductive nanocomposites (PP@G, where G refers to graphene) with exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding property. The PP@G is fabricated by loading tannic acid onto PP fibers via electrostatic self-assembling, followed by mixing with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). Because this strategy enables the GNPs to form efficient thermal and electrical conduction pathways along the PP fiber surface, the PP@G shows a high thermal conductivity of 87 W m⁻1 K⁻1 and exhibits an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 88 dB (1100 dB cm−1), making it potentially applicable for heat dissipation and electromagnetic shielding in advanced electronic devices. Life cycle assessment and techno-economic assessment results show that our repurposing strategy has significant advantages over existing methods in reducing environmental impacts and economic benefits. This strategy offers a facile and promising approach to upcycling/repurposing of fibrous waste plastics.

### 286. [Near-Sensor Edge Computing System Enabled by a CMOS Compatible Photonic Integrated Circuit Platform Using Bilayer AlN/Si Waveguides](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/near-sensor-edge-computing-system-enabled-by-a-cmos-compatible-photonic-integrated-circuit-platform-using-bilayer-alnsi-waveguides) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01743-y]
The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models, such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and autonomous vehicle systems, has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI, enabling highly complex tasks in natural language processing, image recognition, and real-time decision-making. However, these models demand immense computational power and are often centralized, relying on cloud-based architectures with inherent limitations in latency, privacy, and energy efficiency. To address these challenges and bring AI closer to real-world applications, such as wearable health monitoring, robotics, and immersive virtual environments, innovative hardware solutions are urgently needed. This work introduces a near-sensor edge computing (NSEC) system, built on a bilayer AlN/Si waveguide platform, to provide real-time, energy-efficient AI capabilities at the edge. Leveraging the electro-optic properties of AlN microring resonators for photonic feature extraction, coupled with Si-based thermo-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometers for neural network computations, the system represents a transformative approach to AI hardware design. Demonstrated through multimodal gesture and gait analysis, the NSEC system achieves high classification accuracies of 96.77% for gestures and 98.31% for gaits, ultra-low latency (<10 ns), and minimal energy consumption (<0.34 pJ). This groundbreaking system bridges the gap between AI models and real-world applications, enabling efficient, privacy-preserving AI solutions for healthcare, robotics, and next-generation human–machine interfaces, marking a pivotal advancement in edge computing and AI deployment.

### 287. [Construction of High-Performance Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Challenges, Development, and Perspectives](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/construction-of-high-performance-membranes-for-vanadium-redox-flow-batteries-challenges-development-and-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01736-x]
While being a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage, the current market penetration of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is still limited by several challenges. As one of the key components in VRFBs, a membrane is employed to separate the catholyte and anolyte to prevent the vanadium ions from cross-mixing while allowing the proton conduction to maintain charge balance in the system during operation. To overcome the weakness of commercial membranes, various types of membranes, ranging from ion exchange membranes with diverse functional groups to non-ionic porous membranes, have been designed and reported to achieve higher ionic conductivity while maintaining low vanadium ion permeability, thus enhancing efficiency. In addition, besides overall efficiency, stability and cost-effectiveness of the membrane are also critical aspects that determine the practical applicability of the membranes and thus VRFBs. In this article, we have offered comprehensive insights into the mechanism of ion transportation in membranes of VRFBs that contribute to the challenges and issues of VRFB applications. We have further discussed optimal strategies for solving the trade-off between the membrane efficiency and its durability in VRFB applications. The development of state-of-the-art membranes through various material and structure engineering is demonstrated to reveal the relationship of properties-structure-performance.

### 288. [Reducing the Voc Loss of Hole Transport Layer-Free Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells via Dual Interfacial Passivation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reducing-the-voc-loss-of-hole-transport-layer-free-carbon-based-perovskite-solar-cells-via-dual-interfacial-passivation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01775-4]
The hole transport layer (HTL)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are promising for commercialization owing to their excellent operational stability and simple fabrication process. However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of C-PSCs are inferior to the metal electrode-based devices due to their open-circuit voltage (Voc) loss. Herein, time-resolved confocal photoluminescence microscopy reveals that grain boundary defects at the perovskite/carbon interface are very likely to function as nonradiative recombination centers in HTL-free C-PSCs. A versatile additive Li2CO3 is used to modify the conformal tin oxide electron transport layer for HTL-free C-PSCs. Li2CO3 modification can result in enhanced charge extraction and optimized energy alignment at electron transport layer/perovskite interface, as well as suppressed defects at perovskite top surface due to Li2CO3-induced formation of PbI2 crystallites. Such dual interfacial passivation ultimately leads to significantly improved Voc up to 1.142 V, which is comparable to the metal electrode-based devices with HTL. Moreover, a record-high PCE of 33.2% is achieved for Li2CO3-modified C-PSCs under weak light illumination conditions, demonstrating excellent indoor photovoltaic performance. This work provides a practical approach to fabricate low-cost, highly efficient carbon-based perovskite solar cells.

### 289. [Breaking Performance Limits of Zn Anodes in Aqueous Batteries by Tailoring Anion and Cation Additives](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/breaking-performance-limits-of-zn-anodes-in-aqueous-batteries-by-tailoring-anion-and-cation-additives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01773-6]
Crystallographic engineering of Zn anodes to favor the exposure of (002) planes is an effective approach for improving stability in aqueous electrolytes. However, achieving non-epitaxial electrodeposition with a pronounced (002) texture and maintaining this orientation during extended cycling remains challenging. This study questions the prevailing notion that a single (002)-textured Zn anode inherently ensures superior stability, showing that such anodes cannot sustain their texture in ZnSO4 electrolytes. We then introduced a novel electrolyte additive, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC), which preserves the (002) texture over prolonged cycling. Furthermore, we successfully converted commercial Zn foils into highly crystalline (002)-textured Zn without any pretreatment. Experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that the cationic TEBA+ selectively adsorbs onto the anode surface, promoting the exposure of the Zn(002) plane and suppressing dendrite formation. A critical discovery was the pitting corrosion caused by chloride ions from TEBAC, which we mitigated by anion substitution. This modification leads to a remarkable lifespan of 375 days for the Zn||Zn symmetric cells at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, a TEBA+-modified Zn||VO2 full cell demonstrates high specific capacity and robust cycle stability at 10.0 A g−1. These results provide valuable insights and strategies for developing long-life Zn ion batteries.

### 290. [Highest Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency in Cu2ZnSnS4 Photocathodes and Its Directly Unbiased Solar Seawater Splitting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highest-solar-to-hydrogen-conversion-efficiency-in-cu2znsns4-photocathodes-and-its-directly-unbiased-solar-seawater-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01755-8]
Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics. In this work, we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique, which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the post-sulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films. This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO2/Pt thin-film photocathode, achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen (HC-STH) conversion efficiency of 9.91%. Additionally, the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density (Jph) of 29.44 mA cm−2 (at 0 VRHE) and favorable onset potential (Von) of 0.73 VRHE. Furthermore, our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 mA cm−2 and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56% in natural seawater, followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20% in a CZTS-BiVO4 tandem cell. The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm2 module, highlighting its significant potential for practical, unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.

### 291. [Induction Effect of Fluorine-Grafted Polymer-Based Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/induction-effect-of-fluorine-grafted-polymer-based-electrolytes-for-high-performance-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01738-9]
Quasi-solid-state composite electrolytes (QSCEs) show promise for high-performance solid-state batteries, while they still struggle with interfacial stability and cycling performance. Herein, a F-grafted QSCE (F-QSCE) was developed via copolymerizing the F monomers and ionic liquid monomers. The F-QSCE demonstrates better overall performance, such as high ionic conductivity of 1.21 mS cm–1 at 25 °C, wide electrochemical windows of 5.20 V, and stable cycling stability for Li//Li symmetric cells over 4000 h. This is attributed to the significant electronegativity difference between C and F in the fluorinated chain (‒CF2‒CF‒CF3), which causes the electron cloud to shift toward the F atom, surrounding it with a negative charge and producing the inductive effect. Furthermore, the interactions between Li+ and F, TFSI‒, and C are enhanced, reducing ion pair aggregation (Li+‒TFSI‒‒Li+) and promoting Li+ transport. Besides, ‒CF2‒CF‒CF3 decomposes to form LiF preferentially over TFSI–, resulting in better interfacial stability for F-QSCE. This work provides a pathway to enable the development of high-performance Li metal batteries.

### 292. [Two-Dimensional Materials, the Ultimate Solution for Future Electronics and Very-Large-Scale Integrated Circuits](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/two-dimensional-materials-the-ultimate-solution-for-future-electronics-and-very-large-scale-integrated-circuits) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01769-2]
The relentless down-scaling of electronics grands the modern integrated circuits (ICs) with the high speed, low power dissipation and low cost, fulfilling diverse demands of modern life. Whereas, with the semiconductor industry entering into sub-10 nm technology nodes, degrading device performance and increasing power consumption give rise to insurmountable roadblocks confronted by modern ICs that need to be conquered to sustain the Moore law's life. Bulk semiconductors like prevalent Si are plagued by seriously degraded carrier mobility as thickness thinning down to sub-5 nm, which is imperative to maintain sufficient gate electrostatic controllability to combat the increasingly degraded short channel effects. Nowadays, the emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials opens up new gateway to eschew the hurdles laid in front of the scaling trend of modern IC, mainly ascribed to their ultimately atomic thickness, capability to maintain carrier mobility with thickness thinning down, dangling-bonds free surface, wide bandgaps tunability and feasibility to constitute diverse heterostructures. Blossoming breakthroughs in discrete electronic device, such as contact engineering, dielectric integration and vigorous channel-length scaling, or large circuits arrays, as boosted yields, improved variations and full-functioned processor fabrication, based on 2D materials have been achieved nowadays, facilitating 2D materials to step under the spotlight of IC industry to be treated as the most potential future successor or complementary counterpart of incumbent Si to further sustain the down-scaling of modern IC.

### 293. [Aspartame Endowed ZnO-Based Self-Healing Solid Electrolyte Interface Film for Long-Cycling and Wide-Temperature Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aspartame-endowed-zno-based-self-healing-solid-electrolyte-interface-film-for-long-cycling-and-wide-temperature-aqueous-zn-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01765-6]
Metallic Zn anodes suffer from hydrogen evolution and dendritic deposition in aqueous electrolytes, resulting in low Coulombic efficiency and poor cyclic stability for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs). Constructing stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with strong affinity for Zn and exclusion of water corrosion of Zn metal anodes is a promising strategy to tackle these challenges. In this study, we develop a self-healing ZnO-based SEI film on the Zn electrode surface by employing an aspartame (APM) as a versatile electrolyte additive. The hydrophobic nature and strong Zn affinity of APM can facilitate the dynamic self-healing of ZnO-based SEI film during cyclic Zn plating/stripping process. Benefiting from the superior protection effect of self-healing ZnO-based SEI, the Zn║Cu cells possess an average coulombic efficiency more than 99.59% over 1,000 cycles even at a low current density of 1 mA cm−2 − 1 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, the Zn║NH4+-V2O5 full cells display a large specific capacity of 150 mAh g−1 and high cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 77.8% after 1,750 cycles. In addition, the Zn║Zn cell delivers high temperature adaptability at a wide-temperature range from −5 to 40 °C even under a high DOD of 85.2%. The enhanced capability and durability originate from the self-healing SEI formation enabled by multifunctional APM additives mediating both corrosion suppression and interfacial stabilization. This work presents an inspired and straightforward approach to promote a dendrite-free and wide-temperature rechargeable AZIBs energy storage system.

### 294. [Refining Single-Atom Catalytic Kinetics for Tumor Homologous-Targeted Catalytic Therapy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/refining-single-atom-catalytic-kinetics-for-tumor-homologous-targeted-catalytic-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01735-y]
Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) hold significant potential for tumor catalytic therapy, but their effectiveness is often compromised by low catalytic efficiency within tumor microenvironment. This efficiency is mainly influenced by key factors including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) availability, acidity, and temperature. Simultaneous optimization of these key factors presents a significant challenge for tumor catalytic therapy. In this study, we developed a comprehensive strategy to refine single-atom catalytic kinetics for enhancing tumor catalytic therapy through dual-enzyme-driven cascade reactions. Iridium (Ir) SAzymes with high catalytic activity and natural enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) were utilized to construct the cascade reaction system. GOx was loaded by Ir SAzymes due to its large surface area. Then, the dual-enzyme-driven cascade reaction system was modified by cancer cell membranes for improving biocompatibility and achieving tumor homologous targeting ability. GOx catalysis reaction could produce abundant H2O2 and lower the local pH, thereby optimizing key reaction-limiting factors. Additionally, upon laser irradiation, Ir SAzymes could raise local temperature, further enhancing the catalytic efficiency of dual-enzyme system. This comprehensive optimization maximized the performance of Ir SAzymes, significantly improving the efficiency of catalytic therapy. Our findings present a strategy of refining single-atom catalytic kinetics for tumor homologous-targeted catalytic therapy.

### 295. [Single-Point Linkage Engineering in Conjugated Phthalocyanine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/single-point-linkage-engineering-in-conjugated-phthalocyanine-based-covalent-organic-frameworks-for-electrochemical-co2-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01754-9]
The utilization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) holds great potential for achieving tailorable tuning of catalytic performance through bottom-up modulation of the reticular structure. In this work, we show that a single-point structural alteration in the linkage within a nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc)-based series effectively modulates the catalytic performance of the COFs in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). A NiPc-based COF series with three members which possess the same NiPc unit but different linkages, including piperazine, dioxin, and dithiine, have been constructed by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between octafluorophthalocyanine nickel and tetrasubstituted benzene linkers with different bridging groups. Among these COFs, the dioxin-linked COF showed the best activity of CO2RR with a current density of CO (jCO) = −27.99 mA cm−2 at −1.0 V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), while the COF with piperazine linkage demonstrated an excellent selectivity of Faradaic efficiency for CO (FECO) up to 90.7% at a pretty low overpotential of 0.39 V. In addition, both a high FECO value close to 100% and a reasonable jCO of −8.20 mA cm–2 at the potential of −0.8 V (versus RHE) were obtained by the piperazine-linked COF, making it one of the most competitive candidates among COF-based materials. Mechanistic studies exhibited that single-point structural alteration could tailor the electron density in Ni sites and alter the interaction between the active sites and the key intermediates adsorbed and desorbed, thereby tuning the electrochemical performance during CO2RR process.

### 296. [A Mechanically Robust In-Situ Solidified Polymer Electrolyte for SiOx-Based Anodes Toward High-Energy Lithium Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-mechanically-robust-in-situ-solidified-polymer-electrolyte-for-siox-based-anodes-toward-high-energy-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01759-4]
Silicon suboxide (SiOx, 0<x<2) is an appealing anode material to replace traditional graphite owing to its much higher theoretical specific capacity enabling higher-energy-density lithium batteries. Nevertheless, the huge volume change and rapid capacity decay of SiOx electrodes during cycling pose huge challenges to their large-scale practical applications. To eliminate this bottleneck, a dragonfly wing microstructure-inspired polymer electrolyte (denoted as PPM-PE) is developed based on in-situ polymerization of bicyclic phosphate ester- and urethane motif-containing monomer and methyl methacrylate in traditional liquid electrolyte. PPM-PE delivers excellent mechanical properties, highly correlated with the formation of a micro-phase separation structure similar with dragonfly wings. By virtue of superior mechanical properties and the in-situ solidified preparation method, PPM-PE can form a 3D polymer network buffer against stress within the electrode particles gap, enabling much suppressed electrode volume expansion and more stabilized solid electrolyte interface along with evidently decreased electrolyte decomposition. Resultantly, PPM-PE shows significant improvements in both cycling and rate performance in button and soft package batteries with SiOx-based electrodes, compared with the liquid electrolyte counterpart. Such a dragonfly wing microstructure-inspired design philosophy of in-situ solidified polymer electrolytes helps facilitate the practical implementation of high-energy lithium batteries with SiOx-based anodes.

### 297. [Multifunctional Organic Materials, Devices, and Mechanisms for Neuroscience, Neuromorphic Computing, and Bioelectronics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-organic-materials-devices-and-mechanisms-for-neuroscience-neuromorphic-computing-and-bioelectronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01756-7]
Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks. Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural networks have led to promising neuromorphic systems. However, developing compact parallel computing technology for integrating artificial neural networks into traditional hardware remains a challenge. Organic computational materials offer affordable, biocompatible neuromorphic devices with exceptional adjustability and energy-efficient switching. Here, the review investigates the advancements made in the development of organic neuromorphic devices. This review explores resistive switching mechanisms such as interface-regulated filament growth, molecular-electronic dynamics, nanowire-confined filament growth, and vacancy-assisted ion migration, while proposing methodologies to enhance state retention and conductance adjustment. The survey examines the challenges faced in implementing low-power neuromorphic computing, e.g., reducing device size and improving switching time. The review analyses the potential of these materials in adjustable, flexible, and low-power consumption applications, viz. biohybrid spiking circuits interacting with biological systems, systems that respond to specific events, robotics, intelligent agents, neuromorphic computing, neuromorphic bioelectronics, neuroscience, and other applications, and prospects of this technology.

### 298. [Indium-MOF as Multifunctional Promoter to Remove Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical Stability Constraints on Fluoropolymer Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/indium-mof-as-multifunctional-promoter-to-remove-ionic-conductivity-and-electrochemical-stability-constraints-on-fluoropolymer-electrolytes-for-all-solid-state-lithium-metal-battery) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01760-x]
Fluoropolymers promise all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASLMBs) but suffer from two critical challenges. The first is the trade-off between ionic conductivity (σ) and lithium anode reactions, closely related to high-content residual solvents. The second, usually consciously overlooked, is the fluoropolymer's inherent instability against alkaline lithium anodes. Here, we propose indium-based metal–organic frameworks (In-MOFs) as a multifunctional promoter to simultaneously address these two challenges, using poly(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) (PVH) as the typical fluoropolymer. In-MOF plays a trio: (1) adsorbing and converting free residual solvents into bonded states to prevent their side reactions with lithium anodes while retaining their advantages on Li+ transport; (2) forming inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase layers to prevent PVH from reacting with lithium anodes and promote uniform lithium deposition without dendrite growth; (3) reducing PVH crystallinity and promoting Li-salt dissociation. Therefore, the resulting PVH/In-MOF (PVH-IM) showcases excellent electrochemical stability against lithium anodes, delivering a 5550 h cycling at 0.2 mA cm−2 with a remarkable cumulative lithium deposition capacity of 1110 mAh cm−2. It also exhibits an ultrahigh σ of 1.23 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C. Moreover, all-solid-state LiFePO4|PVH-IM|Li full cells show outstanding rate capability and cyclability (80.0% capacity retention after 280 cycles at 0.5C), demonstrating high potential for practical ASLMBs.

### 299. [In Situ Polymerization in COF Boosts Li-Ion Conduction in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-polymerization-in-cof-boosts-li-ion-conduction-in-solid-polymer-electrolytes-for-li-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01768-3]
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have garnered considerable interest in the field of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) owing to their exceptional mechanical strength, excellent designability, and heightened safety characteristics. However, their inherently low ion transport efficiency poses a major challenge for their application in LMBs. To address this issue, covalent organic framework (COF) with their ordered ion transport channels, chemical stability, large specific surface area, and designable multifunctional sites has shown promising potential to enhance lithium-ion conduction. Here, we prepared an anionic COF, TpPa-COOLi, which can catalyze the ring-opening copolymerization of cyclic lactone monomers for the in situ fabrication of SPEs. The design leverages the high specific surface area of COF to facilitate the absorption of polymerization precursor and catalyze the polymerization within the pores, forming additional COF-polymer junctions that enhance ion transport pathways. The partial exfoliation of COF achieved through these junctions improved its dispersion within the polymer matrix, preserving ion transport channels and facilitating ion transport across COF grain boundaries. By controlling variables to alter the crystallinity of TpPa-COOLi and the presence of –COOLi substituents, TpPa-COOLi with partial long-range order and –COOLi substituents exhibited superior electrochemical performance. This research demonstrates the potential in constructing high-performance SPEs for LMBs.

### 300. [Applications of Carbon-Based Multivariable Chemical Sensors for Analyte Recognition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/applications-of-carbon-based-multivariable-chemical-sensors-for-analyte-recognition) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01741-0]
Over recent decades, carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly. Nevertheless, significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities, particularly in complex environments. Conventional monovariable sensors exhibit inherent limitations, such as susceptibility to interference from coexisting analytes, which results in response overlap. Although sensor arrays, through modification of multiple sensing materials, offer a potential solution for analyte recognition, their practical applications are constrained by intricate material modification processes. In this context, multivariable chemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative, enabling the generation of multiple outputs to construct a comprehensive sensing space for analyte recognition, while utilizing a single sensing material. Among various carbon-based materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have emerged as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance chemical sensors, owing to their well-established batch fabrication processes, superior electrical properties, and outstanding sensing capabilities. This review examines the progress of carbon-based multivariable chemical sensors, focusing on CNTs/graphene as sensing materials and field-effect transistors as transducers for analyte recognition. The discussion encompasses fundamental aspects of these sensors, including sensing materials, sensor architectures, performance metrics, pattern recognition algorithms, and multivariable sensing mechanism. Furthermore, the review highlights innovative multivariable extraction schemes and their practical applications when integrated with advanced pattern recognition algorithms.

### 301. [AI-Enabled Piezoelectric Wearable for Joint Torque Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ai-enabled-piezoelectric-wearable-for-joint-torque-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01753-w]
Joint health is critical for musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions that are affecting approximately one-third of the global population. Monitoring of joint torque can offer an important pathway for the evaluation of joint health and guided intervention. However, there is no technology that can provide the precision, effectiveness, low-resource setting, and long-term wearability to simultaneously achieve both rapid and accurate joint torque measurement to enable risk assessment of joint injury and long-term monitoring of joint rehabilitation in wider environments. Herein, we propose a piezoelectric boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)-based, AI-enabled wearable device for regular monitoring of joint torque. We first adopted an iterative inverse design to fabricate the wearable materials with a Poisson’s ratio precisely matched to knee biomechanics. A highly sensitive piezoelectric film was constructed based on BNNTs and polydimethylsiloxane and applied to precisely capture the knee motion, while concurrently realizing self-sufficient energy harvesting. With the help of a lightweight on-device artificial neural network, the proposed wearable device was capable of accurately extracting targeted signals from the complex piezoelectric outputs and then effectively mapping these signals to their corresponding physical characteristics, including torque, angle, and loading. A real-time platform was constructed to demonstrate the capability of fine real-time torque estimation. This work offers a relatively low-cost wearable solution for effective, regular joint torque monitoring that can be made accessible to diverse populations in countries and regions with heterogeneous development levels, potentially producing wide-reaching global implications for joint health, MSK conditions, ageing, rehabilitation, personal health, and beyond.

### 302. [Quantitative analysis of columnar-to-equiaxed transition in Mg-Gd-Zn alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quantitative-analysis-of-columnar-to-equiaxed-transition-in-mg-gd-zn-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4031-3]
Columnar to equiaxial crystal transition (CET) is an important technological feature in many casting processes. This work investigated the CET during the solidification of Mg-Gd-Zn alloys by combining synchrotron radiation in-situ imaging and phase-field method. Results show that the grain size, dendrite tip radius, and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) all exponentially decrease with an increase in cooling rate (Vc). The variation in the radius of the dendritic tip is similar to the prediction of the Hunt model, while the variation in the SDAS is close to the Bouchard-Kirkaldy model. It is worth noting that the CET is promoted by a decrease in the temperature gradient (G) and an increase in the cooling rate (Vc). In both equiaxed and columnar crystal regions, the dendrite tip growth rate and solid phase volume fraction increase with increasing G and Vc. In addition, the CET process has been predicted by simulation. The results are consistent with the predictions of the GTK model, which is important for the in-depth study of the dendrite morphology in different crystallization regions. In the final stage, the effects of different critical subcooling degrees and nucleation densities on the CET were explored. The results show that increasing the critical nucleation supercooling degree can inhibit the generation of equiaxial crystals, while increasing the nucleation density helps to promote the CET.

### 303. [Buried Interface Regulation with TbCl3 for Highly-Efficient All-Inorganic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/buried-interface-regulation-with-tbcl3-for-highly-efficient-all-inorganic-perovskitesilicon-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01763-8]
All-inorganic perovskite materials exhibit exceptional thermal stability and promising candidates for tandem devices, while their application is still in the initial stage. Here, a metal halide doping strategy was implemented to enhance device performance and stability for inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are ideal for integration into perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. The lanthanide compound terbium chloride (TbCl3) was employed to improve buried interface between [4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl) butyl] phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) and perovskite layer, thereby enhancing the crystallinity of CsPbI3 films and passivating non-radiative recombination defects. Thus, the inverted CsPbI3 PSCs achieved an efficiency of 18.68% and demonstrated excellent stability against water and oxygen. Meanwhile, remarkable efficiencies of 29.40% and 25.44% were, respectively, achieved in four-terminal (4T) and two-terminal (2T) perovskite/silicon mechanically tandem devices, which are higher efficiencies among reported all-inorganic perovskite-based tandem solar cells. This study presents a novel approach for fabricating highly efficient and stable inverted all-inorganic PSCs and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

### 304. [Universal Amplification-Free RNA Detection by Integrating CRISPR-Cas10 with Aptameric Graphene Field-Effect Transistor](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/universal-amplification-free-rna-detection-by-integrating-crispr-cas10-with-aptameric-graphene-field-effect-transistor) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01730-3]
Amplification-free, highly sensitive, and specific nucleic acid detection is crucial for health monitoring and diagnosis. The type III CRISPR-Cas10 system, which provides viral immunity through CRISPR-associated protein effectors, enables a new amplification-free nucleic acid diagnostic tool. In this study, we develop a CRISPR-graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) biosensor by combining the type III CRISPR-Cas10 system with GFETs for direct nucleic acid detection. This biosensor exploits the target RNA-activated continuous ssDNA cleavage activity of the dCsm3 CRISPR-Cas10 effector and the high charge density of a hairpin DNA reporter on the GFET channel to achieve label-free, amplification-free, highly sensitive, and specific RNA detection. The CRISPR-GFET biosensor exhibits excellent performance in detecting medium-length RNAs and miRNAs, with detection limits at the aM level and a broad linear range of 10−15 to 10−11 M for RNAs and 10−15 to 10−9 M for miRNAs. It shows high sensitivity in throat swabs and serum samples, distinguishing between healthy individuals (N=5) and breast cancer patients (N=6) without the need for extraction, purification, or amplification. This platform mitigates risks associated with nucleic acid amplification and cross-contamination, making it a versatile and scalable diagnostic tool for molecular diagnostics in human health.

### 305. [Probing Interfacial Nanostructures of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems by In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/probing-interfacial-nanostructures-of-electrochemical-energy-storage-systems-by-in-situ-transmission-electron-microscopy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01720-5]
The ability to control the electrode interfaces in an electrochemical energy storage system is essential for achieving the desired electrochemical performance. However, achieving this ability requires an in-depth understanding of the detailed interfacial nanostructures of the electrode under electrochemical operating conditions. In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most powerful techniques for revealing electrochemical energy storage mechanisms with high spatiotemporal resolution and high sensitivity in complex electrochemical environments. These attributes play a unique role in understanding how ion transport inside electrode nanomaterials and across interfaces under the dynamic conditions within working batteries. This review aims to gain an in-depth insight into the latest developments of in-situ TEM imaging techniques for probing the interfacial nanostructures of electrochemical energy storage systems, including atomic-scale structural imaging, strain field imaging, electron holography, and integrated differential phase contrast imaging. Significant examples will be described to highlight the fundamental understanding of atomic-scale and nanoscale mechanisms from employing state-of-the-art imaging techniques to visualize structural evolution, ionic valence state changes, and strain mapping, ion transport dynamics. The review concludes by providing a perspective discussion of future directions of the development and application of in-situ TEM techniques in the field of electrochemical energy storage systems.

### 306. [From Coils to Crawls: A Snake-Inspired Soft Robot for Multimodal Locomotion and Grasping](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/from-coils-to-crawls-a-snake-inspired-soft-robot-for-multimodal-locomotion-and-grasping) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01762-9]
Currently, numerous biomimetic robots inspired by natural biological systems have been developed. However, creating soft robots with versatile locomotion modes remains a significant challenge. Snakes, as invertebrate reptiles, exhibit diverse and powerful locomotion abilities, including prey constriction, sidewinding, accordion locomotion, and winding climbing, making them a focus of robotics research. In this study, we present a snake-inspired soft robot with an initial coiling structure, fabricated using MXene-cellulose nanofiber ink printed on pre-expanded polyethylene film through direct ink writing technology. The controllable fabrication of initial coiling structure soft robot (ICSBot) has been achieved through theoretical calculations and finite element analysis to predict and analyze the initial structure of ICSBot, and programmable ICSBot has been designed and fabricated. This robot functions as a coiling gripper capable of grasping objects with complex shapes under near infrared light stimulation. Additionally, it demonstrates multi-modal crawling locomotion in various environments, including confined spaces, unstructured terrains, and both inside and outside tubes. These results offer a novel strategy for designing and fabricating coiling-structured soft robots and highlight their potential applications in smart and multifunctional robotics.

### 307. [Piezotronic Sensor for Bimodal Monitoring of Achilles Tendon Behavior](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/piezotronic-sensor-for-bimodal-monitoring-of-achilles-tendon-behavior) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01757-6]
Bimodal pressure sensors capable of simultaneously detecting static and dynamic forces are essential to medical detection and bio-robotics. However, conventional pressure sensors typically integrate multiple operating mechanisms to achieve bimodal detection, leading to complex device architectures and challenges in signal decoupling. In this work, we address these limitations by leveraging the unique piezotronic effect of Y-ion-doped ZnO to develop a bimodal piezotronic sensor (BPS) with a simplified structure and enhanced sensitivity. Through a combination of finite element simulations and experimental validation, we demonstrate that the BPS can effectively monitor both dynamic and static forces, achieving an on/off ratio of 1029, a gauge factor of 23,439 and a static force response duration of up to 600 s, significantly outperforming the performance of conventional piezoelectric sensors. As a proof-of-concept, the BPS demonstrates the continuous monitoring of Achilles tendon behavior under mixed dynamic and static loading conditions. Aided by deep learning algorithms, the system achieves 96% accuracy in identifying Achilles tendon movement patterns, thus enabling warnings for dangerous movements. This work provides a viable strategy for bimodal force monitoring, highlighting its potential in wearable electronics.

### 308. [Developing High-Energy, Stable All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries Using Aluminum-Based Anodes and High-Nickel Cathodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/developing-high-energy-stable-all-solid-state-lithium-batteries-using-aluminum-based-anodes-and-high-nickel-cathodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01751-y]
Aluminum (Al) exhibits excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical ductility, and good chemical compatibility with high-ionic-conductivity electrolytes. This makes it more suitable as an anode material for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) compared to the overly reactive metallic lithium anode and the mechanically weak silicon anode. This study finds that the pre-lithiated Al anode demonstrates outstanding interfacial stability with the Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) electrolyte, maintaining stable cycling for over 1200 h under conditions of deep charge–discharge. This paper combines the pre-lithiated Al anode with a high-nickel cathode, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, paired with the highly ionic conductive LPSCl electrolyte, to design an ASSLB with high energy density and stability. Using anode pre-lithiation techniques, along with dual-reinforcement technology between the electrolyte and the cathode active material, the ASSLB achieves stable cycling for 1000 cycles at a 0.2C rate, with a capacity retention rate of up to 82.2%. At a critical negative-to-positive ratio of 1.1, the battery’s specific energy reaches up to 375 Wh kg−1, and it maintains over 85.9% of its capacity after 100 charge–discharge cycles. This work provides a new approach and an excellent solution for developing low-cost, high-stability all-solid-state batteries.

### 309. [Anisotropic Hygroscopic Hydrogels with Synergistic Insulation-Radiation-Evaporation for High-Power and Self-Sustained Passive Daytime Cooling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/anisotropic-hygroscopic-hydrogels-with-synergistic-insulation-radiation-evaporation-for-high-power-and-self-sustained-passive-daytime-cooling) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01766-5]
Hygroscopic hydrogel is a promising evaporative-cooling material for high-power passive daytime cooling with water self-regeneration. However, undesired solar and environmental heating makes it a challenge to maintain sub-ambient daytime cooling. While different strategies have been developed to mitigate heat gains, they inevitably sacrifice the evaporation and water regeneration due to highly coupled thermal and vapor transport. Here, an anisotropic synergistically performed insulation-radiation-evaporation (ASPIRE) cooler is developed by leveraging a dual-alignment structure both internal and external to the hydrogel for coordinated thermal and water transport. The ASPIRE cooler achieves an impressive average sub-ambient cooling temperature of ~8.2 °C and a remarkable peak cooling power of 311 W m−2 under direct sunlight. Further examining the cooling mechanism reveals that the ASPIRE cooler reduces the solar and environmental heat gains without comprising the evaporation. Moreover, self-sustained multi-day cooling is possible with water self-regeneration at night under both clear and cloudy days. The synergistic design provides new insights toward high-power, sustainable, and all-weather passive cooling applications.

### 310. [Exploring Single-Atom Nanozymes Toward Environmental Pollutants: Monitoring and Control](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/exploring-single-atom-nanozymes-toward-environmental-pollutants-monitoring-and-control) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01734-z]
As environmental pollutants pose a serious threat to socioeconomic and environmental health, the development of simple, efficient, accurate and cost-effective methods for pollution monitoring and control remains a major challenge, but it is an unavoidable issue. In the past decade, the artificial nanozymes have been widely used for environmental pollutant monitoring and control, because of their low cost, high stability, easy mass production, etc. However, the conventional nanozyme technology faces significant challenges in terms of difficulty in regulating the exposed crystal surface, complex composition, low catalytic activity, etc. In contrast, the emerging single-atom nanozymes (SANs) have attracted much attention in the field of environmental monitoring and control, due to their multiple advantages of atomically dispersed active sites, high atom utilization efficiency, tunable coordination environment, etc. To date, the insufficient efforts have been made to comprehensively characterize the applications of SANs in the monitoring and control of environmental pollutants. Building on the recent advances in the field, this review systematically summarizes the main synthesis methods of SANs and highlights their advances in the monitoring and control of environmental pollutants. Finally, we critically evaluate the limitations and challenges of SANs, and provide the insights into their future prospects for the monitoring and control of environmental pollutants.

### 311. [Se-Regulated MnS Porous Nanocubes Encapsulated in Carbon Nanofibers as High-Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/se-regulated-mns-porous-nanocubes-encapsulated-in-carbon-nanofibers-as-high-performance-anode-for-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01767-4]
Manganese-based chalcogenides have significant potential as anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity, abundant natural reserves, and environmental friendliness. However, their application is hindered by poor cycling stability, resulting from severe volume changes during cycling and slow reaction kinetics due to their complex crystal structure. Here, an efficient and straightforward strategy was employed to in-situ encapsulate single-phase porous nanocubic MnS0.5Se0.5 into carbon nanofibers using electrospinning and the hard template method, thus forming a necklace-like porous MnS0.5Se0.5-carbon nanofiber composite (MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF). The introduction of Se significantly impacts both the composition and microstructure of MnS0.5Se0.5, including lattice distortion that generates additional defects, optimization of chemical bonds, and a nano-spatially confined design. In situ/ex-situ characterization and density functional theory calculations verified that this MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF alleviates the volume expansion and facilitates the transfer of Na+/electron. As expected, MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF anode demonstrates excellent sodium storage performance, characterized by high initial Coulombic efficiency (90.8%), high-rate capability (370.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and long durability (over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1). The MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF //NVP@C full cell, assembled with MnS0.5Se0.5@N-CNF as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3@C as cathode, exhibits a high energy density of 254 Wh kg−1 can be provided. This work presents a novel strategy to optimize the design of anode materials through structural engineering and Se substitution, while also elucidating the underlying reaction mechanisms.

### 312. [Ultra-Broadband and Ultra-High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance of Aligned and Compact MXene Films](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultra-broadband-and-ultra-high-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-performance-of-aligned-and-compact-mxene-films) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01750-z]
With the rapid development of electronic detective techniques, there is an urgent need for broadband (from microwave to infrared) stealth of aerospace equipment. However, achieving effective broadband stealth primarily relies on the composite of multi-layer coatings of different materials, while realizing broadband stealth with a single material remains a significant challenge. Herein, we reported a highly compact MXene film with aligned nanosheets through a continuous centrifugal spraying strategy. The film exhibits an exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 45 dB in gigahertz band (8.2–40 GHz) and 59 dB in terahertz band (0.2–1.6 THz) at a thickness of 2.25 μm, owing to the high conductivity (1.03 × 10^6 S m−1). Moreover, exceptionally high specific shielding effectiveness of 1.545 × 10^6 dB cm2 g−1 has been demonstrated by the film, which is the highest value reported for shielding films. Additionally, the film exhibits an ultra-low infrared emissivity of 0.1 in the wide-range infrared band (2.5–16.0 μm), indicating its excellent infrared stealth performance for day-/nighttime outdoor environments. Moreover, the film demonstrates efficient electrothermal performance, including a high saturated temperature (over 120 °C at 1.0 V), a high heating rate (4.4 °C s−1 at 1.0 V), and a stable and uniform heating distribution. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy for protecting equipment from multispectral electromagnetic interference and inhibiting infrared detection.

### 313. [Multi-Energy Conversion and Electromagnetic Shielding Enabled by Carbonized Polyimide/Kevlar/Graphene Oxide@ZIF-67 Bidirectional Complex Aerogel-Encapsulated Phase-Change Materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-energy-conversion-and-electromagnetic-shielding-enabled-by-carbonized-polyimidekevlargraphene-oxidezif-67-bidirectional-complex-aerogel-encapsulated-phase-change-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01761-w]
To address the limitations of conventional energy systems and optimize the energy conversion pathways and efficiency, a type of “five-in-one” multifunctional phase-change composite with magnetothermal, electrothermal, solar-thermal, and thermoelectric energy conversion and electromagnetic shielding functions is developed for multipurpose applications. Such a novel phase-change composite is fabricated by an innovative combination of paraffin wax (PW) as a phase-change material and a carbonized polyimide/Kevlar/graphene oxide@ZIF-67 complex aerogel as a supporting material. The carbonized complex aerogel exhibits a unique bidirectional porous structure with high porosity and robust skeleton to support the loading of PW. The reduced graphene oxide and CoNC resulting from high-temperature carbonization are anchored on the aerogel skeleton to generate high thermal conduction and magnetic effect, enhancing the phonon and electron transfer of the aerogel and improving its energy conversion efficiency. The phase-change composite not only exhibits excellent solar-thermal, thermoelectric, electrothermal, and magnetothermal energy conversion performance, but also achieves high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 66.2 dB in the X-band. The introduction of PW significantly improves the thermal energy-storage capacity during multi-energy conversion. The developed composite exhibits great application potential for efficient solar energy utilization, sustainable power generation, outdoor deicing, human thermal therapy, and electronic device protection.

### 314. [Thermally Conductive Ti3C2Tx Fibers with Superior Electrical Conductivity](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermally-conductive-ti3c2tx-fibers-with-superior-electrical-conductivity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01752-x]
High-performance Ti3C2Tx fibers have garnered significant potential for smart fibers enabled fabrics. Nonetheless, a major challenge hindering their widespread use is the lack of strong interlayer interactions between Ti3C2Tx nanosheets within fibers, which restricts their properties. Herein, a versatile strategy is proposed to construct wet-spun Ti3C2Tx fibers, in which trace amounts of borate form strong interlayer crosslinking between Ti3C2Tx nanosheets to significantly enhance interactions as supported by density functional theory calculations, thereby reducing interlayer spacing, diminishing microscopic voids and promoting orientation of the nanosheets. The resultant Ti3C2Tx fibers exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity of 7781 S cm−1 and mechanical properties, including tensile strength of 188.72 MPa and Young’s modulus of 52.42 GPa. Notably, employing equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, finite element analysis, and cross-wire geometry method, it is revealed that such crosslinking also effectively lowers interfacial thermal resistance and ultimately elevates thermal conductivity of Ti3C2Tx fibers to 13 W m−1 K−1, marking the first systematic study on thermal conductivity of Ti3C2Tx fibers. The simple and efficient interlayer crosslinking enhancement strategy not only enables the construction of thermal conductivity Ti3C2Tx fibers with high electrical conductivity for smart textiles, but also offers a scalable approach for assembling other nanomaterials into multifunctional fibers.

### 315. [A Janus Smart Window for Temperature-Adaptive Radiative Cooling and Adjustable Solar Transmittance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-janus-smart-window-for-temperature-adaptive-radiative-cooling-and-adjustable-solar-transmittance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01740-1]
The advancement of sophisticated smart windows exhibiting superior thermoregulation capabilities in both solar spectrum and long-wave infrared range maintains a prominent objective for researchers in this field. In this study, a Janus window is proposed and prepared based on polymer-stabilized liquid–crystal films/thermochromic materials. It can achieve switchable front long-wave infrared emissivity (εFront) and solar modulation ability (ΔTsol) through dynamic flipping, making it suitable for different seasonal energy-saving requirements. Outdoor experiments show that under daytime illumination, the indoor temperature decreases by 8 °C, and the nighttime temperature drops by 5 °C. MATLAB simulation calculations indicate that the daytime cooling power is 93 W m−2, while the nighttime cooling power reaches 142 W m−2. Interestingly, by modifying the conductive layer, it can effectively shield electromagnetic radiation (within the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4) GHz). Energy simulation reveals the substantial superiority of this device in energy savings compared with single-layer polymer-stabilized liquid crystal, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), and normal glass when applied in different climate zones. This research presents a compelling opportunity for the development of sophisticated smart windows characterized by exceptional thermoregulation capabilities.

### 316. [Bi-Layered, Ultrathin Coating Initiated Relay Response to Impart Superior Fire Resistance for Polymeric and Metallic Substrates](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bi-layered-ultrathin-coating-initiated-relay-response-to-impart-superior-fire-resistance-for-polymeric-and-metallic-substrates) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01739-8]
Developing high-efficient flame-retardant coatings is crucial for fire safety polymer and battery fields. Traditional intumescent coatings and ceramifiable coatings struggle to provide immediate and prolonged protection simultaneously, which limits the applicability. To address this, an innovative bi-layered coating with organic/nano-inorganic additives is inspired by differential response behaviors, enabling relay response effect with both fast-acting and extended protection. Specifically, two layers function continuously in the form of a relay. With a mere 320 microns, the bi-layered coating withstands fire temperatures of up to 1400 °C for at least 900 s. Consequently, the coating effective prevented burn through in aluminum plates and glass fabric-reinforced epoxy resin, which otherwise were burned through in 135 and 173 s, respectively. Meanwhile, the bi-layered coating suppressed the formation and decomposition of solid interface layer in lithium soft-package batteries, leading to prolonged electrochemical stability and fire safety. Additionally, the bi-layered coating with a fast response endows polyurethane foam with rapid self-extinguishing, preventing ignition even under exposure to strong fire of 1400 °C. Shortly, our work offers new insights into the design and development of thin, high-performance, and multi-application flame-retardant coatings.

### 317. [Smart Textiles for Personalized Sports and Healthcare](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/smart-textiles-for-personalized-sports-and-healthcare) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01749-6]
Advances in wearable electronics and information technology drive sports data collection and analysis toward real-time visualization and precision. The growing pursuit of athleticism and healthy life makes it appealing for individuals to track their real-time health and exercise data seamlessly. While numerous devices enable sports and health monitoring, maintaining comfort over long periods remains a considerable challenge, especially in high-intensity and sweaty sports scenarios. Textiles, with their breathability, deformability, and moisture-wicking abilities, ensure exceptional comfort during prolonged wear, making them ideal for wearable platforms. This review summarized the progress of research on textile-based sports monitoring devices. First, the design principles and fabrication methods of smart textiles were introduced systematically. Textiles undergo a distinctive fiber–yarn–fabric or fiber–fabric manufacturing process that allows for the regulation of performance and the integration of functional elements at every step. Then, the performance requirements for precise sports data collection of smart textiles, including main vital signs, joint movement, and data transmission, were discussed. Lastly, the applications of smart textiles in various sports scenarios are demonstrated. Additionally, the review provides an in-depth analysis of the emerging challenges, strategies, and opportunities for the research and development of sports-oriented smart textiles. Smart textiles not only maintain comfort and accuracy in sports, but also serve as inexpensive and efficient information-gathering terminals. Therefore, developing multifunctional, cost-effective textile-based systems for personalized sports and healthcare is a pressing need for the future of intelligent sports.

### 318. [Evolving Role of Conjugated Polymers in Nanoelectronics and Photonics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/evolving-role-of-conjugated-polymers-in-nanoelectronics-and-photonics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01748-7]
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have emerged as an interesting class of materials in modern electronics and photonics, characterized by their unique delocalized π-electron systems that confer high flexibility, tunable electronic properties, and solution processability. These organic polymers present a compelling alternative to traditional inorganic semiconductors, offering the potential for a new generation of optoelectronic devices. This review explores the evolving role of CPs, exploring the molecular design strategies and innovative approaches that enhance their optoelectronic properties. We highlight notable progress toward developing faster, more efficient, and environmentally friendly devices by analyzing recent advancements in CP-based devices, including organic photovoltaics, field-effect transistors, and nonvolatile memories. The integration of CPs in flexible sustainable technologies underscores their potential to revolutionize future electronic and photonic systems. As ongoing research pushes the frontiers of molecular engineering and device architecture, CPs are poised to play an essential role in shaping next-generation technologies that prioritize performance, sustainability, and adaptability.

### 319. [A Flexible Dual-Mode Photodetector for Human–Machine Collaborative IR Imaging](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-flexible-dual-mode-photodetector-for-humanmachine-collaborative-ir-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01758-5]
Photothermoelectric (PTE) photodetectors with self-powered and uncooled advantages have attracted much interest due to the wide application prospects in the military and civilian fields. However, traditional PTE photodetectors lack of mechanical flexibility and cannot operate independently without the test instrument. Herein, we present a flexible PTE photodetector capable of dual-mode output, combining electrical and optical signal generation for enhanced functionality. Using solution processing, high-quality MXene thin films are assembled on asymmetric electrodes as the photosensitive layer. The geometrically asymmetric electrode design significantly enhances the responsivity, achieving 0.33 mA W−1 under infrared illumination, twice that of the symmetrical configuration. This improvement stems from optimized photothermal conversion and an expanded temperature gradient. The PTE device maintains stable performance after 300 bending cycles, demonstrating excellent flexibility. A new energy conversion pathway has been established by coupling the photothermal conversion of MXene with thermochromic composite materials, leading to a real-time visualization of invisible infrared radiation. Leveraging this functionality, we demonstrate the first human–machine collaborative infrared imaging system, wherein the dual-mode photodetector arrays synchronously generate human-readable pattern and machine-readable pattern. Our study not only provides a new solution for functional integration of flexible photodetectors, but also sets a new benchmark for human–machine collaborative optoelectronics.

### 320. [Shadow-Assisted Sidewall Emission for Achieving Submicron Linewidth Light Source by Using Normal UV Photolithography](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/shadow-assisted-sidewall-emission-for-achieving-submicron-linewidth-light-source-by-using-normal-uv-photolithography) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01737-w]
Micro light sources are crucial tools for studying the interactions between light and matter at the micro/nanoscale, encompassing diverse applications across multiple disciplines. Despite numerous studies on reducing the size of micro light sources and enhancing optical resolution, the efficient and simple fabrication of ultra-high-resolution micro light sources remains challenging due to its reliance on precise micro-nano processing technology and advanced processing equipment. In this study, a simple approach for the efficient fabrication of submicron light sources is proposed, namely shadow-assisted sidewall emission (SASE) technology. The SASE utilizes the widely adopted UV photolithography process, employing metal shadow modulation to precisely control the emission of light from polymer sidewalls, thereby obtaining photoluminescent light sources with submicron line widths. The SASE eliminates the need for complex and cumbersome manufacturing procedures. The effects of process parameters, including exposure dose, development time, and metal film thickness, on the linewidth of sources are investigated in detail. It is successfully demonstrated red, green, and blue submicron light sources. Finally, their potential application in the field of optical anti-counterfeiting is also demonstrated. We believe that the SASE proposed in this work provides a novel approach for the preparation and application of micro light sources.

### 321. [Hydrogel Electrolytes-Based Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Batteries under Harsh Conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogel-electrolytes-based-rechargeable-zinc-ion-batteries-under-harsh-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01727-y]
Rechargeable zinc (Zn)-ion batteries (RZIBs) with hydrogel electrolytes (HEs) have gained significant attention in the last decade owing to their high safety, low cost, sufficient material abundance, and superb environmental friendliness, which is extremely important for wearable energy storage applications. Given that HEs play a critical role in building flexible RZIBs, it is urgent to summarize the recent advances in this field and elucidate the design principles of HEs for practical applications. This review systematically presents the development history, recent advances in the material fundamentals, functional designs, challenges, and prospects of the HEs-based RZIBs. Firstly, the fundamentals, species, and flexible mechanisms of HEs are discussed, along with their compatibility with Zn anodes and various cathodes. Then, the functional designs of hydrogel electrolytes in harsh conditions are comprehensively discussed, including high/low/wide-temperature windows, mechanical deformations (e.g., bending, twisting, and straining), and damages (e.g., cutting, burning, and soaking). Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives for advancing HEs-based RZIBs are outlined.

### 322. [Revealing the Oxygen Transport Challenges in Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Water Electrolysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/revealing-the-oxygen-transport-challenges-in-catalyst-layers-in-proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells-and-water-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01719-y]
Urgent requirements of the renewable energy boost the development of stable and clean hydrogen, which could effectively displace fossil fuels in mitigating climate changes. The efficient interconversion of hydrogen and electronic is highly based on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and water electrolysis (PEMWEs). However, the high cost continues to impede large-scale commercialization of both PEMFC and PEMWE technologies, with the expense primarily attributed to noble catalysts serving as a major bottleneck. The reduction of Pt loading in PEMFCs is essential but limited by the oxygen transport resistance in the cathode catalyst layers (CCLs), while the oxygen transport in anode catalyst layers (ACLs) in PEMWEs also being focused as the Ir/IrOx catalyst reduced. The pore structure and the catalyst–ionomer agglomerates play important roles in the oxygen transport process of both PEMFCs and PEMWEs due to the similarity of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Herein, the oxygen transport mechanism of PEMFCs in pore structure and ionomer thin films in CCLs is systematically reviewed, while state-of-the-art strategies are presented for enhancing oxygen transport and performance through materials and structural design. The deeply research opens avenues for exploring similar key scientific problems in oxygen transport process of PEMWEs and their further development.

### 323. [Transformative Effect of Li Salt for Proactively Mitigating Interfacial Side Reactions in Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/transformative-effect-of-li-salt-for-proactively-mitigating-interfacial-side-reactions-in-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01742-z]
The robust respective formations of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and pillar at the surfaces of hard carbon and O3-type positive electrodes are the consequences of integrating LiPF6 salt into a sodium-ion battery electrolyte that considerably strengthens both interfaces of positive and negative electrodes. The improvement of cycle performances due to the formation of highly passivating SEI on the hard carbon electrode is induced by the alternated solvation structure following the addition of Li salt, which inhibits sodium-ion and electron leakage from further electrolyte decomposition. The SEI with incorporated Li is less soluble than Na-based SEI, and the passivation ability of the initially formed SEI can thus be well preserved. Conversely, the gas evolution caused by oxygen release is reduced considerably by the marginal surface intercalation of Li ions at the surface of the O3-positive electrode. Additionally, the LiF layer that forms on the O3 surface diminishes additional deterioration of the electrolyte after formation. Compared with the fluoroethylene carbonate additive that is typically applied, a simultaneously strengthened interface yields major improvements in capacity retention.

### 324. [Multifunctional and Scalable Nanoparticles for Bimodal Image-Guided Phototherapy in Bladder Cancer Treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-and-scalable-nanoparticles-for-bimodal-image-guided-phototherapy-in-bladder-cancer-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01717-0]
Rational design of multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of combining therapeutic effects with real-time monitoring of drug distribution and tumor status is emerging as a promising approach in cancer nanomedicine. Here, we introduce pyropheophorbide a–bisaminoquinoline conjugate lipid nanoparticles (PPBC LNPs) as a bimodal system for image-guided phototherapy in bladder cancer treatment. PPBC LNPs not only demonstrate both powerful photodynamic and photothermal effects upon light activation, but also exhibit potent autophagy blockage, effectively inducing bladder cancer cell death. Furthermore, PPBC LNPs possess remarkable photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) imaging capabilities, enabling imaging with high-resolution, deep tissue penetration and high sensitivity for tracking drug biodistribution and phototherapy efficacy. Specifically, PA imaging confirms the efficient accumulation of PPBC LNPs within tumor and predicts therapeutic outcomes of photodynamic therapy, while FL imaging confirms their prolonged retention at the tumor site for up to 6 days. PPBC LNPs significantly suppress bladder tumor growth, with several tumors completely ablated following just two doses of the nanoparticles and laser treatment. Additionally, PPBC LNPs were formulated with lipid-based excipients and assembled using microfluidic technology to enhance biocompatibility, stability, and scalability, showing potential for clinical translation. This versatile nanoparticle represents a promising candidate for further development in bladder cancer therapy.

### 325. [Tailoring Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase via MoS2 Sacrificial Thin Film for Li-Free All-Solid-State Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tailoring-artificial-solid-electrolyte-interphase-via-mos2-sacrificial-thin-film-for-li-free-all-solid-state-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01729-w]
Anode-free all-solid-state batteries (AFASSBs) are potential candidates for next-generation electric mobility devices that offer superior energy density and stability by eliminating Li from the anode. However, despite its potential to stabilize the interface between sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs) and anode-free current collectors (CCs) efficiently, a controllable approach to incorporating MoS2 into AFASSBs has not yet been found. Herein, we propose a strategy for stabilizing the interface of Li-free all-solid-state batteries using controllable MoS2 sacrificial thin films. MoS2 was controllably grown on CCs by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition, and the MoS2 sacrificial layer in contact with the SEs formed an interlayer composed of Mo metal and Li2S through a conversion reaction. In the AFASSBs with MoS2, Mo significantly reduces the nucleation overpotential of Li, which results in uniform Li plating. In addition, MoS2-based Li2S facilitates the formation of a uniform and robust SE interface, thereby enhancing the stability of AFASSBs. Based on these advantages, cells fabricated with MoS2 exhibited better performance as both asymmetrical and full cells with LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathodes than did cells without MoS2. Moreover, the cell performance was affected by the MoS2 size, and full cells having an optimal MoS2 thickness demonstrated a 1.18-fold increase in the initial discharge capacity and a sevenfold improvement in capacity retention relative to SUS CCs. This study offers a promising path for exploiting the full potential of MoS2 for interface stabilization and efficient AFASSB applications.

### 326. [Joule Heating-Driven sp2-C Domains Modulation in Biomass Carbon for High-Performance Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/joule-heating-driven-sp2-c-domains-modulation-in-biomass-carbon-for-high-performance-bifunctional-oxygen-electrocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01725-0]
Natural biomass-derived carbon material is one promising alternative to traditional graphene-based catalyst for oxygen electrocatalysis. However, their electrocatalytic performance were constrained by the limited modulating strategy. Herein, using N-doped commercial coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC) as catalyst model, the controllably enhanced sp2-C domains, through an flash Joule heating process, effectively improve the edge defect density and overall graphitization degree of AC catalyst, which tunes the electronic structure of N configurations and accelerates electron transfer, leading to excellent oxygen reduction reaction performance (half-wave potential of 0.884 VRHE, equivalent to commercial 20% Pt/C, with a higher kinetic current density of 5.88 mA cm−2) and oxygen evolution reaction activity (overpotential of 295 mV at 10 mA cm2). In a Zn-air battery, the catalyst shows outstanding cycle stability (over 1200 h) and a peak power density of 121 mW cm−2, surpassing commercial Pt/C and RuO2 catalysts. Density functional theory simulation reveals that the enhanced catalytic activity arises from the axial regulation of local sp2-C domains. This work establishes a robust strategy for sp2-C domain modulation, offering broad applicability in natural biomass-based carbon catalysts for electrocatalysis.

### 327. [BiOCl Atomic Layers with Electrons Enriched Active Sites Exposed for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Overall Splitting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/biocl-atomic-layers-with-electrons-enriched-active-sites-exposed-for-efficient-photocatalytic-co2-overall-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01723-2]
Given the limited exposure of active sites and the retarded separation of photogenerated charge carriers in those developed photocatalysts, photocatalytic CO2 splitting into value-added chemicals has suffered from the poor activity and remained in great challenge for real application. Herein, hydrothermally synthesized BiOCl with layered structure (BOCNSs) was exfoliated into thickness reduced nanosheets (BOCNSs-w) and even atomic layers (BOCNSs-i) via ultrasonication in water and isopropanol, respectively. In comparison with the pristine BOCNSs, the exfoliated BiOCl, especially BOCNSs-i with atomically layered structure, exhibits much improved photocatalytic activity for CO2 overall splitting to produce CO and O2 at a stoichiometric ratio of 2:1, with CO evolution rate reaching 134.8 µmol g−1 h−1 under simulated solar light (1.7 suns). By surpassing the photocatalytic performances of the state-of-the-art BilOmXn (X: Cl, Br, I) based photocatalysts, the CO evolution rate is further increased by 99 times, reaching 13.3 mmol g−1 h−1 under concentrated solar irradiation (34 suns). This excellent photocatalytic performance achieved over BOCNSs-i should be benefited from the shortened transfer distance and the increased built-in electric field intensity, which accelerates the migration of photogenerated charge carriers to surface. Moreover, with oxygen vacancies (VO) introduced into the atomic layers, BOCNSs-i is exposed with the electrons enriched Bi active sites that could transfer electrons to activate CO2 molecules for highly efficient and selective CO production, by lowering the energy barrier of rate-determining step (RDS), *OH + *CO2− → HCO3−. It is also realized that the H2O vapor supplied during photocatalytic reaction would exchange oxygen atoms with CO2, which could alter the reaction pathways and further reduce the energy barrier of RDS, contributing to the dramatically improved photocatalytic performance for CO2 overall splitting to CO and O2.

### 328. [Single-Crystal Diamond Nanowires Embedded with Platinum Nanoparticles for High-Temperature Solar-Blind Photodetector](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/single-crystal-diamond-nanowires-embedded-with-platinum-nanoparticles-for-high-temperature-solar-blind-photodetector) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01746-9]
Diamond, an ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor material, is promising for solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors in extreme environments. However, when exposed to high-temperature conditions, diamond photodetector surfaces are unavoidably terminated with oxygen, leading to low photoresponsivity. To address this limitation, single-crystalline diamond nanowires (DNWs) embedded with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were developed using Pt film deposition followed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) homoepitaxial growth. During the CVD, Pt nanoparticles (approximately 20 nm in diameter) undergo dewetting and become uniformly embedded within the single-crystalline DNWs. Photodetectors fabricated with these Pt nanoparticles-embedded DNWs achieve a responsivity of 68.5 A W−1 under 220 nm illumination at room temperature, representing an improvement of approximately 2000 times compared to oxygen-terminated bulk diamond devices. Notably, the responsivity further increases with temperature, reaching an exceptional value of 3098.7 A W−1 at 275 °C. This outstanding performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the one-dimensional nanowire structure, deep-level defects, the localized surface plasmon resonance effects induced by embedded Pt nanoparticles, and localized Schottky junctions at the Pt/diamond interface, which enhance optical absorption, carrier generation, and separation efficiency. These results highlight the significant potential of Pt nanoparticles-embedded DNWs for advanced deep ultraviolet detection in harsh environments, including aerospace, industrial monitoring, and other applications.

### 329. [Cost Effectivities Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells: Will it Outperform Crystalline Silicon Ones?](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cost-effectivities-analysis-of-perovskite-solar-cells-will-it-outperform-crystalline-silicon-ones) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01744-x]
The commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has garnered worldwide attention and many efforts were devoted on the improvement of efficiency and stability. Here, we estimated the cost effectivities of PSCs based on the current industrial condition. Through the analysis of current process, the manufacturing cost and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of PSCs is estimated as 0.57 $ W−1 and 18–22 US cents (kWh)−1, respectively, and we demonstrate the materials cost shares 70% of the total cost. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the improvement of efficiency, yield and decrease in materials cost significantly reduce the cost of the modules. Analysis of the module cost and LCOE indicates that the PSCs have the potential to outperform the silicon solar cells in the condition of over 25% efficiency and 25-year lifetime in future. To achieve this target, it is essential to further refine the fabrication processes of each layer in the module, develop stable inorganic transport materials, and precisely control material formation and processing at the microscale and nanoscale to enhance charge transport.

### 330. [Integrating Hard Silicon for High-Performance Soft Electronics via Geometry Engineering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/integrating-hard-silicon-for-high-performance-soft-electronics-via-geometry-engineering) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01724-1]
Soft electronics, which are designed to function under mechanical deformation (such as bending, stretching, and folding), have become essential in applications like wearable electronics, artificial skin, and brain-machine interfaces. Crystalline silicon is one of the most mature and reliable materials for high-performance electronics; however, its intrinsic brittleness and rigidity pose challenges for integrating it into soft electronics. Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by utilizing structural design techniques to impart flexibility and stretchability to Si-based materials, such as transforming them into thin nanomembranes or nanowires. This review summarizes key strategies in geometry engineering for integrating crystalline silicon into soft electronics, from the use of hard silicon islands to creating out-of-plane foldable silicon nanofilms on flexible substrates, and ultimately to shaping silicon nanowires using vapor–liquid–solid or in-plane solid–liquid–solid techniques. We explore the latest developments in Si-based soft electronic devices, with applications in sensors, nanoprobes, robotics, and brain-machine interfaces. Finally, the paper discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions to enable the widespread adoption of silicon-based flexible electronics.

### 331. [100% Conversion of CO2–CH4 with Non-Precious Co@ZnO Catalyst in Hot Water](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/100-conversion-of-co2ch4-with-non-precious-cozno-catalyst-in-hot-water) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01711-6]
The combination of solar energy and natural hydrothermal systems will innovate the chemistry of CO2 hydrogenation; however, the approach remains challenging due to the lack of robust and cost-effective catalytic system. Here, Zn which can be recycled with solar energy-induced approach was chosen as the reductant and Co as catalyst to achieve robust hydrothermal CO2 methanation. Nanosheets of honeycomb ZnO were grown in situ on the Co surface, resulting in a new motif (Co@ZnO catalyst) that inhibits Co deactivation through ZnO-assisted CoOx reduction. The stabilized Co and interaction between Co and ZnO functioned collaboratively toward the full conversion of CO2–CH4. In situ hydrothermal infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of formic acid as an intermediate, thereby avoiding CO formation and unwanted side reaction pathways. This study presents a straightforward one-step process for both highly efficient CO2 conversion and catalyst synthesis, paving the way for solar-driven CO2 methanation.

### 332. [Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Aramid Nanofibers Aerogel Exhibiting High-Efficiency Thermoelectric Conversion and Precise Temperature Monitoring for Firefighting Clothing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/muscle-inspired-anisotropic-aramid-nanofibers-aerogel-exhibiting-high-efficiency-thermoelectric-conversion-and-precise-temperature-monitoring-for-firefighting-clothing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01728-x]
Enhancing the firefighting protective clothing with exceptional thermal barrier and temperature sensing functions to ensure high fire safety for firefighters has long been anticipated, but it remains a major challenge. Herein, inspired by the human muscle, an anisotropic fire safety aerogel (ACMCA) with precise self-actuated temperature monitoring performance is developed by combining aramid nanofibers with eicosane/MXene to form an anisotropically oriented conductive network. By combining the two synergies of the negative temperature-dependent thermal conductive eicosane, which induces a high-temperature differential, and directionally ordered MXene that establishes a conductive network along the directional freezing direction. The resultant ACMCA exhibited remarkable thermoelectric properties, with S values reaching 46.78 μV K−1 and κ values as low as 0.048 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature. Moreover, the prepared anisotropic aerogel ACMCA exhibited electrical responsiveness to temperature variations, facilitating its application in intelligent temperature monitoring systems. The designed anisotropic aerogel ACMCA could be incorporated into the firefighting clothing as a thermal barrier layer, demonstrating a wide temperature sensing range (50–400 °C) and a rapid response time for early high-temperature alerts (~1.43 s). This work provides novel insights into the design and application of temperature-sensitive anisotropic aramid nanofibers aerogel in firefighting clothing.

### 333. [Intelligent Point-of-Care Biosensing Platform Based on Luminescent Nanoparticles and Microfluidic Biochip with Machine Vision Algorithm Analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-point-of-care-biosensing-platform-based-on-luminescent-nanoparticles-and-microfluidic-biochip-with-machine-vision-algorithm-analysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01745-w]
Realizing the point-of-care tumor markers biodetection with good convenience and high sensitivity possesses great significance for prompting cancer monitoring and screening in biomedical study field. Herein, the quantum dots luminescence and microfluidic biochip with machine vision algorithm-based intelligent biosensing platform have been designed and manufactured for point-of-care tumor markers diagnostics. The employed quantum dots with excellent photoluminescent performance are modified with specific antibody as the optical labeling agents for the designed sandwich structure immunoassay. The corresponding biosensing investigations of the designed biodetection platform illustrate several advantages involving high sensitivity (~0.021 ng mL−1), outstanding accessibility, and great integrability. Moreover, related test results of human-sourced artificial saliva samples demonstrate better detection capabilities compared with commercially utilized rapid test strips. Combining these infusive abilities, our elaborate biosensing platform is expected to exhibit potential applications for the future point-of-care tumor markers diagnostic area.

### 334. [Low-Power Memristor for Neuromorphic Computing: From Materials to Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/low-power-memristor-for-neuromorphic-computing-from-materials-to-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01705-4]
As an emerging memory device, memristor shows great potential in neuromorphic computing applications due to its advantage of low power consumption. This review paper focuses on the application of low-power-based memristors in various aspects. The concept and structure of memristor devices are introduced. The selection of functional materials for low-power memristors is discussed, including ion transport materials, phase change materials, magnetoresistive materials, and ferroelectric materials. Two common types of memristor arrays, 1T1R and 1S1R crossbar arrays are introduced, and physical diagrams of edge computing memristor chips are discussed in detail. Potential applications of low-power memristors in advanced multi-value storage, digital logic gates, and analogue neuromorphic computing are summarized. Furthermore, the future challenges and outlook of neuromorphic computing based on memristor are deeply discussed.

### 335. [Breaking Boundaries: Advancing Trisulfur Radical-Mediated Catalysis for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/breaking-boundaries-advancing-trisulfur-radical-mediated-catalysis-for-high-performance-lithiumsulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01710-7]
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have attracted significant attention due to their high theoretical energy density and low-cost raw materials. However, LSBs still face various challenges in practical applications, particularly the shuttle effect, electrode passivation, and slow kinetics. In recent years, trisulfur radicals (TRs), important intermediates in LSBs, have emerged as a promising and beyond-traditional solution to these problems, which serves as a mediated catalyst to improve the electrochemical performance of LSBs. As a system that is inconsistent with the catalytic conversion process discussed in the traditional LSBs, this review focuses on the generation, detection, promotion, and catalytic roles of TRs, especially emphasizing the formation of TRs in solid-state lapis lazuli analogs and discussing the pros and cons of high donor number solvents and/or their co-solvents in stabilizing TRs. Strategies involving homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysts are discussed for increment of TRs and enhancing catalytic reactions in LSBs. Ultimately, given TRs’ significant potential as a key factor in enhancing the performance of LSBs, future perspectives and outlooks are provided to guide the further development of TRs in LSBs. This review provides valuable insights into the design of electrolytes and catalysts for increment of TRs, paving the new practical direction and way for advanced LSBs.

### 336. [Sustainable Materials Enabled Terahertz Functional Devices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sustainable-materials-enabled-terahertz-functional-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01732-1]
Terahertz (THz) devices, owing to their distinctive optical properties, have achieved myriad applications in diverse domains including wireless communication, medical imaging therapy, hazardous substance detection, and environmental governance. Concurrently, to mitigate the environmental impact of electronic waste generated by traditional materials, sustainable materials-based THz functional devices are being explored for further research by taking advantages of their eco-friendliness, cost-effective, enhanced safety, robust biodegradability and biocompatibility. This review focuses on the origins and distinctive biological structures of sustainable materials as well as succinctly elucidates the latest applications in THz functional device fabrication, including wireless communication devices, macromolecule detection sensors, environment monitoring sensors, and biomedical therapeutic devices. We further highlight recent applications of sustainable materials-based THz functional devices in hazardous substance detection, protein-based macromolecule detection, and environmental monitoring. Besides, this review explores the developmental prospects of integrating sustainable materials with THz functional devices, presenting their potential applications in the future.

### 337. [Review on MXenes-Based Electrocatalysts for High-Energy-Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/review-on-mxenes-based-electrocatalysts-for-high-energy-density-lithiumsulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01726-z]
Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) hold significant promise as advanced energy storage systems due to their high energy density, low cost, and environmental advantages. However, despite recent advancements, their practical energy density still falls short of the levels required for commercial viability. The energy density is critically dependent on both sulfur loading and the amount of electrolyte used. High-sulfur loading coupled with lean electrolyte conditions presents several challenges, including the insulating nature of sulfur and Li2S, insufficient electrolyte absorption, degradation of the cathode structure, severe lithium polysulfide shuttling, slow redox reaction kinetics, and instability of the Li metal anode. MXenes-based materials, with their metallic conductivity, large polar surfaces, and abundant active sites, have been identified as promising electrocatalysts to improve the redox reactions in LSBs. This review focuses on the significance and challenges associated with high-sulfur loading and lean electrolytes in LSBs, highlighting recent advancements in MXenes-based electrocatalysts aimed at optimizing sulfur cathodes and lithium anodes. It provides a comprehensive discussion on MXenes as both active materials and substrates in LSBs, with the goal of enhancing understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that govern sulfur conversion reactions and lithium plating/stripping behavior. Finally, the review explores future opportunities for MXenes-based electrocatalysts, paving the way for the practical application of LSBs.

### 338. [Pulse-Charging Energy Storage for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Frequency Modulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pulse-charging-energy-storage-for-triboelectric-nanogenerator-based-on-frequency-modulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01714-3]
Energy harvesting storage hybrid devices have garnered considerable attention as self-rechargeable power sources for wireless and ubiquitous electronics. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a common type of energy harvester, generate alternating current-based, irregular short pulses, posing a challenge for storing the generated electrical energy in energy storage systems that typically operate with direct current (DC)-based low-frequency response. In this study, we propose a new strategy that leverages high-frequency response to develop efficient chargeable TENG–supercapacitor (SC) hybrid devices. A high-frequency SC was fabricated using hollow-structured MXene electrode materials, resulting in a twofold increase in the charging efficiency of the hybrid device compared to a control SC made with conventional carbon electrode materials. For a systematic understanding, the electrochemical interplay between the TENGs and SCs was investigated as a function of the frequency characteristics of SCs (fSC) and the output pulse duration of TENGs (ΔtTENG). Increasing the fSC·ΔtTENG enhanced the charging efficiency of the TENG–SC hybrid devices. This study highlights the importance of frequency response design in developing efficient chargeable TENG–SC hybrid devices.

### 339. [Highly Permeable and Liquid-Repellent Textiles with Micro-Nano-Networks for Medical and Health Protection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highly-permeable-and-liquid-repellent-textiles-with-micro-nano-networks-for-medical-and-health-protection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01716-1]
Current protective clothing often lacks sufficient comfort to ensure efficient performance of healthcare workers. Developing protective textiles with high air and moisture permeability is a potential and effective solution to discomfort of medical protective clothing. However, realizing the facile production of a protective textile that combines safety and comfort remains a challenge. Herein, we report the fabrication of highly permeable protective textiles (HPPT) with micro/nano-networks, using non-solvent induced phase separation synergistically driven by CaCl2 and fluorinated polyurethane, combined with spraying technique. The HPPT demonstrates excellent liquid repellency and comfort, ensuring high safety and a dry microenvironment for the wearer. The textile exhibits not only a high hydrostatic pressure (12.86 kPa) due to its tailored small mean pore size (1.03 μm) and chemical composition, but also demonstrates excellent air permeability (14.24 mm s−1) and moisture permeability (7.92 kg m−2 d−1) owing to the rational combination of small pore size and high porosity (69%). The HPPT offers superior comfort compared to the commercially available protective materials. Additionally, we elucidated a molding mechanism synergistically inducted by diffusion–dissolution-phase separation. This research provides an innovative perspective on enhancing the comfort of medical protective clothing and offers theoretical support for regulating of pore structure during phase separations.

### 340. [Achieving 20% Toluene-Processed Binary Organic Solar Cells via Secondary Regulation of Donor Aggregation in Sequential Processing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-20-toluene-processed-binary-organic-solar-cells-via-secondary-regulation-of-donor-aggregation-in-sequential-processing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01715-2]
Sequential processing (SqP) of the active layer offers independent optimization of the donor and acceptor with more targeted solvent design, which is considered the most promising strategy for achieving efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). In the SqP method, the favorable interpenetrating network seriously depends on the fine control of the bottom layer swelling. However, the choice of solvent(s) for both the donor and acceptor have been mostly based on a trial-and-error manner. A single solvent often cannot achieve sufficient yet not excessive swelling, which has long been a difficulty in the high efficient SqP OSCs. Herein, two new isomeric molecules are introduced to fine-tune the nucleation and crystallization dynamics that allows judicious control over the swelling of the bottom layer. The strong non-covalent interaction between the isomeric molecule and active materials provides an excellent driving force for optimize the swelling-process. Among them, the molecule with high dipole moment promotes earlier nucleation of the PM6 and provides extended time for crystallization during SqP, improving bulk morphology and vertical phase segregation. As a result, champion efficiencies of 17.38% and 20.00% (certified 19.70%) are achieved based on PM6/PYF-T-o (all-polymer) and PM6/BTP-eC9 devices casted by toluene solvent.

### 341. [An Ultra-Thin Wearable Thermoelectric Paster Based on Structured Organic Ion Gel Electrolyte](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-ultra-thin-wearable-thermoelectric-paster-based-on-structured-organic-ion-gel-electrolyte) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01721-4]
Thermoelectric technology that utilizes thermodynamic effects to convert thermal energy into electrical energy has greatly expanded wearable health monitoring, personalized detecting, and communicating applications. Encouragingly, thermoelectric technology assisted by artificial intelligence exerts great development potential in wearable electronic devices that rely on the self-sustainable operation of human body heat. Ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) devices that possess high Seebeck coefficients and a constant and stable electrical output are expected to achieve an effective conversation of thermal energy harvesting. Herein, we developed an i-TE paster for thermal chargeable energy storage, temperature-triggered material recognition, contact/non-contact temperature detection, and photo thermoelectric conversion applications. An all-solid-state organic ionic gel electrolyte (PVDF-HFP-PEO gel) with onion epidermal cells-like structure was sandwiched between two electrodes, which take full advantage of a synergy between the Soret effect and the polymer thermal expansion effect, thus achieving the enhanced ZT value up to 900% compared with the PEO-free electrolyte. The i-TE device delivers a Seebeck coefficient of 28 mV K−1, a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 1.3% in performance, and ultra-thin and skin-attachable properties in wearability, which demonstrate the great potential and application prospect of the i-TE paster in self-sustainable wearable electronics.

### 342. [Boosting Sensitivity of Cellulose Pressure Sensor via Hierarchically Porous Structure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/boosting-sensitivity-of-cellulose-pressure-sensor-via-hierarchically-porous-structure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01718-z]
Pressure sensors are essential for a wide range of applications, including health monitoring, industrial diagnostics, etc. However, achieving both high sensitivity and mechanical ability to withstand high pressure in a single material remains a significant challenge. This study introduces a high-performance cellulose hydrogel inspired by the biomimetic layered porous structure of human skin. The hydrogel features a novel design composed of a soft layer with large macropores and a hard layer with small micropores, each of which contribute uniquely to its pressure-sensing capabilities. The macropores in the soft part facilitate significant deformation and charge accumulation, providing exceptional sensitivity to low pressures. In contrast, the microporous structure in the hard part enhances pressure range, ensuring support under high pressures and preventing structural failure. The performance of hydrogel is further optimized through ion introduction, which improves its conductivity, and as well the sensitivity. The sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity of 1622 kPa⁻¹, a detection range up to 160 kPa, excellent conductivity of 4.01 S m⁻¹, rapid response time of 33 ms, and a low detection limit of 1.6 Pa, outperforming most existing cellulose-based sensors. This innovative hierarchically porous architecture not only enhances the pressure-sensing performance but also offers a simple and effective approach for utilizing natural polymers in sensing technologies. The cellulose hydrogel demonstrates significant potential in both health monitoring and industrial applications, providing a sensitive, durable, and versatile solution for pressure sensing.

### 343. [Engineering Bipolar Doping in a Janus Dual-Atom Catalyst for Photo-Enhanced Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/engineering-bipolar-doping-in-a-janus-dual-atom-catalyst-for-photo-enhanced-rechargeable-zn-air-battery) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01707-2]
Harnessing solar energy to enhance the rechargeable zinc–air batteries (RZABs) performance is a promising avenue toward sustainable energy storage and conversion. Simultaneously enhancing light-absorption capacity and carrier separation efficiency in nanomaterials, as well as improving electrical conductivity and configuration for electrocatalysis, presents a formidable challenge due to inherent trade-offs and interdependencies. Here, we have developed a Janus dual-atom catalyst (JDAC) with bifunctional centers for efficient charge separation and electrocatalytic performance through a bipolar doping strategy. The in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure and Raman spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the Ni and Fe centers in JDAC not only function as effective sites for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction, respectively, but also serve as efficient hole and electron enrichment sites, effectively suppressing photoelectron recombination while enhancing photocurrent generation. As a result, the assembled JDAC-based light-assisted RZABs exhibited extraordinary stability at large current densities. This work delivers pivotal insight to design Janus dual-atom catalysts that efficiently convert solar energy into electric and chemical energy.

### 344. [Tunable Platform Capacity of Metal–Organic Frameworks via High-Entropy Strategy for Ultra-Fast Sodium Storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tunable-platform-capacity-of-metalorganic-frameworks-via-high-entropy-strategy-for-ultra-fast-sodium-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01706-3]
Precise regulation of the platform capacity/voltage of electrode materials contributes to the efficient operation of sodium-ion fast-charging devices. However, the design of such electrode materials is still in a blank stage. Herein, based on tunable metal–organic frameworks, we have designed a novel material system—two-dimensional high-entropy metal–organic frameworks (HE-MOFs), which exhibits unique properties in sodium storage and is of vital importance for realizing fast-charging batteries. Furthermore, we have found that the high-entropy effect can regulate the electronic structure, the sodium-ion migration environment, and the sodium-ion storage active sites, thereby meeting the requirements of electrode materials for sodium-ion fast-charging devices. Impressively, the HE-MOFs material still maintains a reversible specific capacity of 89 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 A g−1. It presents an ideal sodium storage voltage plateau of approximately 0.5 V, and its platform capacity is increased to 122.7 mAh g−1, far superior to that of Mn-MOFs (with no platform capacity). This helps to reduce safety hazards during the fast-charging process and demonstrates its great application value in the fields of fast-charging sodium-ion batteries and capacitors. Our research findings have broken the barriers to the application of non-conductive MOFs as energy storage materials, enhanced the understanding of the regulation of platform capacity and voltage, and paved the way for the realization of high-security sodium-ion fast-charging devices.

### 345. [Catalysis-Induced Highly-Stable Interface on Porous Silicon for High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/catalysis-induced-highly-stable-interface-on-porous-silicon-for-high-rate-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01701-8]
Silicon stands as a key anode material in lithium-ion battery ascribing to its high energy density. Nevertheless, the poor rate performance and limited cycling life remain unresolved through conventional approaches that involve carbon composites or nanostructures, primarily due to the un-controllable effects arising from the substantial formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during the cycling. Here, an ultra-thin and homogeneous Ti doping alumina oxide catalytic interface is meticulously applied on the porous Si through a synergistic etching and hydrolysis process. This defect-rich oxide interface promotes a selective adsorption of fluoroethylene carbonate, leading to a catalytic reaction that can be aptly described as “molecular concentration-in situ conversion”. The resultant inorganic-rich SEI layer is electrochemical stable and favors ion-transport, particularly at high-rate cycling and high temperature. The robustly shielded porous Si, with a large surface area, achieves a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 84.7% and delivers exceptional high-rate performance at 25 A g−1 (692 mAh g−1) and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 1000 cycles. The robust SEI constructed through a precious catalytic layer promises significant advantages for the fast development of silicon-based anode in fast-charging batteries.

### 346. [Cationic Adsorption-Induced Microlevelling Effect: A Pathway to Dendrite-Free Zinc Anodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cationic-adsorption-induced-microlevelling-effect-a-pathway-to-dendrite-free-zinc-anodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01709-0]
Dendrite growth represents one of the most significant challenges that impede the development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Herein, Gd3+ ions are introduced into conventional electrolytes as a microlevelling agent to achieve dendrite-free zinc electrodeposition. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that these Gd3+ ions are preferentially adsorbed onto the zinc surface, which enables dendrite-free zinc anodes by activating the microlevelling effect during electrodeposition. In addition, the Gd3+ additives effectively inhibit side reactions and facilitate the desolvation of [Zn(H2O)6]2+, leading to highly reversible zinc plating/stripping. Due to these improvements, the zinc anode demonstrates a significantly prolonged cycle life of 2100 h and achieves an exceptional average Coulombic efficiency of 99.72% over 1400 cycles. More importantly, the Zn//NH4V4O10 full cell shows a high capacity retention rate of 85.6% after 1000 cycles. This work not only broadens the application of metallic cations in battery electrolytes but also provides fundamental insights into their working mechanisms.

### 347. [Bioinspired Electrolyte-Gated Organic Synaptic Transistors: From Fundamental Requirements to Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bioinspired-electrolyte-gated-organic-synaptic-transistors-from-fundamental-requirements-to-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01708-1]
Rapid development of artificial intelligence requires the implementation of hardware systems with bioinspired parallel information processing and presentation and energy efficiency. Electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs) offer significant advantages as neuromorphic devices due to their ultra-low operation voltages, minimal hardwired connectivity, and similar operation environment as electrophysiology. Meanwhile, ionic–electronic coupling and the relatively low elastic moduli of organic channel materials make EGOTs suitable for interfacing with biology. This review presents an overview of the device architectures based on organic electrochemical transistors and organic field-effect transistors. Furthermore, we review the requirements of low energy consumption and tunable synaptic plasticity of EGOTs in emulating biological synapses and how they are affected by the organic materials, electrolyte, architecture, and operation mechanism. In addition, we summarize the basic operation principle of biological sensory systems and the recent progress of EGOTs as a building block in artificial systems. Finally, the current challenges and future development of the organic neuromorphic devices are discussed.

### 348. [High-Temperature Stealth Across Multi-Infrared and Microwave Bands with Efficient Radiative Thermal Management](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-temperature-stealth-across-multi-infrared-and-microwave-bands-with-efficient-radiative-thermal-management) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01712-5]
High-temperature stealth is vital for enhancing the concealment, survivability, and longevity of critical assets. However, achieving stealth across multiple infrared bands—particularly in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) band—along with microwave stealth and efficient thermal management at high temperatures, remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a strategy that integrates an IR-selective emitter (Mo/Si multilayer films) and a microwave metasurface (TiB2–Al2O3–TiB2) to enable multi-infrared band stealth, encompassing mid-wave infrared (MWIR), long-wave infrared (LWIR), and SWIR bands, and microwave (X-band) stealth at 700 °C, with simultaneous radiative cooling in non-atmospheric window (5–8 μm). At 700 °C, the device exhibits low emissivity of 0.38/0.44/0.60 in the MWIR/LWIR/SWIR bands, reflection loss below −3 dB in the X-band (9.6–12 GHz), and high emissivity of 0.82 in 5–8 μm range—corresponding to a cooling power of 9.57 kW m−2. Moreover, under an input power of 17.3 kW m−2—equivalent to the aerodynamic heating at Mach 2.2—the device demonstrates a temperature reduction of 72.4 °C compared to a conventional low-emissivity molybdenum surface at high temperatures. This work provides comprehensive guidance on high-temperature stealth design, with far-reaching implications for multispectral information processing and thermal management in extreme high-temperature environments.

### 349. [An Overview of Dynamic Descriptions for Nanoscale Materials in Particulate Photocatalytic Systems from Spatiotemporal Perspectives](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-overview-of-dynamic-descriptions-for-nanoscale-materials-in-particulate-photocatalytic-systems-from-spatiotemporal-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01687-3]
Particulate photocatalytic systems using nanoscale photocatalysts have been developed as an attractive promising route for solar energy utilization to achieve resource sustainability and environmental harmony. Dynamic obstacles are considered as the dominant inhibition for attaining satisfactory energy-conversion efficiency. The complexity in light absorption and carrier transfer behaviors has remained to be further clearly illuminated. It is challenging to trace the fast evolution of charge carriers involved in transfer migration and interfacial reactions within a micro–nano-single-particle photocatalyst, which requires spatiotemporal high resolution. In this review, comprehensive dynamic descriptions including irradiation field, carrier separation and transfer, and interfacial reaction processes have been elucidated and discussed. The corresponding mechanisms for revealing dynamic behaviors have been explained. In addition, numerical simulation and modeling methods have been illustrated for the description of the irradiation field. Experimental measurements and spatiotemporal characterizations have been clarified for the reflection of carrier behavior and probing detection of interfacial reactions. The representative applications have been introduced according to the reported advanced research works, and the relationships between mechanistic conclusions from variable spatiotemporal measurements and photocatalytic performance results in the specific photocatalytic reactions have been concluded. This review provides a collective perspective for the full understanding and thorough evaluation of the primary dynamic processes, which would be inspired for the improvement in designing solar-driven energy-conversion systems based on nanoscale particulate photocatalysts.

### 350. [Physics of 2D Materials for Developing Smart Devices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/physics-of-2d-materials-for-developing-smart-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01635-7]
Rapid industrialization advancements have grabbed worldwide attention to integrate a very large number of electronic components into a smaller space for performing multifunctional operations. To fulfill the growing computing demand state-of-the-art materials are required for substituting traditional silicon and metal oxide semiconductors frameworks. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown their tremendous potential surpassing the limitations of conventional materials for developing smart devices. Despite their ground-breaking progress over the last two decades, systematic studies providing in-depth insights into the exciting physics of 2D materials are still lacking. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the importance of 2D materials in bridging the gap between conventional and advanced technologies due to their distinct statistical and quantum physics. Moreover, the inherent properties of these materials could easily be tailored to meet the specific requirements of smart devices. Hence, we discuss the physics of various 2D materials enabling them to fabricate smart devices. We also shed light on promising opportunities in developing smart devices and identified the formidable challenges that need to be addressed.

### 351. [In Situ Partial-Cyclized Polymerized Acrylonitrile-Coated NCM811 Cathode for High-Temperature ≥ 100 °C Stable Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-partial-cyclized-polymerized-acrylonitrile-coated-ncm811-cathode-for-high-temperature-100-c-stable-solid-state-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01683-7]
High-nickel ternary cathodes hold a great application prospect in solid-state lithium metal batteries to achieve high-energy density, but they still suffer from structural instability and detrimental side reactions with the solid-state electrolytes. To circumvent these issues, a continuous uniform layer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was introduced on the surface of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 via in situ polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). Furthermore, the partial-cyclized treatment of PAN (cPAN) coating layer presents high ionic and electron conductivity, which can accelerate interfacial Li+ and electron diffusion simultaneously. And the thermodynamically stabilized cPAN coating layer cannot only effectively inhibit detrimental side reactions between cathode and solid-state electrolytes but also provide a homogeneous stress to simultaneously address the problems of bulk structural degradation, which contributes to the exceptional mechanical and electrochemical stabilities of the modified electrode. Besides, the coordination bond interaction between the cPAN and NCM811 can suppress the migration of Ni to elevate the stability of the crystal structure. Benefited from these, the In-cPAN-260@NCM811 shows excellent cycling performance with a retention of 86.8% after 300 cycles and superior rate capability. And endow the solid-state battery with thermal safety stability even at high-temperature extreme environment. This facile and scalable surface engineering represents significant progress in developing high-performance solid-state lithium metal batteries.

### 352. [Selective Emission Fabric for Indoor and Outdoor Passive Radiative Cooling in Personal Thermal Management](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/selective-emission-fabric-for-indoor-and-outdoor-passive-radiative-cooling-in-personal-thermal-management) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01713-4]
Radiative cooling fabric creates a thermally comfortable environment without energy input, providing a sustainable approach to personal thermal management. However, most currently reported fabrics mainly focus on outdoor cooling, ignoring to achieve simultaneous cooling both indoors and outdoors, thereby weakening the overall cooling performance. Herein, a full-scale structure fabric with selective emission properties is constructed for simultaneous indoor and outdoor cooling. The fabric achieves 94% reflectance performance in the sunlight band (0.3–2.5 µm) and 6% in the mid-infrared band (2.5–25 µm), effectively minimizing heat absorption and radiation release obstruction. It also demonstrates 81% radiative emission performance in the atmospheric window band (8–13 µm) and 25% radiative transmission performance in the mid-infrared band (2.5–25 μm), providing 60 and 26 W m−2 net cooling power outdoors and indoors. In practical applications, the fabric achieves excellent indoor and outdoor human cooling, with temperatures 1.4–5.5 °C lower than typical polydimethylsiloxane film. This work proposes a novel design for the advanced radiative cooling fabric, offering significant potential to realize sustainable personal thermal management.

### 353. [Quasi-Solid Gel Electrolytes for Alkali Metal Battery Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quasi-solid-gel-electrolytes-for-alkali-metal-battery-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01632-w]
Alkali metal batteries (AMBs) have undergone substantial development in portable devices due to their high energy density and durable cycle performance. However, with the rising demand for smart wearable electronic devices, a growing focus on safety and durability becomes increasingly apparent. An effective strategy to address these increased requirements involves employing the quasi-solid gel electrolytes (QSGEs). This review focuses on the application of QSGEs in AMBs, emphasizing four types of gel electrolytes and their influence on battery performance and stability. First, self-healing gels are discussed to prolong battery life and enhance safety through self-repair mechanisms. Then, flexible gels are explored for their mechanical flexibility, making them suitable for wearable devices and flexible electronics. In addition, biomimetic gels inspired by natural designs are introduced for high-performance AMBs. Furthermore, biomass materials gels are presented, derived from natural biomaterials, offering environmental friendliness and biocompatibility. Finally, the perspectives and challenges for future developments are discussed in terms of enhancing the ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and environmental stability of novel gel materials. The review underscores the significant contributions of these QSGEs in enhancing AMBs performance, including increased lifespan, safety, and adaptability, providing new insights and directions for future research and applications in the field.

### 354. [Water-Restrained Hydrogel Electrolytes with Repulsion-Driven Cationic Express Pathways for Durable Zinc-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/water-restrained-hydrogel-electrolytes-with-repulsion-driven-cationic-express-pathways-for-durable-zinc-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01704-5]
The development of flexible zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) faces a three-way trade-off among the ionic conductivity, Zn2+ mobility, and the electrochemical stability of hydrogel electrolytes. To address this challenge, we designed a cationic hydrogel named PAPTMA to holistically improve the reversibility of ZIBs. The long cationic branch chains in the polymeric matrix construct express pathways for rapid Zn2+ transport through an ionic repulsion mechanism, achieving simultaneously high Zn2+ transference number (0.79) and high ionic conductivity (28.7 mS cm−1). Additionally, the reactivity of water in the PAPTMA hydrogels is significantly inhibited, thus possessing a strong resistance to parasitic reactions. Mechanical characterization further reveals the superior tensile and adhesion strength of PAPTMA. Leveraging these properties, symmetric batteries employing PAPTMA hydrogel deliver exceeding 6000 h of reversible cycling at 1 mA cm−2 and maintain stable operation for 1000 h with a discharge of depth of 71%. When applied in 4 × 4 cm2 pouch cells with MnO2 as the cathode material, the device demonstrates remarkable operational stability and mechanical robustness through 150 cycles. This work presents an eclectic strategy for designing advanced hydrogels that combine high ionic conductivity, enhanced Zn2+ mobility, and strong resistance to parasitic reactions, paving the way for long-lasting flexible ZIBs.

### 355. [A Valuable and Low-Budget Process Scheme of Equivalized 1 nm Technology Node Based on 2D Materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-valuable-and-low-budget-process-scheme-of-equivalized-1-nm-technology-node-based-on-2d-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01702-7]
Emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are among the most promising materials for ultra-scaled transistors due to their intrinsic atomic-level thickness. As the stacking process advances, the complexity and cost of nanosheet field-effect transistors (NSFETs) and complementary FET (CFET) continue to rise. The 1 nm technology node is going to be based on Si-CFET process according to international roadmap for devices and systems (IRDS) (2022, https://irds.ieee.org/), but not publicly confirmed, indicating that more possibilities still exist. The miniaturization advantage of 2D semiconductors motivates us to explore their potential for reducing process costs while matching the performance of next-generation nodes in terms of area, power consumption and speed. In this study, a comprehensive framework is built. A set of MoS2 NSFETs were designed and fabricated to extract the key parameters and performances. And then for benchmarking, the sizes of 2D-NSFET are scaled to a extent that both of the Si-CFET and 2D-NSFET have the same average device footprint. Under these conditions, the frequency of ultra-scaled 2D-NSFET is found to improve by 36% at a fixed power consumption. This work verifies the feasibility of replacing silicon-based CFETs of 1 nm node with 2D-NSFETs and proposes a 2D technology solution for 1 nm nodes, i.e., "2D eq 1 nm" nodes. At the same time, thanks to the lower characteristic length of 2D semiconductors, the miniaturized 2D-NSFET achieves a 28% frequency increase at a fixed power consumption. Further, developing a standard cell library, these devices obtain a similar trend in 16-bit RISC-V CPUs. This work quantifies and highlights the advantages of 2D semiconductors in advanced nodes, offering new possibilities for the application of 2D semiconductors in high-speed and low-power integrated circuits.

### 356. [Host–Guest Inversion Engineering Induced Superionic Composite Solid Electrolytes for High-Rate Solid-State Alkali Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hostguest-inversion-engineering-induced-superionic-composite-solid-electrolytes-for-high-rate-solid-state-alkali-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01691-7]
Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are promising for solid-state Li metal batteries but suffer from inferior room-temperature ionic conductivity due to sluggish ion transport and high cost due to expensive active ceramic fillers. Here, a host–guest inversion engineering strategy is proposed to develop superionic CSEs using cost-effective SiO2 nanoparticles as passive ceramic hosts and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVH) microspheres as polymer guests, forming an unprecedented “polymer guest-in-ceramic host” (i.e., PVH-in-SiO2) architecture differing from the traditional “ceramic guest-in-polymer host”. The PVH-in-SiO2 exhibits excellent Li-salt dissociation, achieving high-concentration free Li+. Owing to the low diffusion energy barriers and high diffusion coefficient, the free Li+ is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable to migrate to and transport at the SiO2/PVH interfaces. Consequently, the PVH-in-SiO2 delivers an exceptional ionic conductivity of 1.32 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C (vs. typically 10−5–10−4 S cm−1 using high-cost active ceramics), achieved under an ultralow residual solvent content of 2.9 wt% (vs. 8–15 wt% in other CSEs). Additionally, PVH-in-SiO2 is electrochemically stable with Li anode and various cathodes. Therefore, the PVH-in-SiO2 demonstrates excellent high-rate cyclability in LiFePO4|Li full cells (92.9% capacity-retention at 3C after 300 cycles under 25 °C) and outstanding stability with high-mass-loading LiFePO4 (9.2 mg cm−1) and high-voltage NCM622 (147.1 mAh g−1). Furthermore, we verify the versatility of the host–guest inversion engineering strategy by fabricating Na-ion and K-ion-based PVH-in-SiO2 CSEs with similarly excellent promotions in ionic conductivity. Our strategy offers a simple, low-cost approach to fabricating superionic CSEs for large-scale application of solid-state Li metal batteries and beyond.

### 357. [Porous Microreactor Chip for Photocatalytic Seawater Splitting over 300 Hours at Atmospheric Pressure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/porous-microreactor-chip-for-photocatalytic-seawater-splitting-over-300-hours-at-atmospheric-pressure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01703-6]
Photocatalytic seawater splitting is an attractive way for producing green hydrogen. Significant progresses have been made recently in catalytic efficiencies, but the activity of catalysts can only maintain stable for about 10 h. Here, we develop a vacancy-engineered Ag3PO4/CdS porous microreactor chip photocatalyst, operating in seawater with a performance stability exceeding 300 h. This is achieved by the establishment of both catalytic selectivity for impurity ions and tailored interactions between vacancies and sulfur species. Efficient transport of carriers with strong redox ability is ensured by forming a heterojunction within a space charge region, where the visualization of potential distribution confirms the key design concept of our chip. Moreover, the separation of oxidation and reduction reactions in space inhibits the reverse recombination, making the chip capable of working at atmospheric pressure. Consequently, in the presence of Pt co-catalysts, a high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.81% can be achieved in the whole durability test. When using a fully solar-driven 256 cm2 hydrogen production prototype, a H2 evolution rate of 68.01 mmol h−1 m−2 can be achieved under outdoor insolation. Our findings provide a novel approach to achieve high selectivity, and demonstrate an efficient and scalable prototype suitable for practical solar H2 production.

### 358. [Regulating Water Transport Paths on Porous Transport Layer by Hydrophilic Patterning for Highly Efficient Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/regulating-water-transport-paths-on-porous-transport-layer-by-hydrophilic-patterning-for-highly-efficient-unitized-regenerative-fuel-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01684-6]
While unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) are promising for renewable energy storage, their efficient operation requires simultaneous water management and gas transport, which is challenging from the standpoint of water management. Herein, a novel approach is introduced for examining the alignment hydrophilic pattern of a Ti porous transport layer (PTL) with the flow field of a bipolar plate (BP). UV/ozone patterning and is employed to impart amphiphilic characteristics to the hydrophobic silanized Ti PTL, enabling low-cost and scalable fabrication. The hydrophilic pattern and its alignment with the BP are comprehensively analyzed using electrochemical methods and computational simulations. Notably, the serpentine-patterned (SP) Ti PTL, wherein the hydrophilic channel is directly aligned with the serpentine flow field of the BP, effectively enhances oxygen removal in the water electrolyzer (WE) mode and mitigates water flooding in the fuel cell (FC) mode, ensuring uninterrupted water and gas flow. Further, URFCs with SP configuration exhibit remarkable performance in the WE and FC modes, achieving a significantly improved round-trip efficiency of 25.7% at 2 A cm−2.

### 359. [Observation of Ice-Like Two-Dimensional Flakes on Self-Assembled Protein Monolayer without Nanoconfinement under Ambient Conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/observation-of-ice-like-two-dimensional-flakes-on-self-assembled-protein-monolayer-without-nanoconfinement-under-ambient-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01689-1]
Directly correlating the morphology and composition of interfacial water is vital not only for studying water icing under critical conditions but also for understanding the role of protein–water interactions in bio-relevant systems. In this study, we present a model system to study two-dimensional (2D) water layers under ambient conditions by using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) supporting the physisorption of the Cytochrome C (Cyt C) protein layer. We observed that the 2D island-like water layers were uniformly distributed on the SAMs as characterized by atomic force microscopy, and their composition was confirmed by nano-atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, these 2D flakes could grow under high-humidity conditions or melt upon the introduction of a heat source. The formation of these flakes is attributed to the activation energy for water desorption from the Cyt C being nearly twofold high than that from the SAMs. Our results provide a new and effective method for further understanding the water–protein interactions.

### 360. [Rewritable Triple-Mode Light-Emitting Display](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rewritable-triple-mode-light-emitting-display) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01686-4]
Despite great progress in developing mode-selective light emission technologies based on self-emitting materials, few rewritable displays with mode-selective multiple light emissions have been demonstrated. Herein, we present a rewritable triple-mode light-emitting display enabled by stimuli-interactive fluorescence (FL), room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), and electroluminescence (EL). The display comprises coplanar electrodes separated by a gap, a polymer composite with FL inorganic phosphors (EL/FL layer), and a polymer composite with solvent-responsive RTP additives (RTP layer). Upon 254 nm UV exposure, a dual-mode emission of RTP and FL occurs from the RTP and EL/FL layers, respectively. When a polar liquid, besides water, is applied on the display and an AC field is applied between the coplanar electrodes, EL from the EL/FL layer is triggered, and the display operates in a triple mode. Interestingly, when water is applied to the display, the RTP mode is deactivated, rendering the display to operate in a dual mode of FL and EL. By manipulating the evaporation of the applied polar liquids and water, the mode-selective light emission of FL, RTP, and EL is rewritable in the triple-mode display. Additionally, a high-security full-color information encryption display is demonstrated, wherein the information of digital numbers, letters, and Morse code encoded in one optical mode is only deciphered when properly matched with that encoded in the other two modes. Thus, this article outlines a strategy to fulfill the substantial demand for high-security personalized information based on room-temperature multi-light-emitting displays.

### 361. [Highly Active Oxygen Evolution Integrating with Highly Selective CO2-to-CO Reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highly-active-oxygen-evolution-integrating-with-highly-selective-co2-to-co-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01688-2]
Artificial carbon fixation is a promising pathway for achieving the carbon cycle and environment remediation. However, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and poor selectivity of CO2 reduction seriously limited the overall conversion efficiencies of solar energy to chemical fuels. Herein, we demonstrated a facile and feasible strategy to rationally regulate the coordination environment and electronic structure of surface-active sites on both photoanode and cathode. More specifically, the defect engineering has been employed to reduce the coordination number of ultrathin FeNi catalysts decorated on BiVO4 photoanodes, resulting in one of the highest OER activities of 6.51 mA cm−2 (1.23 VRHE, AM 1.5G). Additionally, single-atom cobalt (II) phthalocyanine anchoring on the N-rich carbon substrates to increase Co–N coordination number remarkably promotes CO2 adsorption and activation for high selective CO production. Their integration achieved a record activity of 109.4 μmol cm−2 h−1 for CO production with a faradaic efficiency of >90%, and an outstanding solar conversion efficiency of 5.41% has been achieved by further integrating a photovoltaic utilizing the sunlight (>500 nm).

### 362. [Rapid Outgassing of Hydrophilic TiO2 Electrodes Achieves Long-Term Stability of Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rapid-outgassing-of-hydrophilic-tio2-electrodes-achieves-long-term-stability-of-anion-exchange-membrane-water-electrolyzers) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01696-2]
The state-of-the-art anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) require highly stable electrodes for prolonged operation. The stability of the electrode is closely linked to the effective evacuation of H2 or O2 gas generated from electrode surface during the electrolysis. In this study, we prepared a super-hydrophilic electrode by depositing porous nickel–iron nanoparticles on annealed TiO2 nanotubes (NiFe/ATNT) for rapid outgassing of such nonpolar gases. The super-hydrophilic NiFe/ATNT electrode exhibited an overpotential of 235 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 M KOH solution, and was utilized as the anode in the AEMWE to achieve a current density of 1.67 A cm−2 at 1.80 V. In addition, the AEMWE with NiFe/ATNT electrode, which enables effective outgassing, showed record stability for 1500 h at 0.50 A cm−2 under harsh temperature conditions of 80 ± 3 °C.

### 363. [Organic Radical-Boosted Ionic Conductivity in Redox Polymer Electrolyte for Advanced Fiber-Shaped Energy Storage Devices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/organic-radical-boosted-ionic-conductivity-in-redox-polymer-electrolyte-for-advanced-fiber-shaped-energy-storage-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01700-9]
Fiber-shaped energy storage devices (FSESDs) with exceptional flexibility for wearable power sources should be applied with solid electrolytes over liquid electrolytes due to short circuits and leakage issue during deformation. Among the solid options, polymer electrolytes are particularly preferred due to their robustness and flexibility, although their low ionic conductivity remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a redox polymer electrolyte (HT_RPE) with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (HT) as a multi-functional additive. HT acts as a plasticizer that transforms the glassy state into the rubbery state for improved chain mobility and provides distinctive ion conduction pathway by the self-exchange reaction between radical and oxidized species. These synergetic effects lead to high ionic conductivity (73.5 mS cm−1) based on a lower activation energy of 0.13 eV than other redox additives. Moreover, HT_RPE with a pseudocapacitive characteristic by HT enables an outstanding electrochemical performance of the symmetric FSESDs using carbon-based fiber electrodes (energy density of 25.4 W h kg−1 at a power density of 25,000 W kg−1) without typical active materials, along with excellent stability (capacitance retention of 91.2% after 8,000 bending cycles). This work highlights a versatile HT_RPE that utilizes the unique functionality of HT for both the high ionic conductivity and improved energy storage capability, providing a promising pathway for next-generation flexible energy storage devices.

### 364. [Manipulating Interfacial Stability via Preferential Absorption for Highly Stable and Safe 4.6 V LiCoO2 Cathode](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/manipulating-interfacial-stability-via-preferential-absorption-for-highly-stable-and-safe-46-v-licoo2-cathode) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01694-4]
Elevating the upper cutoff voltage to 4.6 V could effectively increase the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode, whereas the irreversible structural transition, unstable electrode/electrolyte interface and potentially induced safety hazards severely hinder its industrial application. Building a robust cathode/electrolyte interface film by electrolyte engineering is one of the efficient approaches to boost the performance of high-voltage LCO (HV-LCO); however, the elusive interfacial chemistry poses substantial challenges to the rational design of highly compatible electrolytes. Herein, we propose a novel electrolyte design strategy and screen proper solvents based on two factors: highest occupied molecular orbital energy level and LCO absorption energy. Tris (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate is determined as the optimal solvent, whose low defluorination energy barrier significantly promotes the construction of LiF-rich cathode/electrolyte interface layer on the surface of LCO, thereby eventually suppresses the phase transition and enhances Li+ diffusion kinetics. The rationally designed electrolyte endows graphite||HV-LCO pouch cells with long cycle life (85.3% capacity retention after 700 cycles), wide-temperature adaptability (−60–80 °C) and high safety (pass nail penetration). This work provides new insights into the electrolyte screening and rational design to constructing stable interface for high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

### 365. [Bio-Inspired Ionic Sensors: Transforming Natural Mechanisms into Sensory Technologies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bio-inspired-ionic-sensors-transforming-natural-mechanisms-into-sensory-technologies) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01692-6]
Many natural organisms have evolved unique sensory systems over millions of years that have allowed them to detect various changes in their surrounding environments. Sensory systems feature numerous receptors—such as photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors—that detect various types of external stimuli, including light, pressure, vibration, sound, and chemical substances. These stimuli are converted into electrochemical signals, which are transmitted to the brain to produce the sensations of sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell. Inspired by the biological principles of sensory systems, recent advancements in electronics have led to a wide range of applications in artificial sensors. In the current review, we highlight recent developments in artificial sensors inspired by biological sensory systems utilizing soft ionic materials. The versatile characteristics of these ionic materials are introduced while focusing on their mechanical and electrical properties. The features and working principles of natural and artificial sensing systems are investigated in terms of six categories: vision, tactile, hearing, gustatory, olfactory, and proximity sensing. Lastly, we explore several challenges that must be overcome while outlining future research directions in the field of soft ionic sensors.

### 366. [Design Refinement of Catalytic System for Scale-Up Mild Nitrogen Photo-Fixation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-refinement-of-catalytic-system-for-scale-up-mild-nitrogen-photo-fixation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01695-3]
Ammonia and nitric acid, versatile industrial feedstocks, and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development. However, Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes, which generates carbon dioxide as massive by-product, contribute to greenhouse effects and pose environmental challenges. Thus, the pursuit of nitrogen fixation through carbon–neutral pathways under benign conditions is a frontier of scientific topics, with the harnessing of solar energy emerging as an enticing and viable option. This review delves into the refinement strategies for scale-up mild photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, fields ripe with potential for innovation. The narrative is centered on enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of catalysts to surmount current efficiency barriers. Key focus areas include the in-depth exploration of fundamental mechanisms underpinning photocatalytic procedures, rational element selection, and functional planning, state-of-the-art experimental protocols for understanding photo-fixation processes, valid photocatalytic activity evaluation, and the rational design of catalysts. Furthermore, the review offers a suite of forward-looking recommendations aimed at propelling the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation. It scrutinizes the existing challenges and prospects within this burgeoning domain, aspiring to equip researchers with insightful perspectives that can catalyze the evolution of cutting-edge nitrogen fixation methodologies and steer the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems.

### 367. [Photonic Chip Based on Ultrafast Laser-Induced Reversible Phase Change for Convolutional Neural Network](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/photonic-chip-based-on-ultrafast-laser-induced-reversible-phase-change-for-convolutional-neural-network) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01693-5]
Photonic computing has emerged as a promising technology for the ever-increasing computational demands of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Due to the advantages in computing speed, integrated photonic chips have attracted wide research attention on performing convolutional neural network algorithm. Programmable photonic chips are vital for achieving practical applications of photonic computing. Herein, a programmable photonic chip based on ultrafast laser-induced phase change is fabricated for photonic computing. Through designing the ultrafast laser pulses, the Sb film integrated into photonic waveguides can be reversibly switched between crystalline and amorphous phase, resulting in a large contrast in refractive index and extinction coefficient. As a consequence, the light transmission of waveguides can be switched between write and erase states. To determine the phase change time, the transient laser-induced phase change dynamics of Sb film are revealed at atomic scale, and the time-resolved transient reflectivity is measured. Based on the integrated photonic chip, photonic convolutional neural networks are built to implement machine learning algorithm, and images recognition task is achieved. This work paves a route for fabricating programmable photonic chips by designed ultrafast laser, which will facilitate the application of photonic computing in artificial intelligence.

### 368. [Angle-Selective Photonics for Smart Subambient Radiative Cooling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/angle-selective-photonics-for-smart-subambient-radiative-cooling) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01698-0]
During the daytime, conventional radiative coolers disregard the directionality of thermal radiation, thereby overlooking the upward radiation from the ground. This upward radiation enhances the outward thermal radiation, leading to a substantial reduction in the subambient daytime radiative cooling performance. Conversely, radiative coolers featuring angular asymmetry and spectral selectivity effectively resolve the problem of thermal radiation directionality, successfully evading the interference caused by the ground-generated thermal radiation. This cooler overcomes the limitations posed by the angle of incident light, making it suitable for subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces. Furthermore, by adjusting the structure of the cooler, the angular range of thermal radiation can be modulated, enabling the application of radiative cooling technology for intelligent temperature regulation of various inclined surfaces encountered in daily life. This innovative work makes a significant contribution to the development of subambient smart thermal interaction systems and opens up new possibilities for the practical application of radiative cooling technology.

### 369. [Integration of Bio-Enzyme-Treated Super-Wood and AIE-Based Nonwoven Fabric for Efficient Evaporating the Wastewater with High Concentration of Ammonia Nitrogen](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/integration-of-bio-enzyme-treated-super-wood-and-aie-based-nonwoven-fabric-for-efficient-evaporating-the-wastewater-with-high-concentration-of-ammonia-nitrogen) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01685-5]
The treatment of ammonia nitrogen wastewater (ANW) has garnered significant attention due to the ecology, and even biology is under increasing threat from over discharge ANW. Conventional ANW treatment methods often encounter challenges such as complex processes, high costs and secondary pollution. Considerable progress has been made in employing solar-induced evaporators for wastewater treatment. However, there remain notable barriers to transitioning from fundamental research to practical applications, including insufficient evaporation rates and inadequate resistance to biofouling. Herein, we propose a novel evaporator, which comprises a bio-enzyme-treated wood aerogel that serves as water pumping and storage layer, a cost-effective multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated hydrophobic/hydrophilic fibrous nonwoven mat functioning as photothermal evaporation layer, and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules incorporated as anti-biofouling agent. The resultant bioinspired evaporator demonstrates a high evaporation rate of 12.83 kg m−2 h−1 when treating simulated ANW containing 30 wt% NH4Cl under 1.0 sun of illumination. AIE-doped evaporator exhibits remarkable photodynamic antibacterial activity against mildew and bacteria, ensuring outstanding resistance to biofouling over extended periods of wastewater treatment. When enhanced by natural wind under 1.0 sun irradiation, the evaporator achieves an impressive evaporation rate exceeding 20 kg m−2 h−1. This advancement represents a promising and viable approach for the effective removal of ammonia nitrogen wastewater.

### 370. [Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies of Gas Generation in Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanisms-and-mitigation-strategies-of-gas-generation-in-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01697-1]
The transition to renewable energy sources has elevated the importance of SIBs (SIBs) as cost-effective alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. This review examines the mechanisms of gas generation in SIBs, identifying sources from cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolytes, which pose safety risks like swelling, leakage, and explosions. Gases such as CO2, H2, and O2 primarily arise from the instability of cathode materials, side reactions between electrode and electrolyte, and electrolyte decomposition under high temperatures or voltages. Enhanced mitigation strategies, encompassing electrolyte design, buffer layer construction, and electrode material optimization, are deliberated upon. Accordingly, subsequent research endeavors should prioritize long-term high-precision gas detection to bolster the safety and performance of SIBs, thereby fortifying their commercial viability and furnishing dependable solutions for large-scale energy storage and electric vehicles.

### 371. [V–Ti-Based Solid Solution Alloys for Solid-State Hydrogen Storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/vti-based-solid-solution-alloys-for-solid-state-hydrogen-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01672-w]
This review details the advancement in the development of V–Ti-based hydrogen storage materials for using in metal hydride (MH) tanks to supply hydrogen to fuel cells at relatively ambient temperatures and pressures. V–Ti-based solid solution alloys are excellent hydrogen storage materials among many metal hydrides due to their high reversible hydrogen storage capacity which is over 2 wt% at ambient temperature. The preparation methods, structure characteristics, improvement methods of hydrogen storage performance, and attenuation mechanism are systematically summarized and discussed. The relationships between hydrogen storage properties and alloy compositions as well as phase structures are discussed emphatically. For large-scale applications on MH tanks, it is necessary to develop low-cost and high-performance V–Ti-based solid solution alloys with high reversible hydrogen storage capacity, good cyclic durability, and excellent activation performance.

### 372. [All-in-One: A Multifunctional Composite Biomimetic Cryogel for Coagulation Disorder Hemostasis and Infected Diabetic Wound Healing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/all-in-one-a-multifunctional-composite-biomimetic-cryogel-for-coagulation-disorder-hemostasis-and-infected-diabetic-wound-healing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01603-1]
Traditional hemostatic materials are difficult to meet the needs of non-compressible bleeding and for coagulopathic patients. In addition, open wounds are susceptible to infection, and then develop into chronic wounds. However, the development of integrated dressings that do not depend on coagulation pathway and improve the microenvironment of chronic wounds remains a challenge. Inspired by the porous structure and composition of the natural extracellular matrix, adipic dihydrazide modified gelatin (GA), dodecylamine-grafted hyaluronic acid (HD), and MnO2 nanozyme (manganese dioxide)@DFO (deferoxamine)@PDA (polydopamine) (MDP) nanoparticles were combined to prepare GA/HD/MDP cryogels through amidation reaction and hydrogen bonding. These cryogels exhibited good fatigue resistance, photothermal antibacterial (about 98% killing ratios of both Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after 3 min near-infrared irradiation), reactive oxygen species scavenging, oxygen release, and angiogenesis properties. Furthermore, in the liver defect model of rats with coagulopathy, the cryogel displayed less bleeding and shorter hemostasis time than commercial gelatin sponge. In MRSA-infected diabetic wounds, the cryogel could decrease wound inflammation and oxidative stress, alleviate the hypoxic environment, promote collagen deposition, and induce vascular regeneration, showing a better repair effect compared with the Tegaderm™ film. These results indicated that GA/HD/MDP cryogels have great potential in non-compressible hemorrhage for coagulopathic patients and in healing infected wounds for diabetic patients.

### 373. [A Review of MAX Series Materials: From Diversity, Synthesis, Prediction, Properties Oriented to Functions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-max-series-materials-from-diversity-synthesis-prediction-properties-oriented-to-functions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01673-9]
MAX series materials, as non-van der Waals layered multi-element compounds, contribute remarkable regulated properties and functional dimension, combining the features of metal and ceramic materials due to their inherently laminated crystal structure that Mn+1Xn slabs are intercalated with A element layers. Oriented to the functional requirements of information, intelligence, electrification, and aerospace in the new era, how to accelerate MAX series materials into new quality productive forces? The systematic enhancement of knowledge about MAX series materials is intrinsic to understanding its low-dimensional geometric structure characteristics, and physical and chemical properties, revealing the correlation of composition, structure, and function and further realizing rational design based on simulation and prediction. Diversity also brings complexity to MAX materials research. This review provides substantial tabular information on (I) MAX's research timeline from 1960 to the present, (II) structure diversity and classification convention, (III) synthesis route exploration, (IV) prediction based on theory and machine learning, (V) properties, and (VI) functional applications. Herein, the researchers can quickly locate research content and recognize connections and differences of MAX series materials. In addition, the research challenges for the future development of MAX series materials are highlighted.

### 374. [Boosting Alcohol Oxidation Electrocatalysis with Multifactorial Engineered Pd1/Pt Single-Atom Alloy-BiOx Adatoms Surface](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/boosting-alcohol-oxidation-electrocatalysis-with-multifactorial-engineered-pd1pt-single-atom-alloy-biox-adatoms-surface) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01678-4]
Engineering nanomaterials at single-atomic sites could enable unprecedented catalytic properties for broad applications, yet it remains challenging to do so on the surface of multimetallic nanocrystals. Herein, we present the multifactorial engineering (size, shape, phase, and composition) of the fully ordered PtBi nanoplates at atomic level, achieving a unique catalyst surface where the face-centered cubic (fcc) Pt edges are modified by the isolated Pd atoms and BiOx adatoms. This Pd1/Pt-BiOx electrocatalyst exhibits an ultrahigh mass activity of 16.01 A mg−1 Pt+Pd toward ethanol oxidation in alkaline electrolyte and enables a direct ethanol fuel cell of peak power density of 56.7 mW cm−2. The surrounding BiOx adatoms are critical for mitigating CO-poisoning on the Pt surface, and the Pd1/Pt single-atom alloy further facilitates the electrooxidation of CH3CH2OH. This work offers new insights into the rational design and construction of sophisticated catalyst surface at single-atomic sites for highly efficient electrocatalysis.

### 375. [Design of Ultra-Stable Solid Amine Adsorbents and Mechanisms of Hydroxyl Group-Dependent Deactivation for Reversible CO2 Capture from Flue Gas](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-of-ultra-stable-solid-amine-adsorbents-and-mechanisms-of-hydroxyl-group-dependent-deactivation-for-reversible-co2-capture-from-flue-gas) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01664-w]
Although supported solid amine adsorbents have attracted great attention for CO2 capture, critical chemical deactivation problems including oxidative degradation and urea formation have severely restricted their practical applications for flue gas CO2 capture. In this work, we reveal that the nature of surface hydroxyl groups (metal hydroxyl Al–OH and nonmetal hydroxyl Si–OH) plays a key role in the deactivation mechanisms. The polyethyleneimine (PEI) supported on Al–OH-containing substrates suffers from severe oxidative degradation during the CO2 capture step due to the breakage of amine-support hydrogen bonding networks, but exhibits an excellent anti-urea formation feature by preventing dehydration of carbamate products under a pure CO2 regeneration atmosphere. In contrast, PEI supported on Si–OH-containing substrates exhibits excellent anti-oxidative stability under simulated flue gas conditions by forming a robust hydrogen bonding protective network with Si–OH, but suffers from obvious urea formation during the pure CO2 regeneration step. We also reveal that the urea formation problem for PEI-SBA-15 can be avoided by the incorporation of an OH-containing PEG additive. Based on the intrinsic understanding of degradation mechanisms, we successfully synthesized an adsorbent 40PEI-20PEG-SBA-15 that demonstrates outstanding stability and retention of a high CO2 capacity of 2.45 mmol g−1 over 1000 adsorption–desorption cycles, together with negligible capacity loss during aging in simulated flue gas (10% CO2 + 5% O2 + 3% H2O) for one month at 60–70 °C. We believe this work makes great contribution to the advancement in the field of ultra-stable solid amine-based CO2 capture materials.

### 376. [Quantum Dots Mediated Crystallization Enhancement in Two-Step Processed Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quantum-dots-mediated-crystallization-enhancement-in-two-step-processed-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01677-5]
Hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have emerged as a promising material for high-efficiency solar cells, yet challenges related to crystallization and defects limit their performance and stability. This study investigates the use of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) as crystallization seeds to enhance the quality of FAPbI3 perovskite films and improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We demonstrate that CsPbI3 and CsPbBr3 QDs effectively guide the crystallization process, leading to the formation of larger crystals with preferential orientations, particularly the (001) and (002) planes, which are associated with reduced defect densities. This seed-mediated growth strategy resulted in PSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 24.75% and 24.11%, respectively, compared to the baseline efficiency of 22.05% for control devices. Furthermore, devices incorporating QD-treated perovskite films exhibited remarkable stability, maintaining over 80% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of simulated sunlight exposure, a significant improvement over the control. Detailed optoelectronic characterization revealed reduced non-radiative recombination and enhanced charge transport in QD-treated devices. These findings highlight the potential of QDs as a powerful tool to improve perovskite crystallization, facet orientation, and overall device performance, offering a promising route to enhance both efficiency and stability in PSCs.

### 377. [An Engineered Heterostructured Trinity Enables Fire-Safe, Thermally Conductive Polymer Nanocomposite Films with Low Dielectric Loss](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-engineered-heterostructured-trinity-enables-fire-safe-thermally-conductive-polymer-nanocomposite-films-with-low-dielectric-loss) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01681-9]
To adapt to the trend of increasing miniaturization and high integration of microelectronic equipments, there is a high demand for multifunctional thermally conductive (TC) polymeric films combining excellent flame retardancy and low dielectric constant (ε). To date, there have been few successes that achieve such a performance portfolio in polymer films due to their different and even mutually exclusive governing mechanisms. Herein, we propose a trinity strategy for creating a rationally engineered heterostructure nanoadditive (FG@CuP@ZTC) by in situ self-assembly immobilization of copper-phenyl phosphonate (CuP) and zinc-3, 5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole complex (ZTC) onto the fluorinated graphene (FG) surface. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of FG, CuP, and ZTC and the bionic lay-by-lay (LBL) strategy, the as-fabricated waterborne polyurethane (WPU) nanocomposite film with 30 wt% FG@CuP@ZTC exhibits a 55.6% improvement in limiting oxygen index (LOI), 66.0% and 40.5% reductions in peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively, and 93.3% increase in tensile strength relative to pure WPU film due to the synergistic effects between FG, CuP, and ZTC. Moreover, the WPU nanocomposite film presents a high thermal conductivity (λ) of 12.7 W m−1 K−1 and a low ε of 2.92 at 106 Hz. This work provides a commercially viable rational design strategy to develop high-performance multifunctional polymer nanocomposite films, which hold great potential as advanced polymeric thermal dissipators for high-power-density microelectronics.

### 378. [Enhancing Thermal Protection in Lithium Batteries with Power Bank-Inspired Multi-Network Aerogel and Thermally Induced Flexible Composite Phase Change Material](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-thermal-protection-in-lithium-batteries-with-power-bank-inspired-multi-network-aerogel-and-thermally-induced-flexible-composite-phase-change-material) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01593-0]
Thermal runaway (TR) is considered a significant safety hazard for lithium batteries, and thermal protection materials are crucial in mitigating this risk. However, current thermal protection materials generally suffer from poor mechanical properties, flammability, leakage, and rigid crystallization, and they struggle to continuously block excess heat transfer and propagation once thermal saturation occurs. This study proposes a novel type of thermal protection material: an aerogel coupled composite phase change material (CPCM). The composite material consists of gelatin/sodium alginate (Ge/SA) composite biomass aerogel as an insulating component and a thermally induced flexible CPCM made from thermoplastic polyester elastomer as a heat-absorbing component. Inspired by power bank, we coupled the aerogel with CPCM through the binder, so that CPCM can continue to ‘charge and store energy’ for the aerogel, effectively absorbing heat, delaying the heat saturation phenomenon, and maximizing the duration of thermal insulation. The results demonstrate that the Ge/SA aerogel exhibits excellent thermal insulation (with a temperature difference of approximately 120 °C across a 1 cm thickness) and flame retardancy (achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating). The CPCM exhibits high heat storage density (811.9 J g−1), good thermally induced flexibility (bendable above 40 °C), and thermal stability. Furthermore, the Ge/SA-CPCM coupled composite material shows even more outstanding thermal insulation performance, with the top surface temperature remaining at 89 °C after 100 min of exposure to a high temperature of 230 °C. This study provides a new direction for the development of TR protection materials for lithium batteries.

### 379. [Yolk–Shell CoNi@N‑Doped Carbon‑CoNi@CNTs for Enhanced Microwave Absorption, Photothermal, Anti‑Corrosion, and Antimicrobial Properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/yolkshell-conindoped-carbonconicnts-for-enhanced-microwave-absorption-photothermal-anticorrosion-and-antimicrobial-properties) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01626-8]
The previous studies mainly focused on improving microwave absorbing (MA) performances of MA materials. Even so, these designed MA materials were very difficult to be employed in complex and changing environments owing to their single-functionalities. Herein, a combined Prussian blue analogues derived and catalytical chemical vapor deposition strategy was proposed to produce hierarchical cubic sea urchin-like yolk–shell CoNi@N-doped carbon (NC)-CoNi@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) mixed-dimensional multicomponent nanocomposites (MCNCs), which were composed of zero-dimensional CoNi nanoparticles, three-dimensional NC nanocubes and one-dimensional CNTs. Because of good impedance matching and attenuation characteristics, the designed CoNi@NC-CoNi@CNTs mixed-dimensional MCNCs exhibited excellent MA performances, which achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −71.70 dB at 2.78 mm and Radar Cross section value of −53.23 dB m2. More importantly, the acquired results demonstrated that CoNi@NC-CoNi@CNTs MCNCs presented excellent photothermal, antimicrobial and anti-corrosion properties owing to their hierarchical cubic sea urchin-like yolk–shell structure, highlighting their potential multifunctional applications. It could be seen that this finding not only presented a generalizable route to produce hierarchical cubic sea urchin-like yolk–shell magnetic NC-CNTs-based mixed-dimensional MCNCs, but also provided an effective strategy to develop multifunctional MCNCs and improve their environmental adaptabilities.

### 380. [Durable Acidic Oxygen Evolution Via Self-Construction of Iridium Oxide/Iridium-Tantalum Oxide Bi-Layer Nanostructure with Dynamic Replenishment of Active Sites](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/durable-acidic-oxygen-evolution-via-self-construction-of-iridium-oxideiridium-tantalum-oxide-bi-layer-nanostructure-with-dynamic-replenishment-of-active-sites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01680-w]
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis presents considerable advantages in green hydrogen production. Nevertheless, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in PEM water electrolysis currently encounter several pressing challenges, including high noble metal loading, low mass activity, and inadequate durability, which impede their practical application and commercialization. Here we report a self-constructed layered catalyst for acidic OER by directly using an Ir–Ta-based metallic glass as the matrix, featuring a nanoporous IrO2 surface formed in situ on the amorphous IrTaOx nanostructure during OER. This distinctive architecture significantly enhances the accessibility and utilization of Ir, achieving a high mass activity of 1.06 A mgIr−1 at a 300 mV overpotential, 13.6 and 31.2 times greater than commercial Ir/C and IrO2, respectively. The catalyst also exhibits superb stability under industrial-relevant current densities in acid, indicating its potential for practical uses. Our analyses reveal that the coordinated nature of the surface-active Ir species is effectively modulated through electronic interaction between Ir and Ta, preventing them from rapidly evolving into high valence states and suppressing the lattice oxygen participation. Furthermore, the underlying IrTaOx dynamically replenishes the depletion of surface-active sites through inward crystallization and selective dissolution, thereby ensuring the catalyst’s long-term durability.

### 381. [Modulating Electromagnetic Genes Through Bi-Phase High-Entropy Engineering Toward Temperature-Stable Ultra-Broadband Megahertz Electromagnetic Wave Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modulating-electromagnetic-genes-through-bi-phase-high-entropy-engineering-toward-temperature-stable-ultra-broadband-megahertz-electromagnetic-wave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01638-4]
Magnetic absorbers with high permeability have significant advantages in low-frequency and broadband electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. However, the insufficient magnetic loss and inherent high conductivity of existing magnetic absorbers limit the further expansion of EMW absorption bandwidth. Herein, the spinel (FeCoNiCrCu)3O4 high-entropy oxides (HEO) are successfully constructed on the surface of FeCoNiCr0.4Cu0.2 high-entropy alloys (HEA) through low-temperature oxygen bath treatment. On the one hand, HEO and HEA have different magnetocrystalline anisotropies, which is conducive to achieving continuous natural resonance to improve magnetic loss. On the other hand, HEO with low conductivity can serve as an impedance matching layer, achieving magneto-electric co-modulation. When the thickness is 5 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RL) value and absorption bandwidth (RL < −5 dB) of bi-phase high-entropy composites (BPHEC) can reach −12.8 dB and 633 MHz, respectively. The RCS reduction value of multilayer sample with impedance gradient characteristic can reach 18.34 dB m2. In addition, the BPHEC also exhibits temperature-stable EMW absorption performance, high Curie temperature, and oxidation resistance. The absorption bandwidth maintains between 593 and 691 MHz from −50 to 150 °C. This work offers a new and tunable strategy toward modulating the electromagnetic genes for temperature-stable ultra-broadband megahertz EMW absorption.

### 382. [Robust and Reprocessable Biorenewable Polyester Nanocomposites In Situ Catalyzed and Reinforced by Dendritic MXene@CNT Heterostructure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/robust-and-reprocessable-biorenewable-polyester-nanocomposites-in-situ-catalyzed-and-reinforced-by-dendritic-mxenecnt-heterostructure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01682-8]
Renewable 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-based polyesters are one of the most promising materials for achieving plastic replacement in the age of energy and environmental crisis. However, their properties still cannot compete with those of petrochemical-based plastics, owing to insufficient molecular and/or microstructure designs. Herein, we utilize the Ti3C2Tx-based MXene nanosheets for decorating carbon nanotube (CNT) and obtaining the structurally stable and highly dispersed dendritic heterostructured MXene@CNT, that can act as multi-roles, i.e., polycondensation catalyst, crystal nucleator, and interface enhancer of polyester. The bio-based MXene@CNT/polybutylene furandicarboxylate (PBF) (denoted as MCP) nanocomposites are synthesized by the strategy of “in situ catalytic polymerization and hot-pressing”. Benefiting from the multi-scale interactions (i.e., covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and physical interlocks) in hybrid structure, the MCP presents exceptional mechanical strength (≈101 MPa), stiffness (≈3.1 GPa), toughness (≈130 MJ m−3), and barrier properties (e.g., O2 0.0187 barrer, CO2 0.0264 barrer, and H2O 1.57 × 10−14 g cm cm−2 s Pa) that are higher than most reported bio-based materials and engineering plastics. Moreover, it also displays satisfactory multifunctionality with high reprocessability (90% strength retention after 5 recycling), UV resistance (blocking 85% UVA rays), and solvent-resistant properties. As a state-of-art high-performance and multifunctional material, the novel bio-based MCP nanocomposite offers a more sustainable alternative to petrochemical-based plastics in packaging and engineering material fields. More importantly, our catalysis-interfacial strengthening integration strategy opens a door for designing and constructing high-performance bio-based polyester materials in future.

### 383. [Electron Acceptor-Driven Solid Electrolyte Interphases with Elevated LiF Content for 4.7 V Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electron-acceptor-driven-solid-electrolyte-interphases-with-elevated-lif-content-for-47-v-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01663-x]
High-voltage lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) face substantial challenges, including Li dendrite growth and instability in high-voltage cathodes such as LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NCM811), which impede their practical applications and long-term stability. To address these challenges, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane additive as an electron acceptor is introduced into an ethyl methyl carbonate/fluoroethylene carbonate-based electrolyte. This approach effectively engineers robust dual interfaces on the Li metal anode and the NCM811 cathode, thereby mitigating dendritic growth of Li and enhancing the stability of the cathode. This additive-driven strategy enables LMBs to operate at ultra-high voltages up to 4.7 V. Consequently, Li||Cu cells achieve a coulombic efficiency of 98.96%, and Li||Li symmetric cells extend their cycle life to an impressive 4000 h. Li||NCM811 full cells maintain a high capacity retention of 87.8% after 100 cycles at 4.7 V. Additionally, Li||LNMO full cells exhibit exceptional rate capability, delivering 132.2 mAh g−1 at 10 C and retaining 95.0% capacity after 250 cycles at 1 C and 5 V. As a result, NCM811||graphite pouch cells maintain a 93.4% capacity retention after 1100 cycles at 1 C. These findings underscore the efficacy of additive engineering in addressing Li dendrite formation and instability of cathode under high voltage, thereby paving the road for durable, high-performance LMBs.

### 384. [2D Undulated Metal Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks with Self-Adaption Interlayered Sites for Highly Efficient C–C Coupling in the Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/2d-undulated-metal-hydrogen-bonded-organic-frameworks-with-self-adaption-interlayered-sites-for-highly-efficient-cc-coupling-in-the-electrocatalytic-co2-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01679-3]
The hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) as a new type of porous framework materials have been widely studied in various areas. However, the lack of appropriate active sites, low intrinsic conductivity, and poor stability limited their performance in the field of electrocatalysis. Herein, we designed two 2D metal hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (2D–M–HOF, M = Cu2+ or Ni2+) with coordination compounds based on 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexahydroxyl cyclotricatechylene and transition metal ions (Cu2+ and Ni2+), respectively. The crystal structure of 2D–Cu–HOF is determined by continuous rotation electron diffraction, indicating an undulated 2D hydrogen-bond network with interlayered π-π stacking. The flexible structure of 2D–M–HOF leads to the formation of self-adaption interlayered sites, resulting in superior activity and selectivity in the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to C2 products, achieving a total Faradaic efficiency exceeding 80% due to the high-efficiency C–C coupling. The experimental results and density functional calculations verify that the undulated 2D–M–HOF enables the energetically favorable formation of *OCCHO intermediate. This work provides a promising strategy for designing HOF catalysts in electrocatalysis and related processes.

### 385. [Nanomaterials Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy for Multiple Tumor Treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nanomaterials-enhanced-sonodynamic-therapy-for-multiple-tumor-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01666-8]
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) as an emerging modality for malignant tumors mainly involves in sonosensitizers and low-intensity ultrasound (US), which can safely penetrate the tissue without significant attenuation. SDT not only has the advantages including high precision, non-invasiveness, and minimal side effects, but also overcomes the limitation of low penetration of light to deep tumors. The cytotoxic reactive oxygen species can be produced by the utilization of sonosensitizers combined with US and kill tumor cells. However, the underlying mechanism of SDT has not been elucidated, and its unsatisfactory efficiency retards its further clinical application. Herein, we shed light on the main mechanisms of SDT and the types of sonosensitizers, including organic sonosensitizers and inorganic sonosensitizers. Due to the development of nanotechnology, many novel nanoplatforms are utilized in this arisen field to solve the barriers of sonosensitizers and enable continuous innovation. This review also highlights the potential advantages of nanosonosensitizers and focus on the enhanced efficiency of SDT based on nanosonosensitizers with monotherapy or synergistic therapy for deep tumors that are difficult to reach by traditional treatment, especially orthotopic cancers.

### 386. [Scalable Electrocatalytic Urea Wastewater Treatment Coupled with Hydrogen Production by Regulating Adsorption Behavior of Urea Molecule](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/scalable-electrocatalytic-urea-wastewater-treatment-coupled-with-hydrogen-production-by-regulating-adsorption-behavior-of-urea-molecule) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01585-0]
Electrocatalytic urea wastewater treatment technology has emerged as a promising method for environmental remediation. However, the realization of highly efficient and scalable electrocatalytic urea wastewater treatment (SEUWT) is still an enormous challenge. Herein, through regulating the adsorption behavior of urea functional groups, the efficient SEUWT coupled hydrogen production is realized in anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). Density functional theory calculations indicate that self-driven electron transfer at the heterogeneous interface (NiO/Co3O4) can induce charge redistribution, resulting in electron-rich NiO and electron-deficient Co3O4, which are superior to adsorbing C=O (electron-withdrawing group) and –NH2 (electron-donating group), respectively, regulating the adsorption behavior of urea molecule and accelerating the reaction kinetics of urea oxidation. This viewpoint is further verified by temperature-programmed desorption experiments. The SEUWT coupled hydrogen production in AEMWE assembled with NiO/Co3O4 (anode) and NiCoP (cathode) can continuously treat urea wastewater at an initial current density of 600 mA cm−2, with the average urea treatment efficiency about 53%. Compared with overall water splitting, the H2 production rate (8.33 mmol s−1) increases by approximately 3.5 times. This work provides a cost-effective strategy for scalable purifying urea-rich wastewater and energy-saving hydrogen production.

### 387. [Aggregation-Induced Emissive Scintillators: A New Frontier for Radiation Detection and Imaging](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aggregation-induced-emissive-scintillators-a-new-frontier-for-radiation-detection-and-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01671-x]
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique phenomenon where certain organic materials exhibit enhanced luminescence in their aggregated states, overcoming the typical quenching observed in conventional organic materials. Since its discovery in 2001, AIE has driven significant advances in fields like OLEDs and biological imaging, earning recognition in fundamental research. However, its application in high-energy radiation detection remains underexplored. Organic scintillators, though widely used, face challenges such as low light yield and poor radiation attenuation. AIE materials offer promising solutions by improving light yield, response speed, and radiation attenuation. This review summarizes the design strategies behind AIE scintillators and their very recent applications in X-ray, γ-ray, and fast neutron detection. We highlight their advantages in enhancing detection sensitivity, reducing background noise, and achieving high-resolution imaging. By addressing the current challenges, we believe AIE materials will play a pivotal role in advancing future radiation detection and imaging technologies.

### 388. [An Ultra-Stable, High-Energy and Wide-Temperature-Range Aqueous Alkaline Sodium-Ion Battery with the Microporous C4N/rGO Anode](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-ultra-stable-high-energy-and-wide-temperature-range-aqueous-alkaline-sodium-ion-battery-with-the-microporous-c4nrgo-anode) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01589-w]
Common anode materials in aqueous alkaline electrolytes, such as cadmium, metal hydrides and zinc, usually suffer from remarkable biotoxicity, high cost, and serious side reactions. To overcome these problems, we develop a conjugated porous polymer (CPP) in-situ grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Ketjen black (KB), noted as C4N/rGO and C4N/KB respectively, as the alternative anodes. The results show that C4N/rGO electrode delivers a low redox potential (−0.905 V vs. Ag/AgCl), high specific capacity (268.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), ultra-stable and fast sodium ion storage behavior (216 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) in 2 M NaOH electrolyte. The assembled C4N/rGO//Ni(OH)2 full battery can cycle stably more than 38,000 cycles. Furthermore, by adding a small amount of antifreeze additive dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to adjust the hydrogen bonding network, the low-temperature performance of the electrolyte (0.1 DMSO/2 M NaOH) is significantly improved while hydrogen evolution is inhibited. Consequently, the C4N/rGO//Ni(OH)2 full cell exhibits an energy density of 147.3 Wh Kg−1 and ultra-high cycling stability over a wide temperature range from −70 to 45 °C. This work provides an ultra-stable high-capacity CPP-based anode and antifreeze electrolyte for aqueous alkaline batteries and will facilitate their practical applications under extreme conditions.

### 389. [A Flexible-Integrated Multimodal Hydrogel-Based Sensing Patch](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-flexible-integrated-multimodal-hydrogel-based-sensing-patch) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01656-w]
Sleep monitoring is an important part of health management because sleep quality is crucial for restoration of human health. However, current commercial products of polysomnography are cumbersome with connecting wires and state-of-the-art flexible sensors are still interferential for being attached to the body. Herein, we develop a flexible-integrated multimodal sensing patch based on hydrogel and its application in unconstraint sleep monitoring. The patch comprises a bottom hydrogel-based dual-mode pressure–temperature sensing layer and a top electrospun nanofiber-based non-contact detection layer as one integrated device. The hydrogel as core substrate exhibits strong toughness and water retention, and the multimodal sensing of temperature, pressure, and non-contact proximity is realized based on different sensing mechanisms with no crosstalk interference. The multimodal sensing function is verified in a simulated real-world scenario by a robotic hand grasping objects to validate its practicability. Multiple multimodal sensing patches integrated on different locations of a pillow are assembled for intelligent sleep monitoring. Versatile human–pillow interaction information as well as their evolution over time are acquired and analyzed by a one-dimensional convolutional neural network. Track of head movement and recognition of bad patterns that may lead to poor sleep are achieved, which provides a promising approach for sleep monitoring.

### 390. [Developing mRNA Nanomedicines with Advanced Targeting Functions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/developing-mrna-nanomedicines-with-advanced-targeting-functions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01665-9]
The emerging messenger RNA (mRNA) nanomedicines have sprung up for disease treatment. Developing targeted mRNA nanomedicines has become a thrilling research hotspot in recent years, as they can be precisely delivered to specific organs or tissues to enhance efficiency and avoid side effects. Herein, we give a comprehensive review on the latest research progress of mRNA nanomedicines with targeting functions. mRNA and its carriers are first described in detail. Then, mechanisms of passive targeting, endogenous targeting, and active targeting are outlined, with a focus on various biological barriers that mRNA may encounter during in vivo delivery. Next, emphasis is placed on summarizing mRNA-based organ-targeting strategies. Lastly, the advantages and challenges of mRNA nanomedicines in clinical translation are mentioned. This review is expected to inspire researchers in this field and drive further development of mRNA targeting technology.

### 391. [Robust and High-Wettability Cellulose Separators with Molecule-Reassembled Nano-Cracked Structures for High-Performance Supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/robust-and-high-wettability-cellulose-separators-with-molecule-reassembled-nano-cracked-structures-for-high-performance-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01650-2]
Separators in supercapacitors (SCs) frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability, depressed mechanical properties, and insufficient thermal stability. Here, we develop a high-performance regenerated cellulose separator with nano-cracked structures for SCs via a binary solvent of superbase-derived ionic liquid and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The unique nano-cracks with an average width of 7.45 nm arise from the acceleration of cellulose molecular reassembly by DMSO-regulated hydrogen bonding, which endows the separator with high porosity (70.2%) and excellent electrolyte retention (329%). The outstanding thermal stability (273 °C) and mechanical strength (70 MPa) enable the separator to maintain its structural integrity under high temperatures and external forces. With these benefits, the SC utilizing the cellulose separator enables a high specific capacitance of 93.6 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and a remarkable capacitance retention of 99.5% after 10,000 cycles compared with the commercial NKK-MPF30AC and NKK-TF4030. The robust and high-wettability cellulose separator holds promise as a superior alternative to commercial separators for advanced SCs with enhanced performance and improved safety.

### 392. [High-Performance Gate-All-Around Field Effect Transistors Based on Orderly Arrays of Catalytic Si Nanowire Channels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-performance-gate-all-around-field-effect-transistors-based-on-orderly-arrays-of-catalytic-si-nanowire-channels) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01674-8]
Gate-all-around field-effect transistors (GAA-FETs) represent the leading-edge channel architecture for constructing state-of-the-art high-performance FETs. Despite the advantages offered by the GAA configuration, its application to catalytic silicon nanowire (SiNW) channels, known for facile low-temperature fabrication and high yield, has faced challenges primarily due to issues with precise positioning and alignment. In exploring this promising avenue, we employed an in-plane solid–liquid-solid (IPSLS) growth technique to batch-fabricate orderly arrays of ultrathin SiNWs, with diameters of DNW = 22.4 ± 2.4 nm and interwire spacing of 90 nm. An in situ channel-releasing technique has been developed to well preserve the geometry integrity of suspended SiNW arrays. By optimizing the source/drain contacts, high-performance GAA-FET devices have been successfully fabricated, based on these catalytic SiNW channels for the first time, yielding a high on/off current ratio of 10^7 and a steep subthreshold swing of 66 mV dec−1, closing the performance gap between the catalytic SiNW-FETs and state-of-the-art GAA-FETs fabricated by using advanced top-down EBL and EUV lithography. These results indicate that catalytic IPSLS SiNWs can also serve as the ideal 1D channels for scalable fabrication of high-performance GAA-FETs, well suited for monolithic 3D integrations.

### 393. [Tailoring the Reversible Phase Transition of Perovskite Nanofiber Electrodes for High-Performance and Durable Reversible Solid Oxide Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tailoring-the-reversible-phase-transition-of-perovskite-nanofiber-electrodes-for-high-performance-and-durable-reversible-solid-oxide-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01600-4]
Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) are capable of converting various energy resources, between electricity and chemical fuels, with high efficiency and flexibility, making them suitable for grid balancing and renewable energy consumption. However, the practical application of RSOCs is still limited by the insufficient activity and stability of the electrodes in different operating modes. Herein, a highly efficient symmetrical electrode composed of La0.3Sr0.6Ti0.1Co0.2Fe0.7O3−δ (LSTCF) nanofibers and in situ exsolved Co3Fe7 nanoparticles is developed for boosting the performance of RSOCs. The reversible phase transition, high activity and stability of the electrode have been confirmed by a combination of experimental (e.g., transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure) and computational studies. Electrolyte-supported RSOCs with the symmetrical electrode demonstrate excellent catalytic activity and stability, achieving a high peak power density of 0.98 W cm−2 in the fuel cell mode using H2 as the fuel (or 0.53 W cm−2 using CH4 as the fuel) and a high current density of 1.09 A cm−2 at 1.4 V in the CO2 electrolysis mode (or 1.03 A cm−2 at 1.3 V for H2O electrolysis) at 800 °C while maintaining excellent durability for over 100 h.

### 394. [Advances in Anion Chemistry in the Electrolyte Design for Better Lithium Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-anion-chemistry-in-the-electrolyte-design-for-better-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01629-5]
Electrolytes are crucial components in electrochemical energy storage devices, sparking considerable research interest. However, the significance of anions in the electrolytes is often underestimated. In fact, the anions have significant impacts on the performance and stability of lithium batteries. Therefore, comprehensively understanding anion chemistry in electrolytes is of crucial importance. Herein, in-depth comprehension of anion chemistry and its positive effects on the interface, solvation structure of Li-ions, as well as the electrochemical performance of the batteries have been emphasized and summarized. This review aims to present a full scope of anion chemistry and furnish systematic cognition for the rational design of advanced electrolytes for better lithium batteries with high energy density, lifespan, and safety. Furthermore, insightful analysis and perspectives based on the current research are proposed. We hope that this review sheds light on new perspectives on understanding anion chemistry in electrolytes.

### 395. [Wireless, Multifunctional System-Integrated Programmable Soft Robot](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/wireless-multifunctional-system-integrated-programmable-soft-robot) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01601-3]
Soft robots have partially or entirely provided versatile opportunities for issues or roles that cannot be addressed by conventional machine robots, although most studies are limited to designs, controls, or physical/mechanical motions. Here, we present a transformable, reconfigurable robotic platform created by the integration of magnetically responsive soft composite matrices with deformable multifunctional electronics. Magnetic compounds engineered to undergo phase transition at a low temperature can readily achieve reversible magnetization and conduct various changes of motions and shapes. Thin and flexible electronic system designed with mechanical dynamics does not interfere with movements of the soft electronic robot, and the performances of wireless circuit, sensors, and devices are independent of a variety of activities, all of which are verified by theoretical studies. Demonstration of navigations and electronic operations in an artificial track highlights the potential of the integrated soft robot for on-demand, environments-responsive movements/metamorphoses, and optoelectrical detection and stimulation. Further improvements to a miniaturized, sophisticated system with material options enable in situ monitoring and treatment in envisioned areas such as biomedical implants.

### 396. [A Transparent Polymer-Composite Film for Window Energy Conservation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-transparent-polymer-composite-film-for-window-energy-conservation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01668-6]
As living standards improve, the energy consumption for regulating indoor temperature keeps increasing. Windows, in particular, enhance indoor brightness but also lead to increased energy loss, especially in sunny weather. Developing a product that can maintain indoor brightness while reducing energy consumption is a challenge. We developed a facile, spectrally selective transparent ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene composite film to address this trade-off. It is based on a blend of antimony-doped tin oxide and then spin-coated hydrophobic fumed silica, achieving a high visible light transmittance (> 70%) and high shielding rates for ultraviolet (> 90%) and near-infrared (> 70%). When applied to the acrylic window of containers and placed outside, this film can cause a 10 °C temperature drop compared to a pure polymer film. Moreover, in building energy simulations, the annual energy savings could be between 14.1% ~ 31.9% per year. The development of energy-efficient and eco-friendly transparent films is crucial for reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainability in the window environment.

### 397. [Recent Advances of Electrocatalysts and Electrodes for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells: from Nano to Meter Scale Challenges](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-advances-of-electrocatalysts-and-electrodes-for-direct-formic-acid-fuel-cells-from-nano-to-meter-scale-challenges) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01648-w]
Direct formic acid fuel cells are promising energy devices with advantages of low working temperature and high safety in fuel storage and transport. They have been expected to be a future power source for portable electronic devices. The technology has been developed rapidly to overcome the high cost and low power performance that hinder its practical application, which mainly originated from the slow reaction kinetics of the formic acid oxidation and complex mass transfer within the fuel cell electrodes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the progress around this technology, in particular for addressing multiscale challenges from catalytic mechanism understanding at the atomic scale, to catalyst design at the nanoscale, electrode structure at the micro scale and design at the millimeter scale, and finally to device fabrication at the meter scale. The gap between the highly active electrocatalysts and the poor electrode performance in practical devices is highlighted. Finally, perspectives and opportunities are proposed to potentially bridge this gap for further development of this technology.

### 398. [Fast-Developing Dynamic Radiative Thermal Management: Full-Scale Fundamentals, Switching Methods, Applications, and Challenges](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fast-developing-dynamic-radiative-thermal-management-full-scale-fundamentals-switching-methods-applications-and-challenges) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01676-6]
Rapid population growth in recent decades has intensified both the global energy crisis and the challenges posed by climate change, including global warming. Currently, the increased frequency of extreme weather events and large fluctuations in ambient temperature disrupt thermal comfort and negatively impact health, driving a growing dependence on cooling and heating energy sources. Consequently, efficient thermal management has become a central focus of energy research. Traditional thermal management systems consume substantial energy, further contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, emergent radiant thermal management technologies that rely on renewable energy have been proposed as sustainable alternatives. However, achieving year-round thermal management without additional energy input remains a formidable challenge. Recently, dynamic radiative thermal management technologies have emerged as the most promising solution, offering the potential for energy-efficient adaptation across seasonal variations. This review systematically presents recent advancements in dynamic radiative thermal management, covering fundamental principles, switching mechanisms, primary materials, and application areas. Additionally, the key challenges hindering the broader adoption of dynamic radiative thermal management technologies are discussed. By highlighting their transformative potential, this review provides insights into the design and industrial scalability of these innovations, with the ultimate aim of promoting renewable energy integration in thermal management applications.

### 399. [Absorption–Reflection–Transmission Power Coefficient Guiding Gradient Distribution of Magnetic MXene in Layered Composites for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/absorptionreflectiontransmission-power-coefficient-guiding-gradient-distribution-of-magnetic-mxene-in-layered-composites-for-electromagnetic-wave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01675-7]
The morphological distribution of absorbent in composites is equally important with absorbents for the overall electromagnetic properties, but it is often ignored. Herein, a comprehensive consideration including electromagnetic component regulation, layered arrangement structure, and gradient concentration distribution was used to optimize impedance matching and enhance electromagnetic loss. On the microscale, the incorporation of magnetic Ni nanoparticles into MXene nanosheets (Ni@MXene) endows suitable intrinsic permittivity and permeability. On the macroscale, the layered arrangement of Ni@MXene increases the effective interaction area with electromagnetic waves, inducing multiple reflection/scattering effects. On this basis, according to the analysis of absorption, reflection, and transmission (A–R–T) power coefficients of layered composites, the gradient concentration distribution was constructed to realize the impedance matching at low-concentration surface layer, electromagnetic loss at middle concentration interlayer and microwave reflection at high-concentration bottom layer. Consequently, the layered gradient composite (LG5-10–15) achieves complete absorption coverage of X-band at thickness of 2.00–2.20 mm with RLmin of −68.67 dB at 9.85 GHz in 2.05 mm, which is 199.0%, 12.6%, and 50.6% higher than non-layered, layered and layered descending gradient composites, respectively. Therefore, this work confirms the importance of layered gradient structure in improving absorption performance and broadens the design of high-performance microwave absorption materials.

### 400. [Hydrogen-Enriched Direct Reduced Iron (H2-DRI) and Underground Coal Gasification: Decarbonization Pathways in Northern China's Heavy Industrial Clusters](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogen-enriched-direct-reduced-iron-h2-dri-and-underground-coal-gasification-decarbonization-) [DOI: 10.1038/sino-451943]
Northern China's steel heartland—Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia—produces over 600 million metric tons of crude steel annually, nearly 60% of global output, with an average CO2 intensity of 1.8 tCO2/tsteel from BF-BOF routes. The region faces a dual imperative: comply with China's 2030 carbon peak and preempt the EU CBAM, which imposes a $90/tCO2 levy on steel imports by 2026. This report dissects the technical and economic viability of two interlocking decarbonization levers: hydrogen-enriched direct reduced iron (H2-DRI) using vertical shaft furnaces and underground coal gasification (UCG) with CCUS. Pilot data from HBIS Xuansteel's 1.2 Mtpa H2-DRI plant—the world's largest—reveals that hydrogen injection above 60% triggers severe sticking of iron ore pellets, causing pressure drops and scaffold formation, while endothermic reduction kinetics demand supplemental electrical heating, raising energy costs by 15-20%. UCG syngas, with a levelized cost of $0.35/Nm3, offers a bridge feedstock, but its carbon footprint (0.6 tCO2/tsteel pre-CCUS) requires 90% capture to meet CBAM thresholds. The economic table shows that 100% green H2-DRI, at an LCOH of $1.80/kg, yields a production cost of $420/tsteel, versus $380/tsteel for syngas-UCG DRI with CCUS, but the former avoids CBAM penalties entirely. Capital replacement cycles for BF-BOF (20-25 years) versus H2-DRI (15-20 years) force a strategic reckoning: retrofitting existing assets versus greenfield investments. The report concludes that no single pathway dominates; a portfolio approach, leveraging UCG syngas as a transitional feedstock and scaling green hydrogen as costs decline, is the only pragmatic route for the region's industrial clusters.

### 401. [Additive Manufacturing of Nickel-Based Superalloys for Aerospace Propulsion: Grain Boundary Engineering and Hot Isostatic Pressing Protocols in Chinese Aerospace R&D](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/additive-manufacturing-of-nickel-based-superalloys-for-aerospace-propulsion-grain-boundary-engi) [DOI: 10.1038/sino-451823]
China's aerospace propulsion sector is aggressively scaling Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) for nickel-based superalloys, targeting hot-section components that traditionally require equiaxed or directionally solidified castings. This report dissects the metallurgical and process engineering challenges, focusing on Inconel 718, GH4169 (domestic equivalent), and non-weldable gamma-prime hardened alloys like CM247LC and IN738LC. The central technical hurdles are anisotropic columnar grain growth and solidification cracking, mitigated via build platform preheating up to 800°C. Post-processing via multi-stage Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) at 1,180°C–1,220°C and 150–175 MPa, followed by rapid argon quenching, is critical to close micro-porosity and tailor gamma-prime (Ni3(Al,Ti)) precipitate morphology. Empirical data from Chinese R&D institutions (e.g., AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute) reveal that optimized LPBF+HIP achieves 95% of cast-wrought tensile yield strength and 80% of creep-rupture life at 950°C/150 MPa, with elongation exceeding 15%—a threshold for flight qualification. However, the economic and metallurgical trade-offs remain stark: HIP cycles add 30–40% cost and 2–3 weeks lead time. This report provides a comparative table of tensile and creep properties across As-Built, Standard Heat Treated, and Optimized LPBF+HIP specimens, and outlines the remaining barriers to full certification in high-pressure turbine blades.

### 402. [Commercialization Roadmap of All-Solid-State Lithium and Sodium-Ion Batteries: Breakthroughs in Sulfide Electrolyte Mass Production from Chinese Laboratories](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/commercialization-roadmap-of-all-solid-state-lithium-and-sodium-ion-batteries-breakthroughs-in-) [DOI: 10.1038/sino-451789]
Chinese laboratories and battery manufacturers are compressing the all-solid-state battery (ASSB) timeline, with sulfide electrolyte production scaling to pilot tons and cell prototypes targeting 450–500 Wh/kg. This report dissects the empirical state of sulfide solid electrolytes—specifically argyrodite Li6PS5Cl—against high-nickel cathodes (NMC811, NMC9055), focusing on interfacial resistance kinetics, dry-coating process yields, and the operational hazards of H2S generation. CATL, BYD (FinDreams), and Gotion pilot lines reveal a persistent trade-off: energy density gains versus cycle life degradation, with current data showing >80% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles at 0.5C only under optimized stack pressure and temperature. Concurrently, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) emerge as a pragmatic complement, with layered oxide cathodes achieving $42/kWh at cell level—versus $75/kWh for LFP—and retaining 80% discharge capacity at -30°C. The report benchmarks technical parameters across solid-state, liquid Li-ion, and Na-ion chemistries, concluding that sulfide-based ASSBs will enter niche markets (e.g., aviation, high-end EVs) by 2027, while Na-ion dominates stationary storage and low-cost mobility. CAPEX per annual metric ton for sulfide electrolyte production remains prohibitive at $1.2M–$1.8M, with Western refiners lagging Chinese cost structures by 40–60%.

### 403. [The 8-Inch Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) Frontier: Substrate Yield Optimization in China's Power Electronics Fabrication](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-8-inch-silicon-carbide-sic-and-gallium-oxide-ga2o3-frontier-substrate-yield-optimization-in) [DOI: 10.1038/sino-451787]
China's push to dominate wide-bandgap power semiconductors hinges on two fronts: scaling 8-inch 4H-SiC substrates to automotive-grade yields and commercializing ultra-wide-bandgap beta-Ga2O3 for grid-scale switches. This report dissects the physics and economics. For 8-inch conductive 4H-SiC, PVT growth at 2,400°C demands axial thermal gradients below 5°C/cm to suppress micropipe densities under 0.1 cm^-2, yet current Chinese boules (SICC, TankeBlue) achieve 0.3-0.5 cm^-2, yielding only 35-45% usable area versus 60% for Wolfspeed's 6-inch lines. Epitaxial BPD-to-TED conversion rates in domestic CVD reactors (Naura, CETC) lag at 85-90% versus >95% for Aixtron's G5 WW C2, directly impacting 1,200V MOSFET reliability—bipolar degradation from stacking faults can increase on-resistance by 15% after 1,000 hours. Meanwhile, beta-Ga2O3, grown via EFG, offers a Baliga figure of merit 3x SiC at 1/5th substrate cost, but its 0.23 W/m·K thermal conductivity cripples thermal management—a 10kV switch would need 3x the die area to dissipate heat. Pilot lines at Sanan and CETC report 2-inch beta-Ga2O3 substrates with 5N purity, but 4-inch remains elusive. The CAPEX arithmetic is brutal: an 8-inch SiC line costs $800M+ for 100k wafers/year, while Ga2O3 could halve that, yet no one has solved the thermal problem. This report quantifies the trade-offs and identifies where China's equipment ecosystem—Naura's epi-reactors, CETC's ion implantation—could tip the balance.

### 404. [China's 2025 Strategic Export Controls on Gallium, Germanium, and Antimony: Global Semiconductor Moats and Western Supply Vulnerabilities](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/chinas-2025-strategic-export-controls-on-gallium-germanium-and-antimony-global-semiconductor-mo) [DOI: 10.1038/sino-451786]
On December 3, 2024, China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) imposed comprehensive export controls on gallium, germanium, and antimony, requiring licenses for all exports to the United States and tightening restrictions globally. This follows August 2023 controls that already halted US shipments. The measures target critical materials essential for advanced semiconductors, defense electronics, and renewable energy. China controls 98% of raw gallium production, 60% of germanium, and 48% of antimony. The extraction economics are deeply tied to China's massive alumina refining infrastructure: gallium is a by-product of bauxite processing, with annual capacity exceeding 600 tonnes, while Western nations lack equivalent smelting capacity. The purity barrier—transforming 4N (99.99%) crude gallium to 7N/8N (99.99999%/99.999999%) semiconductor-grade—requires specialized refining that is capital-intensive and time-consuming. Western mitigation is hampered by 5-7 year lead times for greenfield hydrometallurgical facilities, environmental permitting hurdles, and the absence of substitutes for antimony trioxide in munitions primers and flame retardants. This report quantifies the supply-demand gap, analyzes the technical bottlenecks, and assesses the strategic implications for US and European defense and semiconductor industries. The arithmetic does not work for Western refiners: CAPEX per annual metric ton exceeds $500,000, and operating costs are 3-5 times higher than Chinese producers. Pilot data from US and European projects reveal yields below 85% for 7N purity, compared to China's 95%+ industrial standard. The report concludes that without immediate policy intervention and investment, Western semiconductor and defense supply chains face critical vulnerabilities by 2026.

### 405. [Understanding the Decoupled Effects of Cations and Anions Doping for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/understanding-the-decoupled-effects-of-cations-and-anions-doping-for-high-performance-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01655-x]
The past decade has witnessed the rapid increasement in power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, serious ion migration hampers their operational stability. Although dopants composed of varied cations and anions are introduced into perovskite to suppress ion migration, the impact of cations or anions is not individually explored, which hinders the evaluation of different cations and further application of doping strategy. Here we report that a special group of sulfonic anions (like CF3SO3−) successfully introduce alkaline earth ions (like Ca2+) into perovskite lattice compared to its halide counterparts. Furthermore, with effective crystallization regulation and defect passivation of sulfonic anions, perovskite with Ca(CF3SO3)2 shows reduced PbI2 residue and metallic Pb0 defects; thereby, corresponding PSCs show an enhanced PCE of 24.95%. Finally by comparing the properties of perovskite with Ca(CF3SO3)2 and FACF3SO3, we found that doped Ca2+ significantly suppressed halide migration with an activation energy of 1.246 eV which accounts for the improved operational stability of Ca(CF3SO3)2-doped PSCs, while no obvious impact of Ca2+ on trap density is observed. Combining the benefits of cations and anions, this study presents an effective method to decouple the effects of cations and anions and fabricate efficient and stable PSCs.

### 406. [Integrating Electric Ambipolar Effect for High-Performance Zinc Bromide Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/integrating-electric-ambipolar-effect-for-high-performance-zinc-bromide-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01636-6]
The coupling of fast redox kinetics, high-energy density, and prolonged lifespan is a permanent aspiration for aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries, but which has been severely hampered by a narrow voltage range and suboptimal compatibility between the electrolytes and electrodes. Here, we unprecedentedly introduced an electric ambipolar effect for synergistic manipulation on Zn2+ ternary-hydrated eutectic electrolyte (ZTE) enabling high-performance Zn-Br2 batteries. The electric ambipolar effect motivates strong dipole interactions among hydrated perchlorates and bipolar ligands of L-carnitine (L-CN) and sulfamide, which reorganized primary cations solvation sheath in a manner of forming Zn[(L-CN)(SA)(H2O)4]2+ configuration and dynamically restricting desolvated H2O molecules, thus ensuring a broadened electrochemical window of 2.9 V coupled with high ionic conductivity. Noticeably, L-CN affords an electrostatic shielding effect and an in situ construction of organic–inorganic interphase, endowing oriented Zn anode plating/stripping reversibly for over 2400 h. Therefore, with the synergy of electro/nucleophilicity and exceptional compatibility, the ZTE electrolyte dynamically boosts the conversion redox of Zn-Br2 batteries in terms of high specific capacity and stable cycling performance. These findings open a window for designing electrolytes with synergetic chemical stability and compatibility toward advanced zinc-ion batteries.

### 407. [Thin and Flexible Breeze-Sense Generators for Non-Contact Haptic Feedback in Virtual Reality](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thin-and-flexible-breeze-sense-generators-for-non-contact-haptic-feedback-in-virtual-reality) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01670-y]
In the realm of virtual reality (VR), haptic feedback is integral to enhance the immersive experience; yet, existing wearable devices predominantly rely on skin contact feedback, lacking options for compact and non-contact breeze-sense feedback. Herein, we propose a compact and non-contact working model piezoelectret actuator for providing a gentle and safe breeze sensation. This easy-fabricated and flexible breeze-sense generator with thickness around 1 mm generates air flow pressure up to ~163 Pa, which is significantly sensed by human skin. In a typical demonstration, the breeze-sense generators array showcases its versatility by employing multiple coded modes for non-contact information transmitting. The thin thinness and good flexibility facilitate seamless integration with wearable VR setups, and the wearable arrays empower volunteers to precisely perceive the continuous and sudden breeze senses in the virtual environments. This work is expected to inspire developing new haptic feedback devices that play pivotal roles in human–machine interfaces for VR applications.

### 408. [Synergistic Single-Atom and Clustered Cobalt Sites on N/S Co-Doped Defect Nano-Carbon for Efficient H2O2 Electrosynthesis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-single-atom-and-clustered-cobalt-sites-on-ns-co-doped-defect-nano-carbon-for-efficient-h2o2-electrosynthesis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01657-9]
Non-noble-based single atomic catalysts have exhibited significant potential in electrochemical production of H2O2 via two-electron oxygen reduction reactions (2e− ORR). However, constructing highly efficient and acid-resistant catalysts remains a challenge but significant. In this work, fullerene (C60) with abundant pentagonal inherent defects was employed as a carbon substrate to synthesize defect-rich nanocarbon electrocatalysts doped with NSCo single atoms and accompanied by metallic Co nanoparticles (CoSA/CoNP-NSDNC) for the first time. The electrochemical experiments demonstrate that the active sites of CoSA/CoNP-NSDNC are formed through the synergistic interaction between NSCo single atoms and Co nanoparticle clusters embedded within the carbon framework. The obtained CoSA/CoNP-NSDNC catalyst exhibits an onset potential as 0.72 V versus RHE and achieves up to 90% H2O2 selectivity over a wide potential range of 500 mV. Moreover, the as-obtained CoSA/CoNP-NSDNC configured as the cathode in a self-assembled flow cell under acidic conditions achieves a high H2O2 production rate of 4206.96 mmol gcat⁻1 h⁻1 with a Faraday efficiency of ∼ 95% and exhibit ultra fast degradation of organic pollutants. This work focuses on the synergistic effect of non-noble metal nanoparticles, metal single-atom sites, and topological defects on the 2e− ORR process, which provides a new direction for designing carbon-based catalysts for efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis.

### 409. [Construction of Multifunctional Conductive Carbon-Based Cathode Additives for Boosting Li6PS5Cl-Based All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/construction-of-multifunctional-conductive-carbon-based-cathode-additives-for-boosting-li6ps5cl-based-all-solid-state-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01667-7]
The electrochemical performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) can be prominently enhanced by minimizing the detrimental degradation of solid electrolytes through their undesirable side reactions with the conductive carbon additives (CCAs) inside the composite cathodes. Herein, the well-defined Mo3Ni3N nanosheets embedded onto the N-doped porous carbons (NPCs) substrate are successfully synthesized (Mo-Ni@NPCs) as CCAs inside LiCoO2 for Li6PSC5Cl (LPSCl)-based ASSLBs. This nano-composite not only makes it difficult for hydroxide groups (–OH) to survive on the surface but also allows the in situ surface reconstruction to generate the ultra-stable MoS2-Mo3Ni3N heterostructures after the initial cycling stage. These can effectively prevent the occurrence of OH-induced LPSC decomposition reaction from producing harmful insulating sulfates, as well as simultaneously constructing the highly-efficient electrons/ions dual-migration pathways at the cathode interfaces to facilitate the improvement of both electrons and Li+ ions conductivities in ASSLBs. With this approach, fine-tuned Mo-Ni@NPCs can deliver extremely outstanding performance, including an ultra-high first discharge-specific capacity of 148.61 mAh g−1 (0.1C), a high Coulombic efficiency (94.01%), and a capacity retention rate after 1000 cycles still attain as high as 90.62%. This work provides a brand-new approach of “conversion-protection” strategy to overcome the drawbacks of composite cathodes interfaces instability and further promotes the commercialization of ASSLBs.

### 410. [Top-Down Dual-Interface Carrier Management for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/top-down-dual-interface-carrier-management-for-highly-efficient-and-stable-perovskitesilicon-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01631-x]
Despite significant advancements in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, improving carrier management in top cells remains challenging due to the defective dual interfaces of wide-bandgap perovskite, particularly on textured silicon surfaces. Herein, a series of halide ions (Cl−, Br−, I−) substituted piperazinium salts are designed and synthesized as post-treatment modifiers for perovskite surfaces. Notably, piperazinium chloride induces an asymmetric bidirectional ions distribution from the top to the bottom surface, with large piperazinium cations concentrating at the perovskite surface and small chloride anions migrating downward to accumulate at the buried interface. This results in effective dual-interface defect passivation and energy band modulation, enabling wide-bandgap (1.68 eV) perovskite solar cells to achieve a PCE of 22.3% and a record product of open-circuit voltage × fill factor (84.4% relative to the Shockley–Queisser limit). Furthermore, the device retains 91.3% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of maximum power point tracking without encapsulation. When integrated with double-textured silicon heterojunction solar cells, a remarkable PCE of 31.5% is achieved for a 1.04 cm2 monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell, exhibiting excellent long-term operational stability (T80 = 755 h) without encapsulation in ambient air. This work provides a convenient strategy on dual-interface engineering for making high-efficiency and stable perovskite platforms.

### 411. [Structural Mechanisms of Quasi-2D Perovskites for Next-Generation Photovoltaics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-mechanisms-of-quasi-2d-perovskites-for-next-generation-photovoltaics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01609-9]
Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) perovskite embodies characteristics of both three-dimensional (3D) and 2D perovskites, achieving the superior external environment stability structure of 2D perovskites alongside the high efficiency of 3D perovskites. This effect is realized through critical structural modifications in device fabrication. Typically, perovskites have an octahedral structure, generally ABX3, where an organic ammonium cation (A’) participates in forming the perovskite structure, with A’(n) (n = 1 or 2) sandwiched between A(n-1)B(n)X(3n+1) perovskite layers. Depending on whether A’ is a monovalent or divalent cation, 2D perovskites are classified into Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite or Dion-Jacobson perovskite, each generating different structures. Although each structure achieves similar effects, they incorporate distinct mechanisms in their formation. And according to these different structures, various properties appear, and additive and optimizing methods to increase the efficiency of 3D perovskites also exist in 2D perovskites. In this review, scientific understanding and engineering perspectives of the quasi-2D perovskite is investigated, and the optimal structure quasi-2D and the device optimization is also discussed to provide the insight in the field.

### 412. [Highly Thermally Conductive and Flame-Retardant Waterborne Polyurethane Composites with 3D BNNS Bridging Structures via Magnetic Field Assistance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highly-thermally-conductive-and-flame-retardant-waterborne-polyurethane-composites-with-3d-bnns-bridging-structures-via-magnetic-field-assistance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01651-1]
The microstructure design for thermal conduction pathways in polymeric electrical encapsulation materials is essential to meet the stringent requirements for efficient thermal management and thermal runaway safety in modern electronic devices. Hence, a composite with three-dimensional network (Ho/U-BNNS/WPU) is developed by simultaneously incorporating magnetically modified boron nitride nanosheets (M@BNNS) and non-magnetic organo-grafted BNNS (U-BNNS) into waterborne polyurethane (WPU) to synchronous molding under a horizontal magnetic field. The results indicate that the continuous in-plane pathways formed by M@BNNS aligned along the magnetic field direction, combined with the bridging structure established by U-BNNS, enable Ho/U-BNNS/WPU to exhibit exceptional in-plane (λ//) and through-plane thermal conductivities (λ⊥). In particular, with the addition of 30 wt% M@BNNS and 5 wt% U-BNNS, the λ// and λ⊥ of composites reach 11.47 and 2.88 W m−1 K−1, respectively, which representing a 194.2% improvement in λ⊥ compared to the composites with a single orientation of M@BNNS. Meanwhile, Ho/U-BNNS/WPU exhibits distinguished thermal management capabilities as thermal interface materials for LED and chips. The composites also demonstrate excellent flame retardancy, with a peak heat release and total heat release reduced by 58.9% and 36.9%, respectively, compared to WPU. Thus, this work offers new insights into the thermally conductive structural design and efficient flame-retardant systems of polymer composites, presenting broad application potential in electronic packaging fields.

### 413. [Electromagnetic Functions Modulation of Recycled By-Products by Heterodimensional Structure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electromagnetic-functions-modulation-of-recycled-by-products-by-heterodimensional-structure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01659-7]
One of the significant technological challenges in safeguarding electronic devices pertains to the modulation of electromagnetic (EM) wave jamming and the recycling of defensive shields. The synergistic effect of heterodimensional materials can effectively enable the manipulation of EM waves by altering the nanostructure. Here we propose a novel approach for upcycling by-products of silver nanowires that can fabricate shape-tunable aerogels which enable the modulation of its interaction with microwaves by heterodimensional structure of by-products. By-product heterodimensionality was used to design EM-wave-jamming-dissipation structures and therefore two typical tunable aerogel forms were studied. The first tunable form was aerogel film, which shielded EM interference (EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) > 89 dB) and the second tunable form was foam, which performed dual EM functions (SE > 30 dB & reflective loss (RL) < -35 dB, effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) > 6.7 GHz). We show that secondary recycled aerogels retain nearly all of their EM protection properties, making this type of closed-loop cycle an appealing option. Our findings pave the way for the development of adaptive EM functions with nanoscale regulation in a green and closed-loop cycle, and they shed light on the fundamental understanding of microwave interactions with heterodimensional structures.

### 414. [Multifunctional Janus-Structured Polytetrafluoroethylene-Carbon Nanotube-Fe3O4/MXene Membranes for Enhanced EMI Shielding and Thermal Management](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-janus-structured-polytetrafluoroethylene-carbon-nanotube-fe3o4mxene-membranes-for-enhanced-emi-shielding-and-thermal-management) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01647-x]
Herein, a novel Janus-structured multifunctional membrane with integrated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and personalized thermal management is fabricated using shear-induced in situ fibrillation and vacuum-assisted filtration. Interestingly, within the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-carbon nanotube (CNT)-Fe3O4 layer (FCFe), CNT nanofibers interweave with PTFE fibers to form a stable “silk-like” structure that effectively captures Fe3O4 particles. By incorporating a highly conductive MXene layer, the FCFe/MXene (FCFe/M) membrane exhibits excellent electrical/thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy. Impressively, benefiting from the rational regulation of component proportions and the design of a Janus structure, the FCFe/M membrane with a thickness of only 84.9 µm delivers outstanding EMI shielding effectiveness of 44.56 dB in the X-band, with a normalized specific SE reaching 10,421.3 dB cm2 g−1, which is attributed to the “absorption-reflection-reabsorption” mechanism. Furthermore, the membrane demonstrates low-voltage-driven Joule heating and fast-response photothermal performance. Under the stimulation of a 3 V voltage and an optical power density of 320 mW cm−2, the surface temperatures of the FCFe/M membranes can reach up to 140.4 and 145.7 °C, respectively. In brief, the FCFe/M membrane with anti-electromagnetic radiation and temperature regulation is an attractive candidate for the next generation of wearable electronics, EMI compatibility, visual heating, thermotherapy, and military and aerospace applications.

### 415. [Microneedle-Based Approaches for Skin Disease Treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microneedle-based-approaches-for-skin-disease-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01662-y]
The use of microneedles (MNs) has been established as an effective transdermal drug delivery strategy that has been extensively deployed for treating various diseases, including skin diseases. MNs can surpass the constraints of conventional drug delivery methods by their superior safety and efficacy through precise targeting, while simultaneously enabling painless delivery. Currently, MNs are increasingly used as carriers for drug delivery, with the loading of insoluble drugs to improve their treatment efficiency or combining with bioactive substances for the construction of an efficient drug delivery system to maximize the effects of bioactive substances. The methods used for preparation MNs are diverse, enabling them to meet the requirements of most applications. The emergence of MNs has addressed the shortcomings associated with insoluble drugs, expanded the applications of bioactive substances, and improved their use in clinical practice. This review summarizes current information on the application of MNs in a variety of skin diseases, such as psoriasis, vitiligo, alopecia, hypertrophic scarring, atopic dermatitis, melanoma, acne, and skin infections. The current clinical applications and future opportunities for MNs in the treatment of skin diseases are also discussed. Despite substantial progress in the clinical application of MNs as delivery vectors, issues such as low drug loading and poor mechanical strength during MNs preparation remain the main challenges. Therefore, clinical implementation of MNs-based therapies remains limited, highlighting key opportunities for future research.

### 416. [Multifunctional Carbon Foam with Nanoscale Chiral Magnetic Heterostructures for Broadband Microwave Absorption in Low Frequency](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-carbon-foam-with-nanoscale-chiral-magnetic-heterostructures-for-broadband-microwave-absorption-in-low-frequency) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01658-8]
The construction of carbon nanocoil (CNC)-based chiral-dielectric-magnetic trinity composites is considered as a promising approach to achieve excellent low-frequency microwave absorption. However, it is still challenging to further enhance the low frequency microwave absorption and elucidate the related loss mechanisms. Herein, the chiral CNCs are first synthesized on a three-dimensional (3D) carbon foam and then combined with the FeNi/NiFe2O4 nanoparticles to form a novel chiral-dielectric-magnetic trinity foam. The 3D porous CNC-carbon foam network provides excellent impedance matching and strong conduction loss. The formation of the FeNi-carbon interfaces induces interfacial polarization loss, which is confirmed by the density functional theory calculations. Further permeability analysis and the micromagnetic simulation indicate that the nanoscale chiral magnetic heterostructures achieve magnetic pinning and coupling effects, which enhance the magnetic anisotropy and magnetic loss capability. Owing to the synergistic effect between dielectricity, chirality, and magnetism, the trinity composite foam exhibits excellent microwave absorption performance with an ultrabroad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 14 GHz and a minimum reflection of loss less than −50 dB. More importantly, the C-band EAB of the foam is extended to 4 GHz, achieving the full C-band coverage. This study provides further guidelines for the microstructure design of the chiral-dielectric-magnetic trinity composites to achieve broadband microwave absorption.

### 417. [Light Management in 2D Perovskite Toward High-Performance Optoelectronic Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/light-management-in-2d-perovskite-toward-high-performance-optoelectronic-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01643-7]
Two-dimensional Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskite has garnered significant attention due to its superior responsivity and operation stability. However, efforts are predominantly focused on discovering new organic spacer to synthesize novel perovskites, while material-form-associated light management, which is crucial for enhancing the photodetector’s efficiency, is largely overlooked. Herein, we introduced surface light management strategy into DJ-type perovskite system by synthesizing surface-patterned BDAPbBr4 (BPB, BDA = NH3(CH2)4NH3) microplates (MPs) using template-assisted space-confined method, which was further elucidated by theoretical optical simulation. By leveraging surface-patterned MPs to enhance light absorption, the BPB-based photodetectors (PDs) achieved remarkable photoresponse in ultraviolet region, marked by a high on/off ratio (~ 5000), superior responsivity (2.24 A W−1), along with large detectivity (~ 1013 Jones) and low detection limit (68.7 nW cm−2). Additionally, the PDs showcased superior light communication and imaging capabilities even under weak-light illumination. Notably, the anisotropic nature of the surface-patterned MPs conferred excellent polarization sensitivity to the PD. These results represented the first demonstration of BPB perovskite in weak-light communication and imaging, as well as in polarized light detection. Our findings offer valuable insights into enhancing photodetector performance and optoelectronic applications through surface light management strategies.

### 418. [Artificial Intelligence-Powered Materials Science](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/artificial-intelligence-powered-materials-science) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01634-8]
The advancement of materials has played a pivotal role in the advancement of human civilization, and the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered materials science heralds a new era with substantial potential to tackle the escalating challenges related to energy, environment, and biomedical concerns in a sustainable manner. The exploration and development of sustainable materials are poised to assume a critical role in attaining technologically advanced solutions that are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and conducive to human well-being. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current scholarly progress in artificial intelligence-powered materials science and its cutting-edge applications. We anticipate that AI technology will be extensively utilized in material research and development, thereby expediting the growth and implementation of novel materials. AI will serve as a catalyst for materials innovation, and in turn, advancements in materials innovation will further enhance the capabilities of AI and AI-powered materials science. Through the synergistic collaboration between AI and materials science, we stand to realize a future propelled by advanced AI-powered materials.

### 419. [Functionalized Aluminum Nitride for Improving Hydrolysis Resistances of Highly Thermally Conductive Polysiloxane Composites](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/functionalized-aluminum-nitride-for-improving-hydrolysis-resistances-of-highly-thermally-conductive-polysiloxane-composites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01669-5]
A series of divinylphenyl-acryloyl chloride copolymers (PDVB-co-PACl) is synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization employing tert-butyl acrylate and divinylbenzene as monomers. PDVB-co-PACl is utilized to graft on the surface of spherical aluminum nitride (AlN) to prepare functionalized AlN (AlN@PDVB-co-PACl). Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is then used as the matrix to prepare thermally conductive AlN@PDVB-co-PACl/PMHS composites with AlN@PDVB-co-PACl as fillers through blending and curing. The grafting of PDVB-co-PACl synchronously enhances the hydrolysis resistance of AlN and its interfacial compatibility with PMHS matrix. When the molecular weight of PDVB-co-PACl is 5100 g mol−1 and the grafting density is 0.8 wt%, the composites containing 75 wt% of AlN@PDVB-co-PACl exhibit the optimal comprehensive performance. The thermal conductivity (λ) of the composite is 1.14 W m−1 K−1, which enhances by 20% and 420% compared to the λ of simply physically blended AlN/PMHS composite and pure PMHS, respectively. Meanwhile, AlN@PDVB-co-PACl/PMHS composites display remarkable hydrothermal aging resistance by retaining 99.1% of its λ after soaking in 90 °C deionized water for 80 h, whereas the λ of the blended AlN/PMHS composites decreases sharply to 93.7%.

### 420. [Functionalized Separators Boosting Electrochemical Performances for Lithium Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/functionalized-separators-boosting-electrochemical-performances-for-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01596-x]
The growing demands for energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronics have significantly pushed forward the need for safe and reliable lithium batteries. It is essential to design functional separators with improved mechanical and electrochemical characteristics. This review covers the improved mechanical and electrochemical performances as well as the advancements made in the design of separators utilizing a variety of techniques. In terms of electrolyte wettability and adhesion of the coating materials, we provide an overview of the current status of research on coated separators, in situ modified separators, and grafting modified separators, and elaborate additional performance parameters of interest. The characteristics of inorganics coated separators, organic framework coated separators and inorganic–organic coated separators from different fabrication methods are compared. Future directions regarding new modified materials, manufacturing process, quantitative analysis of adhesion and so on are proposed toward next-generation advanced lithium batteries.

### 421. [Enhanced Conductivity of Multilayer Copper–Carbon Nanofilms via Plasma Immersion Deposition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhanced-conductivity-of-multilayer-coppercarbon-nanofilms-via-plasma-immersion-deposition) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01628-6]
Although room-temperature superconductivity is still difficult to achieve, researching materials with electrical conductivity significantly higher than that of copper will be of great importance in improving energy efficiency, reducing costs, lightening equipment weight, and enhancing overall performance. Herein, this study presents a novel copper–carbon nanofilm composite with enhanced conductivity which has great applications in the electronic devices and electrical equipment. Multilayer copper–carbon nanofilms and interfaces with superior electronic structures are formed based on copper materials using plasma immersion nanocarbon layer deposition technology, effectively enhancing conductivity. Experimental results show that for a five-layer copper–carbon nanofilm composite, the conductivity improves significantly when the thickness of the carbon nanofilm increases. When the carbon nanofilm accounts for 16% of the total thickness, the overall conductivity increases up to 30.20% compared to pure copper. The mechanism of the enhanced conductivity is analyzed including roles of copper atom adsorption sites and electron migration pathways by applying effective medium theory, first-principles calculations and density of states analysis. Under an applied electric field, the high-density electrons in the copper film can migrate into the nanocarbon film, forming highly efficient electron transport channels, which significantly enhance the material’s conductivity. Finally, large-area electrode coating equipment is developed based on this study, providing the novel and robust strategy to enhance the conductivity of copper materials, which enables industrial application of copper–carbon nanocomposite films in the field of high conductivity materials.

### 422. [Multiscale Biomimetic Evaporators Based on Liquid Metal/Polyacrylonitrile Composite Fibers for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiscale-biomimetic-evaporators-based-on-liquid-metalpolyacrylonitrile-composite-fibers-for-highly-efficient-solar-steam-generation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01661-z]
Solar steam generation (SSG) offers a cost-effective solution for producing clean water by utilizing solar energy. However, integrating effective thermal management and water transportation to develop high-efficiency solar evaporators remains a significant challenge. Here, inspired by the hierarchical structure of the stem of bird of paradise, a three-dimensional multiscale liquid metal/polyacrylonitrile (LM/PAN) evaporator is fabricated by assembling LM/PAN fibers. The strong localized surface plasmon resonance of LM particles and porous structure of LM/PAN fibers with interconnected channels lead to efficient light absorption up to 90.9%. Consequently, the multiscale biomimetic LM/PAN evaporator achieves an outstanding water evaporation rate of 2.66 kg m−2 h−1 with a solar energy efficiency of 96.5% under one sun irradiation and an exceptional water rate of 2.58 kg m−2 h−1 in brine. Additionally, the LM/PAN evaporator demonstrates a superior purification performance for seawater, with the concentration of Na+, Mg2+, K+ and Ca2+ in real seawater dramatically decreased by three orders to less than 7 mg L−1 after desalination under light irradiation. The multiscale LM/PAN evaporator with hierarchical structure regulates the water transportation as well as thermal management for highly effective solar-driven evaporation, providing valuable insight into the structural design principles for advanced SSG systems.

### 423. [Laser-Induced Nanowire Percolation Interlocking for Ultrarobust Soft Electronics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/laser-induced-nanowire-percolation-interlocking-for-ultrarobust-soft-electronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01627-7]
Metallic nanowires have served as novel materials for soft electronics due to their outstanding mechanical compliance and electrical properties. However, weak adhesion and low mechanical robustness of nanowire networks to substrates significantly undermine their reliability, necessitating the use of an insulating protective layer, which greatly limits their utility. Herein, we present a versatile and generalized laser-based process that simultaneously achieves strong adhesion and mechanical robustness of nanowire networks on diverse substrates without the need for a protective layer. In this method, the laser-induced photothermal energy at the interface between the nanowire network and the substrate facilitates the interpenetration of the nanowire network and the polymer matrix, resulting in mechanical interlocking through percolation. This mechanism is broadly applicable across different metallic nanowires and thermoplastic substrates, significantly enhancing its universality in diverse applications. Thereby, we demonstrated the mechanical robustness of nanowires in reusable wearable physiological sensors on the skin without compromising the performance of the sensor. Furthermore, enhanced robustness and electrical conductivity by the laser-induced interlocking enables a stable functionalization of conducting polymers in a wet environment, broadening its application into various electrochemical devices.

### 424. [Advances in TENGs for Marine Energy Harvesting and In Situ Electrochemistry](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-tengs-for-marine-energy-harvesting-and-in-situ-electrochemistry) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01640-w]
The large-scale use of ample marine energy will be one of the most important ways for human to achieve sustainable development through carbon neutral development plans. As a burgeoning technological method for electromechanical conversion, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has significant advantages in marine energy for its low weight, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency in low-frequency range. It can realize the efficient and economical harvesting of low-frequency blue energy by constructing the floating marine energy harvesting TENG. This paper firstly introduces the power transfer process and structural composition of TENG for marine energy harvesting in detail. In addition, the latest research works of TENG on marine energy harvesting in basic research and structural design are systematically reviewed by category. Finally, the advanced research progress in the power take-off types and engineering study of TENG with the marine energy are comprehensively generalized. Importantly, the challenges and problems faced by TENG in marine energy and in situ electrochemical application are summarized and the corresponding prospects and suggestions are proposed for the subsequent development direction and prospects to look forward to promoting the commercialization process of this field.

### 425. [Atomically Dispersed Metal Atoms: Minimizing Interfacial Charge Transport Barrier for Efficient Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/atomically-dispersed-metal-atoms-minimizing-interfacial-charge-transport-barrier-for-efficient-carbon-based-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01639-3]
Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) exhibit notable stability and durability. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is significantly hindered by energy level mismatches, which result in interfacial charge transport barriers at the electrode-related interfaces. Herein, we report a back electrode that utilizes atomically dispersed metallic cobalt (Co) in carbon nanosheets (Co1/CN) to adjust the interfacial energy levels. The electrons in the d-orbitals of Co atoms disrupt the electronic symmetry of the carbon nanosheets (CN), inducing a redistribution of the electronic density of states that leads to a downward shift in the Fermi level and a significantly reduced interfacial energy barrier. As a result, the C-PSCs using Co1/CN as back electrodes achieve a notable PCE of 22.61% with exceptional long-term stability, maintaining 94.4% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of continuous illumination without encapsulation. This work provides a promising universal method to regulate the energy level of carbon electrodes for C-PSCs and paves the way for more efficient, stable, and scalable solar technologies toward commercialization.

### 426. [Advanced Bismuth-Based Anode Materials for Efficient Potassium Storage: Structural Features, Storage Mechanisms and Modification Strategies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advanced-bismuth-based-anode-materials-for-efficient-potassium-storage-structural-features-storage-mechanisms-and-modification-strategies) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01641-9]
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are considered as a promising energy storage system owing to its abundant potassium resources. As an important part of the battery composition, anode materials play a vital role in the future development of PIBs. Bismuth-based anode materials demonstrate great potential for storing potassium ions (K+) due to their layered structure, high theoretical capacity based on the alloying reaction mechanism, and safe operating voltage. However, the large radius of K+ inevitably induces severe volume expansion in depotassiation/potassiation, and the sluggish kinetics of K+ insertion/extraction limits its further development. Herein, we summarize the strategies used to improve the potassium storage properties of various types of materials and introduce recent advances in the design and fabrication of favorable structural features of bismuth-based materials. Firstly, this review analyzes the structure, working mechanism and advantages and disadvantages of various types of materials for potassium storage. Then, based on this, the manuscript focuses on summarizing modification strategies including structural and morphological design, compositing with other materials, and electrolyte optimization, and elucidating the advantages of various modifications in enhancing the potassium storage performance. Finally, we outline the current challenges of bismuth-based materials in PIBs and put forward some prospects to be verified.

### 427. [Transition Metal Carbonitride MXenes Anchored with Pt Sub-Nanometer Clusters to Achieve High-Performance Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at All pH Range](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/transition-metal-carbonitride-mxenes-anchored-with-pt-sub-nanometer-clusters-to-achieve-high-performance-hydrogen-evolution-reaction-at-all-ph-range) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01654-y]
Transition metal carbides, known as MXenes, particularly Ti3C2Tx, have been extensively explored as promising materials for electrochemical reactions. However, transition metal carbonitride MXenes with high nitrogen content for electrochemical reactions are rarely reported. In this work, transition metal carbonitride MXenes incorporated with Pt-based electrocatalysts, ranging from single atoms to sub-nanometer dimensions, are explored for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The fabricated Pt clusters/MXene catalyst exhibits superior HER performance compared to the single-atom-incorporated MXene and commercial Pt/C catalyst in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The optimized sample shows low overpotentials of 28, 65, and 154 mV at current densities of 10, 100, and 500 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 29 mV dec−1, a high mass activity of 1203 mA mgPt−1 and an excellent turnover frequency of 6.1 s−1 in the acidic electrolyte. Density functional theory calculations indicate that this high performance can be attributed to the enhanced active sites, increased surface functional groups, faster charge transfer dynamics, and stronger electronic interaction between Pt and MXene, resulting in optimized hydrogen absorption/desorption toward better HER. This work demonstrates that MXenes with a high content of nitrogen may be promising candidates for various catalytic reactions by incorporating single atoms or clusters.

### 428. [Novel Cellulosic Fiber Composites with Integrated Multi-Band Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Energy Storage Functionalities](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/novel-cellulosic-fiber-composites-with-integrated-multi-band-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-and-energy-storage-functionalities) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01652-0]
In an era where technological advancement and sustainability converge, developing renewable materials with multifunctional integration is increasingly in demand. This study filled a crucial gap by integrating energy storage, multi-band electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and structural design into bio-based materials. Specifically, conductive polymer layers were formed within the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxide (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose fiber skeleton, where a mild TEMPO-mediated oxidation system was applied to endow it with abundant macropores that could be utilized as active sites (specific surface area of 105.6 m2 g−1). Benefiting from the special hierarchical porous structure of the material, the constructed cellulose fiber-derived composites can realize high areal-specific capacitance of 12.44 F cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2 and areal energy density of 3.99 mWh cm−2 (2005 mW cm−2) with an excellent stability of maintaining 90.23% after 10,000 cycles at 50 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, the composites showed a high electrical conductivity of 877.19 S m−1 and excellent EMI efficiency (>99.99%) in multiple wavelength bands. The composite material’s EMI values exceed 100 dB across the L, S, C, and X bands, effectively shielding electromagnetic waves in daily life. The proposed strategy paves the way for utilizing bio-based materials in applications like energy storage and EMI shielding, contributing to a more sustainable future.

### 429. [Zn(TFSI)2-Mediated Ring-Opening Polymerization for Electrolyte Engineering Toward Stable Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/zntfsi2-mediated-ring-opening-polymerization-for-electrolyte-engineering-toward-stable-aqueous-zinc-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01649-9]
Practical Zn metal batteries have been hindered by several challenges, including Zn dendrite growth, undesirable side reactions, and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface. These issues are particularly more serious in low-concentration electrolytes. Herein, we design a Zn salt-mediated electrolyte with in situ ring-opening polymerization of the small molecule organic solvent. The Zn(TFSI)2 salt catalyzes the ring-opening polymerization of (1,3-dioxolane (DOL)), generating oxidation-resistant and non-combustible long-chain polymer (poly(1,3-dioxolane) (pDOL)). The pDOL reduces the active H2O molecules in electrolyte and assists in forming stable organic–inorganic gradient solid electrolyte interphase with rich organic constituents, ZnO and ZnF2. The introduction of pDOL endows the electrolyte with several advantages: excellent Zn dendrite inhibition, improved corrosion resistance, widened electrochemical window (2.6 V), and enhanced low-temperature performance (freezing point = −34.9 °C). Zn plating/stripping in pDOL-enhanced electrolyte lasts for 4200 cycles at 99.02% Coulomb efficiency and maintains a lifetime of 8200 h. Moreover, Zn metal anodes deliver stable cycling for 2500 h with a high Zn utilization of 60%. A Zn//VO2 pouch cell assembled with lean electrolyte (electrolyte/capacity (E/C = 41 mL (Ah)−1) also demonstrates a capacity retention ratio of 92% after 600 cycles. These results highlight the promising application prospects of practical Zn metal batteries enabled by the Zn(TFSI)2-mediated electrolyte engineering.

### 430. [Multifunctional Graphdiyne Enables Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells via Anti-Solvent Additive Engineering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-graphdiyne-enables-efficient-perovskite-solar-cells-via-anti-solvent-additive-engineering) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01630-y]
Finding ways to produce dense and smooth perovskite films with negligible defects is vital for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we aim to enhance the quality of the perovskite films through the utilization of a multifunctional additive in the perovskite anti-solvent, a strategy referred to as anti-solvent additive engineering. Specifically, we introduce ortho-substituted-4′-(4,4″-di-tert-butyl-1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl)-graphdiyne (o-TB-GDY) as an AAE additive, characterized by its sp/sp2-cohybridized and highly π-conjugated structure, into the anti-solvent. o-TB-GDY not only significantly passivates undercoordinated lead defects (through potent coordination originating from specific high π–electron conjugation), but also serves as nucleation seeds to effectively enhance the nucleation and growth of perovskite crystals. This markedly reduces defects and non-radiative recombination, thereby increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 25.62% (certified as 25.01%). Meanwhile, the PSCs exhibit largely enhanced stability, maintaining 92.6% of their initial PCEs after 500 h continuous 1-sun illumination at ~23 °C in a nitrogen-filled glove box.

### 431. [Half-Covered 'Glitter-Cake' AM@SE Composite: A Novel Electrode Design for High Energy Density All-Solid-State Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/half-covered-glitter-cake-amse-composite-a-novel-electrode-design-for-high-energy-density-all-solid-state-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01644-6]
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are pursued due to their potential for better safety and high energy density. However, the energy density of the cathode for ASSBs does not seem to be satisfactory due to the low utilization of active materials (AMs) at high loading. With small amount of solid electrolyte (SE) powder in the cathode, poor electrochemical performance is often observed due to contact loss and non-homogeneous distribution of AMs and SEs, leading to high tortuosity and limitation of lithium and electron transport pathways. Here, we propose a novel cathode design that can achieve high volumetric energy density of 1258 Wh L−1 at high AM content of 85 wt% by synergizing the merits of AM@SE core–shell composite particles with conformally coated thin SE shell prepared from mechanofusion process and small SE particles. The core–shell structure with an intimate and thin SE shell guarantees high ionic conduction pathway while unharming the electronic conduction. In addition, small SE particles play the role of a filler that reduces the packing porosity in the cathode composite electrode as well as between the cathode and the SE separator layer. The systematic demonstration of the optimization process may provide understanding and guidance on the design of electrodes for ASSBs with high electrode density, capacity, and ultimately energy density.

### 432. [Molecular Mechanism Behind the Capture of Fluorinated Gases by Metal–Organic Frameworks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/molecular-mechanism-behind-the-capture-of-fluorinated-gases-by-metalorganic-frameworks) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01584-1]
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) play a vital role in the chemical industry and in the fields of air conditioning, refrigeration, health care, and organic synthesis. However, the direct emission of waste gases containing F-gases into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse effects and generates toxic substances. Developing porous materials for the energy-efficient capture, separation, and recovery of F-gases is highly desired. Recently, as a highly designable porous adsorbents, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit excellent selective sorption performance toward F-gases, especially for the recognition and separation of different F-gases with highly similar properties, showing their great potential in F-gases control and recovery. In this review, we discuss the capture and separation of F-gases and their azeotropic, near-azeotropic, and isomeric mixtures in various application scenarios by MOFs, specifically classify and analyze molecular interaction between F-gases and MOFs, and interpret the mechanisms underlying their high performance regarding both adsorption capacity and selectivity, providing a repertoire for future materials design. Challenges faced in the transformation research roadmap of MOFs adsorbent separation technologies toward F-gases are also discussed, and areas for future research endeavors are highlighted.

### 433. [NH4+-Modulated Cathodic Interfacial Spatial Charge Redistribution for High-Performance Dual-Ion Capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nh4-modulated-cathodic-interfacial-spatial-charge-redistribution-for-high-performance-dual-ion-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01660-0]
Compared with Zn2+, the current mainly reported charge carrier for zinc hybrid capacitors, small-hydrated-sized and light-weight NH4+ is expected as a better one to mediate cathodic interfacial electrochemical behaviors, yet has not been unraveled. Here we propose an NH4+-modulated cationic solvation strategy to optimize cathodic spatial charge distribution and achieve dynamic Zn2+/NH4+ co-storage for boosting Zinc hybrid capacitors. Owing to the hierarchical cationic solvated structure in hybrid Zn(CF3SO3)2–NH4CF3SO3 electrolyte, high-reactive Zn2+ and small-hydrate-sized NH4(H2O)4+ induce cathodic interfacial Helmholtz plane reconfiguration, thus effectively enhancing the spatial charge density to activate 20% capacity enhancement. Furthermore, cathodic interfacial adsorbed hydrated NH4+ ions afford high-kinetics and ultrastable C‧‧‧H (NH4+) charge storage process due to a much lower desolvation energy barrier compared with heavy and rigid Zn(H2O)6 2+ (5.81 vs. 14.90 eV). Consequently, physical uptake and multielectron redox of Zn2+/NH4+ in carbon cathode enable the zinc capacitor to deliver high capacity (240 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), large-current tolerance (130 mAh g−1 at 50 A g−1) and ultralong lifespan (400,000 cycles). This study gives new insights into the design of cathode–electrolyte interfaces toward advanced zinc-based energy storage.

### 434. [Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets Incorporated Hierarchical Hydrogen Bonding Polymer Networks for Transparent and Fire-Proof Ceramizable Coatings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/layered-double-hydroxide-nanosheets-incorporated-hierarchical-hydrogen-bonding-polymer-networks-for-transparent-and-fire-proof-ceramizable-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01646-y]
In recent decades, annual urban fire incidents, including those involving ancient wooden buildings burned, transportation, and solar panels, have increased, leading to significant loss of human life and property. Addressing this issue without altering the surface morphology or interfering with optical behavior of flammable materials poses a substantial challenge. Herein, we present a transparent, low thickness, ceramifiable nanosystem coating composed of a highly adhesive base (poly(SSS1-co-HEMA1)), nanoscale layered double hydroxide sheets as ceramic precursors, and supramolecular melamine di-borate as an accelerator. We demonstrate that this hybrid coating can transform into a porous, fire-resistant protective layer with a highly thermostable vitreous phase upon exposure to flame/heat source. A nanosystem coating of just ~100 μm thickness can significantly increase the limiting oxygen index of wood (Pine) to 37.3%, dramatically reduce total heat release by 78.6%, and maintain low smoke toxicity (CITG = 0.016). Detailed molecular force analysis, combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying flame-retardant mechanisms, underscores the effectiveness of this coating. This work offers a strategy for creating efficient, environmentally friendly coatings with fire safety applications across various industries.

### 435. [Ultrasensitive Chemiresistive Gas Sensors Based on Dual-Mesoporous Zinc Stannate Composites for Room Temperature Rice Quality Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrasensitive-chemiresistive-gas-sensors-based-on-dual-mesoporous-zinc-stannate-composites-for-room-temperature-rice-quality-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01645-5]
The integration of dual-mesoporous structures, the construction of heterojunctions, and the incorporation of highly concentrated oxygen vacancies are pivotal for advancing metal oxide-based gas sensors. Nonetheless, achieving an optimal design that simultaneously combines mesoporous structures, precise heterojunction modulation, and controlled oxygen vacancies through a one-step process remains challenging. This study proposes an innovative method for fabricating zinc stannate semiconductors featuring dual-mesoporous structures and tunable oxygen vacancies via a direct solution precursor plasma spray technique. As a proof of concept, the resulting zinc stannate-based coatings are applied to detect 2-undecanone, a key biomarker for rice aging. Remarkably, the zinc oxide/zinc stannate heterojunctions with a well-defined secondary pore structure exhibit exceptional gas-sensing performance for 2-undecanone at room temperature. Furthermore, practical experiments indicate that the developed sensor effectively identifies adulteration in various rice varieties. These results underscore the potential of this method for designing metal oxides with tailored properties for high-performance gas sensors. The enhanced adsorption capacity and dual-mesoporous features of this semiconductor make it a promising candidate for sensing applications in agricultural food safety inspections.

### 436. [Membranes of Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity PIM-1 for Gas Separation: Modification Strategies and Meta-Analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/membranes-of-polymer-of-intrinsic-microporosity-pim-1-for-gas-separation-modification-strategies-and-meta-analysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01610-2]
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have received considerable attention for making high-performance membranes for carbon dioxide separation over the last two decades, owing to their highly permeable porous structures. However, challenges regarding its relatively low selectivity, physical aging, and plasticisation impede relevant industrial adoptions for gas separation. To address these issues, several strategies including chain modification, post-modification, blending with other polymers, and the addition of fillers, have been developed and explored. PIM-1 is the most investigated PIMs, and hence here we review the state-of-the-arts of the modification strategies of PIM-1 critically and discuss the progress achieved for addressing the aforementioned challenges via meta-analysis. Additionally, the development of PIM-1-based thin film composite membranes is commented as well, shedding light on their potential in industrial gas separation. We hope that the review can be a timely snapshot of the relevant state-of-the-arts of PIMs guiding future design and optimisation of PIMs-based membranes for enhanced performance towards a higher technology readiness level for practical applications.

### 437. [Comprehensive Chlorine Suppression: Advances in Materials and System Technologies for Direct Seawater Electrolysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/comprehensive-chlorine-suppression-advances-in-materials-and-system-technologies-for-direct-seawater-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01653-z]
Seawater electrolysis offers a promising pathway to generate green hydrogen, which is crucial for the net-zero emission targets. Indirect seawater electrolysis is severely limited by high energy demands and system complexity, while the direct seawater electrolysis bypasses pre-treatment, offering a simpler and more cost-effective solution. However, the chlorine evolution reaction and impurities in the seawater lead to severe corrosion and hinder electrolysis’s efficiency. Herein, we review recent advances in the rational design of chlorine-suppressive catalysts and integrated electrolysis systems architectures for chloride-induced corrosion, with simultaneous enhancement of Faradaic efficiency and reduction of electrolysis’s cost. Furthermore, promising directions are proposed for durable and efficient seawater electrolysis systems. This review provides perspectives for seawater electrolysis toward sustainable energy conversion and environmental protection.

### 438. [Cellulose Elementary Fibrils as Deagglomerated Binder for High-Mass-Loading Lithium Battery Electrodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cellulose-elementary-fibrils-as-deagglomerated-binder-for-high-mass-loading-lithium-battery-electrodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01642-8]
Amidst the ever-growing interest in high-mass-loading Li battery electrodes, a persistent challenge has been the insufficient continuity of their ion/electron conduction pathways. Here, we propose cellulose elementary fibrils (CEFs) as a class of deagglomerated binder for high-mass-loading electrodes. Derived from natural wood, CEF represents the most fundamental unit of cellulose with nanoscale diameter. The preparation of the CEFs involves the modulation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the treatment with a proton acceptor and a hydrotropic agent. This elementary deagglomeration of the cellulose fibers increases surface area and anionic charge density, thus promoting uniform dispersion with carbon conductive additives and suppressing interfacial side reactions at electrodes. Consequently, a homogeneous redox reaction is achieved throughout the electrodes. The resulting CEF-based cathode (overlithiated layered oxide (OLO) is chosen as a benchmark electrode active material) exhibits a high areal-mass-loading (50 mg cm–2, equivalent to an areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm–2) and a high specific energy density (445.4 Wh kg–1) of a cell, which far exceeds those of previously reported OLO cathodes. This study highlights the viability of the deagglomerated binder in enabling sustainable high-mass-loading electrodes that are difficult to achieve with conventional synthetic polymer binders.

### 439. [Revisiting Dipole-Induced Fluorinated-Anion Decomposition Reaction for Promoting a LiF-Rich Interphase in Lithium-Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/revisiting-dipole-induced-fluorinated-anion-decomposition-reaction-for-promoting-a-lif-rich-interphase-in-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01637-5]
Building anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with enriched LiF is considered the most promising strategy to address inferior safety features and poor cyclability of lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, we discover that, instead of direct electron transfer from surface polar groups to bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) for inducing a LiF-rich SEI, the dipole-induced fluorinated-anion decomposition reaction begins with the adsorption of Li ions and is highly dependent on their mobility on the polar surface. To demonstrate this, a single-layer graphdiyne on MXene (sGDY@MXene) heterostructure has been successfully fabricated and integrated into polypropylene separators. It is found that the adsorbed Li ions connect electron-donating sGDY@MXene to TFSI−, facilitating interfacial charge transfer for TFSI− decomposition. However, this does not capture the entire picture. The sGDY@MXene also renders the adsorbed Li ions with high mobility, enabling them to reach optimal reaction sites and expedite their coordination processes with O on O=S=O and F on the broken –CF3−, facilitating bond cleavage. In contrast, immobilized Li ions on the more lithiophilic pristine MXene retard these cleavage processes. Consequently, the decomposition reaction is accelerated on sGDY@MXene. This work highlights the dedicate balance between lithiophilicity and Li-ion mobility in effectively promoting a LiF-rich SEI for the long-term stability of LMBs.

### 440. [Research on Optical Soliton Characteristics of GaSb-Based ~2 μm Wavelength Two-Section Integrated Optical Chip](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-optical-soliton-characteristics-of-gasb-based-2-m-wavelength-two-section-integrated-optical-chip) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030011]
The optical soliton characteristics of GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength integrated optical chips have broad application prospects in optoelectronic fields such as optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and gas environment monitoring. In the research of two-section integrated optical chips, more attention is paid to their passive mode-locked characteristics. The ability of its structure to generate stable soliton transmission has not yet been studied, which will limit its further application in high-performance near-mid infrared optoelectronic technology. In this paper, we design and prepare a GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated semiconductor laser chip structure, and test and analyze its related properties of soliton, including power−injection current−voltage (P−I−V), temperature and mode-locked characteristics. Experimental results show that the chip can achieve stable mode-locked operation at nearly ~2 μm wavelength and present the working characteristics of near optical soliton states and multi-peak optical soliton states. By comparing and analyzing the measured optical pulse sequence curve with the numerical fitting based on the pure fourth order soliton approximation solution, it is confirmed that the two-section integrated optical chip structure can generate stable transmission of multi-peak optical soliton. This provides a research direction for developing near-mid infrared mode-locked integrated optical chips with high-performance property of optical soliton.

### 441. [High-Responsivity and High-Speed Germanium Photodetector for C + L Band Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-responsivity-and-high-speed-germanium-photodetector-for-c-l-band-applications) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030017]
A silicon-based germanium (Ge) photodetector operating in the C and L bands is proposed. The device features a novel asymmetric PIN structure that optimizes the electric field distribution in Ge and reduces the effective width of the depleted region. The optical structure is carefully designed to enhance responsivity over a broad wavelength range. Under a bias of -7 V, where a weak avalanche process occurs, the device achieves responsivities of 1.49 A/W at 1550 nm and 1.16 A/W at 1600 nm, with corresponding bandwidths of 47.1 GHz and 44.5 GHz, respectively. These results demonstrate significant potential for applications in high-speed optical communication systems.

### 442. [Progress and Trends of Low-Jitter Fractional-N Phase-Locked Loops](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/progress-and-trends-of-low-jitter-fractional-n-phase-locked-loops) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040035]
Fractional-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) are widely deployed in high-speed communication systems to generate local oscillator (LO) or clock signals with precise frequency. To support sophisticated modulations for increasing the data rate, the PLL needs to generate low-jitter output. Since the output frequency of the fractional-N PLL is not an integer multiple of the reference clock frequency, the phase error seen by the phase detector (PD) contains not only a random part induced by the oscillator and loop noise, but also a deterministic part due to the fractional operation, which is referred to as the quantization error (Q-error). The Q-error has two side effects on the output jitter. Firstly, the Q-error will induce quantization noise in the PLL output. Although the energy of quantization noise can be shaped to high offset frequencies and suppressed by the low-pass characteristics of the loop with the aid of a delta-sigma modulator (DSM), it could still contribute a substantial portion of the output jitter if a moderate or large loop bandwidth is required to suppress the oscillator's phase noise (PN). Secondly, when the Q-error passes through a nonlinear PD, fractional spurs will be generated, and quantization noise at high offset frequencies will be folded into in-band, which also degrades the output jitter. These side effects could limit the jitter performance in fractional-N PLLs. In the following sections, recent techniques to minimize the side effects of Q-error that enable low-jitter fractional-N PLL with high power efficiency will be reviewed.

### 443. [A Novel Split Gate and Contact-Field-Plate LDMOS with Enhanced BV-Ron,sp Trade-off and Improved FOM](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-split-gate-and-contact-field-plate-ldmos-with-enhanced-bv-ronsp-trade-off-and-improved-fom) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080033]
To improve the breakdown voltage (BV)-specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) trade-off and enhance manufacturability, this article proposes a novel lateral diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) structure that features a split gate and split contact field plate (CFP). This novel structure requires no additional bias voltages, masks, or process steps, making it fully compatible with the bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process flow. The physical mechanisms are elucidated through technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. In the on-state, the positively biased split gate forms an accumulation layer at the drift region surface, thereby reducing Ron,sp. In the off-state, both the split gate and split CFP introduce additional electric-field peaks that smooth the lateral electric field, thus preserving a high BV. Compared with the conventional CFP-LDMOS, the proposed CFP-LDMOS achieves an 8.52% reduction in Ron,sp without compromising BV, leading to an 8.07% improvement in the figure of merit (FOM). Notably, the proposed structure can be extended to LDMOS devices across different voltage levels within BCD platforms, demonstrating its broad applicability.

### 444. [Reverse Floc-Flotation of Talc from Chalcopyrite Using Polyvinyl Acetate as a Flocculant: Adsorption and Bubble Capture Studies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reverse-floc-flotation-of-talc-from-chalcopyrite-using-polyvinyl-acetate-as-a-flocculant-adsorption-and-bubble) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.016]
Chalcopyrite is often intergrown with talc, which, after grinding, forms ultrafine particles (<10 μm) that readily coat chalcopyrite surfaces, hindering flotation and causing significant losses in tailings. This study evaluates polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), a thermoplastic polymer, as a selective flocculant to enhance reverse flotation separation of chalcopyrite from ultrafine talc. Flotation tests showed that at a PVAc dosage of 40 mg/L, talc can be effectively and selectively removed, enabling efficient separation. Laser particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) confirmed that PVAc promotes selective talc aggregation without affecting chalcopyrite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that hydrogen bonding between PVAc ester groups and surface hydroxyls on talc drives the flocculation, while chalcopyrite lacks suitable binding sites. PVAc adsorption also enhances talc hydrophobicity. Furthermore, particle-bubble coverage angle measurements and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory theoretical calculations demonstrated that PVAc-induced flocculation increases attractive interactions between talc and bubbles, shifting the total interaction energy from repulsive to attractive and promoting bubble-particle attachment. This study clarifies the selective adsorption and flocculation mechanisms of PVAc and reveals the coupling of flocculation and flotation of ultrafine talc from a particle-bubble capture perspective, while expanding the potential of ester-based polymers for ultrafine mineral recovery.

### 445. [Potential failure mechanism of low-angle submarine landslides in shelf-slope break of Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/potential-failure-mechanism-of-low-angle-submarine-landslides-in-shelf-slope-break-of-pearl-river-mouth-basin) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.009]
Low-angle submarine landslides pose a greater threat to offshore infrastructure compared to those with steep sliding angles. Understanding the preparation and triggering mechanism of these low-angle submarine landslides remains a significant challenge. This study focuses on a deformed low-angle submarine landslide in the shelf-slope break of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea, integrating sedimentology, geophysics, and geotechnology to investigate potential failure mechanisms. The architecture and deformation characteristics of the submarine landslide were elucidated by analyzing multibeam and seismic data. Within the context of the regional geological history and tectonic framework, this study focuses on the factors (e.g., rapid sedimentation, fluid activity, and earthquakes) that potentially contributed to the submarine slope failure. Furthermore, a series of stability evaluations considering the effects of rapid sedimentation and earthquakes was conducted. Our findings indicate that the most probable triggering mechanism involves the combined effects of sedimentation controlled by sea-level fluctuations, high-pressure gas activity, and seismic events. The high-pressure gas, which acts as a long-term preconditioning factor by elevating pore pressures and reducing shear resistance within the sediment, accumulated beneath the upper and middle sections of the low-permeability stratum that was formed during sea-level rise and ultimately evolved into the sliding mass. The overpressure generated by gas accumulation predisposed the submarine slope to instability, and a frequent or moderate earthquake ultimately initiated local failure. This study enhances the mechanistic understanding of low-angle slope failures in the shelf-slope break zone and provides critical insights for assessing marine hazard risks.

### 446. [Comparative Analysis of Layered and Continuous Solution Mining Schemes in Bedded Salt Formations Using Horizontal Interconnected Wells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/comparative-analysis-of-layered-and-continuous-solution-mining-schemes-in-bedded-salt-formations-using-horizon) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.003]
Salt deposits in China predominantly originate from lake deposits, characterized by thin salt beds interspersed with numerous interlayers, collectively termed bedded salt formations. Historically, solution mining practices have adopted the layered solution mining approach, inspired by coal mining techniques. However, this approach fails to account for the unique challenges of salt solution mining. Practical implementation is inefficient, costs escalate post-construction, and cavern geometry is constrained by salt bed thickness. Additionally, resource loss in abandoned beds and stability risks in adjacent mining zones remain unresolved. This study investigates mining scheme selection for low-grade salt deposits in Huai'an Salt Basin, introducing a continuous solution mining method that traverses multiple interlayers. Through comprehensive analysis of plastic deformation in caverns and surrounding rock, volume shrinkage rates, and economic costs comparing continuous and layered solution mining approaches, the results demonstrate that: (1) In the layered solution mining with horizontal interconnected wells scheme, plastic deformation zones propagate unevenly, posing interlayer connectivity risks. Concurrently, roof subsidence and floor heave destabilize the structure; (2) the continuous solution mining with horizontal interconnected wells scheme reduces plastic deformation zones to 3.4% of cavern volume, with volumetric shrinkage below 17%, markedly improving stability; (3) Economically, the continuous solution mining scheme generates caverns 2.43 times larger than the layered solution mining, slashing unit volume costs to 41.1% while enhancing resource recovery and long-term viability. The continuous method demonstrates distinct economic advantages and achieves higher resource utilization efficiency in solution mining compared to layered mining. Furthermore, its superior cavern stability presents strong potential for large-scale implementation.

### 447. [Discontinuous ablation behavior of four-directional dual-matrix C/C composites under dual-pulse solid rocket motors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/discontinuous-ablation-behavior-of-four-directional-dual-matrix-cc-composites-under-dual-pulse-solid-rocket-mo) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-13)]
Four-directional dual-matrix C/C composites were fabricated from PAN-based carbon fibers using a combined approach of soft-hard hybrid weaving preform molding, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of pyrolytic carbon (PyC), high pressure impregnation and carbonization of pitch-derived carbon. The ablation resistance of the composites was evaluated by testing in a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, and their ablation behavior was investigated. The carbon rods formed by twisting and carbonizing fiber bundles, exhibited a hexagonal cross-section, surrounded by a dense PyC “wall” structure formed during the CVI process. The linear ablation rates of the composites after pulse I and pulse II were 0.068 mm/s and 0.113 mm/s, respectively. A cellular-like PyC layer and nanowire structures were deposited on the surface of the throat convergent section during the post-combustion cooling phase, while cracks and delamination occurred on and within the divergent section. The ablation of C/C composites under these conditions was a complex multi-mechanism process, including ultra-high temperatures, high-speed gas scouring, oxygen-containing thermochemical ablation, and thermal shock. This work elucidates the ablation behaviors of C/C composites under dual-pulse conditions and provides technical guidance and a theoretical basis for designing and fabricating C/C composites for extreme ablation environments.

### 448. [Modulating the open pore structure of hard carbons derived from wood for sodium-ion battery anodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modulating-the-open-pore-structure-of-hard-carbons-derived-from-wood-for-sodium-ion-battery-anodes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-09)]
Hard carbon (HC) derived from renewable biomass is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, controlling the structure of hard carbon so that it has a high energy density, favorable rate performance, and cycling stability is still a challenge. We propose a strategy to control the open pore structure of hard carbon derived from wood for sodium-ion storage by the addition of sodium carbonate under carbonization at 1100 °C. The resulting HC has an increased interlayer spacing, and a more uniform open pore distribution (2–3 nm) with a high slope capacity, thereby enabling efficient sodium-ion transport and storage. The HC anode has a reversible capacity of 326 mAh g−1 at a current density of 30 mA g−1, and maintains a reversible capacity of 270 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a capacity of 68 mAh g−1 even at 10 A g−1 during rate performance tests. After 300 cycles, it retains 76.7% (207 mAh g−1) of its capacity at 1.0 A g−1. In situ Raman spectroscopy and the galvanostatic intermittent titration testing results reveal an adsorption-intercalation-filling sodium storage mechanism. This work provides a strategy to optimize the open pore structure of biomass derived hard carbon for high performance sodium ion storage.

### 449. [A multi-level porous MgO/biochar composite for the highly efficient adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-multi-level-porous-mgobiochar-composite-for-the-highly-efficient-adsorption-of-pbii-and-cdii-from-water) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-11)]
A MgO/biochar composite (MBC) with a wide range of pore sizes was prepared by a MgCl2-NaOH co-impregnation method using lavender stalks as the biochar source, which can effectively remove Pb(II) and Cd(II) from wastewater. The co-impregnation treatment resulted in a specific surface area of the MBC that was approximately 54 times greater than that of the biochar derived from untreated stalks. The ion-exchange capacity of MBC was increased by the incorporation of MgO nanoparticles, which increased the alkali metal ion (Mg2+) content. These specific structures and compositions gave the MBC a high adsorption capacity for Pb(II) and Cd(II). The adsorption data followed a quasi second-order kinetic model. For Cd(II) and Pb(II), the maximum adsorption capacities of MBC-700 (treated at 700 ℃ for 2 h) reached 520 mg/g and 808 mg/g, respectively. The primary adsorption mechanisms were ion exchange, precipitation, electrostatic attraction and surface complexation. Furthermore, metallic lead was recovered by using the reducing properties of the biochar at high temperatures. This study provides a reference for developing inexpensive and efficient heavy metal adsorbents and the low-carbonization utilization of biomass waste.

### 450. [Construction of a superhydrophobic ZnO-rGO/CMF composite and its high-efficiency oil adsorption-separation performance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/construction-of-a-superhydrophobic-zno-rgocmf-composite-and-its-high-efficiency-oil-adsorption-separation-perf) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-12)]
Oily wastewater discharge severely endangers the environment and hinders energy conservation efforts, necessitating the development of high-performance oil-water separation materials. We report the formation of a superhydrophobic and superoleophilic composite by integrating ZnO with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a carbonized melamine foam (CMF) using pristine melamine foam (MF) as the starting substrate. The fabrication involved two key steps: hydrothermal treatment and high-temperature pyrolysis. Characterization showed that the resultant ZnO-rGO/CMF composite had a water contact angle of 151.5°, indicating excellent superhydrophobicity. Both static adsorption and continuous dynamic separation tests verified the composite’s superior oil-water separation performance. It had remarkable adsorption capacities for various oils and organic solvents, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 120.2 g/g for soybean oil, surpassing the values for most previously reported MF-derived carbon-based adsorbents. After 20 consecutive separation cycles, the composite maintained a stable adsorption performance, demonstrating good recyclability. It also had an excellent compression resistance and good flame retardancy. It retained 70% of its original adsorption capacity for gasoline after five combustion cycles, confirming its reusability under high-temperature conditions. Hydrophobic carbon-based porous sponges were developed, providing valuable insights for the design and development of advanced carbon-based superhydrophobic materials for environmental remediation, particularly in oily wastewater treatment.

### 451. [Electrochemically activated NiOOH/NiFeV-LDH@CC for a highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrochemically-activated-nioohnifev-ldhcc-for-a-highly-efficient-oxygen-evolution-reaction) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-10)]
The surface reconstruction of NiFe-based layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrocatalysts has been widely studied. The reconstructed NiOOH phase plays a critical role in improving the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of NiFe-based LDHs, but observing the NiOOH phase is difficult because of its instability and exploring the functional mechanism of NiOOH in NiFe-based LDHs remains a great challenge. A simple electrochemical activation was used to synthesize a NiOOH/NiFeV-LDH@CC catalyst consisting of an array of V-doped NiFe-LDH nanosheets on carbon cloth (CC), in which the reconstructed NiOOH phase is the active species. During electrochemical activation, the release of doped V leads to the formation of abundant vanadium vacancy (VV) and oxygen vacancy (VO) species, and thus the surface of the NiFe-LDH nanosheets is reconstructed to form NiOOH. Because of the improved intrinsic activity from the NiOOH active phase, and the increased electrical conductivity produced by the abundant VO, NiOOH/NiFeV-LDH@CC has an excellent OER performance in an alkaline solution, with low overpotentials of 209 mV and 241 mV at 20 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. It also has a long-term stability of 80,000 s at a constant current density of 10 mA cm−2. Using NiOOH/NiFeV-LDH@CC as the anode, an assembled over water splitting (OWS) battery can drive a current density of 20 mA cm−2 (without iR compensation) at a much lower voltage of 1.597 V. At the same time, the electrolytic cell can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at ~1.55V for more than 80,000 s without significant loss. This electrochemical activation method can be used in future designs of electrocatalysts for OER.

### 452. [Construction of Moiré-like lignin based carbon electrodes to efficiently improve the performance of photo-assisted supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/construction-of-moire-like-lignin-based-carbon-electrodes-to-efficiently-improve-the-performance-of-photo-assi) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-07)]
Conventional lignin-based carbons typically have sluggish ion transport and a limited number of active sites, which restrict their performance as electrodes in supercapacitors. A Moiré-like morphology was engineered by the in-situ deposition of lignin carbon onto DVD matrix onto lignin carbon for the fabrication of a photo-assisted supercapacitor (PASC). The Moiré-like structure modulates light propagation across different frequencies by dispersion effects, thereby increasing surface light absorption and improving the electrochemical performance of the PASC. Under illumination, the carbon has a specific capacitance of 253.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, corresponding to a 35.6% improvement over one without this grating surface (186.9 F g−1). A symmetrical capacitor using this material has an areal capacitance of 58.84 mF cm−2 and an energy density of 4.46 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 365.2 W kg−1, maintaining 85.2% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, thus demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This work suggests a cost-effective strategy to simultaneously improve the light-harvesting ability and capacitive performance of PASCs.

### 453. [3D-printed Ti/graphene composite current collectors for high-voltage aqueous zinc-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/3d-printed-tigraphene-composite-current-collectors-for-high-voltage-aqueous-zinc-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-08)]
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have significant promise as large-scale energy storage devices due to their high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, their application has been constrained by limited operational voltage windows. A high-voltage-resistant Ti-graphene-Ti cathode current collector (TGT) was designed and fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing. The surface of the TGT has a TixOy protective layer, which effectively suppresses electrolyte decomposition under high voltage conditions so that the voltage window of the battery is extended to 1.0–2.2 V without the obvious formation of by-products. Simultaneously, the graphene layer in the TGT structure significantly improves the adsorption and insertion/extraction kinetics of cations, resulting in a high specific capacity of 307.5 mAh g−1 and a prolonged cycling life of the battery. The resultant AZIBs have a stable charge/discharge performance over 400 cycles at a high voltage. Furthermore, the influence of the geometric arrangements of Ti and graphene in the 3D printing process on the energy storage mechanism was investigated and provided novel insight for the development of high-voltage-resistant composite cathode current collectors for AZIBs.

### 454. [Measurement of emissivity with a new grey body and novel IR thermal sensor dubbed TMOS](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/measurement-of-emissivity-with-a-new-grey-body-and-novel-ir-thermal-sensor-dubbed-tmos) [DOI: 10.11972/j.issn.1001-9014.2025.01.2024212]
The concept of emissivity has been with the scientific and engineering world since Planck formulated his blackbody radiation law more than a century ago. Nevertheless, emissivity is an elusive concept even for experts. It is a vague and fuzzy concept for the wider community of engineers. The importance of remote sensing of temperature by measuring IR radiation has been recognized in a wide range of industrial, medical, and environmental uses. One of the major sources of errors in IR radiometry is the emissivity of the surface being measured. In real experiments, emissivity may be influenced by many factors: surface texture, spectral properties, oxidation, and aging of surfaces. While commercial blackbodies are prevalent, the much-needed grey bodies with a known emissivity, are unavailable. This study describes how to achieve a calibrated and stable emissivity with a blackbody, a perforated screen, and a reliable and linear novel IR thermal sensor, dubbed TMOS. The Digital TMOS is now a low-cost commercial product, it requires low power, and it has a small form factor. The methodology is based on two-color measurements, with two different optical filters, with selected wavelengths conforming to the grey body definition of the use case under study. With a photochemically etched perforated screen, the effective emissivity of the screen is simply the hole density area of the surface area that emits according to the blackbody temperature radiation. The concept is illustrated with ray tracing simulations, which demonstrate the approach. Measured results are reported.

### 455. [The effect of the chemical structure of spinnable pitches on their rheological properties and spinnability and the properties of carbon fibers produced from them](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-effect-of-the-chemical-structure-of-spinnable-pitches-on-their-rheological-properties-and-spinnability-and) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-14)]
The structure and composition of a spinnable pitch determine the properties of the carbon fibers produced from it. Spinnable pitches with low and high softening points (L-SP and H-SP) were prepared by air-blowing thermal polymerization of coal tar pitch. The polymerization mechanism, structural composition, properties of the pitch, and the carbon fiber properties were investigated by fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis, EPR, 13C-NMR, dynamic shear rheometry, XRD, Raman, etc. L-SP had the lower degree of polymerization, longer alkyl side chains, and a higher proportion of C―O―C groups. At its spinning temperature, the molten L-SP had viscous-dominant rheological characteristics. H-SP had larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon rings, a higher degree of branching, and a higher polarity. The molten H-SP had a high storage and loss moduli, and a rheological behavior with nearly balanced viscous and elastic properties. Although carbon fibers prepared from H-SP had the better physical properties, their inferior rheological properties could lead to melt die swelling, the formation of surface particles and an increased number of irregularities. The superior viscoelasticity of L-SP promoted uniform stretching, maximizing the properties of carbon fibers. This ultimately resulted in similar tensile strengths and moduli of the carbon fibers prepared from the two pitches. The high-quality spinnable pitch had a high aromatic carbon content, a small size of its PAHs, and a low C＝O/O―C＝O content, which ensured viscosity-dominated rheological behavior, thereby reducing die swelling and melt fracture, and the spinning stability and properties of the carbon fibers produced were improved.

### 456. [Janus carbon shells with inner–outer functional asymmetry enable local proton enrichment for promoting CO2 methanation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/janus-carbon-shells-with-innerouter-functional-asymmetry-enable-local-proton-enrichment-for-promoting-co2-meth) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-06)]
Exploring non-copper electrocatalysts for CO2-to-CH4 electrosynthesis is important for reducing overreliance on copper and broadening the catalyst landscape. We report a strategy that enables CH4 formation on cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) by regulating the local reaction microenvironment through the catalyst structure. Ultrathin hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) with a uniform size were synthesized and used as supports for CoPc, forming “Janus carbon shells” with inner–outer functional asymmetry. The resulting CoPc-HCN hybrid had a maximum CO2-to-CH4 selectivity of 15.1%, overcoming the conventional CO-selective behavior of CoPc. Mechanistic studies show that the hollow carbon structure induces a proton enrichment outside the shell through an inner–outer surface interaction. The inner carbon surface promotes the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and produces a proton-enriched environment near the CoPc-active outer surface, thereby enabling CO2 methanation. This work highlights the critical role of catalyst structure in overcoming intrinsic selectivity limits of molecular catalysts.

### 457. [Green Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Flakes and Foams directly from Table Sugar](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/green-synthesis-of-graphene-oxide-flakes-and-foams-directly-from-table-sugar) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-3-7-1)]
Large scale of graphene oxide (GO) sheets and three-dimensional foams were fabricated directly from table sugar solution (TS) without using blowing agents. Using table sugar or biomass-derived carbohydrates as precursors provides a green, safe, and potentially scalable route for graphene oxide synthesis. These carbohydrate-based methods minimize hazardous reagents and waste through simple thermal decomposition processes. Compared to conventional techniques, they offer lower costs, fewer chemical risks, and greater sustainability, making them suitable for industrial applications. The use of catalytic carbonization (CC) on copper foil as well as non-catalytic (NC) hydrothermal carbonization in a sealed container produces separate GO sheets with 2.5 ± 0.1 cm in size. Non-catalytic growth produced GO 3-D foams with surface area ~7.5 ± 0.1 cm² and average grain sizes (7.97 ± 0.01 µm) comprising of 75.7% and 24.3% of carbon and oxygen respectively. HRTEM and SAED confirmed its hexagonal structure formation. After synthesis by graphitization, foams showed diminished groups containing oxygenated functionalities and C/O ratio increased from 0.13 to 1.5 as per XPS and FTIR results. On the other hand, 3D conductivity of the reduced GO or rGO increased by 0.87Ωm⁻¹ compared to 0.04 Ωm⁻¹ for GO. The present eco-friendly method offers scalability towards high-quality production of both GO and rGO for various applications.

### 458. [A review of ways to improve the performance of hard carbon anodes in low-temperature sodium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-ways-to-improve-the-performance-of-hard-carbon-anodes-in-low-temperature-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-6-2)]
Because of their excellent low-temperature (−15 to −40 °C) tolerance, sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a complement to lithium-ion batteries for use in extremely cold environments (e.g. high-latitude areas). Hard carbon has a high low-voltage sodium storage capacity and a good initial efficiency, making it one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. It has a complex structure, featuring closed pores, nano graphitic domains, and surface functional groups. The sodium storage sites in hard carbon are reviewed as are the widely accepted sodium storage mechanisms. The main factors contributing to the degradation of the good low-temperature performance in hard carbon anodes are considered, including sodium dendrite formation, low ion diffusion rates, and surface-side reactions. Finally, strategies to increase the low-temperature sodium storage performance of hard carbon anodes are summarized, including bulk structure design, and improvements in interfaces and cut-off voltage. Guidance is provided for improving the low-temperature performance of hard carbon anodes to accelerate the development of these batteries.

### 459. [Fabrication of CoFe/C@polypyrrole composites with efficient electromagnetic wave absorption properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fabrication-of-cofecpolypyrrole-composites-with-efficient-electromagnetic-wave-absorption-properties) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-03)]
Recently, increasingly severe electromagnetic radiation has caused harm to precision equipment and human health, which requires the development of effective electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials. These materials require both a strong absorption and a broad bandwidth at low filling rates and small thicknesses. To meet this requirement we have constructed a cobalt-iron/carbon@polypyrrole (CoFe/C@PPy) composite by a two-step synthesis process. The first is the fabrication of magnetic CoFe/C fibers, followed by their coating with a PPy layer with a controlled thickness. This combination of materials results in a magnetic loss from CoFe/C and a dielectric loss from PPy which improves both impedance matching and EMW dissipation. An optimized material has a PPy layer with a thickness of 2.0 mm and a loading of 10% and has a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −45.6 dB at 14.64 GHz, and the corresponding effective absorption bandwidth is 5.12 GHz. Furthermore, CST Studio simulations and far-field radar cross-section (RCS) analysis validate its practical use, showing a notable RCS reduction of up to 37.5 dBm2 for a perfect electric conductor.

### 460. [The rapid preparation of porous carbon with an improved capacitance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-rapid-preparation-of-porous-carbon-with-an-improved-capacitance) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-6-3)]
The typical method for preparing the porous carbon used in supercapacitors (SCs) is time-consuming and energy-intensive. We report a fast and efficient route to synthesize and tailor the structure of porous carbon by a Joule heating technique (JHT) using phenolic resin and precursors. During the JHT process, the time and energy needed are both significantly reduced because the precursor is heated to the target temperature at a rate of 1100 K/s, so the porous carbon is formed with the release of small molecules and the etching of the substrate by K2CO3. JHT has a higher energy efficiency than traditional carbonization methods in a tube furnace and allows for precise control of the pyrolysis process, thus achieving better control of the material's structure and properties. Samples obtained by JHT contain abundant pores and a large specific surface area (1652.7 m2/g), which give an excellent specific capacitance of 476.0 F/g and rate capability (75.1% capacitance retention at 64.0 A/g in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte). Furthermore, in electrolytes of 17.0 mol/kg NaClO4 (water-in-salt) and 1.0 mol/L TEABF4/AN, the symmetric SCs have a maximum energy density of 33.3 and 50.8 Wh/kg at power densities of 220.4 and 376.4 W/kg, respectively. The cells also have good long-term stability, with a nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency, and a capacitance retention of 93.1% in a water-in-salt electrolyte after 10000 cycles, and 88.9% in an organic electrolyte after 8000 cycles. This study shows that JHT has the potential to serve as an ultra-fast method to prepare porous carbons for energy storage.

### 461. [The controlled preparation and performance improvement of meso-carbon microbeads for energy storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-controlled-preparation-and-performance-improvement-of-meso-carbon-microbeads-for-energy-storage) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-02)]
Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) are a high-performance carbon material that has been widely used in energy storage and as high-temperature structural materials due to their highly controllable microstructure and excellent electrical conductivity. However, with different energy storage mechanisms such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors, MCMBs with a single structure cannot fully meet the different material performance requirements. We review the basic characteristics, preparation methods, formation mechanism and modification strategies of MCMBs, focusing on the relationship between its microstructure and electrochemical performance in various energy storage systems, and its application in other fields. The opportunities and challenges of using MCMBs in different energy storage applications are considered.

### 462. [Synthesis of free-standing carbon nanotube buckypaper films decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and polyaniline as highly effective electromagnetic shielding materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-of-free-standing-carbon-nanotube-buckypaper-films-decorated-with-fe3o4-nanoparticles-and-polyaniline) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-04)]
A balance between electrical and magnetic properties is critical for electromagnetic shielding materials to achieve excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and attenuation effectiveness across a broad frequency range. We have prepared free-standing buckypaper films (BPFP) decorated with Fe3O4 particles and polyaniline (PANI) by a simple two-step method to meet this requirement. First, buckypaper films decorated with Fe3O4 (BPF) were synthesized by the coprecipitation of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions on buckypaper (BP) which was then coated with a polyaniline layer by the in situ polymerization of aniline monomers. Magnetic characterization revealed that the BPF and BPFP films had saturation magnetization (Ms) values of 14.3 emu g−1 and 13.0 emu g−1, respectively, confirming retention of the magnetic phase. The addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and polyaniline to BP (30 μm) increased both the magnetic and dielectric losses due to the increased interfacial polarizations and anisotropy energy. 41 μm-thick BPF and BPFP films had an absorption-dominated shielding effectiveness of 35.1 dB and 36.4 dB, respectively, across the 5.85-18 GHz frequency band. These values are respectively 12.9% and 17.0% greater than that of pristine BP, highlighting the positive effect of Fe3O4-PANI heterostructures on electromagnetic wave dissipation. These films also had the tensile strength, flexibility, and lightness of BP, demonstrating exceptional promise for next-generation electromagnetic shielding materials.

### 463. [Wearable energy harvesters based on graphene fibers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/wearable-energy-harvesters-based-on-graphene-fibers) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-01)]
Graphene fibers (GFs) have demonstrated high strength, high electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical flexibility, chemical stability, and good functionality, etc. at the macro-scale, and have been used in many different fields, particularly next-generation wearable and flexible devices. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the fabrication of GFs, including wet spinning, confined hydrothermal synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, and other emerging techniques. Special emphasis is placed on the development of GF-based devices that convert solar, thermal, or moisture energy from the environment into electrical energy. The working principles, structural design, and performance of these devices are summarized and current challenges and prospects for their use in wearable energy systems are detailed.

### 464. [Rapidly fabricated carbon/carbon composites with a mesophase pitch binder and graphite flake filler with excellent EMI shielding and thermal conductivity](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rapidly-fabricated-carboncarbon-composites-with-a-mesophase-pitch-binder-and-graphite-flake-filler-with-excell) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-03-05)]
Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites are ideal materials for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal management in the aerospace field because of their low density. However, traditional C/C composites primarily rely on repeated densification to increase their EMI shielding effectiveness (SE), which not only increases density but also involves lengthy preparation cycles. We have constructed a unidirectional (1D) C/C composite using a matrix of mesophase pitch-derived carbon and graphite flakes, reinforced with mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. Using a one-step consolidation process produced by spontaneous assembly during heating, the open pores and a continuous conductive network give the composite an EMI SE of up to 83.97 dB in the 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band). The material also has a thermal conductivity of 191.84 W·m−1·K−1 and an electrical conductivity of 6.50 × 104 S·m−1 along the fiber direction, together with a flexural strength exceeding 100 MPa, while having a bulk density of only 1.01 g·cm−3. This work therefore presents a short-cycle fabrication strategy for low-density C/C composites that integrate high EMI SE, efficient thermal management, and good mechanical properties.

### 465. [Current problems in Li-air batteries and ways to solve them](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/current-problems-in-li-air-batteries-and-ways-to-solve-them) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-5-4)]
The energy production system must be completely transformed to reach net zero emissions by 2050, and advanced battery technologies will play a pivotal role in helping downstream sectors transition to sustainable energy sources. Li-air batteries (LABs) provide a fascinating “beyond Li-ion” option because of their ultrahigh theoretical energy density, which far surpasses conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, LABs face significant hurdles in practical implementation, including electrolyte instability, irreversible electrodes, poor cycling performance, and low-rate capability. This review provides a detailed analysis of recent progress in LAB systems, highlighting innovative approaches such as electrolyte stabilization, electrode modification, and interfacial engineering to address these challenges. It evaluates current strategies for overcoming these problems and outlines targeted research directions aimed at resolving the remaining obstacles in LAB technology. The progress made so far indicates a way to realize practical LABs with a specific energy density potentially comparable to gasoline, which could revolutionize electric transportation.

### 466. [A review of recent progress on CO2 hydrogenation to methane by Ni-based catalysts supported on carbon materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-recent-progress-on-co2-hydrogenation-to-methane-by-ni-based-catalysts-supported-on-carbon-material) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-6-1)]
Recent research progress on the use of Ni-based catalysts supported by various carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon, for the hydrogenation of CO2 to CH4 is summarized. The influence of additives and surface modification methods on improving their catalytic performance is discussed as is the reaction mechanism, especially the structure-function relationship produced by the carbon. The review provides a comprehensive directory for the rational design of carbon-supported Ni-based catalysts for the methanation of CO2.

### 467. [Biharmonic Problems with Steklov-type and Farwig Boundary Conditions and their Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/biharmonic-problems-with-steklov-type-and-farwig-boundary-conditions-and-their-applications) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-6-4-v1)]
We study some properties of solutions of biharmonic problems with Steklov-type and Farwig boundary conditions and their application in technique and engineering. Using the scattering model, to solve these biharmonic problems, which have applications in particular in radar imaging, we need to solve the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary value problems for the Poisson equation.

### 468. [A dataset for the structure and electrochemical performance of hard carbon as anodes for sodium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-dataset-for-the-structure-and-electrochemical-performance-of-hard-carbon-as-anodes-for-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-5-2)]
This data set collects, compares and contrasts the capacities and structures of a series of hard carbon materials, and then searches for correlations between structure and electrochemical performance. The capacity data of the hard carbons were obtained by charge/discharge tests and the materials were characterized by XRD, gas adsorption, true density tests and SAXS. In particular, the fitting of SAXS gave a series of structural parameters which showed good characterization. The related test details are given with the structural data of the hard carbons and the electrochemical performance of the sodium-ion batteries.

### 469. [Methods for the formation of M-Nx-C active sites on single-atom catalysts and their role in persulfate activation by non-radical paths](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/methods-for-the-formation-of-m-nx-c-active-sites-on-single-atom-catalysts-and-their-role-in-persulfate-activat) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-5-3)]
In recent years, numerous single-atom catalysts (SACs) have been synthesized to activate persulfate (PS) by a non-radical pathway because of its high selectivity, and activity for the catalyst. Metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-Nx-C) has been identified as the key active site in SACs. Although methods for preparing SACs have been extensively reported, a systematic summary of the direct construction of M-Nx-C, especially unconventional metal-nitrogen-carbon (UM-Nx-C, x≠4), on SACs for PS non-radical activation has still not been reported. The role of the M-Nx-C active sites on PS non-radical activation is discussed and methods for the formation of M-Nx-C and UM-Nx-C active sites in SACs and the effect of catalyst carriers such as carbon nitride (g-C3N4), MOFs, COFs, and other carbon materials are reviewed. Direct and indirect methods, especially for UM-Nx-C active site formation, are also elaborated. Factors affecting the formation of a M-Nx-C active site on SACs are also discussed. Prospects for the use of M-Nx-C active sites for the non-radical activation of PS by SACs to remove organic contaminants from wastewater are evaluated.

### 470. [A Proposed Conceptual Model for Safety Management in Sustainable Construction Projects](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-proposed-conceptual-model-for-safety-management-in-sustainable-construction-projects) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-5-1)]
This study develops a conceptual model integrating Safety Management (SM) into Sustainable Construction Projects (SCPs) to achieve safe and sustainable outcomes. The model consists of three interrelated stages: Safety Management Inputs in SCPs, Safe Work Conditions (SWCs) in SCPs, and Safety Management Outcomes in SCPs. It highlights that SM inputs, such as clear safety policies, leadership commitment, adequate training, and digital innovations, are essential to initial safe work environments that enhance sustainability and overall performance. Safe work conditions, in turn, improve operational efficiency, hazard control, and worker well-being, leading to measurable safety management outcomes like strengthened safety culture, reduced accidents, and improved compliance. The proposed conceptual model contributes theoretically by relating safety management to sustainability goals and practically by offering a structured guide for managers to embed safety management into sustainability-driven construction practices. Although conceptual in nature, the research sets a foundation for future empirical validation, managerial studies, regional adaptation, and application in broader sustainable development contexts.

### 471. [Synthesis and applications of polyaniline/zeolitic imidazolate framework composites: Implications on the electrochemical performance and perspective for enhanced functionality- Review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-and-applications-of-polyanilinezeolitic-imidazolate-framework-composites-implications-on-the-electro) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-4-5)]
Polyaniline (PANI) has recently gained attention due to its cost-effectiveness, environmental stability, multiple oxidation and reduction reactions, ease of handling, and electrochemical performance. Conversely, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks have attracted interest because of their exceptional morphology, high surface area, tunable porosity, suitable functional linkers, and metal sites. This chapter explores recent advances in the synthesis of PANI doped with ZIF composites and their potential applications in batteries, conversion technologies, electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, and electrochemical sensing. Additionally, insights into the Tafel constant in HER analysis are discussed, along with its practical benefits. By reviewing current research developments, we aim to elucidate strategies to optimise the electrochemical performance of polyaniline doped with zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, known as PANI/ZIF composite.

### 472. [Carbon materials for smart batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-materials-for-smart-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-4-2)]
Smart batteries play a key role in upgrading energy storage systems. However, they require a well-balanced integration of material structure, functional properties, and electrochemical performance, and their development is limited by conventional material systems in terms of energy density, response time, and functional integration. Carbon materials have emerged as a key solution for overcoming these problems due to their structural adjustability and multifunctional compatibility. Strategies for improving their electrochemical performance by changing the pore structure and interlayer spacing, as well as chemical functionalization, and composite design are analyzed, and their impact on improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of batteries is demonstrated. The unique advantages of carbon materials in realizing smart functions such as power supply, real-time monitoring and energy management in smart batteries are also discussed. Based on current progress in related fields, the prospects for the use of carbon materials in smart batteries are evaluated.

### 473. [The Key Attributes of Eco-friendly Housing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-key-attributes-of-eco-friendly-housing) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-4-1)]
This study examines public perceptions of the key attributes that describe eco-friendly housing in the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a region presenting rapid urbanization and confronting numerous environmental challenges. Using a cross-sectional survey of 385 respondents with environmental affiliations, the study combines frequency analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify and prioritize ten eco-friendly housing attributes. These involve Energy efficiency, water efficiency, building materials, smart home technologies, waste reduction and management, sustainable landscaping, indoor air quality, green roofs and walls, sustainable design, renewable energy integration, and the integration of renewable energy. Factor analysis findings, attained using SPSS v29, emphasized that water-saving technologies (loading = 0.780), green roofs and walls (0.778), and energy efficiency (0.771) were the most influential attributes. The results highlight a strong public inclination toward eco-friendly living, with 76.88% of respondents stating a willingness to move to eco-friendly homes. While nearly half of the respondents (50.65%) expressed concerns about access to sustainable resources, indicating potential implementation challenges. The research represents valuable insights for developers, urban planners, and policymakers aiming to align eco-friendly housing strategies with community priorities. It also highlights the importance of public-private partnerships, financial incentives, and supportive regulations in addressing implementation challenges. These outcomes contribute to the advancement of eco-friendly housing practices in high-growth regions.

### 474. [Microstructure modulation strategies from pitch molecules to derived carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-modulation-strategies-from-pitch-molecules-to-derived-carbon-materials-for-electrochemical-ener) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-4-3)]
Pitch is a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their non-metal derivatives that has a high carbon content. Using pitch as a precursor for carbon materials in alkali metal ion (Li+/Na+/K+) batteries has become of great interest. However, its direct pyrolysis often leads to microstructures with a high orientation and small interlayer spacing due to uncontrolled liquid-phase carbonization, resulting in subpar electrochemical performance. It is therefore important to control the microstructures of pitch-derived carbon materials in order to improve their electrochemical properties. We evaluate the latest progress in the development of these materials using various microstructural engineering approaches, highlighting their use in metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The advantages and limitations of pitch molecules and their carbon derivatives are outlined, together with strategies for their modification in order to improve their properties for specific applications. Future research possibilities for structure optimization, scalable production, and waste pitch recycling are also considered.

### 475. [Modifying the pore structure of biomass-derived porous carbon for use in energy storage systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modifying-the-pore-structure-of-biomass-derived-porous-carbon-for-use-in-energy-storage-systems) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-4-4)]
The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed, emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores, mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior. Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) influence pore formation during carbonization. Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced. Finally, key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined, and future research directions are proposed. These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering, aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.

### 476. [A review of 3D graphene materials for energy storage and conversion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-3d-graphene-materials-for-energy-storage-and-conversion) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-3-4)]
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene monoliths are a new carbon material, that has tremendous potential in the fields of energy conversion and storage. They can solve the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets, including interlayer restacking, high contact resistance, and insufficient pore accessibility. By constructing interconnected porous networks, 3D graphenes not only retain the intrinsic advantages of 2D graphene sheets, such as high specific surface area, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, good mechanical properties, and outstanding chemical stability, but also enable efficient mass transport of external fluid species. We summarize the fabrication methods for 3D graphenes, with a particular focus on their applications in energy-related systems. Techniques including chemical reduction assembly, chemical vapor deposition, 3D printing, chemical blowing, and zinc-tiered pyrolysis have been developed to change their pore structure and elemental composition, and ways in which they can be integrated with functional components. In terms of energy conversion and storage, they have found broad use in buffering mechanical impacts, suppressing noise, photothermal conversion, electromagnetic shielding and absorption. They have also been used in electrochemical energy systems such as supercapacitors, secondary batteries, and electrocatalysis. By reviewing recent progress in structural design and new applications, we also discuss the problems these materials face, including scalable fabrication and precise pore structure control, and possible new applications.

### 477. [Results of an Experimental Statistical Study of the Influence of Hydrogen on the CO Release and the Fuel Consumption of a Marine Diesel Engine. Quantitative Analysis Part II](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/results-of-an-experimental-statistical-study-of-the-influence-of-hydrogen-on-the-co-release-and-the-fuel-consu) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-3-6)]
The application of Regression Analysis and the results of the study and evaluation of the influence of Hydrogen 5.0 F50 P200 on fuel consumption under variable load operation of a marine diesel engine SKL 3NVD24 with two types of fuel are considered. A technology for quantitative analysis is proposed.

### 478. [A review of graphene assembled films as platforms for electrochemical reactions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-graphene-assembled-films-as-platforms-for-electrochemical-reactions) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-3-3)]
Because of their low electrical conductivity, sluggish ion diffusion, and poor stability, conventional electrode materials are not able to meet the growing demands of energy storage and portable devices. Graphene assembled films (GAFs) formed from graphene nanosheets have an ultrahigh conductivity, a unique 2D network structure, and exceptional mechanical strength, which give them the potential to solve these problems. However, a systematic understanding of GAFs as an advanced electrode material is lacking. This review focuses on the use of GAFs in electrochemistry, providing a comprehensive analysis of their synthesis methods, surface/structural characteristics, and physical properties, and thus understand their structure-property relationships. Their advantages in batteries, supercapacitors, and electrochemical sensors are systematically evaluated, with an emphasis on their excellent electrical conductivity, ion transport kinetics, and interfacial stability. The existing problems in these devices, such as chemical inertness and mechanical brittleness, are discussed and potential solutions are proposed, including defect engineering and hybrid structures. This review should deepen our mechanistic understanding of the use of GAFs in electrochemical systems and provide actionable strategies for developing stable, high-performance electrode materials.

### 479. [Controlling interfacial adhesion during the transfer of large-area 2D materials: mechanisms, strategies, and research advances](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controlling-interfacial-adhesion-during-the-transfer-of-large-area-2d-materials-mechanisms-strategies-and-rese) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-3-2)]
Large-area two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, MoS2, WS2, h-BN, black phosphorus, and MXenes, are a class of advanced materials with many possible applications. Different applications need different substrates, and each substrate may need a different way of transferring the 2D material onto it. Problems such as local stress concentrations, an uneven surface tension, inconsistent adhesion, mechanical damage and contamination during the transfer can adversely affect the quality and properties of the transferred material. Therefore, how to improve the integrity, flatness and cleanness of large area 2D materials is a challenge. In order to achieve high-quality transfer, the main concern is to control the interface adhesion between the substrate, the 2D material and the transfer medium. This review focuses on this topic, and finally, in order to promote the industrial use of large area 2D materials, provides a recipe for this transfer process based on the requirements of the application, and points out the current problems and directions for future development.

### 480. [Results of an experimental statistical study of the influence of hydrogen on the co release and on the fuel consumption of a marine diesel engine. Quantitative analysis Part I](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/results-of-an-experimental-statistical-study-of-the-influence-of-hydrogen-on-the-co-release-and-on-the-fuel-co) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-3-5)]
The application of the Regression Analysis and the results of the study and evaluation of the influence of Hydrogen 5.0 F50 P200 on the CO release and the fuel consumption under variable load operation of a marine diesel engine SKL 3NVD24 with two types of fuel are considered. A technology for quantitative analysis is proposed.

### 481. [A carbon material doped with both porous FeOx and N as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-carbon-material-doped-with-both-porous-feox-and-n-as-an-efficient-catalyst-for-oxygen-reduction-reactions) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-11)]
To replace precious metal oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts, many transition metals and N-doped carbon composites have been proposed in the last decade resulting in their rapid development as promising non-precious metal catalysts. We used Ketjenblack carbon as the precursor and mixed it with a polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) of [Hvim]NO3 and Fe(NO3)3, which was thermally calcined at 900 °C to produce a porous FeOx, N co-doped carbon material denoted FeOx-N/C. Because the PIL of [Hvim]NO3 strongly combines with and disperses Fe3+ ions, and NO3− is thermally pyrolyzed to form the porous structure, the FeOx-N/C catalyst has a high electrocatalytic activity for the ORR in both 0.1 mol L−1 KOH and 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 electrolytes. It was used as the catalyst to assemble a zinc-air battery, which had a peak power density of 185 mW·cm−2. Its superior electrocatalytic activity, wide pH range, and easy preparation make FeOx-N/C a promising electrocatalyst for fuel cells and metal-air batteries.

### 482. [Influence of functionalized graphene on the bacterial and fungal diversity of Vicia faba rhizosphere soil](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-functionalized-graphene-on-the-bacterial-and-fungal-diversity-of-vicia-faba-rhizosphere-soil) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-13)]
The effect of functionalized graphene on the growth and development of Vicia faba L. was investigated by analyzing its impact on the composition and diversity of the microbial community in rhizosphere peat soil. Seedlings of V. faba planted in this peat soil were treated with either distilled water (CK) or 25 mg·L−1 (G25) of functionalized graphene solution. Results showed that the height and root length of V. faba seedlings in the G25 group were significantly larger than those in CK group. The microbial community was analyzed by amplifying and sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 region of bacteria and internal transcribed spacer region of fungi in rhizosphere soil using Illumina MiSeq technology. Alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated that functionalized graphene increased the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the V. faba rhizosphere peat soil. The abundances of three nitrogen cycling-related bacteria, Hydrogenophaga, Sphingomonas and Nitrosomonadaceae, were also altered after treatment with the functionalized graphene. The relative abundance of Basilicum, related to soil phosphorus solubilization, decreased in the fungal community, while the relative abundance of Clonostachys and Dimorphospora, which exhibited strong biological control over numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects, increased in the soil after functionalized graphene treatment. Redundancy analysis revealed that the potential of hydrogen (pH), organic matter, and total phosphorus contributed the most to the changes in bacterial and fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soil. Overall, our findings suggested that the addition of functionalized graphene altered the relative abundances of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling-related microorganisms in peat soil, promoting changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil and ultimately leading to the improved growth of V. faba plants.

### 483. [Reduced graphene oxide porous films containing SiC whiskers for constructing multilayer electromagnetic shields](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reduced-graphene-oxide-porous-films-containing-sic-whiskers-for-constructing-multilayer-electromagnetic-shield) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-10)]
Developing lightweight and flexible thin films for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is of great importance. Porous thin films of reduced graphene oxide containing SiC whiskers (SiC@RGO) for EMI shielding were prepared by a two-step reduction of graphene oxide (GO), in which the two steps were chemical reduction by HI and the solid phase microwave irradiation. A significant increase of the film thickness from around 20 to 200 μm was achieved due to the formation of a porous structure by gases released during the 3 s of solid phase microwave irradiation. The total shielding effectiveness (SET) and the reflective SE (SER) of the SiC@RGO porous thin films depended on the GO/SiC mass ratio. The highest SET achieved was 35.6 dB while the SER was only 2.8 dB, when the GO/SiC mass ratio was 4∶1. The addition of SiC whiskers was critical for the multi-reflection, interfacial polarization and dielectric attenuation of EM waves. A multilayer film with a gradient change of SE values was constructed using SiC@RGO porous films and multi-walled carbon nanotubes buckypapers. The highest SET of the multilayer films reached 75.1 dB with a SER of 2.7 dB for a film thickness of about 1.5 mm. These porous SiC@RGO thin films should find use in multilayer or sandwich structures for EMI absorption in packaging or lining.

### 484. [Fluorescence color tuning of dual-emission carbon quantum dots produced from biomass and their use in Fe3+ and Cu2+ detection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fluorescence-color-tuning-of-dual-emission-carbon-quantum-dots-produced-from-biomass-and-their-use-in-fe3-and) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-12)]
Using simple and eco-friendly ethanol solvothermal treatment, dual-emission biomass carbon quantum dots (D-BCQDs) were synthesized from biomass viburnum awabuki leaves. Under excitation with 413 nm wavelength light two emission peaks appeared at 490 and 675 nm and the dots could be tuned to emit crimson, red, purplish red, purple and blue-gray fluorescence by changing the solvothermal temperature from 140 °C to 160, 180, 200 and 240 °C, respectively. XPS and FTIR characterization indicated that the fluorescence color was mainly determined by surface oxidation defects, elemental nitrogen and sp2-C/sp3-C hybridized structural domains. The D-BCQDs could not only detect Fe3+ or Cu2+, but also quantify the concentration ratio of Fe3+ to Cu2+ in a solution containing both, demonstrating their potential applications in the simultaneous detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions.

### 485. [Synthesis of pitch-derived carbon anodes for high-performance potassium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-of-pitch-derived-carbon-anodes-for-high-performance-potassium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-05)]
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) hold promise for large-scale energy storage, necessitating the development of high-performance anode materials. Carbons with the advantage of structural versatility, are recognized as the most promising anode materials for their commercialization, however the relationship between the carbon anode structure and its electrochemical performance remains unclear. A series of pitch-based soft carbons with different structures were fabricated using carbonization temperatures in the range 600–1400 °C, and their changes in carbon configuration and K-storage performance as a function of carbonization temperature were investigated. Correlations between the carbon crystal size and the low-potential plateau region capacity and between the degree of structural disorder of the carbons with their sloping region capacity were revealed. Among all samples, that obtained by carbonization at 700 °C had a relatively high degree of disorder and a large interlayer spacing, and had a high reversible capacity of 329.4 mAh g−1 with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 72.81%, and maintained a high capacity of 144.2 mAh g−1 at the current rate of 5 C. These findings improve our fundamental understanding of the K-storage process in carbon anodes, and thus facilitate the advance of PIBs.

### 486. [Electromagnetic wave absorption performance of Fe3O4/activated carbon-natural resin nanocomposite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electromagnetic-wave-absorption-performance-of-fe3o4activated-carbon-natural-resin-nanocomposite) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-08)]
There has recently been a fundamental need to develop high efficiency microwave absorbers to reduce electromagnetic pollution. It is often very difficult to obtain superior absorption with only one material, so we have explored composites using fillers of activated carbon derived from biological material (oleaster seeds) and resin (apricot tree gum) with Fe3O4 in a paraffin wax matrix to improve the dielectric properties and achieve a high specific surface area. A 1 mm thick layer of a Fe3O4 + resin (FEOR), with the magnetic nanoparticles anchored to the gum, resulted in a reflection loss of −71.09 dB. We compared this with the results for composites using a filler of Fe3O4 + activated carbon, and one with a three-component filler of Fe3O4 + activated carbon + resin which had a very porous structure that had a direct effect on the surface polarization. However, the FEOR sample had near-ideal impedance matching, close to 1, which resulted in high absorption performance. In addition, the presence of defects improves microwave attenuation by dipole polarization and charge carrier trapping. This work suggests the use of new types of biomaterials to increase microwave absorption.

### 487. [Increasing both the electromagnetic shielding and thermal conductive properties of three-dimensional graphene-CNT-SiC hybrid materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/increasing-both-the-electromagnetic-shielding-and-thermal-conductive-properties-of-three-dimensional-graphene) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-09)]
During the operation of electronic devices, a considerable amount of heat and electromagnetic radiation is emitted. Therefore, the investigation of materials with electromagnetic shielding and thermal management abilities has significant importance. Hybrid materials of three-dimensional graphene networks containing both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and SiC whiskers (3D graphene-CNT-SiC) were synthesized. Using an aqueous-phase reduction method for the self-assembly of the graphene oxide, a three-dimensional porous graphene structure was fabricated. SiC whiskers, inserted between the graphene layers, formed a framework for longitudinal thermal conduction, while CNTs attached to the SiC surface, created a dendritic structure that increased the bonding between the SiC whiskers and graphene, improving dielectric loss and thermal conductivity. It was found that the thermal conductivity of the hybrid material reached 123 W·m–1·K–1, with a shielding effectiveness of 29.3 dB when the SiC addition was 2%. This result indicates that 3D graphene-CNT-SiC has excellent thermal conductivity and electromagnetic shielding performance.

### 488. [Defect-rich N/O-co-doped porous carbon frameworks as anodes for superior potassium and sodium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/defect-rich-no-co-doped-porous-carbon-frameworks-as-anodes-for-superior-potassium-and-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-07)]
Carbon with its high electrical conductivity, excellent chemical stability, and structure ability is the most promising anode material for sodium and potassium ion batteries. We developed a defect-rich porous carbon framework (DRPCF) built with N/O-co-doped mesoporous nanosheets and containing many defects using porous g-C3N4 (PCN) and dopamine (DA) as raw materials. We prepared samples with PCN/DA mass ratios of 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1 and found that the one with a mass ratio of 2/1 and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C in an Ar atmosphere (DRPCF-2/1-700), had a large specific surface area with an enormous pore volume and a large number of N/O heteroatom active defect sites. Because of this, it had the best pseudocapacitive sodium and potassium ion storage performance. A half battery of Na//DRPCF-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 328.2 mAh g−1 after being cycled at 1 A g−1 for 900 cycles, and a half battery of K//DRPC-2/1-700 maintained a capacity of 321.5 mAh g−1 after being cycled at 1 A g−1 for 1200 cycles. The rate capability and cycling stability achieved by DRPCF-2/1-700 outperforms most reported carbon materials. Finally, ex-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis result confirms that the filling and removing of K+ and Na+ from the electrochemically active defects are responsible for the high capacity, superior rate and cycling performance of the DRPCF-2/1-700 sample.

### 489. [Electrochemical performance of a symmetric supercapacitor device designed using laser-produced multilayer graphene](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrochemical-performance-of-a-symmetric-supercapacitor-device-designed-using-laser-produced-multilayer-grap) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-06)]
We report an economical approach for the fabrication of laser-produced graphene (LPG) electrodes, which results in an improved electrochemical performance. Polyimide polymer was used as the starting material for LPG synthesis and was irradiated under ambient conditions with a CO2 laser. The prepared LPG samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and FTIR, which validated the formation of multilayer graphene containing sp2 hybridized C＝C bonds. FE-SEM revealed three-dimensional (3D) sheet-like structures, while HR-TEM images showed lattice planes with an interplanar spacing of approximately 0.33 nm, corresponding to the (002) plane of graphene. Their electrochemical performance showed a remarkable areal specific capacitance (CA) of 51 mF cm−2 (170 F g−1) at 1 mA cm−2 (3.3 A g−1) in a three-electrode configuration with 1 mol L−1 KOH as the aqueous electrolyte. The LPG electrodes produced an energy density of ～3.5 µWh cm−2 and a power density of ～350 µW cm−2, demonstrating significant energy storage ability. They also had an excellent cycling stability, retaining 87% of their specific capacitance after 3 000 cycles at 1 mA/cm2. A symmetric supercapacitor fabricated with LPG electrodes and the 1 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte had a specific capacitance of 23 mF cm−2 and showed excellent retention after 10 000 cycles, showing LPG’s potential for use in supercapacitors.

### 490. [The potassium storage performance of carbon nanosheets derived from heavy oils](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-potassium-storage-performance-of-carbon-nanosheets-derived-from-heavy-oils) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-13)]
As by-products of petroleum refining, heavy oils are characterized by a high carbon content, low cost and great variability, making them competitive precursors for the anodes of potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, the relationship between heavy oil composition and potassium storage performance remains unclear. Using heavy oils containing distinct chemical groups as the carbon source, namely fluid catalytic cracking slurry (FCCS), petroleum asphalt (PA) and deoiled asphalt (DOA), three carbon nanosheets (CNS) were prepared through a molten salt method, and used as the anodes for PIBs. The composition of the heavy oil determines the lamellar thicknesses, sp3-C/sp2-C ratio and defect concentration, thereby affecting the potassium storage performance. The high content of aromatic hydrocarbons and moderate amount of heavy component moieties in FCCS produce carbon nanosheets (CNS-FCCS) that have a smaller layer thickness, larger interlayer spacing (0.372 nm), and increased number of folds than in CNS derived from the other three precursors. These features give it faster charge/ion transfer, more potassium storage sites and better reaction kinetics. CNS-FCCS has a remarkable K+ storage capacity (248.7 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1), long cycle lifespan (190.8 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) and excellent rate capability, ranking it among the best materials for this application. This work sheds light on the influence of heavy oil composition on carbon structure and electrochemical performance, and provides guidance for the design and development of advanced heavy oil-derived carbon electrodes for PIBs.

### 491. [A review of petroleum asphalt-based carbon materials in electrochemical energy storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-petroleum-asphalt-based-carbon-materials-in-electrochemical-energy-storage) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-03)]
Petroleum asphalt, an important by-product of the petrochemical industry, has diverse applications but often suffers from low industrial added value. Because of its low cost, high carbon content, and high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content, appropriate modification can increase its value and expand its energy storage applications. Current research progress on the common preparation methods of petroleum asphalt-based carbon materials, including template-assisted pyrolysis, molten salt treatment, activation, heteroatom doping, and pre-oxidation is reviewed, and its use in supercapacitors and alkali metal ion batteries, is also elaborated. Feasible solutions for the current problems with petroleum asphalt are proposed, with the aim of providing insights into its high value-added utilization.

### 492. [A review of carbon nanotubes in modern electrochemical energy storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-carbon-nanotubes-in-modern-electrochemical-energy-storage) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-06-01)]
The quest for sustainable energy storage solutions is more critical than ever, with the rise in global energy demand and the urgency of transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their exceptional electrical conductivity and structural integrity, are at the forefront of this endeavor, offering promising ways for the advance of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. This review provides an analysis of the synthesis, properties, and applications of CNTs in the context of EES. We explore the evolution of CNT synthesis methods, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition, and highlight the recent developments in metal-organic framework-derived CNTs and a novel CNT aggregate with a three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure. We also examine the role of CNTs in improving the performance of various EES devices such as lithium-ion, lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, sodium, and flexible batteries as well as supercapacitors. We underscore the challenges that remain, including the scalability of CNT synthesis and the integration of CNTs in electrode materials, and propose potential solutions and future research directions. The review presents a forward-looking perspective on the pivotal role of CNTs in shaping the future of sustainable EES technologies.

### 493. [The effect of the carbon components on the performance of carbon-based transition metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-effect-of-the-carbon-components-on-the-performance-of-carbon-based-transition-metal-electrocatalysts-for-t) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-10)]
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising way to produce hydrogen, and the use of non-precious metals with an excellent electrochemical performance is vital for this. Carbon-based transition metal catalysts have high activity and stability, which are important in reducing the cost of hydrogen production and promoting the development of the hydrogen production industry. However, there is a lack of discussion regarding the effect of carbon components on the performance of these electrocatalysts. This review of the literature discusses the choice of the carbon components in these catalysts and their impact on catalytic performance, including electronic structure control by heteroatom doping, morphology adjustment, and the influence of self-supporting materials. It not only analyzes the progress in HER, but also provides guidance for synthesizing high-performance carbon-based transition metal catalysts.

### 494. [The relationship between the high-frequency performance of supercapacitors and the type of doped nitrogen in the carbon electrode](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-relationship-between-the-high-frequency-performance-of-supercapacitors-and-the-type-of-doped-nitrogen-in-t) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-14)]
Nitrogen doping has been widely used to improve the performance of carbon electrodes in supercapacitors, particularly in terms of their high-frequency response. However, the charge storage and electrolyte ion response mechanisms of different nitrogen dopants at high frequencies are still unclear. In this study, melamine foam carbons with different configurations of surface-doped N were formed by gradient carbonization, and the effects of the configurations on the high-frequency response behavior of the supercapacitors were analyzed. Using a combination of experiments and first-principle calculations, we found that pyrrolic N, characterized by a higher adsorption energy, increases the charge storage capacity of the electrode at high frequencies. On the other hand, graphitic N, with a lower adsorption energy, increases the speed of ion response. We propose the use of adsorption energy as a practical descriptor for electrode/electrolyte design in high-frequency applications, offering a more universal approach for improving the performance of N-doped carbon materials in supercapacitors.

### 495. [A review of the carbon coating of the silicon anode in high-performance lithium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-carbon-coating-of-the-silicon-anode-in-high-performance-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-08)]
In the development of rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs), silicon anodes have attracted much attention because of their extremely high theoretical capacity, relatively low Li-insertion voltage and the availability of silicon resources. However, their large volume expansion and fragile solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film hinder their commercial application. To solve these problems, Si has been combined with various carbon materials to increase their structural stability and improve their interface properties. The use of different carbon materials, such as amorphous carbon and graphite, as three-dimensional (3D) protective anode coatings that help buffer mechanical strain and isolate the electrolyte is detailed, and novel methods for applying the coatings are outlined. However, carbon materials used as a protective layer still have some disadvantages, necessitating their modification. Recent developments have focused on modifying the protective carbon shells, and substitutes for the carbon have been suggested.

### 496. [Porous silicon/carbon composites as anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/porous-siliconcarbon-composites-as-anodes-for-high-performance-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-12)]
Silicon anodes are promising for use in lithium-ion batteries. However, their practical application is severely limited by their large volume expansion leading to irreversible material fracture and electrical disconnects. This study proposes a new top-down strategy for preparing microsize porous silicon and introduces polyacrylonitrile (PAN) for a nitrogen-doped carbon coating, which is designed to maintain the internal pore volume and lower the expansion of the anode during lithiation and delithiation. We then explore the effect of temperature on the evolution of the structure of PAN and the electrochemical behavior of the composite electrode. After treatment at 400 °C, the PAN coating retains a high nitrogen content of 11.35 at%, confirming the presence of C―N and C―O bonds that improve the ionic-electronic transport properties. This treatment not only results in a more intact carbon layer structure, but also introduces carbon defects, and produces a material that has remarkable stable cycling even at high rates. When cycled at 4 A g−1, the anode had a specific capacity of 857.6 mAh g−1 even after 200 cycles, demonstrating great potential for high-capacity energy storage applications.

### 497. [Research progress on carbon-based zinc-ion capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-on-carbon-based-zinc-ion-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-09)]
Zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs), which consist of a capacitor-type electrode and a battery-type electrode, not only possess the high power density of supercapacitors and the high energy density of batteries, but also have other advantages such as abundant resources, high safety and environmental friendliness. However, they still face problems such as insufficient specific capacitance, a short cycling life, and narrow operating voltage and temperature ranges, which are hindering their practical use. We provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental theory of carbon-based ZICs and summarize recent research progress from three perspectives: the carbon cathode, electrolyte and zinc anode. The influence of the structure and surface chemical properties of the carbon materials on the capacitive performance of ZICs is considered together with theoretical guidance for advancing their development and practical use.

### 498. [The application of metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives for lithium-ion capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-application-of-metalorganic-frameworks-and-their-derivatives-for-lithium-ion-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-07)]
There is an urgent need for lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) that have both high energy and high power densities to meet the continuously growing energy storage demands. LICs effectively balance the high energy density of traditional rechargeable batteries with the superior power density and long life of supercapacitors (SCs). Nevertheless, the development of LICs is still hampered by limited kinetic processes and capacity mismatch between the cathode and anode. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have received significant attention because of their extensive specific surface area, different pore structures and topologies, and customizable functional sites, making them compelling candidate materials for achieving high-performance LICs. MOF-derived carbons, known for their exceptional electronic conductivity and large surface area, provide improved charge storage and rapid ion transport. MOF-derived transition metal oxides contribute to high specific capacities and improved electrochemical stability. Additionally, MOF-derived metal compounds/carbons provide combined effects that increase both the capacitive and Faradaic reactions, leading to a superior overall performance. The review begins with an overview of the fundamental principles of LICs, followed by an exploration of synthesis strategies and ligand selection for MOF-based composite materials. It then analyzes the advantages of original MOFs and their derived materials, such as carbon materials and metal compounds, in enhancing LIC performance. Finally, the review discusses the major challenges faced by MOFs and their derivatives in LIC applications and offers future research directions and recommendations.

### 499. [The use of carbon-based particle electrodes in three-dimensional electrode reactors for wastewater treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-use-of-carbon-based-particle-electrodes-in-three-dimensional-electrode-reactors-for-wastewater-treatment) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-11)]
The use of three-dimensional (3D) electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency, low energy consumption and promising development. The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology. They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode, and the selection of materials used is important. Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area, good adsorption performance, high chemical stability and low cost. The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized. The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.

### 500. [Design, progress and challenges of 3D carbon-based thermally conductive networks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-progress-and-challenges-of-3d-carbon-based-thermally-conductive-networks) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-06)]
The advent of the 5G era has stimulated the rapid development of high power electronics with dense integration. Three-dimensional (3D) thermally conductive networks, possessing high thermal and electrical conductivities and many different structures, are regarded as key materials to improve the performance of electronic devices. We provide a critical overview of carbon-based 3D thermally conductive networks, emphasizing their preparation-structure-property relationships and their applications in different scenarios. A detailed discussion of the microscopic principles of thermal conductivity is provided, which is crucial for increasing it. This is followed by an in-depth account of the construction of 3D networks using different carbon materials, such as graphene, carbon foam, and carbon nanotubes. Techniques for the assembly of two-dimensional graphene into 3D networks and their effects on thermal conductivity are emphasized. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects for 3D carbon-based thermally conductive networks are discussed.

### 501. [Semi-quantitative analysis of the structural evolution of mesophase pitch-based carbon foams by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/semi-quantitative-analysis-of-the-structural-evolution-of-mesophase-pitch-based-carbon-foams-by-raman-and-ftir) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-06)]
Graphitized carbon foams (GFms) were prepared using mesophase pitch (MP) as a raw material by foaming (450 °C), pre-oxidation (320 °C), carbonization (1 000 °C) and graphitization (2 800 °C). The differences in structure and properties of GFms prepared from different MP precursors pretreated by ball milling or liquid phase extraction were investigated and compared, and semi-quantitative calculations were conducted on the Raman and FTIR spectra of samples at each preparation stage. Semi-quantitative spectroscopic analysis provided detailed information on the structure and chemical composition changes of the MP and GFm derived from it. Combined with microscopic observations, the change from precursor to GFm was analyzed. The results showed that ball milling concentrated the distribution of aromatic molecules in the pitch, which contributed to uniform foaming to give a GFm with a uniform pore distribution and good properties. Liquid phase extraction helped remove light components while retaining large aromatics to form graphitic planes with the largest average size during post-treatment to produce a GFm with the highest degree of graphitization and the fewest open pores, giving the best compression resistance (2.47 MPa), the highest thermal conductivity (64.47 W/(m·K)) and the lowest electrical resistance (13.02 μΩ·m). Characterization combining semi-quantitative spectroscopic analysis with microscopic observations allowed us to control the preparation of the MP-derived GFms.

### 502. [Preparation of a high-performance synthetic pitch from aromatic hydrocarbons containing N/Cl](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-of-a-high-performance-synthetic-pitch-from-aromatic-hydrocarbons-containing-ncl) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-05)]
The preparation of a synthetic pitch from aromatic monomers could easily regulate structure orientation at the molecular level, which would be useful in fabrication. An isotropic synthetic pitch was prepared by a chlorine- and/or nitrogen-induced substitution polymerization reaction method using aromatic hydrocarbon precursors containing Cl and N, which for this study were chloromethyl naphthalene and quinoline. This method was verified by investigating the structural changes under different synthesis conditions, and the synthesis mechanism induced by aromatics containing Cl was also probed. The result shows that the pyridinic N in quinoline contains a lone pair of electrons, and is an effective active site to induce the polymerization reaction by coupling with aromatic hydrocarbons containing Cl. The reaction between such free radicals causes strong homopolymerization and oligomerization. A higher reaction temperature and longer reaction time significantly increased the degree of polymerization and thus increased the softening point of the pitch. A linear molecular structure was formed by the Cl substitution reaction, which produced a highly spinnable pitch with a softening point of 258.6 °C, and carbon fibers with a tensile strength of 1 163.82 MPa were obtained. This study provides a relatively simple and safe method for the preparation of high-quality spinnable pitch.

### 503. [A review of hard carbon anodes for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-hard-carbon-anodes-for-rechargeable-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-04)]
Hard carbons (HCs) are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their low cost, environmental friendliness, and the abundance of their precursors. The presence of graphitic domains, numerous pores, and disordered carbon layers in HCs plays a significant role in determining their sodium storage ability, but these structural features depend on the precursor used. The influence of functional groups, including heteroatoms and oxygen-containing groups, and the microstructure of the precursor on the physical and electrochemical properties of the HC produced are evaluated, and the effects of carbonization conditions (carbonization temperature, heating rate and atmosphere) are also discussed.

### 504. [Polyetherketoneketone/carbon fiber composites with an amorphous interface prepared by solution impregnation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/polyetherketoneketonecarbon-fiber-composites-with-an-amorphous-interface-prepared-by-solution-impregnation) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-08)]
Interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers (CF) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a key factor that affects the mechanical performances of their composites. It is therefore of great importance to impregnate the CF bundles with PEKK as efficiently as possible. We report that PEKK with a good dispersion in a mixed solution of 4-chlorophenol and 1,2-dichloroethane can be introduced onto CF surfaces by solution impregnation and curing at 280, 320, 340 and 360 °C. The excellent wettability or infiltration of the PEKK solution guarantees a full covering and its tight binding to CFs, making it possible to evaluate the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) with the microdroplet method. The interior of the CF bundles is completely and uniformly filled with PEKK by solution impregnation, leading to a high interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The maximum IFSS and ILSS reached 107.8 and 99.3 MPa, respectively. Such superior shear properties are ascribed to the formation of amorphous PEKK in the small spaces between CFs.

### 505. [A review of anode materials for sodium ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-anode-materials-for-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-02)]
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are used in electric vehicles and portable smart devices, but lithium resources are dwindling and there is an increasing demand which has to be catered for. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs), which are less costly, are a promising replacement for LIBs because of the abundant natural reserves of sodium. The anode of a SIB is a necessary component of the battery but is less understood than the cathode. This review outlines the development of various types of anodes, including carbon-based, metallic and organic, which operate using different reaction mechanisms such as intercalation, alloying and conversion, and considers their challenges and prospects. Strategies for modifying their structures by doping and coating, and also modifying the solid electrolyte interface are discussed. In addition, this review also discusses the challenges encountered by the anode of SIBs and the solutions.

### 506. [A review of the catalytic preparation of mesophase pitch](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-catalytic-preparation-of-mesophase-pitch) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-01)]
Because of its high purity and excellent orientation, mesophase pitch is a superior precursor for high-performance carbon materials. However, the preparation of top-notch mesophase pitch faces challenges. Catalytic polycondensation at low temperatures is more favorable for synthesizing mesophase pitch, because it circumvents the high-temperature free radical reaction of other thermal polycondensation approaches. The reaction is gentle and can be easily controlled. It has the potential to significantly improve the yield of mesophase pitch and easily introduce naphthenic characteristics into the molecules, catalytic polycondensation is therefore a preferred method of synthesizing highly spinnable mesophase pitch. This review provides a synopsis of the selective pretreatment of the raw materials to prepare different mesophase pitches, and explains the reaction mechanism and associated research advances for different catalytic systems in recent years. Finally, how to manufacture high-quality mesophase pitch by using a catalyst-promoter system is summarized and proposed, which may provide a theoretical basis for the future design of high-quality pitch molecules.

### 507. [The preparation and properties of N-doped carbon materials and their use for sodium storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-preparation-and-properties-of-n-doped-carbon-materials-and-their-use-for-sodium-storage) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-03)]
Defect engineering by heteroatom doping gives carbon materials some new characteristics such as a different electronic structure and a high electrochemical activity, making them suitable for high-performance applications. N-doping has been widely investigated because of its similar atom radius to carbon, high electronegativity as well as many different configurations. We summarize the preparation methods and properties of N-doped carbon materials, and discuss their possible use in sodium ion storage. The relationships between N content/configuration and crystallinity, electronic conductivity, wettability, chemical reactivity as well as sodium ion storage performance are discussed.

### 508. [In-situ thermal Raman mapping and stress analysis of CNT/CF/epoxy interfaces](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-thermal-raman-mapping-and-stress-analysis-of-cntcfepoxy-interfaces) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-09)]
A study of the interfacial behavior and internal thermal stress distribution in fiber-reinforced composites is essential to assess their performance and reliability. CNT/carbon fiber (CF) hybrid fibers were constructed using electrophoretic deposition. The interfacial properties of CF/epoxy and CNT/CF/epoxy composites were statistically investigated and compared using in-situ thermal Raman mapping by dispersing CNTs as a Raman sensing medium (CNTR) in a resin. The associated local thermal stress changes can be simulated by capturing the G' band position distribution of CNTR in the epoxy at different temperatures. It was found that the G' band shifted to lower positions with increasing temperature, reaching a maximum difference of 2.43 cm−1 at 100 °C. The interfacial bonding between CNT/CF and the matrix and the stress distribution and changes during heat treatment (20–100 °C) were investigated in detail. This work is important for studying thermal stress in fiber-reinforced composites by in-situ thermal Raman mapping technology.

### 509. [Recent advances in producing hollow carbon spheres for use in sodium−sulfur and potassium−sulfur batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-advances-in-producing-hollow-carbon-spheres-for-use-in-sodiumsulfur-and-potassiumsulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-05-05)]
Sodium-sulfur (Na-S) and potassium-sulfur (K-S) batteries for use at room temperature have received widespread attention because of the abundance and low cost of their raw materials and their high energy density. However, their development is restricted by the shuttling of polysulfides, large volume expansion and poor conductivity. To overcome these obstacles, an effective approach is to use carbon-based materials with abundant space for the sulfur that has sulfiphilic sites to immobilize it, and a high electrical conductivity. Hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) with a controllable structure and composition are promising for this purpose. We consider recent progress in optimizing the electrochemical performance of Na-/K-S batteries by using these materials. First, the advantages of HCSs, their synthesis methods, and strategies for preparing HCSs/sulfur composite materials are reviewed. Second, the use of HCSs in Na-/K-S batteries, along with mechanisms underlying the resulting performance improvement, are discussed. Finally, prospects for the further development of HCSs for metal−S batteries are presented.

### 510. [Increasing the interlayer spacing and generating closed pores to produce petroleum coke-based carbon materials for sodium ion storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/increasing-the-interlayer-spacing-and-generating-closed-pores-to-produce-petroleum-coke-based-carbon-materials) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-10)]
Petroleum coke (PC) is a valuable precursor for sodium-ion battery (SIB) anodes due to its high carbon content and low cost. The regulation of the microcrystalline state and pore structure of the easily-graphitized PC-based carbon is crucial for creating abundant Na+ storage sites. Here we used a precursor transformation strategy to increase the carbon interlayer spacing and generate abundant closed pores in PC-based carbon, significantly increasing its Na+ storage capacity in the plateau region. This was achieved by introducing a large number of oxygen functional groups through mixed acid treatment and then using high-temperature carbonization to decompose the oxygen functional groups and rearrange the carbon microcrystallites, resulting in a transition from open to closed pores. The optimized samples provide a large reversible capacity of 356.0 mAh g−1 at 0.02 A g−1, of which approximately 93% is below 1.0 V. Galvanostatic intermittent titration (GITT) and in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicate that the sodium storage capacity in the low voltage plateau region involves a joint contribution of interlayer insertion and closed pore filling processes. This study presents a comprehensive method for the development of high-performance carbon anodes using low-cost and highly aromatic precursors.

### 511. [Ablation behaviour and mechanical performance of ZrB2-ZrC-SiC modified carbon/carbon composites prepared by vacuum infiltration combined with reactive melt infiltration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ablation-behaviour-and-mechanical-performance-of-zrb2-zrc-sic-modified-carboncarbon-composites-prepared-by-vac) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-03)]
The development of advanced aircraft relies on high performance thermal-structural materials, and carbon/carbon composites (C/C) composited with ultrahigh-temperature ceramics are ideal candidates. However, the traditional routes of compositing are either inefficient and expensive or lead to a non-uniform distribution of ceramics in the matrix. Compared with the traditional C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by the reactive melt infiltration of ZrSi2, C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by the vacuum infiltration of ZrB2 combined with reactive melt infiltration have the higher content and more uniform distribution of the introduced ceramic phases. The mass and linear ablation rates of the C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites were respectively 68.9% and 29.7% lower than those of C/C-ZrC-SiC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration. The ablation performance was improved because the volatilization of B2O3, removes some of the heat, and the more uniformly distributed ZrO2, that helps produce a ZrO2-SiO2 continuous protective layer, hinders oxygen infiltration and decreases ablation.

### 512. [Increasing the toughness while reducing the viscosity of carbon nanotube/polyether imide/polyether ether ketone nanocomposites](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/increasing-the-toughness-while-reducing-the-viscosity-of-carbon-nanotubepolyether-imidepolyether-ether-ketone) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-10)]
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has good mechanical properties. However, its high viscosity when molten limits its use because it is hard to process. PEEK nanocomposites containing both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyether imide (PEI) were prepared by a direct wet powder blending method using a vertical injection molding machine. The addition of an optimum amount of PEI lowered the viscosity of the molten PEEK by approximately 50% while producing an increase in the toughness of the nanocomposites, whose strain to failure increased by 129%, and fracture energy increased by 97%. The uniformly dispersed CNT/PEI powder reduced the processing difficulty of PEEK nanocomposites without affecting the thermal resistance. This improvement of the strength and viscosity of PEEK facilitate its use in the preparation of thermoplastic composites.

### 513. [Formation of mesophase microbeads from bulk mesophase pitch induced by fullerene](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/formation-of-mesophase-microbeads-from-bulk-mesophase-pitch-induced-by-fullerene) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-04)]
A transformation of naphthalene-based coalescenced mesophase pitch (NMP) to mesophase microbeads was achieved by heating a mixture of NMP and fullerene (C60). This is different from the conventional process of the liquid-phase carbonization of isotropic pitch to the emergence of carbon microbeads in the matrix and finally their growth to form a 100% anisotropic bulk mesophase, but rather a reverse transformation. The effects of C60 loading and reaction temperature on the morphological transformation of mesophase were investigated by polarizing optical and scanning electron microscopies. The physical changes in the NMP induced by C60 were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the coalesced NMP can be converted to a spherical type at 300–320 °C with the addition of 5% C60, and the size of the mesophase microbeads increases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, a model is established to explain the unique induction effect of C60 in the transformation process. This work makes the morphological transformation of MP controllable, and provides a new idea for the understanding and research of mesophase pitch.

### 514. [Cardo poly (ether sulfone) toughened E51/DETDA epoxy resin and its carbon fiber composites](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cardo-poly-ether-sulfone-toughened-e51detda-epoxy-resin-and-its-carbon-fiber-composites) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-04-07)]
A toughener that can effectively improve the interlaminar toughness in carbon fiber composites is crucial for various applications. We investigated, the toughening effects of phenolphthalein-based cardo poly (ether sulfone) (PES-C) on E51/ DETDA epoxy and its carbon fiber composites (CFCs). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the phase structures of PES-C/epoxy blends change from island (of dispersed phase) structures to bi-continuous structures (of the matrix) as the PES-C content increased, which is associated with reaction-induced phase separation. After adding 15 phr PES-C, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blends increased by 51.5 °C, and the flexural strength, impact strength and fracture toughness of the blends were improved by 41.1%, 186.2% and 42.7%, respectively. These improvements could be attributed to the phase separation structure of the PES-C/epoxy system. A PES-C film was used to improve the mode-II fracture toughness (GIIC) of CFCs. The GIIC value of the 7 μm PES-C film toughened laminate was improved by 80.3% compared to that of the control laminate. The increase in GIIC was attributed to cohesive failure and plastic deformation in the interleaving region.

### 515. [Boron and nitrogen co-doped sodium alginate-based porous carbons for durable and fast Zn-ion hybrid capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/boron-and-nitrogen-co-doped-sodium-alginate-based-porous-carbons-for-durable-and-fast-zn-ion-hybrid-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-06)]
In recent years, zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their environmental friendliness and excellent electrochemical properties. However, their performance is mainly limited by the electrochemical performance of the cathode, so it is necessary to develop an advanced cathode material. N, B co-doped sodium alginate-based porous carbon (NBSPC) was prepared by one-step co-carbonization using sodium alginate as the matrix and NH4B5O8 as the N and B source. This N, B co-doping strategy improves the pore structure of the carbon materials and increases the number of surface functional groups, greatly improving the capacitive behavior of the raw materials and thus improving their electrochemical performance. When used as the cathode in ZIHCs, the NBSPC had an excellent rate performance (85.4 mA h g−1 even at ultra-high current density of 40 A g−1) and good cycling stability (15 000 cycles at 20 A g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 94.5%).

### 516. [The oxidation reaction mechanism and its kinetics for a carbonaceous precursor prepared from ethylene tar for use as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-oxidation-reaction-mechanism-and-its-kinetics-for-a-carbonaceous-precursor-prepared-from-ethylene-tar-for) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-13)]
The oxidation reaction mechanism and its kinetics for ethylene tar were investigated in order to obtain a suitable anode material for Li-ion batteries. The oxidation of ethylene tar was divided into 3 stages (350–550, 550–700 and 700–900 K) according to the thermogravimetric curve. To reveal the oxidation reaction mechanism, the components of the gases evolved at different stages were analyzed by mass spectrometry and infrared technology. Based on these results the reaction was divided into 4 stages (323–400, 400–605, 605–750 and 750–860 K) to perform simulation calculations of the kinetics. Using the iso-conversion method (Coats-Redfern) to analyze the linear regression rates (R2) between 17 common reaction kinetics models and experimental data, an optimum reaction kinetics model for expressing the oxidation of ethylene tar was determined and the results were as follows. (1) During oxidation, the side chains of aromatic compounds first react with oxygen to form alcohols and aldehydes, leaving peroxy-radicals on aromatic rings. Subsequently, the aromatic compounds with peroxy-radicals undergo polymerization/condensation reactions to form larger molecules. (2) A fourth-order reaction model was used to describe the first 3 stages in the oxidation process, and the activation energies are 47.33, 18.69 and 9.00 kJ·mol−1 at 323–400, 400–605, 605–750 K, respectively. A three-dimensional diffusion model was applied to the fourth stage of the oxidation process, and the activation energy is 88.37 kJ·mol−1 at 750–860 K. A high softening point pitch was also produced for use as a coating of the graphite anode, and after it had been applied the capacity retention after 300 cycles increased from 51.54% to 79.07%.

### 517. [Advances in graphene/molybdenum dichalcogenide-based van der Waals heterostructure photodetectors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-graphenemolybdenum-dichalcogenide-based-van-der-waals-heterostructure-photodetectors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-03)]
Graphene is widely used in photodetection because of its high carrier mobility and wide spectral absorption range. However, its high dark current caused by its low light absorption severely limits its performance. Molybdenum dihalide (MoX2, X=S, Se and Te) has a high absorption coefficient, which can compensate for the high dark current in graphene-based photodetectors and result in outstanding photoelectronic properties of those based on a graphene/MoX2 van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH). In this review, we firstly review working principles, performance indicators, and structures of photodetectors. After that, the significance of graphene/MoX2 vdWH photodetectors is highlighted from the fundamental perspective. Preparation methodologies and performance enhancement strategies of graphene/MoX2 vdWH photodetectors are correspondingly summarized. In the end, we highlight the current challenges and future directions of the graphene/MoX2 vdWH photodetectors. This review will guide the design of high-performance vdWH photodetectors.

### 518. [N, S co-doped coal-based hard carbon prepared by two-step carbonization and a molten salt template method for sodium storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/n-s-co-doped-coal-based-hard-carbon-prepared-by-two-step-carbonization-and-a-molten-salt-template-method-for-s) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-08)]
Hard carbon, known for its abundant resources, stable structure and high safety, has emerged as the most popular anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Among various sources, coal-derived hard carbon has attracted extensive attention. In this work, N and S co-doped coal-based carbon material (NSPC1200) was synthesized through a combination of two-step carbonization process and heteroatom doping using long-flame coal as a carbon source, thiourea as a nitrogen and sulfur source, and NaCl as a template. The two-step carbonization process played a crucial role in adjusting the structure of carbon microcrystals and expanding the interlayer spacing. The N and S co-doping regulated the electronic structure of carbon materials, endowing more active sites. Additionally, the introduction of NaCl as a template contributed to the construction of pore structure, which facilitates better contact between electrodes and electrolytes, enabling more efficient transport of Na+ and electrons. Under the synergistic effect, NSPC1200 exhibited exceptional sodium storage capacity, reaching 314.2 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1. Furthermore, NSPC1200 demonstrated commendable cycling stability, maintaining a capacity of 224.4 mAh g−1 even after 200 cycles. This work successfully achieves the strategic tuning of the microstructure of coal-based carbon materials, ultimately obtaining hard carbon anode with excellent electrochemical performance.

### 519. [A review of carbon material-based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic clean energy generation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-carbon-material-based-z-scheme-and-s-scheme-heterojunctions-for-photocatalytic-clean-energy-genera) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-04)]
Carbon materials, including carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphyne, graphdiyne, carbon quantum dots and fullerenes, have received considerable attention in recent years because of their unique properties such as high conductivity, excellent stability and biocompatibility. The integration of these materials into Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions has emerged as a transformative strategy to increase their photocatalytic efficiency for energy conversion applications. We first consider the fundamental principles of clean energy generation such as photocatalytic H2 generation and CO2 reduction, elucidating their respective mechanisms and advantages. Various types of carbon materials, their synthesis and construction of Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions are then discussed, emphasizing their role in promoting charge separation, reducing recombination losses and extending the spectral response range. With a focus on solar energy production, recent advances in carbon-based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunctions are discussed and summarized for photocatalytic H2 generation and CO2 reduction. Lastly, the current problems in the field of carbon-based photocatalysts are discussed with insights for the future development of this field.

### 520. [Controlled growth of a graphdiyne/cobalt hydroxide heterointerface for efficient chlorine production](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controlled-growth-of-a-graphdiynecobalt-hydroxide-heterointerface-for-efficient-chlorine-production) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-07)]
The chlor-alkali process plays a key and irreplaceable role in the chemical industry because of its use in various industrial processes. However, the low selectivity and efficiency of the reported chlorine evolution reaction (CER) electrocatalysts obviously hinder its practical use. We report a simple method for the controlled growth of high-performance CER electrocatalysts by first growing cobalt hydroxide on the surface of carbon cloth, followed by the in-situ growth of graphdiyne (GDY/Co(OH)2). As expected, the as-synthesized catalyst has a small overpotential of only 83 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a maximum Faradaic Efficiency (FE) of 91.54%, and a high chlorine yield of 157.11 mg h−1 cm−2 in acidic simulated seawater. Experimental results demonstrate that the in-situ growth of GDY on the Co(OH)2 surface leads to the formation of heterointerfaces with strong electron transfer between GDY and Co atoms, resulting in a higher conductivity, larger active specific surface area and more active sites, thereby improving the overall electrocatalytic selectivity and efficiency.

### 521. [A review of the synthesis, characterization, and mechanism of bimetallic catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-synthesis-characterization-and-mechanism-of-bimetallic-catalysts-for-electrocatalytic-co2-redu) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-01)]
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is an environmentally friendly way to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals. However, CO2 conversion is a complex process, which contains 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 electron transfer processes. It is very important to develop efficient catalysts to precisely control the number of electron transfers for the chemicals required. Single-metal catalysts have some deficiencies, including slow reaction kinetics, low product selectivity and inadequate stability. In response to these challenges, bimetallic catalysts have received significant attention owing to their unique structure and improved performance. The introduction of secondary metals alters the catalyst’s electronic structure, and creates novel active sites, as well as optimizing their interaction with the intermediates. This review provides a comprehensive account of atomically distributed bimetals based on carbon materials and non-atomic distributed bimetals such as alloys and heterostructures, including their synthesis methods, characterization, and the outcomes of different catalysts. Catalytic mechanisms of different bimetallic catalysts are proposed and challenges encountered in the CO2RR are considered.

### 522. [Sulfonyl chloride-intensified metal chloride intercalation of graphite for efficient sodium storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sulfonyl-chloride-intensified-metal-chloride-intercalation-of-graphite-for-efficient-sodium-storage) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-09)]
Metal chloride-intercalated graphite with excellent conductivity and a large interlayer spacing is highly desired for use in sodium ion batteries. However, halogen vapor is usually indispensable in initiating the intercalation process, which makes equipment design and experiments challenging. In this work, SO2Cl2 was used as a chlorine generator to intensify the intercalation of BiCl3 into graphite (BiCl3-GICs), which avoided the potential risks, such as Cl2 leakage, in traditional methods. The operational efficiency in the experiment was also improved. After the reaction of SO2Cl2, BiCl3, and graphite at 200 °C for 20 h, the synthesized BiCl3-GICs had a large interlayer spacing (1.26 nm) and a high amount of BiCl3 intercalation (42%), which gave SIBs a high specific capacity of 213 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an excellent rate performance (170 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1). In-situ Raman spectra revealed that the electronic interaction between graphite and intercalated BiCl3 is weakened during the first discharge, which is favorable for sodium storage. This work broadly enables the increased intercalation of other metal chloride-intercalated graphites, offering possibilities for developing advanced energy storage devices.

### 523. [Polyimide-assisted fabrication of highly oriented graphene-based all-carbon foams for increasing the thermal conductivity of polymer composites](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/polyimide-assisted-fabrication-of-highly-oriented-graphene-based-all-carbon-foams-for-increasing-the-thermal-c) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-06)]
Graphene and its derivatives are often preferentially oriented horizontally during processing because of their two-dimensional (2D) layer structure. As a result, thermal interface materials (TIMs) composed of a polymer matrix and graphene-derived fillers often have a high in-plane (IP) thermal conductivity (K), however, the low through-plane (TP) K makes them unsuitable for practical use. We report the development of high-quality polyimide/graphite nanosheets (PG) perpendicular to the plane using a directional freezing technique that increase the TP K of polymer-based composites. Graphene-derived nanosheets (GNs) were obtained by the crushing of scraps of highly thermally conductive graphene films. A water-soluble polyamic acid salt solution was used to disperse the hydrophobic GNs filler to achieve directional freezing. The polyimide, which facilitated the directional alignment of the GNs, was then graphitized. The introduction of the GNs increases the order and density of the PG, thus improving the strength and heat transfer performance of its polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The obtained PG/PDMS composite (21.1% PG, mass fraction) has an impressive TP K of 14.56 W·m−1·K−1, 81 times that of pure PDMS. This simple polyimide-assisted 2D hydrophobic fillers alignment method provides ideas for the widespread fabrication of anisotropic TIMs and enables the reuse of scraps of graphene films.

### 524. [N-doped hollow carbon nanospheres embedded in N-doped graphene loaded with palladium nanoparticles as an efficient electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/n-doped-hollow-carbon-nanospheres-embedded-in-n-doped-graphene-loaded-with-palladium-nanoparticles-as-an-effic) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-10)]
Efficient electrocatalysts with a low cost, high activity and good durability play a crucial role in the use of direct formic acid fuel cells. Pd nanoparticles supported on N-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NHCNs) embedded in an assembly of N-doped graphene (NG) with a three-dimensional (3D) porous structure by a simple and economical method were investigated as direct formic acid fuel cell catalysts. Because of the unique porous configuration of interconnected layers doped with nitrogen atoms, the Pd/NHCN@NG catalyst with Pd nanoparticles has a large catalytic active surface area, superior electrocatalytic activity, a high steady-state current density, and a strong resistance to CO poisoning, far surpassing those of conventional Pd/C, Pd/NG, and Pd/NHCN catalysts for formic acid electrooxidation. When the HCN/GO mass ratio was 1∶1, the Pd/NHCN@NG catalyst had an outstanding performance in the catalytic oxidation of formic acid, with an activity 4.21 times that of Pd/C. This work indicates a way to produce superior carbon-based support materials for electrocatalysts, which will be beneficial for the development of fuel cells.

### 525. [Improving the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers by controlling the temperature in industrial spinning equipment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improving-the-mechanical-properties-and-thermal-conductivity-of-mesophase-pitch-based-carbon-fibers-by-control) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-11)]
Mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers (MPCFs) were prepared using industrial equipment with a constant extrusion rate of pitch while controlling the spinning temperature. The influence of spinning temperature on their microstructures, mechanical properties and thermal conductivities was investigated. SEM images of the fractured surface of MPCFs show that the graphite layers have a radiating structure at all spinning temperatures, but change from the fine-and-folded to the large-and-flat morphology when increasing the spinning temperature from 309 to 320 °C. At the same time the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of the MPCFs respectively increase from 704 W·m−1·K−1 and 2.16 GPa at 309 °C to 1 078 W·m−1·K−1 and 3.23 GPa at 320 °C. The lower viscosity and the weaker die-swell effect of mesophase pitch at the outlets of the spinnerets at the higher spinning temperature contribute to the improved orientation of mesophase pitch molecules in the pitch fibers, which improves the crystallite size and orientation of the MPCFs.

### 526. [A new anode material for high rate and long life lithium/sodium storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-anode-material-for-high-rate-and-long-life-lithiumsodium-storage) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-09)]
It is imperative to design suitable anode materials for both lithium-ion (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with a high-rate performance and ultralong cycling life. We fabricated a MoO2/MoS2 heterostructure that was then homogeneously distributed in N,S-doped carbon nanofibers (MoO2/MoS2@NSC) by electrospinning and sulfurization. The one-dimensional carbon fiber skeleton serves as a conductive frame to decrease the diffusion pathway of Li+/Na+, while the N/S doping creates abundant active sites and significantly improves the ion diffusion kinetics. Moreover, the deposition of MoS2 nanosheets on the MoO2 bulk phase produces an interface that enables fast Li+/Na+ transport, which is crucial for achieving high efficiency energy storage. Consequently, as the anode for LIBs, MoO2/MoS2@NSC gives an excellent cycling stability of 640 mAh g−1 for 2000 cycles under 5.0 A g−1 with an ultralow average capacity drop of 0.002% per cycle and an exceptional rate capability of 614 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1. In SIBs, it also produces a significantly better electrochemical performance (reversible capacity of 242 mAh g−1 under 2.0 A g−1 for 2000 cycles and 261 mAh g−1 under 5.0 A g−1). This work shows how introducing a novel interface in the anode can produce rapid Li+/Na+ storage kinetics and a long cycling performance.

### 527. [A review of the high-concentration processing, densification, and applications of graphene oxide and graphene](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-high-concentration-processing-densification-and-applications-of-graphene-oxide-and-graphene) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-05)]
Dense graphene assemblies, composed of tightly stacked graphene sheets, have outstanding chemical stability and excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. They also do not have the problems of low density, low mechanical strength, poor electrical conductivity, or poor thermal conductivity found in porous graphene aerogels, making them ideal materials for future portable electronic and smart devices. We summarize work on high-concentration graphene oxide (GO) and graphene dispersions prepared by mechanical dispersion, evaporation concentration, centrifugal concentration, and liquid phase exfoliation, as well as two-dimensional (2D) dense graphene-based films and three-dimensional (3D) dense graphene-based structures prepared by vacuum-assisted filtration, interfacial self-assembly, and press-forming, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The applications of dense graphene-based assemblies in energy storage, thermal management, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding are summarized. Finally, their challenges and prospects in future research are outlined. This review provides a reference for exploring and developing their large-scale, cost-effective manufacture and use.

### 528. [The production of electrodes for microsupercapacitors based on MoS2-modified reduced graphene oxide aerogels by 3D printing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-production-of-electrodes-for-microsupercapacitors-based-on-mos2-modified-reduced-graphene-oxide-aerogels-b) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-07)]
Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are of interest because of their high power density and excellent cycling performance, offering a broad array of potential applications. However, preparing electrodes for the MSCs with an extremely high areal capacitance and energy density remains a challenge. We constructed MSC electrodes with an ultra-high area capacitance and a high energy density, using reduced graphene oxide aerogel (GA) and MoS2 as the active materials, combined with 3D printing and surface modification. Using 3D printing, we obtained electrodes with a stable macrostructure and a GA-crosslinked micropore structure. We also used a solution method to load the surface of the printed electrode with molybdenum disulfide nanosheets, further improving the electrochemical performance. The surface capacitance of the electrode reached 3.99 F cm−2, the power density was 194 μW cm−2, and the energy density was 1 997 mWh cm−2, confirming its excellent electrochemical performance and cycling stability. This work provides a simple and efficient method for preparing MSC electrodes with a high areal capacitance and energy density, making them ideal for portable electronic devices.

### 529. [Controllable construction of CoP nanoparticles anchored on a nitrogen-doped porous carbon as an electrocatalyst for highly efficient oxygen reduction in Zn-air batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controllable-construction-of-cop-nanoparticles-anchored-on-a-nitrogen-doped-porous-carbon-as-an-electrocatalys) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-03-08)]
Exploring cost-efficient and highly-efficient noble metal-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) involved in sustainable energy devices remains a great challenge. Transition-metal phosphides supported on heteroatom-doped carbons have shown potential as alternative candidates for precious metals because of their tunable electronic structures and higher catalytic performance. Phosphating was used to construct CoP nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on a nitrogen-doped porous carbon framework (CoP@NC) from Co NPs loaded on NC, using PH3 gas released from NaH2PO2 during heat treatment. The dodecahedral structure of Co NPs was retained in their transformation to CoP NPs. The CoP@NC electrocatalyst shows a remarkable ORR activity with a half-wave potential up to 0.92 V under alkaline conditions, which is attributed to the combined coupling between the well dispersed CoP nanoparticles on the nitrogen-doped carbon and the efficient mass transport in the porous structure. Zinc-air batteries assembled with the CoP@NC electrocatalyst as a cathode have a high open-circuit voltage of 1.51 V and power density of 210.1 mW cm−2. This work provides a novel strategy to develop low-cost catalysts with an excellent ORR performance to promote their practical use in metal-air batteries.

### 530. [A review of the use of metal oxide/carbon composite materials to inhibit the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-use-of-metal-oxidecarbon-composite-materials-to-inhibit-the-shuttle-effect-in-lithium-sulfur-b) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-02)]
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are among the most promising next-generation electrochemical energy-storage systems due to their exceptional theoretical specific capacity, inexpensive production cost and environmental friendliness. However, the poor conductivity of S and Li2S, severe lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttling and the sluggish redox kinetics of the phase transformation greatly hinder their commercialization. Carbonaceous materials could be potentially useful in Li-S batteries to tackle these problems with their high specific surface area to host LiPSs and sulfur and excellent electrical conductivity to increase electron transfer rate. However, non-polar carbon materials are unable to interact closely with the highly polar polysulfides, resulting in a low sulfur utilization and a serious shuttle effect. Because of their advantages of strong polarity and a large number of adsorption sites, integrating transition metal oxides (TMOs) with carbon-based materials (CMs) increases the chemical adsorption of LiPSs and electrochemical reaction activity for LiPSs. The working principles and main challenges of Li-S batteries are discussed followed by a review of recent research on the ex-situ and in-situ synthesis of TMO/CM composites. The formation of TMO/CMs with the dimensionalities of CMs from 1D to 3D are then reviewed together with ways of changing their structure, including heterostructure design, vacancy engineering and facet manipulation. Finally, the outlook for using TMO/CMs in Li-S batteries is considered.

### 531. [Cactus-like NC/CoxP electrode enables efficient and stable hydrogen evolution for saline water splitting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cactus-like-nccoxp-electrode-enables-efficient-and-stable-hydrogen-evolution-for-saline-water-splitting) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-09)]
Designing efficient and robust catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is imperative for saline water electrolysis technology. A catalyst composed of CoxP nanowires array with N-doped carbon nanosheets (NC) was fabricated on Ni foam (NF) by an in-situ growth strategy. The material is designated as NC/CoxP@NF. In the preparation process, Co(OH)2 nanowires were transformed into a metal organic framework of cobalt (ZIF-67) on NF by the dissolution-coordination of endogenous Co2+ and 2-methylimidazole. The resulting cactus-like microstructure gives NC/CoxP@NF abundant exposed active sites and ion transport channels, which improve the HER catalytic reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the interconnected alternating nanowires and free-standing nanosheets in NC/CoxP@NF improve its structural stability, and the formation of surface polyanions (phosphate) and a NC nanosheet protective layer improve the anti-corrosive properties of catalysts. Thus, the NC/CoxP@NF has an excellent performance, requiring overpotentials of 107 and 133 mV for HER to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH and 1.0 mol L−1 KOH + 0.5 mol L−1 NaCl, respectively. This in-situ transformation strategy is a new way of constructing highly-efficient HER catalysts for saline water electrolysis.

### 532. [MOF-derived nanocarbon materials for electrochemical catalysis and their advanced characterization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mof-derived-nanocarbon-materials-for-electrochemical-catalysis-and-their-advanced-characterization) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-05)]
Because of the demand for clean and sustainable energy sources, nanocarbons, modified carbons and their composite materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as distinct catalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. These materials not only inherit the advantages of MOFs, like customizable dopants and structural diversity, but also effectively prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides during pyrolysis. Consequently, they increase the electrocatalytic efficiency, improve electrical conductivity, and may play a pivotal role in green energy technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. This review first explores the carbonization mechanism of the MOF-derived carbon-based materials, and then considers 3 key aspects: intrinsic carbon defects, metal and non-metal atom doping, and the synthesis strategies for these materials. We also provide a comprehensive introduction to advanced characterization techniques to better understand the basic electrochemical catalysis processes, including mapping techniques for detecting localized active sites on electrocatalyst surfaces at the micro- to nano-scale and in-situ spectroscopy. Finally, we offer insights into future research concerning their use as electrocatalysts. Our primary objective is to provide a clearer perspective on the current status of MOF-derived carbon-based electrocatalysts and encourage the development of more efficient materials.

### 533. [Carbon electrodes for the electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-electrodes-for-the-electrocatalytic-synthesis-of-hydrogen-peroxide-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-05)]
Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction by a 2e− pathway enables the instantaneous synthesis of H2O2, a process that is far superior to the conventional anthraquinone process. In recent years, the electrocatalytic synthesis of H2O2 using carbon electrodes has attracted more and more attention because of its excellent catalytic performance and superior stability. The relationship between material modification, wettability and the rate of H2O2 synthesis and service life is considered together with the three-phase interface. The structure of the carbon electrodes and the principles of electrocatalytic H2O2 synthesis are first introduced, and four major catalysts are reviewed, namely, monolithic carbon materials, metal-free catalysts, noble metal catalysts and non-precious metal catalysts. The effects of the metal anode and the electrolyte on the three-phase interface are described. The relationship between carbon electrode wettability and the three-phase interface is described, pointing out that modification focusing on improving the selectivity of the 2e− pathway can also impact electrode wettability. In addition, the relationship between the design of the components in the electrochemical system and their effect on the efficiency of H2O2 synthesis is discussed for carbon electrodes. Finally, we present our analysis of the current problems in the electrocatalytic synthesis of H2O2 for carbon electrodes and future research directions.

### 534. [Ir nanoclusters on ZIF-8-derived nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks to give a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ir-nanoclusters-on-zif-8-derived-nitrogen-doped-carbon-frameworks-to-give-a-highly-efficient-hydrogen-evolutio) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-10)]
The precise change of the electronic structure of active metals using low-active supports is an effective way of developing high-performance electrocatalysts. The electronic interaction of the metal and support provides a flexible way of optimizing the catalytic performance. We have fabricated an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst, in which Ir nanoclusters are uniformly loaded on a nitrogen-doped carbon framework (Ir@NC). The synthesis process entails immersing an annealed zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), prepared at 900 °C as a carbon source, into an IrCl3 solution, followed by a calcination-reduction treatment at 400 °C under a H2/Ar atmosphere. The three-dimensional porous structure of the nitrogen-doped carbon framework exposes more active metal sites, and the combined effect of the Ir clusters and the N-doped carbon support efficiently changes the electronic structure of Ir, optimizing the HER process. In acidic media, Ir@NC has a remarkable HER electrocatalytic activity, with an overpotential of only 23 mV at 10 mA cm−2, an ultra-low Tafel slope (25.8 mV dec−1) and good stability for over 24 h at 10 mA cm−2. The high activity of the electrocatalyst with a simple and scalable synthesis method makes it a highly promising candidate for the industrial production of hydrogen by splitting acidic water.

### 535. [Bismuth nanoparticles anchored on N-doped graphite felts to give stable and efficient iron-chromium redox flow batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bismuth-nanoparticles-anchored-on-n-doped-graphite-felts-to-give-stable-and-efficient-iron-chromium-redox-flow) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-07)]
Iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs) use abundant and inexpensive chromium and iron as the active substances in the electrolyte and have great potential as a cost-effective and large-scale energy storage system. However, they are still plagued by several issues, such as the low electrochemical activity of Cr3+/Cr2+ and the occurrence of the undesired hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We report the synthesis of amorphous bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on N-doped graphite felts (GFs) by a combined self-polymerization and wet-chemistry reduction strategy followed by annealing, which are used as the negative electrodes for ICRFBs. The resulting Bi NPs react with H+ to form intermediates and greatly inhibit the parasitic HER. In addition, the combined effect of Bi and N dopants on the surface of GF dramatically increases the electrochemical activity of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cr3+/Cr2+, reduces the charge transfer resistance, and increases the mass transfer rate compared to plain GF. At the optimum Bi/N ratio of 2, a high coulombic efficiency of up to 97.7% is maintained even for 25 cycles at different current densities, the energy efficiency reaches 85.8% at 60.0 mA cm−2, exceeding many other reported materials, and the capacity reaches 862.7 mAh L−1 after 100 cycles, which is about 5.3 times that of bare GF.

### 536. [A Co3O4/graphdiyne heterointerface for efficient ammonia production from nitrates](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-co3o4graphdiyne-heterointerface-for-efficient-ammonia-production-from-nitrates) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-08)]
The nitrate reduction reaction (NtRR) has been demonstrated to be a promising way for obtaining ammonia (NH3) by converting NO3− to NH3. Here we report the controlled synthesis of cobalt tetroxide/graphdiyne heterostructured nanowires (Co3O4/GDY NWs) by a simple two-step process including the synthesis of Co3O4 NWs and the following growth of GDY using hexaethynylbenzene as the precursor at 110 °C for 10 h. Detailed scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman characterization confirmed the synthesis of a Co3O4/GDY heterointerface with the formation of sp-C―Co bonds at the interface and incomplete charge transfer between GDY and Co, which provide a continuous supply of electrons for the catalytic reaction and ensure a rapid NtRR. Because of these advantages, Co3O4/GDY NWs had an excellent NtRR performance with a high NH3 yield rate (YNH3) of 0.78 mmol h−1 cm−2 and a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 92.45% at −1.05 V (vs. RHE). This work provides a general approach for synthesizing heterostructures that can drive high-performance ammonia production from wastewater under ambient conditions.

### 537. [A review of graphdiyne: A new material for synthesizing effective adsorbents for aqueous contaminants](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-graphdiyne-a-new-material-for-synthesizing-effective-adsorbents-for-aqueous-contaminants) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-02-01)]
Graphdiyne (GDY), a new two-dimensional (2D) carbon molecule, is expected to have applications in the removal of contaminants from aqueous media. It has superior conjugation, unusual and varied electronic properties, and exceptional chemical and thermal stability because of its framework of sp and sp2 hybridized carbon bonds that are combined to produce benzene rings and diacetylenic bonds in a two-dimensional symmetrical network. Its molecular chemistry is the result of it having carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a regular distribution of triangular pores in its structure, which provide reaction sites and various reaction pathways. GDY is an adsorbent with an excellent efficiency for the removal of oil, organic pollutants, dyes, and metals from contaminated water, but there is limited evidence of it being used as an adsorbent in the literature. This review discusses its synthesis and its use as an adsorbent together with its prospects for pollutant removal.

### 538. [Defect engineering of carbon-based electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/defect-engineering-of-carbon-based-electrocatalysts-for-the-co2-reduction-reaction-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-02)]
Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is an important way to achieve carbon neutrality by converting CO2 into high-value-added chemicals using electric energy. Carbon-based materials are widely used in various electrochemical reactions, including electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, due to their low cost and high activity. In recent years, defect engineering has attracted wide attention by constructing asymmetric defect centers in the materials, which can optimize the physicochemical properties of the material and improve its electrocatalytic activity. This review summarizes the types, methods of formation and defect characterization techniques of defective carbon-based materials. The advantages of defect engineering and the advantages and disadvantages of various defect formation methods and characterization techniques are also evaluated. Finally, the challenges of using defective carbon-based materials in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are investigated and opportunities for their use are discussed. It is believed that this review will provide suggestions and guidance for developing defective carbon-based materials for CO2 reduction.

### 539. [Carbon-based metal-free nanomaterials for the electrosynthesis of small-molecule chemicals: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-based-metal-free-nanomaterials-for-the-electrosynthesis-of-small-molecule-chemicals-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-03)]
Electrocatalysis is a key component of many clean energy technologies that has the potential to store renewable electricity in chemical form. Currently, noble metal-based catalysts are most widely used for improving the conversion efficiency of reactants during the electrocatalytic process. However, drawbacks such as high cost and poor stability seriously hinder their large-scale use in this process and in sustainable energy devices. Carbon-based metal-free catalysts (CMFCs) have received growing attention due to their enormous potential for improving the catalytic performance. This review gives a concise comprehensive overview of recent developments in CMFCs for electrosynthesis. First, the fundamental catalytic mechanisms and design strategies of CMFCs are presented and discussed. Then, a brief overview of various electrosynthesis processes, including the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, chlorine, as well as various carbon- and nitrogen-based compounds is given. Finally, current challenges and prospects for CMFCs are highlighted.

### 540. [Carbon-based electrocatalysts for water splitting at high-current-densities: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-based-electrocatalysts-for-water-splitting-at-high-current-densities-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-01)]
Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising strategy to generate hydrogen using renewable energy under mild conditions. Carbon-based materials have attracted attention in electrocatalytic water splitting because of their distinctive features such as high specific area, high electron mobility and abundant natural resources. Hydrogen produced by industrial electrocatalytic water splitting in a large quantity requires electrocatalysis at a low overpotential at a large current density. Substantial efforts focused on fundamental research have been made, while much less attention has been paid to the high-current-density test. There are many distinct differences in electrocatalysis to split water using low and high current densities such as the bubble phenomenon, local environment around active sites, and stability. Recent research progress on carbon-based electrocatalysts for water splitting at low and high current densities is summarized, significant challenges and prospects for carbon-based electrocatalysts are discussed, and promising strategies are proposed.

### 541. [Carbon nanotube-based materials as capacitive deionization electrodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-nanotube-based-materials-as-capacitive-deionization-electrodes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-03)]
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technology that uses ion electrosorption at electrically charged electrode interfaces and has gained increasing recognition as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for water purification. Among the various electrode materials, carbon nanotube (CNT)-based structures have attracted considerable research interest because of their outstanding physicochemical properties, including high specific surface area, superior electrical conductivity, and excellent electrochemical stability. Significant efforts have been devoted to improving the CDI performance of CNT-based electrodes using material engineering and structural design. A comprehensive analysis of recent advances in performance optimization strategies for CNT-based CDI electrodes is provided, and their pivotal role in driving technological progress in CDI is evaluated. Persistent challenges and promising research to overcome current limitations are also considered.

### 542. [A fast bismuth-carbon composite anode for achieving kinetic matching between the anode and cathode of sodium-ion capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-fast-bismuth-carbon-composite-anode-for-achieving-kinetic-matching-between-the-anode-and-cathode-of-sodium-i) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-08)]
Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) typically feature a hybrid design, incorporating a battery-type anode that operates by faradaic redox reactions and an activated carbon cathode that functions through electrical double-layer (EDL) adsorption/desorption. However, the kinetics of faradaic processes are inherently slower than those of EDL processes, leading to a fundamental problem known as kinetic imbalance between the electrodes, which hinders the development of high-performance SICs. To address this, we synthesized composites of bismuth nanoparticles in N-doped carbon (Bi@NC) by a high-temperature sintering method. The resulting Bi@NC anode has a specific capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, an exceptional rate capability (maintaining performance at currents exceeding 75 A g−1), and outstanding cycling stability over 12,000 cycles. Three-electrode Swagelok cell tests revealed that this high-rate Bi@NC composite effectively decreases the kinetic gap with the activated carbon cathode, as shown by an analysis of their respective potential swing windows (vs. Na/Na+). This enables the fabricated SIC to achieve a maximum energy density of 115 Wh kg−1, a peak power density of 45,535 W kg−1, and a long cycle life exceeding 8,000 cycles.

### 543. [A review of carbon-based catalysts and catalyst supports for simultaneous organic electro-oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-carbon-based-catalysts-and-catalyst-supports-for-simultaneous-organic-electro-oxidation-and-hydrog) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2024-39-01-04)]
Producing organic electro-oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) simultaneously in an electrolytic cell is an appealing method for generating valuable chemicals at the anode while also producing H2 at the cathode. Within this framework, the task of designing energy-saving electrocatalysts with high selectivity and stability is a considerable challenge. Carbon-based catalysts, along with their supports, have emerged as promising candidates due to their diverse sources, large specific surface area, high porosity and multidimensional characteristics. This review summarizes progress from 2012 to 2022, in the use of carbon-based catalysts and their supports for organic electrooxidation and HER. It delves into outer-sphere electrooxidation mechanisms involving molecule-mediated oxidation and oxidative radical coupling reactions, as well as inner-sphere electrooxidation mechanisms, encompassing both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The review also explores prospective research directions within this domain, addressing various aspects such as the design of electrocatalytic materials, the study of the relationship between the structure and properties of electrocatalysts, as well as examining their potential industrial applications.

### 544. [Low-cost synthesis of large graphene oxide flakes by the total oxidation of large natural graphite flakes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/low-cost-synthesis-of-large-graphene-oxide-flakes-by-the-total-oxidation-of-large-natural-graphite-flakes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-04)]
Large graphene oxide (LGO) sheets have significant advantages over smaller ones in various applications. However, producing them by the Hummers-type oxidation of large natural graphite flakes is challenging. The inherent limiting factors are generally believed to be that large graphite flakes are both difficult to oxidize fully and prone to fragmentation during the process. By in-situ monitoring the graphite oxidation, we observed that, given sufficient time, large graphite flakes may be fully oxidized while still remaining largely intact. Graphite oxidation is governed by diffusion of the oxidizer between the layers, and is described by Fick’s law, where a high oxidizer concentration gradient increases the diffusion rate. We therefore increased the oxidizer concentration by minimizing the amount of solvent (concentrated H2SO4), achieving full oxidation of gram-scale large graphite flakes in a semi-solid state with significantly reduced reagent consumption. In addition, the reaction temperature was adjusted to balance graphite oxidation and Mn(VII) self-decomposition. Using this approach, gram-scale 200-, 100-, and 50-mesh natural graphite were all fully oxidized with a significantly reduced consumption of both H2SO4 and KMnO4. A reduction in size occurs during exfoliation, yielding LGO with average sizes of 27.3, 58.7, 116.2 μm, respectively. This study not only provides a scalable and cost-effective strategy for LGO production but also advances the understanding of Hummers-type methods.

### 545. [Recent advances in the characterization and applications of biochar and hydrochar](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-advances-in-the-characterization-and-applications-of-biochar-and-hydrochar) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-02)]
The conversion of biomass into carbon-rich materials, biochar and hydrochar, has emerged as a promising strategy to solve pressing environmental challenges while supporting sustainable industrial development. A comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the characterization and application of these materials is provided, emphasizing their distinct production methods, physicochemical properties, and functional versatility. Biochar, typically obtained by pyrolysis at high temperatures, has a high porosity, aromaticity, and thermal stability, making it well-suited for applications such as CO2 capture, electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, and soil improvement. In contrast, hydrochar, produced by hydrothermal carbonization in aqueous media at moderate temperatures, retains a higher number of surface functional groups and heteroatoms, offering advantages in aqueous-phase catalysis, pollutant adsorption, and bioremediation. The critical role of physicochemical characterization in optimizing material performance is outlined, and analytical techniques including liquid nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and thermogravimetric analysis are discussed. These show how physical-chemical characteristics such as surface area, functional group chemistry, and degree of graphitization govern the materials’ suitability for specific applications. Emerging uses in wastewater treatment, biofuel production, animal feed, and advanced oxidation processes are examined, alongside their relevance to multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in climate action, clean energy, and responsible production. The materials are versatile and can be produced on a large scale. Their performance can be fine-tuned using different production and post-treatment processes, making them key enablers in the transition to a circular, carbon-conscious economy.

### 546. [The doping of coal-based activated carbon with both B and N for use as the cathode of high performance aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-doping-of-coal-based-activated-carbon-with-both-b-and-n-for-use-as-the-cathode-of-high-performance-aqueous) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-07)]
Aqueous zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) have significant potential as energy storage systems because of their high specific capacity and superior reliability. Heteroatom-doped carbon materials were known to substantially increase the capacitance of ZICs, however the mechanism remains poorly understood. Coal-based activated carbon was functionalized with B and N to serve as the cathode material in ZICs. This modification gave the material a high specific capacity of 371.4 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and it retained 74% of its initial capacity after 10 000 cycles. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations revealed that pyridinic N plays a crucial role in increasing Zn2+ storage, demonstrating superior electrochemical reversibility. This work gives valuable insight into the design of high-capacity and ultrafast pseudocapacitive carbon cathodes for ZICs.

### 547. [Laser-synthesized metastable bismuth nanocrystals chemically bonded to reduced graphene oxide for excellent lithium storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/laser-synthesized-metastable-bismuth-nanocrystals-chemically-bonded-to-reduced-graphene-oxide-for-excellent-li) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-06)]
The poor interface contact between Bi nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hinders the transfer of ions/electrons for lithium-ion batteries. We propose an innovative approach for fabricating ultrafine bismuth nanocrystals chemically bonded to reduced graphene oxide (Bi-rGO) by liquid-phase pulsed laser irradiation followed by a solvothermal reaction with graphene oxide. Metastable Bi nanocrystals synthesized by a laser (5.5 nm) are then combined with graphene oxide in a solvothermal process, undergoing lattice restructuring and shrinking to a record-small size of 2 nm, which is the smallest reported for Bi/C composites as far as we know. The Bi nanocrystals are uniformly anchored onto rGO nanosheets by strong Bi—O—C bonds, which not only suppress particle aggregation but also establish efficient ion/electron transport channels and alleviate volume expansion during lithiation. As a result, the Bi-rGO-2 anode consisting of 2 nm Bi nanocrystals has an exceptional reversible capacity of 586.7 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles under a current density of 100 mA·g−1, nearly doubling that of a Bulk Bi/rGO composite anode (318 mAh·g−1). Theoretical calculations confirm a higher binding energy between Bi and rGO at small particle sizes, while kinetic analysis reveals accelerated Li+ diffusion. This work provides a scalable way to design high-performance alloy anodes through metastable nanocrystal engineering and covalent interface coupling.

### 548. [Functionalized carbon dots from natural precursors for environmental remediation and renewable energy technologies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/functionalized-carbon-dots-from-natural-precursors-for-environmental-remediation-and-renewable-energy-technolo) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-01)]
The green synthesis of functionalized carbon dots (C-dots) from natural precursors is reviewed, providing a sustainable and versatile platform for environmental remediation and renewable energy technologies. The focus is on methods such as hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, pyrolytic, solvent-based, and ultrasonic routes, with an emphasis on biomass-derived precursors and green solvents. Strategies are given for surface passivation, hybridization, and composite formation to tailor their optical properties and their applications in sustainable technologies are examined. In environmental remediation, they act as efficient photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2). For renewable energy, they improve light-harvesting in solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Their notable stability and efficiency are highlighted, alongside persistent challenges in controlling their size, uniformity, and scalability of quantum yield. Future work must clarify the structure-activity relationships for multifunctional compounds, facilitating commercial deployment.

### 549. [Fe3C-coated nitrogen-doped CNT/cattail-derived carbon microtube composites for efficient microwave absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fe3c-coated-nitrogen-doped-cntcattail-derived-carbon-microtube-composites-for-efficient-microwave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-02-05)]
Due to the inherent limited dielectric loss of carbon materials, their attenuation ability and impedance matching are often unsatisfactory. To overcome these problems, hierarchical structures and combined microwave loss mechanisms have attracted considerable attention in the development of high performance microwave absorbers. In this work, biomass cattail was used as a sustainable precursor to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays decorated with Fe3C nanoparticles by chemical vapor deposition. The resulting cattail-derived carbon-based tubular composites (Fe3C@NCNTs/CMTs) feature a unique Fe3C-coated, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube structure. The influence of crystallinity, tuned by calcination at different temperatures, on microwave absorption was investigated. Remarkably, at 800 °C, Fe3C@NCNTs/CMTs achieved a minimum reflection loss of –35.8 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.02 GHz at a thickness of only 1.7 mm, even at an ultralow filler loading of 10%, effectively covering the entire Ku band and part of the X band. The excellent microwave absorption performance is attributed to the combined contribution of increased magnetic loss and multiple dielectric polarization mechanisms. This study shows a promising strategy for designing biomass-derived carbon-based broadband microwave absorbing materials.

### 550. [A review of ultrafast supercapacitors for AC-line filtering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-ultrafast-supercapacitors-for-ac-line-filtering) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-2-1)]
Filter capacitors play an important role in alternating current (AC)-line filtering for stabilizing voltage, suppressing harmonics, and improving power quality. However, traditional aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) suffer from a large size, short lifespan, low power density, and poor reliability, which limits their use. In contrast, ultrafast supercapacitors (SCs) are ideal for replacing commercial AECs because of their extremely high power densities, fast charging and discharging, and excellent high-frequency response. We review the design principles and key parameters for ultrafast supercapacitors and summarize research progress in recent years from the aspects of electrode materials, electrolytes, and device configurations. The preparation, structures, and frequency response performance of electrode materials mainly consisting of carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, and transition metal compounds, are focused on. Finally, future research directions for ultrafast SCs are suggested.

### 551. [A review of the use of electrospinning in the preparation of flexible lithium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-use-of-electrospinning-in-the-preparation-of-flexible-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-2-3)]
Electrospinning technology has emerged as a promising method for fabricating flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs) due to its ability to create materials with desirable properties for energy storage applications. FLIBs, which are foldable and have high energy densities, are becoming increasingly important as power sources for wearable devices, flexible electronics, and mobile energy applications. Carbon materials, especially carbon nanofibers, are pivotal in improving the performance of FLIBs by increasing electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and surface area, as well as reducing costs. These materials also play a significant role in establishing conducting networks and improving structural integrity, which are essential for extending the cycle life and enhancing the safety of the batteries. This review considers the role of electrospinning in the fabrication of critical FLIB components, with a particular emphasis on the integration of carbon materials. It explores strategies to optimize FLIB performance by fine-tuning the electrospinning parameters, such as electric field strength, spinning rate, solution concentration, and carbonization process. Precise control over fiber properties is crucial for enhancing battery reliability and stability during folding and bending. It also highlights the latest research findings in carbon-based electrode materials, high-performance electrolytes, and separator structures, discussing the practical challenges and opportunities these materials present. It underscores the significant impact of carbon materials on the evolution of FLIBs and their potential to shape future energy storage technologies.

### 552. [Low-value biomass-derived carbon composites for electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/low-value-biomass-derived-carbon-composites-for-electromagnetic-wave-absorption-and-shielding-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-2-2)]
The rising concern over electromagnetic (EM) pollution is responsible for the rapid progress in EM interference (EMI) shielding and EM wave absorption in the last few years, and carbon materials with a large surface area and high porosity have been investigated. Compared to other carbon materials, biomass-derived carbon (BC) are considered efficient and eco-friendly materials for this purpose. We summarize the recent advances in BC materials for both EMI shielding and EM wave absorption. After a brief overview of the synthesis strategies of BC materials and a precise outline of EM wave interference, strategies for improving their EMI shielding and EM wave absorption are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and the future prospects for such materials are briefly summarized.

### 553. [N/O co-doped microporous carbon as a high-performance electrode for supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/no-co-doped-microporous-carbon-as-a-high-performance-electrode-for-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-13)]
Carbon materials with adjustable porosity, controllable heteroatom doping and low-cost have been received considerable attention as supercapacitor electrodes. However, using carbon materials with abundant micropores, a high surface area and a high-dopant content for an aqueous supercapacitor with a high energy output still remains a challenge. We report the easy synthesis of interconnected carbon spheres by a polymerization reaction between p-benzaldehyde and 2,6-diaminopyridine. The synthesis involves adjusting the mass ratio of the copolymer and KOH activator to achieve increased charge storage ability and high energy output, which are attributed to the high ion-accessible area provided by the large number of micropores, high N/O contents and rapid ion diffusion channels in the porous structure. At a PMEC∶KOH mass ratio of 1∶1, the high electrolyte ion-adsorption area (2599.76 m2 g−1) and the N/O dopant atoms of the conductive framework of a typical carbon electrode produce a superior specific capacity (303.2 F g−1@0.5 A g−1) giving an assembled symmetric capacitor a high energy delivery of 11.3 Wh kg−1@250 W kg−1. This study presents a simple strategy for synthesizing microporous carbon and highlights its potential use in KOH-based supercapacitors.

### 554. [The low-temperature deposition of a zincophilic carbon layer on the Zn foil for long-life zinc metal batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-low-temperature-deposition-of-a-zincophilic-carbon-layer-on-the-zn-foil-for-long-life-zinc-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-08)]
Aqueous zinc metal batteries (ZMBs) which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage, but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes. A zincophilic carbon (ZC) layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450 °C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework, assembled from melamine (ME) and cyanuric acid (CA). The zincophilic groups (C＝O and C＝N) in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions. so that assembled symmetrical batteries (ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn) have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2, which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes (180 h). In addition, ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g−1 after 1200 cycles at 2 A g−1 than a Zn//V2O5 counterpart (100 mAh g−1). The strategy developed for the low-temperature deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.

### 555. [The use of an oxidized carbon nanotube film to control Zn deposition and eliminate dendrite formation in a Zn ion battery](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-use-of-an-oxidized-carbon-nanotube-film-to-control-zn-deposition-and-eliminate-dendrite-formation-in-a-zn) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-06)]
Aqueous zinc ion batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their high safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, uncontrolled zinc dendrite growth and side reactions of the zinc anode decrease the stability of Zn batteries. We report the synthesis of an air-oxidized carbon nanotube (O-CNT) film by chemical vapor deposition followed by heat treatment in air which is used as a protective layer on the Zn foil to suppress zinc dendrite growth. The increase in the hydrophilicity of the O-CNT film caused by air oxidation facilitates zinc deposition between the film and the anode instead of deposition on the film surface. The porous structure of the O-CNT film homogenizes the Zn2+ ion flux and the electric field on the surface of the Zn foil, leading to the uniform deposition of Zn. As a result, a O-CNT@Zn symmetric cell has a much better cycling stability with a life of more than 3000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2, and values of more than 2000 h and 1 mAh cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2. In addition, a O-CNT@Zn || Mn2+ inserted hydrated vanadium pentoxide (MnVOH) full cell has a better rate performance than a Zn || MnVOH cell, achieving a high discharge capacity of 194 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 8 A g−1. In a long-term cycling test, the O-CNT@Zn || MnVOH full cell has a capacity retention of 58.8% after 2000 cycles at a current density of 5 A·g−1.

### 556. [A B,N co-doped carbon nanotube array with anchored MnO2 nanosheets as a flexible cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-bn-co-doped-carbon-nanotube-array-with-anchored-mno2-nanosheets-as-a-flexible-cathode-for-aqueous-zinc-ion-b) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-10)]
For rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), the design of nanocomposites comprised of electrochemically active materials and carbon materials with novel structures has great promise in addressing the issue of electrical conductivity and structural stability in the electrode materials during electrochemical cycling. We report the production of a novel flexible electrode material, by anchoring MnO2 nanosheets on a B,N co-doped carbon nanotube array (BNCNTs) grown on carbon cloth (BNCNTs@MnO2), which was fabricated by in-situ pyrolysis and hydrothermal growth. The generated BNCNTs were strongly bonded to the surface of the carbon fibers in the carbon cloth which provides both excellent electron transport and ion diffusion, and improves the stability and durability of the cathode. Importantly, the BNCNTs offer more active sites for the hydrothermal growth of MnO2, ensuring a uniform distribution. Electrochemical tests show that BNCNTs@MnO2 delivers a high specific capacity of 310.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, along with excellent rate capability and outstanding cycling stability, with a 79.7% capacity retention after 8000 cycles at 3 A g−1.

### 557. [Advances in the use of biomass-derived carbons for sodium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-the-use-of-biomass-derived-carbons-for-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-01)]
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries because of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources. The development of anode materials with a high capacity, excellent rate performance, and long cycle life is the key to the industrialization of SIBs. Biomass-derived carbon (BDC) anode materials synthesized from resource-rich, low-cost, and renewable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven, making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs. This review first introduces the sources of BDCs, including waste biomass such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, and then describes several methods for preparing BDC anode materials, including carbonization, chemical activation, and template methods. The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na+ in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control. The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined, and suggestions for future research are made.

### 558. [P, N co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres prepared by micellar co-polymerization for increased hydrogen evolution in alkaline water](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/p-n-co-doped-hollow-carbon-nanospheres-prepared-by-micellar-co-polymerization-for-increased-hydrogen-evolution) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-11)]
The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water. Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity. Nevertheless, both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood, especially for doping with two different atoms, thus limiting the use of these catalysts. We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface, followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization. The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites. Crucially, the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer. As a result, the HCN carbonized at 1100 °C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability (70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2) in alkaline water, because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.

### 559. [The use of a ternary metal sulfide loading on carbon fibers as the sulfur host for high performance low-temperature lithium sulfur batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-use-of-a-ternary-metal-sulfide-loading-on-carbon-fibers-as-the-sulfur-host-for-high-performance-low-temper) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-07)]
The use of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is limited by sulfur redox reactions involving multi-phase transformations, especially at low temperatures. To address this issue, we report a material (FCNS@NCFs) consisting of nitrogen-doped carbon fibers loaded with a ternary metal sulfide ((Fe, Co, Ni)9S8) for use as the sulfur host in Li-S batteries. This material was prepared using transfer blot filter paper as the carbon precursor, thiourea as the source of nitrogen and sulfur, and FeCl3·6H2O, CoCl2·6H2O and NiCl2·6H2O as the metal ion sources. It was synthesized by an impregnation method followed by calcination. The nitrogen doping significantly increased the conductivity of the host, and the metal sulfides have excellent catalytic activities. Theoretical calculations, and adsorption and deposition experiments show that active sites on the surface of FCNS@NCFs selectively adsorb polysulfides, facilitate rapid adsorption and conversion, prevent cathode passivation and inhibit the polysulfide shuttling. The FCNS@NCFs used as the sulfur host has excellent electrochemical properties. Its initial discharge capacity is 1639.0 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and room temperature, and it remains a capacity of 1255.1 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. At −20 °C, it has an initial discharge capacity of 1578.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, with a capacity of 867.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Its excellent performance at both ambient and low temperatures suggests a new way to produce high-performance low-temperature Li-S batteries.

### 560. [Ultra-stable lithium-sulfur batteries using nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets implanted with both Fe and Ni](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultra-stable-lithium-sulfur-batteries-using-nitrogen-doped-porous-carbon-nanosheets-implanted-with-both-fe-and) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-09)]
The major problem with lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is their poor cycling stability because of slow redox kinetics in the cathode and the growth of lithium dendrites on the anode. We report the production of 2D porous carbon nanosheets doped with both Fe and Ni (Fe/Ni-N-PCNSs) by an easy and template-free approach that solve this problem. Because of their ultrathin porous 2D structure and uniform distribution of Fe and Ni dopants, they capture polysulfides, speed up the sulfur redox reaction, and improve the material's lithiophilicity, greatly suppressing the shuttling of polysulfides and dendrite growth on the lithium anode. As a result, it has an exceptional performance as a stable host for elemental sulfur and metallic lithium, producing a record long life of 1000 cycles with a very small capacity decay of 0.00025% per cycle in a Li-S battery and an excellent cycling stability of over 850 h with a small overpotential of >72 mV in a lithium metal battery. This work suggests the use of multifunctional-based 2D porous carbon nanosheets as a stable host for both elemental sulfur and metallic lithium to improve the Li-S battery performance.

### 561. [A review of nanodiamond-based photocatalysts for solar energy conversion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-nanodiamond-based-photocatalysts-for-solar-energy-conversion) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-01-02)]
Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen, convert CO2 to synthetic fuels, and decrease persistent pollutant. However, conventional photocatalysts have limitations, including poor spectral absorption, inefficient charge separation, and structural instability under operational stress, which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties. Nanodiamond (ND) has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability, superior charge carrier mobility, and possible surface functionalization. While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light, different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential. Here, several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized, including surface functionalization, plasmonic hybridization, heteroatom doping, and heterostructure design. And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting, charge transport, and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.

### 562. [Selecting the molecular components of a pitch to produce a hard carbon anode with a high sodium storage capacity](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/selecting-the-molecular-components-of-a-pitch-to-produce-a-hard-carbon-anode-with-a-high-sodium-storage-capaci) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-01-04)]
Pitch is an excellent precursor for the production of hard carbon, with pre-oxidation a crucial process in the fabrication. The structural changes in the different molecular components of pitch during thermochemical treatment are a key factor in determining the sodium-ion storage of pitch-based hard carbon anodes. We investigated the effects of the different molecular structures in the asphaltene precursor, including aromatic rings and aliphatic chains, on the sodium-ion storage behavior of the resulting carbon. We found that polar oxygen functional groups limit the steric hindrance caused by the aromatic rings in pitch, and thus facilitate the introduction of cross-linked structures. During high-temperature carbonization, aromatic rings form a rigid carbon framework that prevents the rearrangement of ordered carbon layers, leading to a short-range disordered carbon structure and promotes the production of closed pores. For example, a material prepared from asphaltene, which contains a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups and macromolecular aromatic rings, using pre-oxidation at 300 °C and carbonization at 1200 °C had a reversible capacity of 316.7 mAh g−1 when used as the anode for sodium ion batteries. Our research provides a theoretical basis for the selection of raw materials for the development of high-quality pitch-based hard carbons.

### 563. [A review of the standardized measurement of the characteristics of graphene-based materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-the-standardized-measurement-of-the-characteristics-of-graphene-based-materials) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2026-41-01-03)]
Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology. It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics. The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics, energy, and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature, the measurement of key characteristics, and their specification, etc. Among these, standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial. The critical parameters are the number of layers, the type and concentration of defects and functional groups, elemental composition, sheet resistance, and carrier mobility. Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113. These give details of applicable or preferred samples, the fundamental principles of the techniques, specific precautions, and points for attention in the relevant standards. The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.

### 564. [Improving electrical performance and fringe effect in p-type SnOx thin film transistors via Ta incorporation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improving-electrical-performance-and-fringe-effect-in-p-type-snox-thin-film-transistors-via-ta-incorporation) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010031]
In this work, the incorporation of tantalum (Ta) into p-type metal-oxide (SnOx) semiconductor film is investigated to improve the electrical characteristics and suppress the fringe effect of thin film transistors (TFTs). The Ta-doped SnOx (SnOx:Ta) film is deposited by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering with a Sn:Ta (3 at.%) target and thermally annealed at 270 °C for 30 min. Here, we observe that the SnOx:Ta film presents increased crystallinity, reduced defect density (3.25 × 1012 cm−2·eV−1), and widened bandgap (1.98 eV), in comparison with the undoped SnOx film. As a result, the SnOx:Ta TFTs exhibit a lower off-state current (Ioff), an improved on/off current ratio (2.17 × 104), a remarkably decreased subthreshold swing (SS) by 41%, and enhanced device stability. Additionally, by introducing Ta dopants, the fringe effect as well as the impact of channel width-to-length ratio (W/L) on electrical performances of the p-type oxide TFTs can be effectively suppressed. These results shall contribute to further exploration and development of p-type SnOx TFTs.

### 565. [AlGaN/GaN-based SBDs grown on silicon substrates with trenched n+-GaN cap layer and local passivation layer to improve BFOM and dynamic properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/algangan-based-sbds-grown-on-silicon-substrates-with-trenched-n-gan-cap-layer-and-local-passivation-layer-to-i) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010024]
In this work, we design and fabricate AlGaN/GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) on a silicon substrate with a trenched n+-GaN cap layer. With the developed physical models, we find that the n+-GaN cap layer provides more electrons into the AlGaN/GaN channel, which is further confirmed experimentally. When compared with the reference device, this increases the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density by two times and leads to a reduced specific ON-resistance (Ron,sp) of ~2.4 mΩ·cm2. We also adopt the trenched n+-GaN structure such that partial of the n+-GaN is removed by using dry etching process to eliminate the surface electrical conduction when the device is set in the off-state. To suppress the surface defects that are caused by the dry etching process, we also deposit Si3N4 layer prior to the deposition of field plate (FP), and we obtain a reduced leakage current of ~8 × 10−5 A·cm−2 and breakdown voltage (BV) of 876 V. The Baliga’s figure of merit (BFOM) for the proposed structure is increased to ~319 MW·cm−2. Our investigations also find that the pre-deposited Si3N4 layer helps suppress the electron capture and transport processes, which enables the reduced dynamic Ron,sp.

### 566. [Near-infrared carbon dots: pioneering emerging frontiers in biomedical applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/near-infrared-carbon-dots-pioneering-emerging-frontiers-in-biomedical-applications) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-05)]
Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials with sizes smaller than 10 nm, that are renowned for their exceptional properties, including superior anti-photobleaching, excellent biocompatibility, and minimal toxicity, which have received significant interest. Near-infrared (NIR) light has emerged as an ideal light source in the biological field due to its advantages of minimal scattering and absorption, long wavelength emission, increased tissue penetration, and reduced interference from biological backgrounds. CDs with efficient absorption and/or emission characteristics in the NIR spectrum have shown remarkable promise in biomedical uses. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the preparation methods and wavelength modulation strategies for near-infrared CDs and reviews research progress in their use in the areas of biosensing, bioimaging, and therapy. It also discusses current challenges and clinical prospects, aimed at deepening our understanding of the subject and promoting further advances in this field.

### 567. [Reducing specific contact resistivity of V/Al/Ti/Au n-electrode on n-AlGaN with Al content over 80% for far-UVC LEDs](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reducing-specific-contact-resistivity-of-valtiau-n-electrode-on-n-algan-with-al-content-over-80-for-far-uvc-le) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010026]
AlGaN-based LEDs with peak wavelength below 240 nm (far-UVC) pose no significant harm to human health, thus highlighting their broader application potential. While, there is a significant Schottky barrier between the n-electrode and Al-rich n-AlGaN, adversely impeding electron injection and resulting in considerable heat generation. Here, we fabricate V-based electrodes of V/Al/Ti/Au on n-AlGaN with Al content over 80% and investigate the relationship between the metal diffusion and contact properties during the high-temperature annealing process. Experiments reveal that decreasing V thickness in the electrode promotes the diffusion of Al towards the surface of n-AlGaN, which facilitates the formation of VN and thus the increase of local electron concentration, resulting in lower specific contact resistivity. Then, increasing the Al thickness inhibits the diffusion of Au to the n-AlGaN surface, suppressing the rise of Schottky barrier. Experimentally, an optimized n-electrode of V(10 nm)/Al(240 nm)/Ti(40 nm)/Au(50 nm) on n-Al0.81Ga0.19N is obtained, realizing an optimal specific contact resistivity of 7.30 × 10−4 Ω·cm2. Based on the optimal n-electrode preparation scheme for Al-rich n-AlGaN, the work voltage of a far-UVC LED with peak wavelength of 233.5 nm is effectively reduced.

### 568. [A review of carbon-based hybrid materials for supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-carbon-based-hybrid-materials-for-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-03)]
Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability, power density, and fast charge and discharge rates. Researchers are exploring electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators for cost-effective energy storage systems. Advances in materials science have led to the development of hybrid nanomaterials, such as combining filamentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles, to create new charge and energy transfer processes. Notable materials for electrochemical energy-storage applications include MXenes, 2D transition metal carbides, and nitrides, carbon black, carbon aerogels, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers, carbon fibers, and nanofibers, and graphene, because of their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers, ceramics, metal oxides, transition metal oxides, metal hydroxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal dichalcogenide, metal sulfides, carbides, nitrides, and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and renewability. This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors, including electric double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors. It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design, manufacturing (electrospinning, hydrothermal/solvothermal, template-assisted synthesis, electrodeposition, electrospray, 3D printing) techniques and the latest carbon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance, next-generation supercapacitors.

### 569. [Recent progress on the use of lignin-based porous carbon in supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-progress-on-the-use-of-lignin-based-porous-carbon-in-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-02)]
With the development of electronics and portable devices, there is a significant drive to develop electrode materials for supercapacitors that are lightweight, economical, and provide high energy and power densities. Lignin-based porous carbons have recently been extensively studied for energy storage applications because of their characteristics of large specific surface area, easy doping, and high conductivity. Significant progress in the synthesis of porous carbons derived from lignin, using different strategies for their preparation and modification with heteroatoms, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and conductive polymers is considered and their electrochemical performances and ion storage mechanisms are discussed. Considerable focus is directed towards the challenges encountered in using lignin-based porous carbons and the ways to optimize specific capacity and energy density for supercapacitor applications. Finally, the limitations of existing technologies and research directions for improving the performance of lignin-based carbons are discussed.

### 570. [A review of high thermal conductivity carbon-based materials for microwave absorption materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-review-of-high-thermal-conductivity-carbon-based-materials-for-microwave-absorption-materials) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(NCM2025-40-01-04)]
The ever-increasing integration of electronic devices has inevitably caused electromagnetic interference and heat accumulation problems, and dual-function materials with both a high thermal conductivity and high electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) are regarded as an effective strategy for solving these problems. Carbon materials are widely used as thermal and EWA fillers due to their excellent conductivity and outstanding thermal conduction properties, and have become a research hotspot in the field of high thermal conductivity, microwave absorbing materials in recent years. The status of current research progress on carbon-based high thermal-conduction microwave absorption materials, including carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene and amorphous carbon, is reviewed, and the influence of the structure of the materials on their absorption and thermal conductivity properties, such as core-shell structure, three-dimensional network structure, and heteroatom doping, is also elaborated. Feasible solutions for the current problems with these materials are proposed, with the aim of providing valuable guidance for the future design of carbon-based high thermal conduction microwave absorbing materials.

### 571. [Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/review-on-three-dimensional-graphene-synthesis-and-joint-photoelectric-regulation-in-photodetectors) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015]
Graphene has garnered significant attention in photodetection due to its exceptional optical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. However, the practical application of two-dimensional (2D) graphene in optoelectronic fields is limited by its weak light absorption (only 2.3%) and zero bandgap characteristics. Increasing light absorption is a critical scientific challenge for developing high-performance graphene-based photodetectors. Three-dimensional (3D) graphene comprises vertically grown stacked 2D-graphene layers and features a distinctive porous structure. Unlike 2D-graphene, 3D-graphene offers a larger specific surface area, improved electrochemical activity, and high chemical stability, making it a promising material for optoelectronic detection. Importantly, 3D-graphene has an optical microcavity structure that enhances light absorption through interaction with incoming light. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes the current research status and challenges of 3D-graphene-based photodetectors, aiming to explore feasible development paths for these devices and promote their industrial application.

### 572. [Investigating the doping performance of an ionic dopant for organic semiconductors and thermoelectric applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigating-the-doping-performance-of-an-ionic-dopant-for-organic-semiconductors-and-thermoelectric-applicat) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010027]
Doping plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of organic semiconductors (OSCs) for advanced optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. In this study, we systematically investigated the doping performance and applicability of the ionic dopant 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl-borate) (DPI-TPFB) as a p-dopant for OSCs. Using the p-type OSC PBBT-2T as a model system, we demonstrated that DPI-TPFB shows significant doping effect, as confirmed by ESR spectra, ultraviolet−visible−near-infrared (UV−vis−NIR) absorption, and work function analysis, and enhances the electronic conductivity of PBBT-2T films by over four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, DPI-TPFB exhibited broad doping applicability, effectively doping various p-type OSCs and even imparting p-type characteristics to the n-type OSC N2200, transforming its intrinsic n-type behavior into p-type. The application of DPI-TPFB-doped PBBT-2T films in organic thermoelectric devices (OTEs) was also explored, achieving a power factor of approximately 10 μW∙m−1∙K−2. These findings highlight the potential of DPI-TPFB as a versatile and efficient dopant for integration into organic optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices.

### 573. [4H-SiC superjunction MOSFET with integrated high-K gate dielectric and split gate](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/4h-sic-superjunction-mosfet-with-integrated-high-k-gate-dielectric-and-split-gate) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010005]
A 4H-SiC superjunction (SJ) MOSFET (SJMOS) with integrated high-K gate dielectric and split gate (HKSG-SJMOS) is proposed in this paper. The key features of HKSG-SJMOS involve the utilization of high-K (HK) dielectric as the gate dielectric, which surrounds the source-connected split gate (SG) and metal gate. The high-K gate dielectric optimizes the electric field distribution within the drift region, creating a low-resistance conductive channel. This enhancement leads to an increase in the breakdown voltage (BV) and a reduction in the specific on resistance (Ron,sp). The introduction of split gate surrounded by high-K dielectric reduces the gate−drain capacitance (Cgd) and gate−drain charge (Qgd), which improves the switching characteristics. The simulation results indicate that compared to conventional 4H-SiC SJMOS, the HKSG-SJMOS exhibits a 110.5% enhancement in figure of merit (FOM, FOM = BV2/Ron,sp), a 93.6% reduction in the high frequency figure of merit (HFFOM) of Ron,sp·Cgd, and reductions in turn-on loss (Eon) and turn-off loss (Eoff) by 38.3% and 31.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the reverse recovery characteristics of HKSG-SJMOS has also discussed, revealing superior performance compared to conventional 4H-SiC SJMOS.

### 574. [A 2D/3D vision chip based on organic substrate 3D package](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-2d3d-vision-chip-based-on-organic-substrate-3d-package) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010030]
This paper describes a 2D/3D vision chip with integrated sensing and processing capabilities. The 2D/3D vision chip architecture includes a 2D/3D image sensor and a programmable visual processor. In this architecture, we design a novel on-chip processing flow with die-to-die image transmission and low-latency fixed-point image processing. The vision chip achieves real-time end-to-end processing of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and conventional image processing algorithms. Furthermore, an end-to-end 2D/3D vision system is built to exhibit the capacity of the vision chip. The vision system achieves real-timing applications under 2D and 3D scenes, such as human face detection (processing delay 10.2 ms) and depth map reconstruction (processing delay 4.1 ms). The frame rate of image acquisition, image process, and result display is larger than 30 fps.

### 575. [Topological materials-based photodetectors from the infrared to terahertz range](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/topological-materials-based-photodetectors-from-the-infrared-to-terahertz-range) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010010]
Infrared and terahertz waves constitute pivotal bands within the electromagnetic spectrum, distinguished by their robust penetration capabilities and non-ionizing nature. These wavebands offer the potential for achieving high-resolution and non-destructive detection methodologies, thereby possessing considerable research significance across diverse domains including communication technologies, biomedical applications, and security screening systems. Two-dimensional materials, owing to their distinctive optoelectronic attributes, have found widespread application in photodetection endeavors. Nonetheless, their efficacy diminishes when tasked with detecting lower photon energies. Furthermore, as the landscape of device integration evolves, two-dimensional materials struggle to align with the stringent demands for device superior performance. Topological materials, with their topologically protected electronic states and non-trivial topological invariants, exhibit quantum anomalous Hall effects and ultra-high carrier mobility, providing a new approach for seeking photosensitive materials for infrared and terahertz photodetectors. This article introduces various types of topological materials and their properties, followed by an explanation of the detection mechanism and performance parameters of photodetectors. Finally, it summarizes the current research status of near-infrared to far-infrared photodetectors and terahertz photodetectors based on topological materials, discussing the challenges faced and future prospects in their development.

### 576. [A K/Ka-band series Doherty CMOS power amplifier with distributed multi-step impedance inverting network](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-kka-band-series-doherty-cmos-power-amplifier-with-distributed-multi-step-impedance-inverting-network) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010002]
A two-way K/Ka-band series-Doherty PA (SDPA) with a distributed impedance inverting network (IIN) for millimeter wave applications is presented in this article. The proposed distributed IIN contributes to achieve wideband linear and power back-off (PBO) efficiency enhancement. Implemented in 65 nm bulk CMOS technology, this work realizes a measured 3 dB bandwidth of 15.5 GHz with 21.2 dB peak small-signal gain at 34.2 GHz. Under 1-V power supply, it achieves OP1dB over 13.4 dBm and Psat over 16 dBm between 21 to 30 GHz. The measured maximum Psat, OP1dB, peak/OP1dB/6dBPBO PAE results are 17.5, 14.7 dBm, and 28.2%/23.2%/13.2%. Without digital pre-distortion (DPD) and equalization, EVMs are lower than −25.2 dB for 200 MHz 64-QAM signals. Besides, this work achieves −33.35, −23.52, and −20 dB EVMs for 100 MHz 256-QAM, 600 MHz 64-QAM and 2 GHz 16-QAM signals at 27 GHz without DPD and equalization.

### 577. [A battery-free wireless temperature sensing chipset implemented by 55 and 65 nm CMOS process](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-battery-free-wireless-temperature-sensing-chipset-implemented-by-55-and-65-nm-cmos-process) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010028]
In the applications such as food production, the environmental temperature should be measured continuously during the entire process, which requires an ultra-low-power temperature sensor for long-termly monitoring. Conventional temperature sensors trade the measurement accuracy with power consumption. In this work, we present a battery-free wireless temperature sensing chip for long-termly monitoring during food production. A calibrated oscillator-based CMOS temperature sensor is proposed instead of the ADC-based power-hungry circuits in conventional works. In addition, the sensor chip can harvest the power transferred by a remote reader to eliminate the use of battery. Meanwhile, the system conducts wireless bidirectional communication between the sensor chip and reader. In this way, the temperature sensor can realize both a high precision and battery-free operation. The temperature sensing chip is fabricated in 55 nm CMOS process, and the reader chip is implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that the temperature measurement error achieves ±1.6 °C from 25 to 50 °C, with battery-free readout by a remote reader.

### 578. [Growth and optical properties of large-sized Co2+: ZnGa2O4 single crystal](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/growth-and-optical-properties-of-large-sized-co2-znga2o4-single-crystal) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010017]
The transition of cobalt ions located at tetrahedral sites will produce strong absorption in the visible and near-infrared regions, and is expected to work in a passively Q-switched solid-state laser at the eye-safe wavelength of 1.5 µm. In this study, Co2+ ions were introduced into the wide bandgap semiconductor material ZnGa2O4, and large-sized and high-quality Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystals with a volume of about 20 cm3 were grown using the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) method. Crystal structure and optical properties were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and absorption spectroscopy. XRD results show that the Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystal has a pure spinel phase without impurity phases and the rocking curve full width at half maximum (FWHM) is only 58 arcsec. The concentration of Co2+ in Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystals was determined to be 0.2 at.% by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The optical band gap of Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 crystals is 4.44 eV. The optical absorption spectrum for Co2+-doped ZnGa2O4 reveals a prominent visible absorption band within 550−670 nm and a wide absorption band spanning from 1100 to 1700 nm. This suggests that the Co2+ ions have substituted the Zn2+ ions, which are typically tetrahedrally coordinated, within the lattice structure of ZnGa2O4. The visible region's absorption peak and the near-infrared broad absorption band are ascribed to the 4A2(4F) → 4T1(4P) and 4A2(4F) →4T1(4F) transitions, respectively. The optimal ground state absorption cross section was determined to be 3.07 × 10−19 cm2 in ZnGa2O4, a value that is comparatively large within the context of similar materials. This finding suggests that ZnGa2O4 is a promising candidate for use in near-infrared passive Q-switched solid-state lasers.

### 579. [Research on heterojunction semiconductor photodetectors based on CsPbBr3 QDs/CsPbBrxI3–x QDs](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-heterojunction-semiconductor-photodetectors-based-on-cspbbr3-qdscspbbrxi3x-qds) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010022]
All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have attracted extensive attention in photoelectric detection for their excellent photoelectric properties and stability. However, the CsPbBr3 quantum dot film exhibits a high non-radiative recombination rate, and the mismatch in energy levels with the carbon electrode weakens hole extraction efficiency. These reduces the device's performance. To improve this, a semiconductor photodetector based on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/dense titanium dioxide (c-TiO2)/mesoporous titanium dioxide (m-TiO2)/CsPbBr3 QDs/CsPbBrxI3–x (x = 2, 1.5, 1) QDs/C structure was studied. By adjusting the Br– : I– ratio, the synthesized CsPbBrxI3–x (x = 2, 1.5, 1) QDs showed an adjustable band gap width of 2.284−2.394 eV. And forming a type Ⅱ band structure with CsPbBr3 QDs, which reduced the valence band offset between the active layer and the carbon electrode, this promoted carrier extraction and reduced non-radiative recombination rate. Compared with the original device (the photosensitive layer is CsPbBr3 QDs), the performance of the photodetector based on the CsPbBr3 QDs/CsPbBr2I QDs heterostructure is significantly improved, the responsivity (R) increased by 73%, the specific detectivity rate (D*) increased from 6.98 × 1012 to 3.19 × 1013 Jones, the on/off ratio reached 106. This study provides a new idea for the development of semiconductor tandem detectors.

### 580. [Interface energetics in organic and perovskite semiconductor solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interface-energetics-in-organic-and-perovskite-semiconductor-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010021]
Improving the quality of life for Earth’s growing population is a complex task that requires the development of new technologies and materials. Perhaps the biggest challenge is access to clean and renewable energy sources that can drive a sustainable future. Photovoltaics, today mainly represented by silicon-based solar cells, convert solar energy into electricity and is already an important component in the renewable energy portfolio. Organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) both offer advantages compared to silicon solar cells such as low-temperature solution processing, flexibility and semi-transparency while sharing similar device structures consisting of a photoactive layer (PAL) sandwiched between an anode and a cathode contact. The anode and cathode contacts in OSCs and PSCs typically consist of a charge transport layer (CTL) and a conductor (often a metal), and the CTLs significantly impact device performance. The CTLs used in OSCs and PSCs share many functionalities. OSCs and PSCs fabrication involves sequential deposition of layers from solution and treatments at elevated temperatures, so the CTLs must be solvent resistant and stable under thermal cycling (also important for long-term device stability). Preferably, the CTLs should also have sufficient tolerance to thickness variations to facilitate roll-to-roll fabrication. The CTL requirements however differ for OSCs and PSCs due to the unique respective properties of the organic semiconductor and metal halide perovskite PALs, so we will discuss them separately below.

### 581. [Radiation-hardened Pipeline in Microcontroller Core](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/radiation-hardened-pipeline-in-microcontroller-core) [DOI: 10.7538/yzk.2025.youxian.0385]
With its growth in spacecraft control applications, the microcontroller (MCU) becomes increasingly sensitive to radiation and the risks of system failure. In a radiation environment, the MCU is vulnerable to impacts from high-energy particles, which can lead to single-event effect (SEE) that disrupt normal system operations. The pipeline of MCU, being the core structure of the system, is particularly susceptible to single-event upset (SEU) and potentially causes execution failures. However, existing radiation-hardening techniques offer limited effectiveness for pipelines. To enhance SEU resistance, this study focused on a 32-bit MCU core with eight pipeline stages, proposing a pipeline hardening approach that utilizes lockstep technology to improve fault tolerance. Signals from two processors were compared including register write data, register contents and pre-fetched instructions. Any discrepancies triggered error flags to indicate faults. When an error flag was raised, recovery was initiated through an interrupt. The interrupt handler then retrieved state information from the advanced peripheral bus (APB) slave module to restore the CPU’s operational state and resume execution. By combining hardware-based state preservation with software-driven error recovery, the proposed solution demonstrated significant improvements in fault tolerance rates and performance compared to traditional checkpoint-based techniques. After completing the pipeline hardening design, a fault injection platform was utilized in this paper to simulate real-world error conditions on internal processor modules. The platform was developed based on the circuit’s register-transfer-level (RTL) design and statistical results. The fault injection platform was performed by automatically finding all registers within the target design. The register values were forced to upset at the tens of nanoseconds scale in the RTL description of the circuit’s design. After running the circuit’s functional simulation, the statistics of the faults in registers were displayed on the platform, which evaluated the influence of SEU. The vulnerability of SEU in the circuit could be observed from the results of the soft error statistics. The post-hardening soft error rates were then measured and compared to pre-hardening data, providing a quantitative evaluation of the improvements. Using this method, the soft error rates of the modules in the MCU core such as PFU, DPU, and Cache AXIM are 40.07%, 26.36%, and 27.29% respectively before hardening. The soft error rates of modules mentioned above are reduced to 0%, 0.69%, and 1.11% after hardening. The hardened and non-hardened designs of the entire core were implemented in FPGA. The total resource utilization of the triple mode redundancy (TMR) is 111 984, as indicated by the number of look-up tables (LUTs) and registers consumed in the FPGA. The total resource utilization of this work is 78 034, and the ratio of resource utilization between this work and TMR is approximately 69.68%. The error recovery time for the hardened MCU processor was analyzed using the completion cycles of a bubble sort algorithm as a benchmark. In this paper, the average recovery cycle using the software checkpoint roll-back method is 36 479.06, and the average recovery cycle using this work is 26 922.5. The ratio of recovery cycles between this work and checkpoint roll-back is about 73.8%. Assessments through random fault injection and FPGA implementation indicate that this approach effectively reduces processor faults caused by soft errors while optimizing resource utilization and efficiency over triple-modular redundancy.

### 582. [Preparation of ammonium paratungstate via adding (NH4)2CO3 or NH4HCO3 to ammonium metatungstate solution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-of-ammonium-paratungstate-via-adding-nh42co3-or-nh4hco3-to-ammonium-metatungstate-solution) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67034-8]
A new technology was proposed to produce ammonium paratungstate (APT) from ammonium metatungstate (AMT) solution by adding (NH4)2CO3 or NH4HCO3 in order to reduce energy consumption and subsequent ammonia recovery burden in crystallization step. Specifically, the effects of ammonium source dosage, temperature, reaction time and stirring speed on crystallization yield, crystalline phase and morphology of APT products were systematically investigated. The results showed that crystallization yields under optional conditions with (NH4)2CO3 and NH4HCO3 as ammonium sources could reach 85.4% and 86.9% with particle size (D50) of 358.8 μm and 441.3 μm, respectively. The crystallization mechanism could be identified as H2W12O40^6- first transforming to H2W12O42^6- and finally to H2W12O42^10-, resulting in the APT precipitation by H2W12O42^10- combining with NH4^+. (NH4)6[H6W12O42]·10H2O played as an intermediate in the crystallization, which could also react with ammonium sources to form APT crystals. Compared to NH3·H2O as an ammonium resource, the corresponding maximum crystallization yields under the same optimal conditions were in order of NH4HCO3>(NH4)2CO3>NH3·H2O, while different ammonium sources affect the morphology of crystallization product.

### 583. [Structural Influence on Radiation-induced Single-event Effects in SiC MOSFETs: Comparative Analysis of Planar and Trench Designs](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-influence-on-radiation-induced-single-event-effects-in-sic-mosfets-comparative-analysis-of-planar-a) [DOI: 10.7538/yzk.2025.youxian.0449]
The single-event susceptibility of three silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) power devices structures (planar, trench and double trench) is researched by the technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. Comparative analysis of the heavy-ion irradiation effects on three device structures reveals distinct susceptibility characteristics. The gate oxide region is identified as the most sensitive position in planar devices, while trench and double-trench structures exhibit no localized sensitive regions. Furthermore, the single-event susceptibility demonstrates strong depth dependence across all three structures, with enhanced vulnerability observed at greater ion penetration depths.

### 584. [Enhanced furfural hydrogenation via Ru nanoparticles supported on CeO2−Mg(OH)2 composite nanosheet](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhanced-furfural-hydrogenation-via-ru-nanoparticles-supported-on-ceo2mgoh2-composite-nanosheet) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67029-4]
Ru nanoparticles (NPs) supported on CeO2−Mg(OH)2 composite nanosheets, donated as Ru/CeO2−Mg(OH)2, are developed as the highly active catalyst for selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol. Characterization results demonstrate that Ru NPs are adsorbed on the surface of the polyhedra of CeO2, which are scattered on the surface of the thin Mg(OH)2 nanosheets. Ru/CeO2−Mg(OH)2-0.2 achieves 92.6% conversion of furfural and 96.3% selectivity to furfuryl alcohol. Ru/CeO2−Mg(OH)2-0.2 retains high activity after six cycles, due to the introduction of CeO2 to form composite support that effectively prevents the leaching of Ru NPs. The strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) between Ru NPs and the CeO2−Mg(OH)2 composite support can tune the electronic structure of Ru NPs, which facilitates the H2 activation. Moreover, the CeO2−Mg(OH)2 interface exhibits specific adsorption of C=O bonds compared to the CeO2 alone. The composite-supported nanoparticles provide a valuable strategy for constructing highly efficient hydrogenation catalysts.

### 585. [Effect of aging treatment on bending collapse and energy absorption of 7003 aluminum alloy bumper beams](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-aging-treatment-on-bending-collapse-and-energy-absorption-of-7003-aluminum-alloy-bumper-beams) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66926-3]
The bending collapse and energy absorption of 7003 aluminum alloy bumper beams under four aging conditions (pre-aging, under-aging, peak-aging, and over-aging) were investigated through three-point bending tests. Microstructural characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the Swift−Hockett−Sherby constitutive model combined with the Gurson−Tvergaard−Needleman damage model, the plastic response and fracture behavior of the 7003 aluminum alloy under uniaxial tension and three-point bending were accurately predicted. The results showed that the peak bending force of the beams was proportional to the strength under different aging states, while stress triaxiality governed the cracking failure. Pre-aged and under-aged beams resisted cracking until reaching 250 mm displacement due to stress transition from tensile to compression on the bottom surface. The under-aged beam exhibited optimal energy absorption (7.86 kJ) and a higher peak force (38.75 kN).

### 586. [Realizing stable zinc anodes via three-dimensional passivation layer](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/realizing-stable-zinc-anodes-via-three-dimensional-passivation-layer) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67030-0]
A porous three-dimensional (3D) structure was created on the Zn surface by an electrostripping activation process under high current density, which could suppress the non-uniform Zn2+ deposition induced by the “tip effect.” Moreover, a functional CeO4H4/Ce(OH)3 passivation layer was introduced to prevent electrochemical corrosion and facilitate electrolyte infiltration. Benefiting from the ingenious 3D structure and passivation layer, the assembled symmetric cell delivers a long lifespan of over 1500 h at 5 mA/cm2. Even at 20 mA/cm2, the electrode can still operate for over 300 h. The R-Zn@CeǁMnO2 full cell exhibits a capacity of 205.3 mA·h/g after 300 cycles at a current density of 0.3 A/g.

### 587. [Stable interfaces in lithium metal batteries constructed via in-situ electrolyte reformulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/stable-interfaces-in-lithium-metal-batteries-constructed-via-in-situ-electrolyte-reformulation) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67031-2]
Li2CO3 was introduced into LiPF6-based electrolytes and the electrolytes were stored at 40 °C. Nuclear magnetic analysis of electrolytes and X-ray diffraction characterization of reaction residues demonstrate the formation of LiPO2F2 and LiF during storage. This reformulated electrolyte boosts lifespan and Coulombic efficiency (CE) in Li||Li and Li||Cu cells, with Li||Li cells stably cycling for >800 h and 300 h at 0.5 mA/cm2 and 1.0 mA/cm2, respectively. Moreover, with the optimal content of Li2CO3, the CE of the reformulated electrolyte (91.56%) is greatly improved compared to that of the standard electrolyte (81.99%). The compatibility and enhanced rate performance of the reformulated electrolyte are also exhibited in Li||NCM full cells with a moderately high mass loading of 9.6 mg/cm2.

### 588. [Phase composition of slag−iron interface and elemental distribution behavior between hot metal and Ti-bearing electric furnace slags](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/phase-composition-of-slagiron-interface-and-elemental-distribution-behavior-between-hot-metal-and-ti-bearing-e) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67033-6]
The phase composition at the slag−iron interface and the distribution behavior of titanium, vanadium, chromium and silicon between hot metal and Ti-bearing electric furnace slag were thoroughly explored. The basicity range for the anosovite phase region was defined by using a phase diagram and a minimum smelting temperature was set at 1540 °C. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that the activities of TiO2 and SiO2 in the slag decrease with increasing basicity, while those of V2O3 and Cr2O3 increase. Similarly, the activities of [Ti] and [Si] in the molten metal decrease, while those of [V] and [Cr] rise with increasing basicity. As basicity increases, the distribution ratios, LTi and LSi decrease, whereas LV and LCr increase. Significantly, the recovery efficiencies of vanadium and titanium are improved with higher basicity. The primary phases identified in the slag include anosovite, diopside, and titanium spinel. However, when the basicity exceeds 0.8, the formation of the perovskite phase becomes less favorable, suggesting that basicity should be maintained at or below 0.8.

### 589. [Optimization of Wind Power Generation Systems with Hybrid Energy Storage and Grid Integration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-of-wind-power-generation-systems-with-hybrid-energy-storage-and-grid-integration) [DOI: 10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2025.150]
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the optimization of wind power generation systems integrated with hybrid energy storage and grid connection. The proposed system combines battery and supercapacitor storage to smooth power fluctuations and enhance grid stability. A novel control strategy is developed to manage energy flow and improve overall efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in power quality and system reliability under varying wind conditions. The findings provide valuable insights for the design and operation of renewable energy systems.

### 590. [A New Method to Obtain Neutrons with Maxwellian Energy Distribution for Nuclear Astrophysics Study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-method-to-obtain-neutrons-with-maxwellian-energy-distribution-for-nuclear-astrophysics-study) [DOI: 10.7538/yzk.2025.youxian.0341]
To generate a neutron beam exhibiting a Maxwellian energy distribution with narrow emission angles for measuring the neutron capture reaction rates of the s-process nuclides, a monoenergetic 3.4 MeV proton beam produced by the tandem-accelerator in the China Institute of Atomic Energy was utilized. The proton beam was first transmitted through a 60.5 μm aluminum foil and then impinged on a natural LiF target to produce neutron beam via 7Li(p, n)7Be reaction. The quasi-Gaussian energy distribution of protons in the LiF target resulted in neutron energy spectra that agreed with a Maxwellian energy distribution at kT=(22±2) keV, which was achieved by integrating neutrons detected within an emission angle of 65.0°±2.6° using a 6Li glass detector positioned at 65° relative to the proton beam direction. The narrow angular spread of the Maxwellian-distributed neutron beam enables direct measurement of neutron capture cross-sections for most s-process nuclides, overcoming previous experimental limitations associated with broad angular distributions.

### 591. [Enhancing adhesion in columnar crystal Ni coatings via interface-pinning structure optimization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-adhesion-in-columnar-crystal-ni-coatings-via-interface-pinning-structure-optimization) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67027-0]
Double glow plasma surface alloying was utilized to synthesize a nickel coating with controlled columnar crystalline architecture. The deposition process was systematically regulated with a fixed source electrode bias of −990 V and precisely controlled deposition temperatures (750, 800, and 850 °C) through cathode bias modulation. Plasma characteristics were quantitatively analyzed through argon emission spectroscopy, enabling precise determination of electron density and temperature. Elemental interdiffusion behavior was comprehensively characterized using electron probe microanalysis, revealing significant interface-pinning effects achieved through strategic manipulation of layer-by-layer and island growth mechanisms. Critical analysis of diffusion coefficients demonstrated comparable magnitudes between the primary diffusion coefficients, along with their cross-diffusion coefficient, suggesting substantial involvement of Inconel718 re-sputtering phenomena in the diffusion dynamics. The coating exhibited exceptional adhesion performance, maintaining structural integrity through 200 rigorous thermal cycling tests without observable delamination.

### 592. [Optimization of microstructure and properties of directionally solidified Cu−15Ni−8Sn alloy by multi-stage thermomechanical treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-of-microstructure-and-properties-of-directionally-solidified-cu15ni8sn-alloy-by-multi-stage-therm) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67024-5]
The Cu−15Ni−8Sn alloy wire with a nano-layered structure was fabricated using directional solidification techniques and a multi-stage thermomechanical treatment. A systematic investigation was conducted on microstructure evolution and its impact on mechanical properties. After aging at 400 °C for 0.25 h, the ultimate tensile strength of the alloy reaches 1509 MPa, >200 MPa higher than that of the alloy after single thermomechanical treatment. Furthermore, grain refinement and heightened 〈111〉 fiber texture are identified as key factors contributing to the enhancement of the mechanical properties of the alloy. These findings highlight the importance of multi-stage thermomechanical treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu−15Ni−8Sn alloy.

### 593. [Achieving uniform microstructure and properties in large-sized seamless thin-walled cylindrical components with high-ribs using novel forward needle penetration extrusion process](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-uniform-microstructure-and-properties-in-large-sized-seamless-thin-walled-cylindrical-components-wit) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67016-6]
An innovative forward needle penetration extrusion die assembly was designed, which enabled precision manufacturing of large-sized seamless Al−Zn−Mg alloy thin-walled cylindrical components with high-ribs. Through systematic numerical simulation and experimental validation, optimal process parameters were established (billet temperature of 465 °C, die temperature of 460 °C, container temperature of 420 °C, and extrusion speed of 1.5 mm/s), achieving exceptional material flow uniformity with a low standard deviation of the velocity field (SDV) of 0.478 at the bearing cross-section. The developed method produces seamless components exhibiting superior microstructural homogeneity compared to conventional porthole extrusion. Coarse secondary-phase particles are significantly fragmented after extrusion deformation, and grains are flattened into fibrous shapes, with the predominant recrystallization mechanisms being geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). Mechanical property variations across different regions are controlled within 7%, with the rib head region showing the highest tensile strength and yield strength, reaching 360 MPa and 215 MPa, respectively. Additionally, all regions exhibit elongation values exceeding 22%, indicating consistent ductility throughout the structure.

### 594. [Achieving outstanding strength−ductility matching in dual-phase high-entropy alloys via modulation of BCC phase](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-outstanding-strengthductility-matching-in-dual-phase-high-entropy-alloys-via-modulation-of-bcc-phase) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67025-7]
The impact of Mo on the microstructure, phase constitution, and tensile properties of Al1.25CoCrFeNi3−xMox (x=0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) was explored systematically through phase diagram simulation and experimental validation. The findings indicate that Mo addition transforms the microstructure from eutectic to hypereutectic and eventually to dendritic. Mo promotes the nucleation of the body-centered cubic phase by reducing the nucleation barrier and altering the valence electron concentration. As Mo content increases, yield strength rises, while the tensile strength and plasticity increase first and then decrease. Notably, the Al1.25CoCrFeNi2.8Mo0.2 HEA achieves an impressive tensile strength of 1234.80 MPa and a fracture strain of 19.33%. Key strengthening mechanisms include solid solution strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, and heterogeneous interface strengthening.

### 595. [Effects of (Al−Ti−La+Nd) modification and heat treatment on microstructure and properties of Al−7Si alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-altiland-modification-and-heat-treatment-on-microstructure-and-properties-of-al7si-alloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67014-2]
The effects of adding a novel Al−3Ti−4.35La master alloy and Nd and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al−7Si alloy were investigated. The results showed that the secondary dendrite arm spacing of α-Al in the as-cast Al−7Si alloy was refined from 18.3 to 11.9 μm after modification with 0.2 wt.% Al−Ti−La and 0.03 wt.% Nd, and the length of eutectic Si was reduced from 8.6 to 5.0 μm. After heat treatment at 535 °C for 3 h followed by 165 °C for 3 h, the morphology of the eutectic Si became more rounded, and the size decreased. The microhardness, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation were HV 66.1, 184.9 MPa, and 24.4%, respectively, which increased by 24.2%, 11.6%, and 194.0% compared to the as-cast state. The addition of Al−3Ti−4.35La master alloy and Nd can reduce the nucleation temperature of eutectic Si in Al−7Si, thereby suppressing its growth. Notably, the Ti2(Al,Si)20(La,Nd) phase formed in the Al−7Si alloy after the addition of Al−Ti−La and Nd adhered to or coexisted near the eutectic Si particles, inhibiting their growth.

### 596. [Influence of existence mode of silicide and α2 phase on creep behavior of TC25G alloy at 550−600 °C](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-existence-mode-of-silicide-and-2-phase-on-creep-behavior-of-tc25g-alloy-at-550600-c) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67020-8]
In TC25G alloy, Ti3Al (α2 phase) and silicide were precipitated during long-term aging. To access the effect of precipitates, three heat treatment processes were designed. The effects of these heat treatments on the creep behavior of alloy were compared and analyzed. The results show that the creep resistance of HT2 exceeds that of HT3, highlighting a significant precipitation strengthening effect of α2 phase. Furthermore, at temperatures and stresses lower than or equal to 570 °C and 200 MPa, respectively, the creep resistance of HT1 is close to that of HT3, suggesting that silicide precipitated before creep attenuates the strengthening of creep deformation caused by the coarsening of αs phase. At 600 °C and 250 MPa, the creep resistance of HT1 is significantly higher than that of HT3, indicating that when the dynamic precipitation of silicide in HT1 is adequate, it also resists the creep deformation of the alloy. The stress exponent for HT1, HT2 and HT3 ranges 1.7−1.9 (550 °C) and 3.7−4.4 (600 °C), indicating that the amount of silicide and α2 phase doesn’t affect the creep mechanism. The increase in creep activation energy is attributed to the enhanced inhibition caused by lots of precipitates on phase boundary migration and dislocations motion.

### 597. [Synergistic enhancement of strength−ductility in Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu composite solder via surface-modified nano-sized ZrO2 and micro-sized T-ZnOw hybrid reinforcements](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-enhancement-of-strengthductility-in-sn10ag05cu-composite-solder-via-surface-modified-nano-sized-zr) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67026-9]
A novel SnAgCu composite solder with multi-phase and multi-scale hybrid reinforcement was developed. Initially, surface modification of nano-sized ZrO2 and micro-sized tetra-needle-like ZnO whisker (T-ZnOw) was performed using pyrolysis method. Subsequently, the modified ZrO2 and T-ZnOw were incorporated into Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu composite solders using an ultrasonic-assisted casting method. The microstructure evolution, interface between solder matrix and reinforcements, and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the composite solder exhibited a high proportion of eutectic structures with minimal coarse intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, at the interface between the reinforcements and Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu, no gaps, micropores, or new phases were observed, while atomic inter-diffusion was detected. When the Zn/Zr molar ratio was set to be 2꞉3, the composite solder achieved an ultimate tensile strength of 35.9 MPa and an elongation of 31.4%, representing improvements of 30.5% and 47.4%, respectively, compared to plain Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu solder.

### 598. [6061 Al/Cu layered composites with high strength and well interfacial bonding prepared by accumulative roll bonding](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/6061-alcu-layered-composites-with-high-strength-and-well-interfacial-bonding-prepared-by-accumulative-roll-bon) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67015-4]
6061 Al/Cu layered composites were fabricated by accumulative roll bonding (ARB). The microstructural evolution was examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. After seven ARB cycles, the tensile strength increased to 416 MPa, whereas the elongation decreased to 6.7%. The strength enhancement is mainly attributed to work hardening and grain refinement. No brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were detected at the interface, and interfacial bonding improved with additional ARB cycles. The small hardness difference between Al and Cu promoted uniform plastic deformation across layers, enhancing interfacial cohesion. However, strain localization due to different work hardening responses of Al and Cu led to pronounced shear band formation after seven ARB cycles, reducing the plasticity.

### 599. [Influence of porous structures with small unit cell on mechanical properties of porous titanium dental implants fabricated by selective laser melting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-porous-structures-with-small-unit-cell-on-mechanical-properties-of-porous-titanium-dental-implant) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67022-1]
Based on the application requirements for porous dental implants, four porous structures of gyroid, RD (rhombic dodecahedron), cubic, and CHC (three identical cylinders hollow cubic) for porous titanium implants have been designed and fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. Typically, the unit cell dimensions range from 0.5 to 1.6 mm, with pore diameters between 300 and 900 µm, achieving porosities of 60%−80%. The influence of porous structures with small unit cell on scaffold formability and mechanical properties was investigated through compression, torsion tests as well as finite element simulations. Consequently, gyroid scaffolds exhibit optimal formability with the lowest porosity and pore deviation. With the same porosity, gyroid and RD scaffolds exhibit lower compressive strength than cubic and CHC scaffolds, yet their torsional properties show an inverse relationship. Moreover, gyroid scaffolds possess the highest torque but the lowest compressive strength and elastic modulus. The gyroid scaffold with 60% porosity shows a modulus of 3.96 GPa, matching bone modulus of 0−30 GPa. Its compressive strength reaches 176.3 MPa, exceeding that of bone by 100 MPa. Additionally, the torque for the d4.0 mm implant is 2.22 N·m, approaching the FDA safe torque of 2.3 N·m. Therefore, the gyroid represents the most ideal structure for porous dental implants.

### 600. [Fabrication, microstructure and high-temperature strengthening mechanism of multi-scale Ti2AlC/TiAl composite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fabrication-microstructure-and-high-temperature-strengthening-mechanism-of-multi-scale-ti2alctial-composite) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67021-X]
The multi-scale Ti2AlC/TiAl composites were fabricated. Micro-Ti2AlC particles are obtained in-situ at the grain boundaries of the full lamellar TiAl matrix by vacuum arc melting. The targeted precipitation of submicro-Ti2AlC at the lamellae TiAl/Ti3Al phase boundary and directional precipitation of nano-Ti2AlC within TiAl crystals are achieved by heat treatment. And the best high-temperature tensile properties are obtained when the graphite powder is added at 2 at.%, resulting in a tensile strength of 561 MPa and an elongation of 3.6%. These findings underscore the multifaceted role played by the multi-scale Ti2AlC: micro-Ti2AlC effectively inhibits grain boundary softening and hinders dislocation motion, while submicro-Ti2AlC prevents twin propagation and obstructs dislocation motion. Nano-Ti2AlC, on the other hand, not only hinders dislocation movement but also fine-tunes the lamellar microstructure.

### 601. [Electrochemical separation of Mn(II) impurity from molten salt electrolyte for magnesium electrolysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrochemical-separation-of-mnii-impurity-from-molten-salt-electrolyte-for-magnesium-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67012-9]
The electrochemical separation of Mn(II) impurity from molten NaCl−KCl−MgCl2 was systematically investigated to facilitate the electrolytic production of high-purity magnesium. The reduction of Mn(II) to Mn metal on tungsten electrode was a quasi-reversible process controlled by diffusion. The apparent standard potential and exchange current density of Mn(II)/Mn(0) electrode reaction were determined at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1048 K. Solid Mn metal generated during electrolysis aggregated into irregular clumps and adsorbed some needle-like MgO, imposing a detrimental effect on both the aggregation and the purity of magnesium metal. After electrolysis at −1.5 V in molten NaCl−KCl−MgCl2−0.62wt.%MnCl2 for 8 h, the concentration of MnCl2 impurity decreased to 0.037 wt.%, achieving a removal efficiency of 94.14%. When direct electrolysis was performed in molten NaCl−KCl−MgCl2−0.62wt.%MnCl2, the obtained magnesium metal was small blocks with a caviar-like appearance, and the purity was just 98.59%. In contrast, a large globule of magnesium metal was obtained when electrolysis was performed in the purified electrolyte, and its purity was improved to 99.94%. The controlled-potential electrolysis proposed in this work has been verified to be a green and practically effective method to separate the metal ion impurities from molten electrolyte for high purity magnesium extraction.

### 602. [Improving mechanical properties of Cu/CNTs composites by incorporating nanotwins](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improving-mechanical-properties-of-cucnts-composites-by-incorporating-nanotwins) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66982-2]
To exploit the combined strengthening effects of nanotwins and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in Cu matrix composites, the nanotwins with a width ranging from 3 to 30 nm were incorporated into the CNTs-reinforced Cu matrix composites using cryogenic rolling and optimizing the initial particle size of the raw Cu powders. The formation of nanotwins in the Cu matrix composite reinforced by only 0.2 wt.% CNTs is accompanied by the increased dislocation density and refined Cu grain size, resulting in much better strength−ductility synergy than the referenced composite without significant nanotwins formation. The analysis of strengthening and toughening mechanisms demonstrates that the strength increment mainly derives from grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and nanotwin strengthening. The strength increment from the contribution of the nanotwins accounts for 19.9% of the overall strength increment for the composite. Meanwhile, the retention of good tensile ductility can be reasonably explained by the increased dislocation accommodation ability due to the formed nanotwins and the decreased induced dislocation proliferation.

### 603. [Multiscale investigation of oxidation mechanism in AlCrSiN multilayer coatings via experiments and ab initio molecular dynamics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiscale-investigation-of-oxidation-mechanism-in-alcrsin-multilayer-coatings-via-experiments-and-ab-initio-m) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66981-0]
An advanced AlCrSiN/AlCrN/CrN/Cr multilayer coating was developed via hybrid multiarc ion plating and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. The multilayer design enhanced the substrate–coating compatibility, achieving a critical load of 87.8 N. Silicon doping induced nanocrystallization and amorphization, increasing the hardness to 26 GPa. At high temperatures, a nanoscale Cr-rich (Cr,Al)2O3 layer was formed, effectively inhibiting oxygen diffusion. The coating underwent unique phase transformations, during which Cr2N and amorphous Si3N4 were converted into dispersed SiCr3 nanoparticles, which stabilized Cr atoms and suppressed their outward diffusion. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Cr atoms exhibited higher chemical activity and oxygen-capture capability than Al atoms and Si atoms served as diffusion barriers by pinning onto the oxidized surface, considerably improving the oxidation resistance of the coating.

### 604. [Effect of calcination temperature on interlayer spacing and oxygen vacancies concentration of NaCu0.2Fe0.3Mn0.5O2 layered materials for sodium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-calcination-temperature-on-interlayer-spacing-and-oxygen-vacancies-concentration-of-nacu02fe03mn05o2) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66984-6]
NaCu0.2Fe0.3Mn0.5O2 (NCFM) cathode material was synthesized using a simple solid-state reaction, and the effect of calcination temperature on its interlayer spacing and oxygen vacancies concentration was investigated. Through electrochemical testing and material characterizations, higher calcination temperatures increase the electrostatic repulsion between oxygen atoms in adjacent layers, resulting in an expansion of Na layer spacing. This structural change enhances the diffusion kinetics of Na⁺, thereby significantly improving the rate performance of NCFM. Furthermore, elevated calcination temperatures facilitate the reduction of oxygen vacancies, leading to improved crystallinity. This enhancement in crystallinity mitigates structural strain during phase transitions, contributing to improved cyclic stability. Consequently, the optimized NCFM shows an initial discharge specific capacity of 143.3 mA·h/g at 0.1C, with a capacity retention rate of 79.28% after 100 cycles at 1C.

### 605. [Simulation prediction and experimental study of phase equilibrium for Ag−Cu and Ag−Sb binary alloys in vacuum distillation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/simulation-prediction-and-experimental-study-of-phase-equilibrium-for-agcu-and-agsb-binary-alloys-in-vacuum-di) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67011-7]
The modified molecular interaction volume model (M-MIVM) was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag−Cu and Ag−Sb binary alloys. Subsequently, theoretical vapor−liquid equilibrium phase diagrams (T−x−y and p−x−y) were plotted via combining M-MIVM and vacuum theory. The vapor−liquid phase equilibrium (VLE) experiments were conducted on the Ag−Cu alloy at 1500−1560 K and 10−15 Pa and Ag−Sb alloys at 950−1350 K and 10 Pa. The results showed that the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of activity were lower than 5% and 0.02, respectively. A comparison of theoretical and experiment results for VLE revealed that the simulated data on the T−x−y diagram were well consistent with experimental values. Therefore, the VLE phase diagrams can serve as a guide in vacuum separation experiments and industrial production for Ag−Cu and Ag−Sb binary alloys.

### 606. [Preparation of high-purity tellurium based on simulation-assisted zone refining](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-of-high-purity-tellurium-based-on-simulation-assisted-zone-refining) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66987-1]
The effect of temperature on molten zone length was investigated through simulation to optimize the control of molten zone length during the experimental process. The temperature gradient distribution within the molten zone during zone refining was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software and experimentally validated. The simulated molten zone length showed good agreement with the actual measured length. The experimental study of tellurium purification by zone refining was conducted under the following conditions: three passes of zone refining, a hydrogen flow rate of 0.5 L/min, and molten zone movement speeds of 0.5 and 1.0 mm/min. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiencies of impurities such as Ca and Cu exceeded 95%, while the removal efficiency of phosphorus (P) reached over 70%. And the purity of tellurium reached 6N.

### 607. [Kinetics and morphological evolution mechanism of WO3 during non-isothermal hydrogen reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/kinetics-and-morphological-evolution-mechanism-of-wo3-during-non-isothermal-hydrogen-reduction) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66986-X]
The hydrogen reduction kinetics of tungsten trioxide (WO3) was investigated via non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Under the local gas–solid reduction conditions, the particle morphology of tungsten powders was found to be consistent with that of raw material WO3. The removal of oxygen from tungsten oxide during hydrogen reduction led to the formation of porous structures between the reduced particles, which were obviously different from the polyhedral single-crystal configuration of tungsten powders obtained via chemical vapor deposition. Moreover, the two-stage hydrogen reduction mechanisms of WO3 under the local gas–solid reduction conditions can be described using the composite autocatalytic function. The activation energies of the first and second stages of the hydrogen reduction of WO3 were determined to be 121 and 135 kJ/mol, respectively.

### 608. [Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 95W-HEA alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-sintering-temperature-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-95w-hea-alloys) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66980-9]
The use of high entropy alloy as a binder for tungsten heavy alloys offers potential advantages. The 95W-5CoCrFeMnNi alloys (95W-HEAs) were prepared via powder metallurgy at sintering temperatures of 1400−1550 °C. The microstructure analysis revealed that the tungsten phase in 95W-HEAs exhibited a nearly spherical morphology in the HEA binder matrix and the formation of a Cr−Mn oxide mixed phase was observed. The sintering temperature exerted a significant influence on the relative density, grain size, W−W contiguity, and mechanical properties of the alloys. The optimal performance was achieved when sintering at 1450 °C, yielding a relative density of 96.61%, a W−W contiguity of 0.528, an average grain size of 18.97 µm, a compressive strength of 2234.82 MPa, and a hardness of HV 400.6. The activation energy for the diffusion of tungsten in the liquid phase formed by HEA binder was calculated to be 354.514 kJ/mol, highlighting its role in controlling grain growth.

### 609. [Effects of modulation layer thickness on microstructures and mechanical behavior of VN/TiN−Ni nano-multilayered films](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-modulation-layer-thickness-on-microstructures-and-mechanical-behavior-of-vntinni-nano-multilayered) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66983-4]
The dependence of interface structure and mechanical properties on the modulation layer thickness of VN/TiN−Ni nano-multilayered films deposited on Si substrates using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique was systematically investigated. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The results show that the TiN−Ni layer grows epitaxially on the VN layer, forming a coherent interface between the two sublayers. When the deposition time ratio of the two sublayers (TTiN−Ni꞉TVN) is 10꞉12, the films exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, with hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness values of 25.9 GPa, 317 GPa, and 1.88 MPa·m1/2, respectively. Meanwhile, fracture toughness is improved by approximately 50% compared to the VN monolithic film. This enhancement is attributed to the coherent interface between the sublayers and the phase separation in the TiN−Ni layer.

### 610. [Petrogenesis of Early Mesozoic Furong pluton in central Hunan, China and its implications for tungsten mineralization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/petrogenesis-of-early-mesozoic-furong-pluton-in-central-hunan-china-and-its-implications-for-tungsten-minerali) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66985-8]
The Furong pluton, located in central Hunan, China, hosts numerous tungsten veins within and around the granite, which are of great economic significance. However, its petrogenesis and related mineralization are poorly constrained. In this study, we used U−Pb dating, petrological and geochemical methods to ascertain the emplacement time, classification of granitic rock, nature of the source rocks, formation mechanism, and its geodynamic implications for the Furong pluton. It is shown that the granite is precisely determined to be formed at ~210 Ma, and belongs to the moderately-fractionated S-type granite. Combined with regional tectonic setting, it is concluded that the pluton was formed due to crust extension and thinning followed by plate collision and compression in South China. It is also revealed that tungsten mineralization and Indosinian granites exhibit a close temporal, spatial and genetic relationships, and further exploration of tungsten deposits within and around the granite in central Hunan, even in South China, is urgently needed.

### 611. [Effect of trace impurity elements on high-temperature corrosion resistance of DD98M alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-trace-impurity-elements-on-high-temperature-corrosion-resistance-of-dd98m-alloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66979-2]
The influence of varying levels of impurity elements on the hot corrosion resistance of the DD98M alloy in Na2SO4+NaCl salt at 950 °C was investigated. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the DD98M alloy significantly decreases with an increase in impurity content, and the presence of nitrogen leads to an increase in alloy porosity. These porosities promote the rapid diffusion of molten salt and oxygen into the alloy, resulting in a bilateral diffusion of oxygen and sulfur, which leads to an accumulation of these elements at the oxide−matrix interface. This process contributes to the formation and propagation of interfacial cracks. A growth model was developed for hot corrosion products in alloys with varying impurity elements.

### 612. [Morphological and size evolution of γ' phases during aging in nickel-based single crystal superalloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/morphological-and-size-evolution-of-phases-during-aging-in-nickel-based-single-crystal-superalloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66978-0]
A multistage solution treatment process was applied for nickel-based single crystal superalloys, complemented by various aging durations and cooling rates. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the γ' phase. Additionally, phase field simulations were conducted to model the growth of γ' precipitates during aging and analyze their morphological evolution. The experimental results demonstrated that the multistage solution treatment effectively eliminated eutectic phases and carbides. Moreover, samples aged for 10 min exhibited larger and more rectangular γ' precipitates compared with those aged for 5 min. Notably, secondary γ' precipitates were observed in samples subjected to water cooling. Two indices for quantifying rectangularization were proposed and successfully applied. Based on the simulation results, lattice mismatch induced coherency stresses and elevated stress triaxiality along the 〈111〉 direction contributed to the rectangularization of the γ' phase.

### 613. [Effects of electroshock treatment on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti−8Al−1Mo−1V alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-electroshock-treatment-on-microstructure-evolution-and-mechanical-properties-of-ti8al1mo1v-alloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66955-X]
The effect mechanism of electroshock treatment (EST) on microstructure evolution and mechanical property variations of Ti−8Al−1Mo−1V alloy was investigated. The results show that EST results in the phase transformation from the acicular secondary αs to β phase. While the EST time is 0.12 s, the acicular martensitic phase (αM) precipitates. The results of electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) reveals that the average grain size decreases from 3.95 to 2.53 μm after EST, indicating that the grains are refined, and the significant recrystallization behavior and martensitic transformation occur. The orientation distribution reveals a more uniform distribution of texture, which is caused by the variation of crystal orientation after the phase transformation. The compression fracture behavior of materials indicates that EST significantly enhances the yield strength while reduces the fracture strain. The improvement of yield strength is mainly attributed to the precipitation of martensitic phase. All results indicate that EST is an effective approach for manipulating the microstructure and optimizing the texture distribution of titanium alloys.

### 614. [Microstructure evolution and corrosion behavior of refill friction stir spot welding joint for dissimilar Al alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-evolution-and-corrosion-behavior-of-refill-friction-stir-spot-welding-joint-for-dissimilar-al-a) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66950-0]
The dissimilar 2B06 and 7B04 Al alloy joints were prepared by refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW), and the microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of the joints were investigated. Based on microstructural analysis, the welded joints exhibit distinct microstructural zones, including the stir zone (SZ), thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat-affected zone (HAZ). The grain size of each zone is in the order of HAZ > TMAZ > SZ. Notably, the TMAZ and HAZ contain significantly larger secondary-phase particles compared to the SZ, with particle size in the HAZ increasing at higher rotational speeds. Electrochemical tests indicate that corrosion susceptibility follows the sequence of HAZ > TMAZ > SZ > BM, with greater sensitivity observed at increased rotational speeds. Post-corrosion mechanical performance degradation primarily arises from crevice corrosion at joint overlaps, but not from the changes in the microstructure.

### 615. [Influence of interface shape on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/Al composite plates fabricated by hot-pressing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-interface-shape-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-mgal-composite-plates-fabricated-b) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66953-6]
A new method was proposed for preparing AZ31/1060 composite plates with a corrugated interface, which involved cold-pressing a corrugated surface on the Al plate and then hot-pressing the assembled Mg/Al plate. The results show that cold-pressing produces intense plastic deformation near the corrugated surface of the Al plate, which promotes dynamic recrystallization of the Al substrate near the interface during the subsequent hot-pressing. In addition, the initial corrugation on the surface of the Al plate also changes the local stress state near the interface during hot pressing, which has a large effect on the texture components of the substrates near the corrugated interface. The construction of the corrugated interface can greatly enhance the shear strength by 2−4 times due to the increased contact area and the strong “mechanical gearing” effect. Moreover, the mechanical properties are largely depended on the orientation relationship between corrugated direction and loading direction.

### 616. [Effect of different artificial aging treatments on tensile creep behavior of extruded lean Mg−Al−Ca−Mn alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-different-artificial-aging-treatments-on-tensile-creep-behavior-of-extruded-lean-mgalcamn-alloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66952-4]
The effects of artificial aging (T6) on the creep resistance with tensile stresses in the range of 50−80 MPa at 175 °C were investigated for an extruded Mg−1.22Al−0.31Ca−0.44Mn (wt.%) alloy. The Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zones primarily precipitate in the sample aged at 200 °C for 1 h (T6-200°C/1h), while the Al2Ca phases mainly precipitate in the sample aged at 275 °C for 8 h (T6-275°C/8h). The T6-200°C/1h sample exhibits excellent creep resistance, with a steady-state creep rate one order of magnitude lower than that of the T6-275°C/8h sample. The abnormally high stress exponent (~8.2) observed in the T6-200°C/1h sample is associated with the power-law breakdown mechanism. TEM analysis illuminates that the creep mechanism for the T6-200°C/1h sample is cross-slip between basal and prismatic dislocations, while the T6-275°C/8h sample exhibits a mixed mechanism of dislocation cross-slip and climb. Compared with the Al2Ca phase, the dense G.P. zones effectively impede dislocation climb and glide during the creep process, demonstrating superior creep resistance of the T6-200°C/1h sample.

### 617. [Weakening aging-induced embrittlement via deformation-assisted regulation of isothermal ω precipitation in metastable Ti−15Mo alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/weakening-aging-induced-embrittlement-via-deformation-assisted-regulation-of-isothermal-precipitation-in-metas) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66954-8]
In order to overcome the embrittlement of metastable titanium alloys caused by the precipitation of ωiso phase during aging, regulation of isothermal ω precipitation was investigated in Ti−15Mo alloy. The results show that the sample is brittle when direct aging (A) is applied at 350 °C for 1 h after solution treatment (ST). If pre-deformation (D) is performed on the ST sample to induce {332} twins and secondary α′′ phase, subsequent aging at 350 °C (STDA350) improves the strength to 931 MPa with a good ductility of about 20% maintained. However, when aging is performed at 400 °C or 450 °C (STDA400/450), the strength can be further improved, but the ductility is dramatically reduced. Atomic-scale characterizations show that the partial collapse of ω phase in the STDA350 sample effectively eliminates aging-induced embrittlement, but complete collapse leads to poor ductility in the STDA400/450 sample.

### 618. [3D morphological characteristics of shrinkage porosities and their relationship with microstructures in Mg−12Al magnesium alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/3d-morphological-characteristics-of-shrinkage-porosities-and-their-relationship-with-microstructures-in-mg12al) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66951-2]
The dependence of shrinkage porosities on microstructure characteristics of Mg−12Al alloy was investigated. The distribution, morphology, size, and number density of shrinkage porosities were analyzed under different cooling rates. The relationship between shrinkage porosities and microstructure characteristics was discussed in terms of temperature conditions, feeding channel characteristics, and feeding capacity. Further, the feeding behavior of the residual liquid phase in the solid skeleton was quantified by introducing permeability. Results show a strong correlation between the solid microstructure skeleton and shrinkage porosity characteristics. An increase in permeability corresponds to a declining number density of shrinkage porosities. This study aims to provide a more complete understanding how to reduce shrinkage porosities by controlling microstructure characteristics.

### 619. [Applicability of existing criteria of rockburst tendency of sandstone in coal mines](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/applicability-of-existing-criteria-of-rockburst-tendency-of-sandstone-in-coal-mines) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.008]
To evaluate the accuracy of rockburst tendency classification in coal-bearing sandstone strata, this study conducted uniaxial compression loading and unloading tests on sandstone samples with four distinct grain sizes. The tests involved loading the samples to 60%, 70%, and 80% of their uniaxial compressive strength, followed by unloading and reloading until failure. Key parameters such as the elastic energy index and linear elasticity criteria were derived from these tests. Additionally, rock fragments were collected to calculate their initial ejection kinetic energy, serving as a measure of rockburst tendency. The classification of rockburst tendency was conducted using grading methods based on burst energy index (WET), pre-peak stored elastic energy (PES) and experimental observations. Multi-class classification and regression analyses were applied to machine learning models using experimental data to predict rockburst tendency levels. A comparative analysis of models from two libraries revealed that the Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy in classification, while the AdaBoost Regressor model excelled in regression predictions. This study highlights that on a laboratory scale, integrating ejection kinetic energy with the unloading ratio, failure load, WET and PES through machine learning offers a highly accurate and reliable approach for determining rockburst tendency levels.

### 620. [Precipitation behavior of S' phase in rapid cold punched Al−Cu−Mg alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/precipitation-behavior-of-s-phase-in-rapid-cold-punched-alcumg-alloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66949-4]
The evolution of the S' precipitate in Al−Cu−Mg alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF−STEM), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and other analytical techniques. The precipitation behavior during different aging stages of the supersaturated solid solution formed after rapid cold punching was focused, which induces rapid dissolution of precipitates. The findings reveal that the precipitation sequence is significantly influenced by aging temperature. At higher aging temperatures, which mitigate lattice distortion in the matrix, the precipitation sequence follows the conventional path. Conversely, at lower aging temperatures, where lattice distortion persists, the sequence deviates, suppressing the formation of Guinier−Preston−Bagaryatsky (GPB) zones. MD simulations confirm that the variations in solute atom diffusion rates at different aging temperatures lead to the differences in the S' phase precipitation sequence.

### 621. [Response properties of geometries of coal penetrating fracture on seepage behavior](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/response-properties-of-geometries-of-coal-penetrating-fracture-on-seepage-behavior) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.003]
The fracture surfaces of coal-rock masses formed under mining-induced stress generally exhibit complex geometries, and the fracture geometry is one of the primary factors affecting the seepage characteristics of coal-rock penetrating fracture. This paper investigates the seepage characteristics of 5 groups of coal penetrating fracture (CPF) with different joint roughness coefficients (JRCs). Based on 3D morphology scanner tests and hydraulic coupling tests, a characterization method of effective geometric parameters in fracture surfaces under various confining pressures was improved, and a relationship between effective geometric parameters and the confining pressure is established. The results indicate that the nonlinear flow behavior in a CPF primarily includes three types: non-Newtonian fluid seepage under high confining pressure and low JRC, non-Darcy seepage under low confining pressure and high JRC, and the whole process of seepage characteristics between these two conditions. Among them, non-Newtonian fluid seepage is caused by significant fracture expansion, while non-Darcy seepage can be attributed to turbulence effects. During the seepage process, the geometric parameters with different JRC fracture samples all exhibit exponential changes with the increase of confining pressure. In addition, under high confining pressure, the effective contact ratio, effective fracture aperture, and void deviation ratio with high JRC fracture samples under high confining pressure increase by 93.5%, 67.4%, and 24.9%, respectively, compared with those of low JRC fracture samples. According to the variation of geometric parameters in a CPF with external stress, a seepage model considering geometric parameters in a CPF is proposed. By introducing the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) to evaluate the error and goodness of fit between model curves and experimental data, it is found that the theoretical curves of model in this paper have the best matching with the experimental data. The average values of RMSE and R2 for model in this paper are 0.002 and 0.70, respectively, which are better than models in the existing literature.

### 622. [Bond length and interface failure mechanism of anchor cable under continuous radial pressure conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bond-length-and-interface-failure-mechanism-of-anchor-cable-under-continuous-radial-pressure-conditions) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.001]
The anchoring capacity of the anchor cable is closely related to the bonding length and radial pressure conditions. Through field pull-out tests, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and industrial tests, this study clarifies the relationship between radial pressure and bonding length for the ultimate pull-out force and reveals the microscopic failure process of the resin-rock interface in the anchoring system. The results show that the ultimate load increases with the increase of bonding length in three different stages: rapid, slow, and uniform growth. The new mechanical model developed considering radial pressure describes the inverse relationship between radial pressure and the plastic zone on the bonding section, and quantifies the reinforcing effect of confining pressure on the anchoring force. During the pull-out process of the anchor cable, the generation of failure cracks is in the order of orifice, bottom, and middle of the hole. Radial pressure can effectively enhance the ultimate pull-out force, alleviate the oscillation increase of pull-out force, and inhibit resin cracking, but will produce an external crushing zone. It also reveals the synergistic effect between bonding length and radial pressure, and successfully carries out industrial tests of anchor cable support, which ensures the stability of the stope roof and provides an important reference for the design of anchor cable support in deep high-stress mines.

### 623. [Propagation criterion of hydraulic fracture in rock based on the rock micro-cracking mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/propagation-criterion-of-hydraulic-fracture-in-rock-based-on-the-rock-micro-cracking-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.006]
Hydraulic fracture (HF) formed in rock significantly helps with the development of geo-energy and geo-resources. The HF formation condition was challenging to understand, with obscure rock micro-cracking mechanisms being a key factor. The rock micro-cracking mechanism under gradient pore water pressure was analyzed on the scale of mineral particles and it was combined with macroscopic boundary conditions of rock hydraulic fracturing, obtaining the propagation criterion of HF in rock based on the rock micro-cracking mechanism which was verified by experiment. The results show that the disturbed skeleton stress induced by the disturbance of gradient pore water pressure in rock equals the pore water pressure difference. The overall range of the defined mechanical shape factor a/b is around 1, but greater than 0.5. Under the combined influence of pore water pressure differences and macroscopic boundary stresses on the rock micro-cracking, micro-cracks form among rock mineral particles, micro-cracks connect to form micro-hydraulic fracture surfaces, and micro-hydraulic fracture surfaces open to form macro-hydraulic fractures. HF begins to form at the micro-cracking initiation pressure (MCIP), which was tested by keeping the HF tip near the initiation point. The theoretical value of MCIP calculated by the proposed propagation criterion is close to MCIP tested.

### 624. [Additive manufacturing techniques for WC−Co cemented carbides: Principle, progress, and perspective](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/additive-manufacturing-techniques-for-wcco-cemented-carbides-principle-progress-and-perspective) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66946-9]
Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complex-shaped WC−Co cemented carbide products, thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining, equipment manufacturing, and electronic information. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress of AM technology in WC−Co cemented carbides. The fundamental principles and classification of AM techniques are introduced, followed by a categorization and evaluation of the AM techniques for WC−Co cemented carbides. These techniques are classified as either direct AM technology (DAM) or indirect AM technology (IDAM), depending on their inclusion of post-processes like de-binding and sintering. Through an analysis of microstructure features, the most suitable AM route for WC−Co cemented carbide products with controllable microstructure is identified as the indirect AM technology, such as binder jet printing (BJP), which integrates AM with conventional powder metallurgy.

### 625. [Influence of minor Sc on microstructure and properties of AA7085 alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-minor-sc-on-microstructure-and-properties-of-aa7085-alloy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66948-2]
The age-hardening response, mechanical, and corrosion-resistant properties of AA7085 alloys with and without the addition of 0.3 wt.% scandium (Sc) were compared. Using advanced techniques such as aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations, the underlying micromechanisms of Sc microalloying were revealed. Results show that the increase in strength of the AA7085-Sc alloy is mainly attributed to the decreased Al grain size and increased number density of both Al3Sc@Al3(Sc,Zr) core−shell nanoparticles and Sc-containing ηp and GP−ηp nanoprecipitates. Strong strain fields and evident electron transfer from Zr to the neighboring matrix Al atoms exist at the Al3Sc@Al3(Sc,Zr)/Al interface. The Sc doping in GP−ηp and ηp suppresses the GP−ηp → ηp transformation. Modified corrosion resistance of the AA7085-Sc alloy compared with AA7085 alloy is associated with the fine grain boundary precipitates of η phases and narrow precipitation free zone. The reasons of property changes of AA7085 alloy after Sc microalloying are explored based on the multiscale microstructural characterization.

### 626. [Upgrading of 6–0 mm low rank high sulfur lignite by a compound dry cascade separation bed](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/upgrading-of-60-mm-low-rank-high-sulfur-lignite-by-a-compound-dry-cascade-separation-bed) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.007]
In this paper, the effect of vibration intensity on the spatial distribution of sulfur content in bed particles was studied. The effects of vibration and airflow on the mechanical characteristics of particles were studied, the collision behavior mode of particles was determined, the spatial saltation law of particles was investigated, the spatial functional axis of beds was determined, and the saltation separation period of particles was determined. The test results show that: When separation bed provides inlet airflow velocity (Uin) is 2.55 m/s, the airflow distribution interval of I, II and III areas were UI=2.55–2.57 m/s, UII=1.33–1.35 m/s, UIII=0.35–0.38 m/s, respectively; when separation bed vibration amplitude (A) A=2.4–2.5 mm, separation bed vibration frequency (f) f=23–24 Hz, the desulfurization effect is the best. When vibration intensity (C) C=1.22, Uin=1.05 m/s, the particles have disordered contact and collision behavior. When C=14.89, Uin=3.18 m/s, the particles have a transition cataclastic collision. When C=5.80, Uin=2.55 m/s, the particles have directional collision behavior. It is determined that the OX axis is the transverse stable diffusion axis of the material, the OY axis is the longitudinal gradient transport axis of the material, and the OZ axis is the vertical density cascade distribution axis of the material. When separation time (T) T=0–10 s was the period of disorderly diffusion and mixing of particles, T=10–20 s was the period of directional migration and stratification of particles, and T=20–30 s was the period of cascade distribution and separation of particles. Finally, separation experiments conducted under optimal operating parameters demonstrated that the clean coal yield was 72.02% with a sulfur content of 0.98%.

### 627. [Dual-scale insights of two-phase flow in inter-cleats based on microfluidics: Interface jumps and energy dissipation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dual-scale-insights-of-two-phase-flow-in-inter-cleats-based-on-microfluidics-interface-jumps-and-energy-dissip) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.010]
Cleat serves as the primary flow pathway for coalbed methane (CBM) and water. However, few studies consider the impact of local contact on two-phase flow within cleats. A visual generalized model of endogenous cleats was constructed based on microfluidics. A microscopic and mesoscopic observation technique was proposed to simultaneously capture gas–liquid interface morphology of pores and throat and the two-phase flow characteristics in entire cleat system. The local contact characteristics of cleats reduced absolute permeability, which resulted in a sharp increase in the starting pressure. The reduced gas flow capacity narrowed the co-infiltration area and decreased water saturation at the isotonic point in a hydrophilic environment. The increased local contact area of cleats weakened gas phase flow capacity and narrowed the co-infiltration area. Jumping events occurred in methane-water flow due to altered porosity caused by local contact in cleats. The distribution of residual phases changed the jumping direction on the micro-scale as well as the dominant channel on the mesoscale. Besides, jumping events caused additional energy dissipation, which was ignored in traditional two-phase flow models. This might contribute to the overestimation of relative permeability. The work provides new methods and insights for investigating unsaturated flow in complex porous media.

### 628. [Effect of acid fracturing fluid modifying coal microstructure stimulated by ultrasonic](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-acid-fracturing-fluid-modifying-coal-microstructure-stimulated-by-ultrasonic) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.005]
The combination of ultrasonic and acid fracturing fluid can strengthen the modification effect on the micropore structure of the coal matrix, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the acid fracturing process. In this research, acetic acid was utilized to formulate acid fracturing fluids with varying concentrations, and the evolutionary traits of both the acid fracturing fluids and ultrasonic waves in relation to coal samples were investigated. The functional group structure, mineral composition, micropore structure and surface morphology of coal samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature and SEM-EDS. The results showed that aromatics (I) and branching parameters (CH2/CH3) were reduced by 81.58% and 88.67%, respectively, after 9% acetic acid treatment. Acetic acid can dissolve carbonates and clay minerals in coal, create new pores, and increase porosity, pore volume and pore fractal dimension. After modification by 7% acetic acid, the pore volume increased by 5.7 times. SEM observation shows that the diameter of coal surface holes increases, EDS scanning shows that the content of mineral elements in coal decreases, the connectivity of coal holes increases, and the holes expand. The findings of this research offer theoretical direction for optimizing ultrasonic-enhanced acid fracturing fluid modification.

### 629. [Macro- and micro-mechanical response and damage mechanism of sandstone under high-temperature conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/macro-and-micro-mechanical-response-and-damage-mechanism-of-sandstone-under-high-temperature-conditions) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.004]
The thermal effects of coal combustion considerably influence the physical and chemical properties, structural characteristics, and stability of rocks, posing a serious threat to the safety of coal mining operations. In this study, the impacts of temperature on the physical and chemical characteristics (i.e., mineral phase, microstructure, and mechanical strength) of sandstone were investigated by employing experimental methods, including microstructural analysis, uniaxial acoustic emission (AE), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results indicate that temperature alters the mineral phase and the pore characteristics, and these two factors jointly affect the mechanical properties of sandstone. The influence of temperature on the mechanical strength of sandstone is categorized into low-temperature strengthening and high-temperature damage, with a threshold temperature identified at 600 °C. The low-temperature strengthening effect encompasses both pore strengthening and mineral phase strengthening, while the high-temperature damage effect primarily results from pore damage. As the experimental temperature rises, both the number of AE events and the AE energy transition from a surge in the post-peak failure stage to a stepwise increase during the loading process. This transition implies that the failure mode of the sandstone sample evolves from brittle failure to tensile failure.

### 630. [Multi-frequency formation mechanism and modulation strategy of self-priming enhanced submerged pulsed waterjet](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-frequency-formation-mechanism-and-modulation-strategy-of-self-priming-enhanced-submerged-pulsed-waterjet) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.01.002]
Under submerged conditions, compared with traditional self-excited oscillating pulsed waterjets (SOPWs), annular fluid-enhanced self-excited oscillating pulsed waterjets (AFESOPWs) exhibit a higher surge pressure through self-priming. However, their pressure frequency and cavitation characteristics remain unclear, resulting in an inability to fully utilize resonance and cavitation erosion to break coal and rock. In this study, high-frequency pressure testing, high-speed photography, and large eddy simulation (LES) are used to investigate the distribution of the pressure frequency band, evolution law of the cavitation cloud, and its regulation mechanism of a continuous waterjet, SOPW, and AFESOPW. The results indicated that the excitation of the plunger pump, shearing layer vortex, and bubble collapse corresponded to the three high-amplitude frequency bands of the waterjet pressure. AFESOPWs have an additional self-priming frequency that can produce a larger amplitude under a synergistic effect with the second high-amplitude frequency band. A better cavitation effect was produced after self-priming the annulus fluid, and the shedding frequency of the cavitation clouds of the three types of waterjets was linearly related to the cavitation number. The peak pressure of the waterjet and cavitation erosion effect can be improved by modulating the waterjet pressure oscillation frequency and cavitation shedding frequency.

### 631. [A 128 × 128 monolithic spike-based hybrid-vision sensor with 0.96 Geps and 117 kfps](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-128-128-monolithic-spike-based-hybrid-vision-sensor-with-096-geps-and-117-kfps) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020010]
The event-based vision sensor (EVS), which can generate efficient spiking data streams by exclusively detecting motion, exemplifies neuromorphic vision methodologies. Generally, its inherent lack of texture features limits effectiveness in complex vision processing tasks, necessitating supplementary visual information. However, to date, no event-based hybrid vision solution has been developed that preserves the characteristics of complete spike data streams to support synchronous computation architectures based on spiking neural network (SNN). In this paper, we present a novel spike-based sensor with digitized pixels, which integrates the event detection structure with the pulse frequency modulation (PFM) circuit. This design enables the simultaneous output of spiking data that encodes both temporal changes and texture information. Fabricated in 180 nm process, the proposed sensor achieves a resolution of 128 × 128, a maximum event rate of 960 Meps, a grayscale frame rate of 117.1 kfps, and a measured power consumption of 60.1 mW, which is suited for high-speed, low-latency, edge SNN-based vision computing systems.

### 632. [GaN diodes comparative study for high energy protons detection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/gan-diodes-comparative-study-for-high-energy-protons-detection) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020014]
GaN diodes for high energy (64.8 MeV) proton detection were fabricated and investigated. A comparison of the performance of GaN diodes with different structures is presented, with a focus on sapphire and on GaN substrates, Schottky and pin diodes, and different active layer thicknesses. Pin diodes fabricated on a sapphire substrate are the best choice for a GaN proton detector working at 0 V bias. They are sensitive (minimum detectable proton beam <1 pA/cm2), linear as a function of proton current and fast (<1 s). High proton current sensitivity and high spatial resolution of GaN diodes can be exploited in the future for proton imaging of patients in proton therapy.

### 633. [Dynamic avalanche reliability enhancement of FS-IGBT under unclamped inductive switching](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-avalanche-reliability-enhancement-of-fs-igbt-under-unclamped-inductive-switching) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020006]
The dynamic avalanche effect is a critical factor influencing the performance and reliability of the field-stop insulated gate bipolar transistors (FS-IGBT). Unclamped inductive switching (UIS) is the primary method for testing the dynamic avalanche capability of FS-IGBTs. Numerous studies have demonstrated that factors such as device structure, avalanche-generating current filaments, and electrical parameters influence the dynamic avalanche effect of the FS-IGBT. However, few studies have focused on enhancing the avalanche reliability of the FS-IGBT by adjusting circuit parameters during operation. In this paper, the dynamic avalanche effect of the FS-IGBT under UIS conditions is comprehensively investigated through a series of comparative experiments with varying circuit parameters, including bus voltage VDC, gate voltage VG, gate resistance Rg, load inductance L, and temperature TC. Furthermore, a method to enhance the dynamic avalanche reliability of the FS-IGBT under UIS by optimizing circuit parameters is proposed. In practical applications, reducing gate voltage, increasing load inductance, and lowering temperature can effectively improve the dynamic avalanche capability of the FS-IGBT.

### 634. [A miniaturized wireless electrical impedance myography platform for the long-term adaptive muscle fatigue monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-miniaturized-wireless-electrical-impedance-myography-platform-for-the-long-term-adaptive-muscle-fatigue-moni) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020029]
Accurate quantification of exercise interventions and changes in muscle function is essential for personalized health management. Electrical impedance myography (EIM) technology offers an innovative, noninvasive, painless, and easy-to-perform solution for muscle health monitoring. However, current EIM platforms face a number of limitations, including large device size, wired connections, and instability of the electrode-skin interface, which limit their applicability for monitoring muscle movement. In this study, a miniature wireless EIM platform with a user-friendly smartphone app is proposed and developed. The miniature, wireless, multi-frequency (20 kHz−1 MHz) EIM platform is equipped with flexible microneedle array electrodes (MAE). The advantages of MAEs over conventional electrodes were demonstrated by physical field modeling simulations and skin-electrode contact impedance comparison tests. The smartphone APP was developed to wirelessly operate the EIM platform, and to transmit and process real-time muscle impedance data. To validate its effectiveness, a seven-day adaptive fatigue training study was conducted, which demonstrated that the EIM platform was able to detect muscle adaptations and serve as a reliable indicator of fatigue. This study presents an innovative approach to applying EIM technology to muscle health monitoring and exercise testing, thereby advancing the development of personalized health management and athletic performance assessment.

### 635. [Effect of grain size on the resistivity of polycrystalline 3C-SiC](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-grain-size-on-the-resistivity-of-polycrystalline-3c-sic) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020018]
Silicon carbide offers distinct advantages in the field of power electronic devices. However, manufacturing processes remain a significant barrier to its widespread adoption. Polycrystalline SiC is less expensive and easier to produce than single crystal. But stabilizing and controlling its performance are critical challenges that must be addressed urgently. Due to its material properties and excellent performance in applications, 3C-SiC is gaining increasing attention in research. This article presents the electrical and material properties of a series of polycrystalline 3C-SiC samples and investigates their interrelationship. The samples were examined using TEM, which confirmed their polycrystalline structure. Combined with XRD and Raman spectroscopy, the grain orientations within the samples were analyzed, and the presence of stress was verified. EBSD was employed to statistically examine the grain structure and size across samples. For samples with similar doping levels, grain size is the most influential factor in determining electrical characteristics. Further EBSD measurements reveal the relationship between resistivity and grain size as log(ρ) = −1.93 + 8.67/d. These findings provide a foundation for the quantitative control and application of polycrystalline 3C-SiC. This work offers theoretical evidence for optimizing the performance tuning of 3C-SiC ceramics and enhancing their effectiveness in electronic applications.

### 636. [Study of a novel SiC-based light initiated multi-gate semiconductor switch](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-of-a-novel-sic-based-light-initiated-multi-gate-semiconductor-switch) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020033]
To optimize turn on velocity of the SiC LIMS, we proposed a new structure for the LIMS that incorporates an optimized n+ layer and a multi-light triggered electrode design for the anode. The chip size is 5.5 mm × 5.5 mm in dimension. The experiment results indicate that the saturation laser energy required to trigger the prepared SiC LIMS has been decreased from 1.8 mJ to 40 μJ, with the forward blocking voltage of the prepared SiC LIMSs capable of withstanding over 7000 V. The leakage current is about 0.3 μA at room temperature, and the output current density achieves 4.25 kA/cm2 (with di/dt larger than 20 kA/μs).

### 637. [Breathable and skin-conformal electronic skin with dual-modality synchronous perception of pressure and temperature](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/breathable-and-skin-conformal-electronic-skin-with-dual-modality-synchronous-perception-of-pressure-and-temper) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020031]
The random nanofiber distribution in traditional electrospun membranes restricts the pressure sensing sensitivity and measurement range of electronic skin. Moreover, current multimodal sensing suffers from issues like overlapping signal outputs and slow response. Herein, a novel electrospinning method is proposed to prepare double-coupled microstructured nanofibrous membranes. Through the effect of high voltage electrostatic field in the electrospinning, the positively charged nanofibers are preferentially attached to the negatively charged foam surface, forming the ordered two-dimensional honeycomb porous nanofibrous membrane with three-dimensional spinous microstructure. Compared with the conventional random porous nanofibrous membrane, the bionic two-dimensional honeycomb and three-dimensional spinous dual-coupled microstructures in the ordered porous nanofibrous membrane endows the electronic skin with significantly improved mechanical properties (maximum tensile strain increased by 77% and fatigue resistance increased by 35%), air permeability (water vapor transmission rate increased by 16%) and sensing properties (pressure sensitivity increased by 276% and detection range increased by 137%). Furthermore, the electronic skin was constructed by means of a conformal composite ionic liquid functionalized nanofibrous membrane, and the real-time and interference-free dual-signal monitoring of pressure and temperature (maximum temperature coefficient of resistance: −0.918 °C−1) was realized.

### 638. [Mesa-structured AlGaAsSb APD: dark current and noise analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mesa-structured-algaassb-apd-dark-current-and-noise-analysis) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020025]
Avalanche photodiode (APD) is a kind of photodetector with important applications in optical communication, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and other fields. APDs fabricated using the recently developed AlGaAsSb as the multiplication material exhibit excellent noise performance. In this work, we report a low-noise separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication (SAGCM) InGaAs/AlGaAsSb APD operating at 1550 nm. A double-mesa structure was fabricated to reduce the dark current. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare two different mesa-structured APDs. By analyzing the electric field distribution, it was found that the electric field at the edge of the multiplication region in the double-mesa APD is nearly 100 kV/cm lower than that of the single-mesa structure. Experimental results demonstrate that after device punch-through, the double-mesa APD’s dark current can be reduced by up to four times compared to the single-mesa APD. Quantitative analysis of the dark current components in the AlGaAsSb APD further confirms that the low sidewall electric field in the double-mesa structure effectively suppresses the trap-assisted tunneling. Additionally, noise measurements indicate a k-value of approximately 0.014, which is significantly lower than that of traditional multiplication materials. This work provides preliminary validation for further performance improvements in low noise and low dark current AlGaAsSb APDs.

### 639. [Band alignment of SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction and its electrical properties for power device application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/band-alignment-of-sno-ga2o3-heterojunction-and-its-electrical-properties-for-power-device-application) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020008]
In this study, we present the fabrication of vertical SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction diode (HJD) via radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering. The valence and conduction band offsets between β-Ga2O3 and SnO are determined to be 2.65 and 0.75 eV, respectively, through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, showing a type-Ⅱ band alignment. Compared to its Schottky barrier diode (SBD) counterpart, the HJD presents a comparable specific ON-resistances (Ron,sp) of 2.8 mΩ·cm² and lower reverse leakage current (IR), leading to an enhanced reverse blocking characteristics with breakdown voltage (BV) of 1675 V and power figure of merit (PFOM) of 1.0 GW/cm². This demonstrates the high quality of the SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction interface. Silvaco TCAD simulation further reveals that electric field crowding at the edge of anode for the SBD was greatly depressed by the introduction of SnO film, revealing the potential application of SnO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction in the future β-Ga2O3-based power devices.

### 640. [A leap forward in compute-in-memory system for neural network inference](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-leap-forward-in-compute-in-memory-system-for-neural-network-inference) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020028]
Developing efficient neural network (NN) computing systems is crucial in the era of artificial intelligence (AI). Traditional von Neumann architectures have both the issues of "memory wall" and "power wall", limiting the data transfer between memory and processing units. Compute-in-memory (CIM) technologies, particularly analogue CIM with memristor crossbars, are promising because of their high energy efficiency, computational parallelism, and integration density for NN computations. In practical applications, analogue CIM excels in tasks like speech recognition and image classification, revealing its unique advantages. For instance, it efficiently processes vast amounts of audio data in speech recognition, achieving high accuracy with minimal power consumption. In image classification, the high parallelism of analogue CIM significantly speeds up feature extraction and reduces processing time. With the boosting development of AI applications, the demands for computational accuracy and task complexity are rising continually. However, analogue CIM systems are limited in handling complex regression tasks with needs of precise floating-point (FP) calculations. They are primarily suited for the classification tasks with low data precision and a limited dynamic range. A novel analogue-digital unified CIM architecture (named as AnDi) has been developed by integrating the analogue and digital computing cores, which aims to address the above challenges of analogue CIM. The key component is the dual-domain floating-point (DDFP) processor, which serves as a universal data type to represent both FP and integer (INT) numbers. This processor enables FP compatibility regardless of the native capabilities of analogue CIM or digital cores. The DDFP data structure consists of an INT tensor for the feature map and an FP scale. The DDFP processor manages data flow between the analogue and digital domains, performing quantization or dequantization operation. This effectively decouples the NN algorithm from the underlying hardware, enabling more general NN computation. The training process for the top-level algorithm can proceed without considering specific hardware architectures, as all data-scaling operations are handled at the hardware level. To maximize the potential of AnDi architecture, several strategies have been proposed. The fine-grained dual-domain mapping divides weight matrices larger than analogue CIM arrays into smaller ones. Weights are allocated to either digital or analogue cores based on their size. Low-parallel weight blocks are assigned to digital cores, thus maximizing the utilization rates of digital multiply-accumulate (MAC) cores. This approach enhances system-level energy efficiency by avoiding weight splits into additional blocks within the same layer, thereby reducing memory management overhead. The NN feature-enhancing technique addresses the noise accumulation issue in analogue CIM. Lightweight enhancing layers are integrated into the network and deployed on noise-free digital cores for inference.

### 641. [Boosting photoelectrochemical performance on α-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays by indium cation doping for self-powered ultraviolet detection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/boosting-photoelectrochemical-performance-on-ga2o3-nanowire-arrays-by-indium-cation-doping-for-self-powered-ul) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020024]
Low power consumption, high responsivity, and self-powering are key objectives for photoelectrochemical ultraviolet detectors. In this research, In-doped α-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays were fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates through a hydrothermal approach, with subsequent thermal annealing. These arrays were then used as photoanodes to construct a ultraviolet (UV) photodetector. In doping reduced the bandgap of α-Ga2O3, enhancing its absorption of UV light. Consequently, the In-doped α-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays exhibited excellent light detection performance. When irradiated by 255 nm deep ultraviolet light, they obtained a responsivity of 38.85 mA/W. Moreover, the detector's response and recovery times are 13 and 8 ms, respectively. The In-doped α-Ga2O3 nanowire arrays exhibit a responsivity that is about three-fold higher than the undoped one. Due to its superior responsivity, the In-doped device was used to develop a photoelectric imaging system. This study demonstrates that doping α-Ga2O3 nanowire with indium is a potent approach for optimizing their photoelectrochemical performance, which also has significant potential for optoelectronic applications.

### 642. [A 32Gb/s digital-assisted PAM-4 DFB laser driver in 28-nm CMOS](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-32gbs-digital-assisted-pam-4-dfb-laser-driver-in-28-nm-cmos) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020011]
This paper presents a 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) distributed feedback (DFB) laser driver. The driver adopts a digital slicing architecture to achieve high linearity by adjusting the weights of three thermometer-coded main paths. An efficient-biased output stage structure is proposed to reduce power consumption while avoiding the degradation of output node bandwidth typically induced by parasitic capacitance in high-current bias path. A two-tap linear and nonlinear feed-forward equalizer (FFE) is implemented in the digital domain to extend bandwidth limitations and compensate for the dynamic nonlinearity of the DFB laser. The nonlinear FFE is realized at the cost of lower power consumption and smaller area by utilizing the simultaneity of low-speed parallel data. The chip is fabricated in 28 nm CMOS process. Measurement results indicate that, with a laser bias current of 40 mA, a modulation current of 20 mApp, and an operating rate of 32 Gb/s PAM-4, the overall power consumption of the chip is 372 mW, corresponding to an energy efficiency of 11.6 pJ/b.

### 643. [Development and application of rock rheological constitutive model considering dynamic stress field and seepage field](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/development-and-application-of-rock-rheological-constitutive-model-considering-dynamic-stress-field-and-seepag) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.002]
The generalized rheological tests on sandstone were conducted under both dynamic stress and seepage fields. The results demonstrate that the rheological strain of the specimen under increased stress conditions is greater than that under creep conditions, indicating that the dynamic stress field significantly influences the rheological behaviours of sandstone. Following the rheological tests, the number of small pores in the sandstone decreased, while the number of medium-sized pores increased, forming new seepage channels. The high initial rheological stress accelerated fracture compression and the closure of seepage channels, resulting in reduction in the permeability of sandstone. Based on the principles of generalized rheology and the experimental findings, a novel rock rheological constitutive model incorporating both the dynamic stress field and seepage properties has been developed. Numerical simulations of surrounding rock deformation in geotechnical engineering were carried out using a secondary development version of this model, which confirmed the applicability of the generalized rheological numerical simulation method. These results provide theoretical support for the long-term stability evaluation of engineering rock masses and for predicting the deformation of surrounding rock.

### 644. [Robotic computing system and embodied AI evolution: an algorithm-hardware co-design perspective](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/robotic-computing-system-and-embodied-ai-evolution-an-algorithm-hardware-co-design-perspective) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25020034]
Robotic computing systems play an important role in enabling intelligent robotic tasks through intelligent algorithms and supporting hardware. In recent years, the evolution of robotic algorithms indicates a roadmap from traditional robotics to hierarchical and end-to-end models. This algorithmic advancement poses a critical challenge in achieving balanced system-wide performance. Therefore, algorithm-hardware co-design has emerged as the primary methodology, which analyzes algorithm behaviors on hardware to identify common computational properties. These properties can motivate algorithm optimization to reduce computational complexity and hardware innovation from architecture to circuit for high performance and high energy efficiency. We then reviewed recent works on robotic and embodied AI algorithms and computing hardware to demonstrate this algorithm-hardware co-design methodology. In the end, we discuss future research opportunities by answering two questions: (1) how to adapt the computing platforms to the rapid evolution of embodied AI algorithms, and (2) how to transform the potential of emerging hardware innovations into end-to-end inference improvements.

### 645. [Reorientation of hydraulic fractures and stress-shadow effect in double-well fracturing of hydrocarbon reservoirs: 3D numerical model and analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reorientation-of-hydraulic-fractures-and-stress-shadow-effect-in-double-well-fracturing-of-hydrocarbon-reservo) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.011]
Multistage fracturing technology has been used to enhance tight hydrocarbon resource recovery. Determining the proper well spacing and fracturing strategy is crucial for generating a complex fracture network that facilitates oil and gas flow in reservoirs. The stress-shadow effect that occurs between multiple wells significantly affects the development of fracture networks in reservoirs. However, the quantification of the stress-shadow effect and its influence on fracture networks has not been satisfactorily resolved because of the difficulties in detecting and identifying fracture propagation and reorientation in reservoirs. In this study, based on the geological information from the Shengli oilfield, we applied a hybrid finite element-discrete element method to analyze engineering-scale three-dimensional fracture propagation and reorientation by altering well spacings and fracturing strategies. The results indicate that the fracturing area generated by the synchronous fracturing scheme is much smaller than those generated by the sequential and alternative schemes. An alternative hydrofracturing scheme is optimal with respect to fracturing area. The stress-blind area was defined to quantify the mechanical disturbance between adjacent wells. Our study improves the understanding of the effect of fracturing schemes on fracture networks and the impact of independent factors contributing to stress-shadow effects.

### 646. [Research on rock crack contact model considering linked substances based on particle flow method](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-rock-crack-contact-model-considering-linked-substances-based-on-particle-flow-method) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.007]
The models constructed by particle flow simulation method can effectively simulate the heterogeneous substance characteristics and failure behaviors of rocks. However, existing contact models overlook the rock cracks, and the various simulation methods that do consider cracks still exhibit certain limitations. In this paper, based on Flat-Joint model and Linear Parallel Bond model, a crack contact model considering linked substance in the crack is proposed by splitting the crack contact into two portions: linked portion and unlinked portion for calculation. The new contact model considers the influence of crack closure on the contact force-displacement law. And a better compressive tensile strength ratio (UCS/T) was obtained by limiting the failure of the contact bond to be solely controlled by the contact force and moment of the linked portion. Then, by employing the FISH Model tool within the Particle Flow Code, the contact model was constructed and verified through contact force–displacement experiments and loading-unloading tests with cracked model. Finally, the contact model was tested through simulations of rock mechanics experiments. The results indicate that the contact model can effectively simulate the axial and lateral strain laws of rocks simultaneously and has a relatively good reproduction of the bi-modularity of rocks.

### 647. [Borehole reinforcement based on polymer materials induced by liquid-gas phase transition in simulating lunar coring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/borehole-reinforcement-based-on-polymer-materials-induced-by-liquid-gas-phase-transition-in-simulating-lunar-c) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.001]
Lunar core samples are the key materials for accurately assessing and developing lunar resources. However, the difficulty of maintaining borehole stability in the lunar coring process limits the depth of lunar coring. Here, a strategy of using a reinforcement fluid that undergoes a phase transition spontaneously in a vacuum environment to reinforce the borehole is proposed. Based on this strategy, a reinforcement liquid suitable for a wide temperature range and a high vacuum environment was developed. A feasibility study on reinforcing the borehole with the reinforcement liquid was carried out, and it is found that the cohesion of the simulated lunar soil can be increased from 2 to 800 kPa after using the reinforcement liquid. Further, a series of coring experiments are conducted using a self-developed high vacuum (vacuum degree of 5 Pa) and low-temperature (between −30 and 50 ℃) simulation platform. It is confirmed that the high-boiling-point reinforcement liquid pre-placed in the drill pipe can be released spontaneously during the drilling process and finally complete the reinforcement of the borehole. The reinforcement effect of the borehole is better when the solute concentration is between 0.15 and 0.25 g/mL.

### 648. [Real-time monitoring and analysis of hydraulic fracturing in surface well using microseismic technology: Case insights and methodological advances](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/real-time-monitoring-and-analysis-of-hydraulic-fracturing-in-surface-well-using-microseismic-technology-case-i) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.009]
Through a case analysis, this study examines the spatiotemporal evolution of microseismic (MS) events, energy characteristics, volumetric features, and fracture network development in surface well hydraulic fracturing. A total of 349 MS events were analyzed across different fracturing sections, revealing significant heterogeneity in fracture propagation. Energy scanning results showed that cumulative energy values ranged from 240 to 1060 J across the sections, indicating notable differences. Stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) analysis demonstrated well-developed fracture networks in certain sections, with a total SRV exceeding 1540000 m3. The hydraulic fracture network analysis revealed that during the mid-fracturing stage, the density and spatial extent of MS events significantly increased, indicating rapid fracture propagation and the formation of complex networks. In the later stage, the number of secondary fractures near fracture edges decreased, and the fracture network stabilized. By comparing the branching index, fracture length, width, height, and SRV values across different fracturing sections, Sections No. 1 and No. 8 showed the best performance, with high MS event densities, extensive fracture networks, and significant energy release. However, Sections No. 4 and No. 5 exhibited sparse MS activity and poor fracture connectivity, indicating suboptimal stimulation effectiveness.

### 649. [Fluid evolution and fragmentation characteristics under high pressure water jet impact on thermal rock](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fluid-evolution-and-fragmentation-characteristics-under-high-pressure-water-jet-impact-on-thermal-rock) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.004]
In the application of high-pressure water jet assisted breaking of deep underground rock engineering, the influence mechanism of rock temperature on the rock fragmentation process under jet action is still unclear. Therefore, the fluid evolution characteristics and rock fracture behavior during jet impingement were studied. The results indicate that the breaking process of high-temperature rock by jet impact can be divided into four stages: initial fluid-solid contact stage, intense thermal exchange stage, perforation and fracturing stage, and crack propagation and penetration stage. With the increase of rock temperature, the jet reflection angles and the time required for complete cooling of the impact surface significantly decrease, while the number of cracks and crack propagation rate significantly increase, and the rock breaking critical time is shortened by up to 34.5%. Based on numerical simulation results, it was found that the center temperature of granite at 400 °C rapidly decreased from 390 to 260 °C within 0.7 s under jet impact. In addition, a critical temperature and critical heat flux prediction model considering the staged breaking of hot rocks was established. These findings provide valuable insights to guide the water jet technology assisted deep ground hot rock excavation project.

### 650. [Experimental insights into anchorage performance of en-echelon joints under cyclic shear loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-insights-into-anchorage-performance-of-en-echelon-joints-under-cyclic-shear-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.006]
Understanding the anchorage performance of en-echelon joints under cyclic shear loading is crucial for optimizing support strategies in jointed rock masses. This study examines the anchorage effects on en-echelon joints with various orientations using laboratory cyclic shear tests. By comparing unbolted and bolted en-echelon joints, we analyze shear zone damage, shear properties, dilatancy, energy absorption, and acoustic emission characteristics to evaluate anchoring effects across shear cycles and joint orientations. Results reveal that bolted en-echelon joints experience more severe shear zone damage after cycles, with bolt deformation correlating to shear zone width. Bolted en-echelon joints exhibit faster shear strength deterioration and higher cumulative strength loss compared to unbolted ones, with losses ranging from 20.04% to 72.76%. The compressibility of en-echelon joints reduces the anchoring effect during shear cycles, leading to lower shear strength of bolted en-echelon joints in later stages of shear cycles compared to unbolted ones. Bolts reinforce en-echelon joints more effectively at non-positive angles, with the best performance observed at 0° and –60°. Anchorage accelerates the transition from rolling friction to sliding friction in the shear zone, enhancing energy absorption, which is crucial for rock projects under dynamic shear loading. Additionally, rock bolts expedite the transition of the cumulative AE hits and cumulative AE energy curves from rapid to steady growth, indicating that strong bolt-rock interactions accelerate crack initiation, propagation, and energy release.

### 651. [Eco-friendly collectors in apatite froth flotation: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/eco-friendly-collectors-in-apatite-froth-flotation-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.010]
The global reliance on phosphate rock for agriculture and other industries, coupled with chemical regulations in developed countries, has driven the search for green alternatives in apatite flotation. This review investigates eco-friendly collectors’ effectiveness in promoting sustainable mineral processing, guiding future alternatives to traditional reagents. The manuscript discussed the surface properties of apatite and its interaction with eco-friendly collectors, assessing existing fundamental studies. This study sought to: (1) define, organize, and classify “eco-friendly” collectors; (2) evaluate their effect in IEP and contact angle; (3) provide a better understanding of the adsorption behavior of the different fatty acid chains into apatite surface; (4) assess their ability to reversely and directly float apatite; (5) address gaps to achieve selectivity and process optimization. Outcomes demonstrated that fatty acids are largely applied, but other renewable sources of these reagents have been promisingly evaluated. In addition, other natural reagents have been tested, and new green synthetics have demonstrated synergistic effects when combined with fatty acids, yielding significant improvements in grade and recovery. However, collector effectiveness varies with ore characteristics, like particle size and surface properties, which remain underexplored. Future research should design tailored collectors that align with mineralogical differences to enhance selectivity.

### 652. [A surrogate model for estimating rock stress by a hollow inclusion strain cell in a three-layer medium](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-surrogate-model-for-estimating-rock-stress-by-a-hollow-inclusion-strain-cell-in-a-three-layer-medium) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.003]
Accurate acquisition of the rock stress is crucial for various rock engineering applications. The hollow inclusion (HI) technique is widely used for measuring in-situ rock stress. This technique calculates the stress tensor by measuring strain using an HI strain cell. However, existing analytical solutions for stress calculation based on an HI strain cell in a double-layer medium are not applicable when an HI strain cell is used in a three-layer medium, leading to erroneous stress calculations. To address this issue, this paper presents a method for calculating stress tensors in a three-layer medium using numerical simulations, specifically by obtaining a constitutive matrix that relates strain measurements to stress tensors in a three-layer medium. Furthermore, using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and orthogonal experimental design strategies, 764 groups of numerical models encompassing various stress measurement scenarios have been established and calculated using FLAC3D software. Finally, a surrogate model based on artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict constitutive matrices, achieving a goodness of fit (R2) of 0.999 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.254. A software program has been developed from this surrogate model for ease of use in practical engineering applications. The method's accuracy was verified through numerical simulations, analytical solution and laboratory experiment, demonstrating its effectiveness in calculating stress in a three-layer medium. The surrogate model was applied to calculate mining-induced stress in the roadway roof rock of a coal mine, a typical case for stress measurement in a three-layer medium. Errors in stress calculations arising from the use of existing analytical solutions were corrected. The study also highlights the significant errors associated with using double-layer analytical solutions in a three-layer medium, which could lead to inappropriate engineering design.

### 653. [Microstructural evolution and hydraulic response of shale self-propped fracture using X-ray computed tomography and digital volume correlation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructural-evolution-and-hydraulic-response-of-shale-self-propped-fracture-using-x-ray-computed-tomograph) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.02.005]
Methane in-situ explosive fracturing technology produces shale debris particles within fracture channels, enabling a self-propping effect that enhances the fracture network conductivity and long-term stability. This study employs X-ray computed tomography (CT) and digital volume correlation (DVC) to investigate the microstructural evolution and hydromechanical responses of shale self-propped fracture under varying confining pressures, highlighting the critical role of shale particles in maintaining fracture conductivity. Results indicate that the fracture aperture in the self-propped sample is significantly larger than in the unpropped sample throughout the loading process, with shale particles tending to crush rather than embedded into the matrix, thus maintaining flow pathways. As confining pressure increases, contact areas between fracture surfaces and particles expand, enhancing the system’s stability and compressive resistance. Geometric analyses show flow paths becoming increasingly concentrated and branched under high stress. This resulted in a significant reduction in connectivity, restricting fracture permeability and amplifying the nonlinear gas flow behavior. This study introduces a permeability-strain recovery zone and a novel sensitivity parameter m, delineating stress sensitivity boundaries for permeability and normal strain, with m-value increasing with stress, revealing four characteristic regions. These findings offer theoretical support for optimizing fracturing techniques to enhance resource extraction efficiency.

### 654. [Self-assembled flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene-based thermally chargeable supercapacitor](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/self-assembled-flexible-ti3c2tx-mxene-based-thermally-chargeable-supercapacitor) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030009]
Thermally chargeable supercapacitors (TCSCs) have unique advantages in the collection, conversion, and storage of thermal energy, contributing to the development of new strategies for thermal energy utilization. 2D MXene materials are predicted to be highly promising new thermoelectric materials. Here, we report a self-assembled flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene-based TCSC device, using prepared Ti3C2Tx MXene as the capacitor electrode and a NaClO4/PEO gel as the electrolyte. We also explore the working mechanism of the TCSCs. The fabricated Ti3C2Tx-based TCSCs exhibit an excellent Seebeck coefficient of 11.8 mV∙K−1 on average and maintain good cycling stability under various temperature differences. Demonstrations of multiple practical applications show that Ti3C2Tx MXene-based TCSC devices are excellent candidates for self-powered integrated electronic devices.

### 655. [Nucleation control for the growth of two-dimensional single crystals](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nucleation-control-for-the-growth-of-two-dimensional-single-crystals) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030023]
The unique structure and exceptional properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials offer significant potential for transformative advancements in semiconductor industry. Similar to the reliance on wafer-scale single-crystal ingots for silicon-based chips, practical applications of 2D materials at the chip level need large-scale, high-quality production of 2D single crystals. Over the past two decades, the size of 2D single-crystals has been improved to wafer or meter scale, where the nucleation control during the growth process is particularly important. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive review of nucleation control to gain fundamental insights into the growth of 2D single-crystal materials. This review mainly focuses on two aspects: controlling nucleation density to enable the growth from a single nucleus, and controlling nucleation position to achieve the unidirectionally aligned islands and subsequent seamless stitching. Finally, we provide an overview and forecast of the strategic pathways for emerging 2D materials.

### 656. [Synthesis of p-type PbS quantum dot ink via inorganic ligand exchange in solution for high-efficiency and stable solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-of-p-type-pbs-quantum-dot-ink-via-inorganic-ligand-exchange-in-solution-for-high-efficiency-and-stab) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030003]
Traditional p-type colloidal quantum dot (CQD) hole transport layers (HTLs) used in CQD solar cells (CQDSCs) are commonly based on organic ligands exchange and the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. Nonetheless, the ligand detachment and complex fabrication process introduce surface defects, compromising device stability and efficiency. In this work, we propose a solution-phase ligand exchange (SPLE) method utilizing inorganic ligands to develop stable p-type lead sulfide (PbS) CQD inks for the first time. Various amounts of tin (II) iodide (SnI2) were mixed with lead halide (PbX2; X = I, Br) in the ligand solution. By precisely controlling the SnI₂ concentration, we regulate the transition of PbS QDs from n-type to p-type. PbS CQDSCs were fabricated using two different HTL approaches: one with 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT)-passivated QDs via the LbL method (control) and another with inorganic ligand-passivated QD ink (target). The target devices achieved a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.93%, compared to 9.83% for the control devices. This improvement is attributed to reduced interfacial defects and enhanced carrier mobility. The proposed technique offers an efficient pathway for producing stable p-type PbS CQD inks using inorganic ligands, paving the way for high-performance and flexible CQD-based optoelectronic devices.

### 657. [Manipulation strategy of cation inhomogeneity in perovskite solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/manipulation-strategy-of-cation-inhomogeneity-in-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030012]
In recent years, research advancements have highlighted the critical role of the A-site cation in determining the optoelectronic and physicochemical properties of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites. Mixed-cation perovskites (MCPs) have been extensively used as absorber thin films in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) over 26%. The incorporation of mixed cations has led to a more optimal tolerance factor for the crystal structure, enhancing structural stability and providing additional functionalities to improve the chemical stability of the absorber thin films. However, mixed-cation perovskite absorbers often experience element and phase segregation, which can reduce device efficiency and operational lifespan. This segregation is a widespread phenomenon observed across various types of MCPs, whether in 2D or 3D structures. Therefore, understanding the fundamental causes of non-uniformity and phase segregation, as well as effective nanoscale regulatory strategies, is essential for enhancing the performance of PSCs. The development of high-quality MCPs with highly uniform cation distribution and stable phases is critical for addressing the stability challenges in PSCs.

### 658. [Modeling the electronic band-structure of strained long-wavelength Type-II superlattices using the scattering matrix method](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modeling-the-electronic-band-structure-of-strained-long-wavelength-type-ii-superlattices-using-the-scattering) [DOI: 10.11972/j.issn.1001-9014.2025.03.2024260]
This study introduces a comprehensive theoretical framework for accurately calculating the electronic band-structure of strained long-wavelength InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices. Utilizing an eight-band k⋅p Hamiltonian in conjunction with a scattering matrix method, the model effectively incorporates quantum confinement, strain effects, and interface states. This robust and numerically stable approach achieves exceptional agreement with experimental data, offering a reliable tool for analyzing and engineering the band structure of complex multilayer systems.

### 659. [A 112 Gbps DSP-based PAM4 SerDes receiver with a wide band equalization tuning AFE in 7 nm FinFET](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-112-gbps-dsp-based-pam4-serdes-receiver-with-a-wide-band-equalization-tuning-afe-in-7-nm-finfet) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030001]
In DSP-based SerDes application, it is essential for AFE to implement a pre-ADC equalization to provide a better signal for ADC and DSP. To meet the various equalization requirements of different channel and transmitter configurations, this paper presents a 112 Gbps DSP-Based PAM4 SerDes receiver with a wide band equalization tuning AFE. The AFE is realized by implementing source degeneration transconductance, feedforward high-pass branch and inductive feedback peaking TIA. The AFE offers a flexible equalization gain tuning of up to 17.5 dB at Nyquist frequency without affecting the DC gain. With the proposed AFE, the receiver demonstrates eye opening after digital FIR equalization and achieves 6 × 10−9 BER with a 29.6 dB insertion loss channel.

### 660. [The failure process of high stress rock with through-water disturbance based on acoustic emission](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/the-failure-process-of-high-stress-rock-with-through-water-disturbance-based-on-acoustic-emission) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.009]
In the process of deep engineering excavation, the mechanical properties of rock are significantly influenced by the coupled effects of water and high stress, which greatly increase construction difficulty. To more accurately investigate the impact of water disturbance on the failure process of dry rock under high stress and the failure mechanisms of saturated rock in underwater environments, a water environment test chamber and a prefabricated borehole specimen through-water device were designed. A series of experiments were conducted, including uniaxial tests, water-disturbed granite cylinder tests, and through-water disturbance tests on prefabricated hole square specimens. The results showed that the acoustic emission (AE) hits and accumulated energy after the through-water disturbance at the same time were 8.77 and 12.08 times higher than before the disturbance, respectively. And water disturbance increased the proportion of tensile failure and reduced the proportion of shear failure. A key observation was that AE events were mainly generated in the permeation areas near the borehole. The main reason was that under high stress, the weakening effect of water led to the failure of the local mineral structure of the rock, promoting crack extension and triggering overall instability. Notably, failure of the saturated specimens underwater was only observed when the applied load approached the saturation strength of the prefabricated hole square specimens. The study results provide an important theoretical basis for understanding the damage mechanism of water-disturbed rocks in deep engineering, and have significant implications for the design and construction of engineering.

### 661. [CZTS Based Novel Bifunctional Photovoltaic and Self-Powered Photodetection Nano System](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/czts-based-novel-bifunctional-photovoltaic-and-self-powered-photodetection-nano-system) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025]
CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) is a quaternary semiconductor that is environmentally friendly and less expensive. In this paper, we report on the optimization and fabrication of CZTS-based heterojunction nanodevices for bifunctional applications such as solar cells and photodetectors. CZTS thin films were deposited on Mo-coated glass substrates via RF sputtering at 100 and 200 W. Rapid thermal processing (RTP) was used at 300, 400, and 500 °C. CdS was deposited using chemical bath deposition with 3- and 5-min deposition times. ZnO and AZO layers were deposited using RF sputtering to create the solar device. XRD confirms the formation of a tetragonal structure with increased crystallinity due to RTP. Raman reveals characteristic peaks at 336 and 335 cm−1. FESEM shows a relationship with RTP temperature. The ideality factor is nearly 2, indicating imperfection in the Mo/CZTS interface. Schottky barrier height estimates range from 0.6 to 0.7 eV. Absorbance and transmittance show predictable fluctuations with RTP temperature. Photovoltaic devices were built using the higher crystalline feature of CZTS with CdS deposited at 3 and 5 min. The efficiencies were 1.15% and 0.97%, respectively. Fabricated devices were used for wavelength-dependent photodetection, demonstrating self-powered photodetection.

### 662. [Effect of nitrogen incorporation and surface passivation on photoluminescence properties of InAs-based nanowires](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-nitrogen-incorporation-and-surface-passivation-on-photoluminescence-properties-of-inas-based-nanowir) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030041]
InAsN nanowires on InAs stems were obtained using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on a SiOx/Si (111) substrate. Also, heterostructured InAs/InAsN and InAsN/InP nanowires were grown in the core/shell geometry. In the low-temperature photoluminescence spectra of the grown structures, spectral features are observed that correspond to the polytypic structure of nanowires with a predominance of the wurtzite phase and parasitic islands of the sphalerite phase. It was shown that the interband photoluminescence spectral features of InAsN nanowires experience a red shift relative to the pristine InAs nanowires. The incorporation of nitrogen reduces the bandgap by splitting the conduction band into two subbands. The position of the spectral features in the photoluminescence spectra confirms the formation of a nitride solid solution with a polytypic hexagonal structure, having a concentration of nitrogen atoms of up to 0.7%. Additional passivation of the nanowire surface with InP leads to a decrease in the intensity of nonradiative recombination and an improvement in the photoluminescent response of the nanowires, which makes it possible to detect photoluminescence emission at room temperature. Thus, by changing the composition and morphology of nanowires, it is possible to control their electronic structure, which allows varying the operating range of detectors and mid-IR radiation sources based on them.

### 663. [Preface to Special Topic on Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials, Devices, and Characterization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preface-to-special-topic-on-quantum-dot-semiconductor-optoelectronic-materials-devices-and-characterization) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030801]
The discovery and synthesis of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. QDs, as a novel class of materials distinct from traditional molecular materials and bulk materials, have rapidly emerged in the field of optoelectronic applications due to their unique size-, composition-, surface-, and process-dependent optoelectronic properties. More importantly, their ultra-high specific surface area allows for the application of various surface chemical engineering techniques to regulate and optimize their optoelectronic performance. Furthermore, three-dimensionally confined QDs can achieve nearly perfect photoluminescence quantum yields and extended hot carrier cooling times. Particularly, their ability to be colloidally synthesized and processed using industrially friendly solvents is driving transformative changes in the fields of electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics. In this Special Topic, we have selected four typical types of QD materials and their optoelectronic applications, including 4 Research Articles and 1 Review, to introduce the latest research advances in QD materials and optoelectronic fields.

### 664. [High-Speed Electro-Absorption Modulated Laser](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-speed-electro-absorption-modulated-laser) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030015]
Currently, the global 5G network, cloud computing, and data center industries are experiencing rapid development. The continuous growth of data center traffic has driven the vigorous progress in high-speed optical transceivers for optical interconnection within data centers. The electro-absorption modulated laser (EML), which is widely used in optical fiber communications, data centers, and high-speed data transmission systems, represents a high-performance photoelectric conversion device. Compared to traditional directly modulated lasers (DMLs), EMLs demonstrate lower frequency chirp and higher modulation bandwidth, enabling support for higher data rates and longer transmission distances. This article introduces the composition, working principles, manufacturing processes, and applications of EMLs. It reviews the progress on advanced indium phosphide (InP)-based EML devices from research institutions worldwide, while summarizing and comparing data transmission rates and key technical approaches across various studies.

### 665. [Jitter suppression scheme for detection pulses in high-speed sinusoidal gated single-photon detectors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/jitter-suppression-scheme-for-detection-pulses-in-high-speed-sinusoidal-gated-single-photon-detectors) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030031]
Quantum key distribution (QKD) achieves information-theoretic security based on quantum mechanics principles, where single-photon detectors (SPDs) serve as critical components. This study focuses on the sinusoidal gated SPDs widely used in high-speed QKD systems. We investigate the mechanisms underlying the rising-edge jitter in detection signals, identifying contributions from factors such as the temporal width of injected optical pulses, avalanche generation processes, avalanche signal extraction, and pulse discrimination. To address the issue of excessive jitter-induced bit errors, we propose a retiming scheme that utilizes coincidence signals synchronized with the sinusoidal gating signal. This approach effectively suppresses detection signal jitter and reduces the after-pulse probability of the detector. Experimental validation using a high-precision time-to-digital converter (TDC) demonstrates a significant reduction in the rising-edge jitter distribution after applying the suppression scheme. The proposed method features clear principles and straightforward engineering implementation, avoiding direct interference with the detector's operational processes. The designed high-speed sinusoidal gated InGaAs/InP SPD operates at 1.25 GHz, achieving a remarkable reduction in after-pulse probability from 10.7% (without jitter suppression) to 0.72%, thereby enhancing the overall performance of QKD systems.

### 666. [Research on optical soliton characteristics GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated optical chip](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-optical-soliton-characteristics-gasb-based-2-m-wavelength-two-section-integrated-optical-chip) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030011]
The optical soliton characteristics of GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength integrated optical chips have broad application prospects in optoelectronic fields such as optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and gas environment monitoring. In the research of two-section integrated optical chips, more attention is paid to their passive mode-locked characteristics. The ability of its structure to generate stable soliton transmission has not yet been studied, which will limit its further application in high-performance near-mid infrared optoelectronic technology. In this paper, we design and prepare a GaSb-based ~2 μm wavelength two-section integrated semiconductor laser chip structure, and test and analyze its related properties of soliton, including power−injection current−voltage (P−I−V), temperature and mode-locked characteristics. Experimental results show that the chip can achieve stable mode-locked operation at nearly ~2 μm wavelength and present the working characteristics of near optical soliton states and multi-peak optical soliton states. By comparing and analyzing the measured optical pulse sequence curve with the numerical fitting based on the pure fourth order soliton approximation solution, it is confirmed that the two-section integrated optical chip structure can generate stable transmission of multi-peak optical soliton. This provides a research direction for developing near-mid infrared mode-locked integrated optical chips with high-performance property of optical soliton.

### 667. [Simulation and fabrication of vertical channel transistors with self-aligned high-κ metal gates using ion implantation for source/drain doping](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/simulation-and-fabrication-of-vertical-channel-transistors-with-self-aligned-high-metal-gates-using-ion-implan) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030043]
In vertical channel transistors (VCTs), source/drain ion implantation (I/I) represents a significant technical challenge due to inherent three-dimensional structural constraints, which induce complications such as difficulties in dummy gate formation and shadowing effects of I/I. This article systematically investigates the impact of different implantation conditions on the performance of VCTs with and without dummy gates through TCAD simulation. It reveals the significant role of the lightly doped regions (LDRs) naturally formed due to ion implantation in source/drain of VCTs. Furthermore, it was found that VCT without dummy gates can achieve an approximately 27% increase in on-state current (Ion) under the same implantation conditions, and can greatly simplify the process flow and reduce costs. Finally, N-type and P-type VCTs were successfully fabricated using this implantation method.

### 668. [A high reliability NOR flash cell in 50 nm node technology](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-high-reliability-nor-flash-cell-in-50-nm-node-technology) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030030]
Along with NOR flash cell scaling down, dielectric burnout has gradually become one of the most important factors which affects product reliability, especially for high dropout voltage films. In this study, we demonstrate a reliability-enhanced NOR flash cell in 50 nm node technology through structural optimization of floating gate (FG) dimensions and active area profile. By synergistically increasing FG thickness, reducing FG width, and tuning cell-open depth, the control gate-to-active area corner distance expands by 22%, suppressing peak electric fields by 29% vertically and 18% horizontally. This structural innovation achieves: (1) 100× reduction in early-cycle burnout failures, (2) 7.38× time dependent dielectric breakdown lifetime improvement, while maintaining data retention and accelerating programming/erasing speeds by 15.4%/7.3%. The enhanced reliability enables 97.5% reduction in Fowler−Nordheim stress time during characterization program testing, providing a cost-effective solution for automotive-grade flash memories.

### 669. [Coal pitch-based nanosheets enhance the electronic and ionic transport of flow electrode capacitive deionization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coal-pitch-based-nanosheets-enhance-the-electronic-and-ionic-transport-of-flow-electrode-capacitive-deionizati) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.008]
High-salinity wastewater treatment has always been a challenging issue. In this study, coal tar pitch was used as the carbon source and melamine as the nitrogen source to prepare coal tar pitch-based nanosheets (CPN-9) using a salt-template method. The desalination performance of CPN-9 was evaluated using flow-electrode capacitive deionization technology. The results showed that CPN-9 has a high specific surface area (466.34 m2/g), a rich pore structure (micro-/meso-pore volume was 0.28), excellent rheological properties, and hydrophilicity (contact angle of 20.44°), thereby accelerating ion transport. Electrochemical results indicated that CPN-9 exhibits a significant double-layer ion storage mechanism, with a specific capacitance of 176.66 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. CPN-9 has a very low charge transfer resistance. The synergistic effect of aromatic carbon and nitrogen doping (the content of pyrrole and pyridine nitrogen was 36.40% and 35.83%, respectively) in coal tar pitch accelerates electron transfer in CPN-9. The good ion diffusion performance and low impedance of CPN-9 accelerate the ion exchange rate, resulting in outstanding desalination performance. At 1.2 V and 3% mass loading, with a CPN-9 to conductive carbon black ratio of 4:1, the average desalination rate, charge efficiency, and energy consumption reached 0.039 mg/(cm2 min), 48.47%, and 0.012 kWh/mol, respectively. In summary, this study optimized the structure of CPN-9 from the perspective of electronic and ionic transport, enhancing its desalination performance and providing theoretical support for the deionization of high-salinity wastewater.

### 670. [Key techniques for precise measuring gas content in deep coal mine: In-situ pressure- and gas-preserved coring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/key-techniques-for-precise-measuring-gas-content-in-deep-coal-mine-in-situ-pressure-and-gas-preserved-coring) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.004]
Gas content serves as a critical indicator for assessing the resource potential of deep coal mines and forecasting coal mine gas outburst risks. However, existing sampling technologies face challenges in maintaining the integrity of gas content within samples and are often constrained by estimation errors inherent in empirical formulas, which results in inaccurate gas content measurements. This study introduces a lightweight, in-situ pressure- and gas-preserved corer designed to collect coal samples under the pressure conditions at the sampling point, effectively preventing gas loss during transfer and significantly improving measurement accuracy. Additionally, a gas migration model for deep coal mines was developed to elucidate gas migration characteristics under pressure-preserved coring conditions. The model offers valuable insights for optimizing coring parameters, demonstrating that both minimizing the coring hole diameter and reducing the pressure difference between the coring-point pressure and the original pore pressure can effectively improve the precision of gas content measurements. Coring tests conducted at an experimental base validated the performance of the corer and its effectiveness in sample collection. Furthermore, successful horizontal coring tests conducted in an underground coal mine roadway demonstrated that the measured gas content using pressure-preserved coring was 34% higher than that obtained through open sampling methods.

### 671. [High-responsivity and high-speed germanium photodetector for C + L application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-responsivity-and-high-speed-germanium-photodetector-for-c-l-application) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030017]
A silicon-based germanium (Ge) photodetector working for C and L bands is proposed in this paper. The device features a novel asymmetric PIN structure, which contributes to a more optimized electric field distribution in Ge and a shorter effective width of depleted region. Meanwhile, the optical structure is designed carefully to enhance responsivity for broadband. Under −7 V, where the weak avalanche process happens, the responsivity of our device is 1.49 and 1.16 A/W at 1550 and 1600 nm, with bandwidth of 47.1 and 44.5 GHz, respectively. These performances demonstrate the significant application potential of the device in optical communication systems.

### 672. [Energy Regulation Mechanism and Medium-Filling Effect of Energy-Focusing Blast](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/energy-regulation-mechanism-and-medium-filling-effect-of-energy-focusing-blast) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.010]
The energy-focusing blast is an innovative and ingenious method to achieve directional fracturing. Understanding its energy regulation mechanism is critical to enhancing its practical effectiveness. This study investigates the energy regulation mechanism and explores the medium-filling effects within the energy-focusing blast by employing theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and model tests. The findings by theoretical and numerical analysis first reveal that two stages of the fracturing and tensile stage govern the directionally crack propagation, in which the explosion energy in the non-energy-focusing direction is suppressed, compressing the borehole wall, while redirected energy produces tensile stress in the energy-focusing direction, driving the formation of directional cracks. The choice of filling medium significantly affects directional cracking due to its impact on energy distribution and regulation, and key properties such as wave impedance and compressibility of the filling medium are critical. Experimental comparisons using air, sand, and water as filling media further disclose the distinct effects of the medium on energy regulation and directional crack growth of the energy-focusing blast. The maximum shaped-energy coefficients for air, sand, and water are 1.30, 4.41, and 6.12 in the energy-focusing direction, respectively. Meanwhile, the stress attenuation rate of air, sand, and water increases in that order. The higher wave impedance and lower compressibility of water support efficient and uniform energy propagation, which subtly enhances the tensile actions in the focusing direction and intensifies the overall stress impact of the energy-focusing blast. In addition, the stresses in the non-energy-focusing directions decrease as the angle from the energy-focusing direction increases, while the stresses are relatively uniform for both air and water but noticeably uneven for sand; meanwhile, the fractal dimensions of blasting cracks in the case of air, water, and sand are 1.076, 1.068, and 1.112, respectively. Sand as a filling medium leads to increased crack irregularities due to its granularity and heterogeneity. The water medium strikes an optimal balance by promoting the blasting energy transition and optimizing the energy distribution, maintaining the least flatness of the directional crack during energy-focusing blasts.

### 673. [Fatigue behaviour characteristics and life prediction of rock under low-cycle loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fatigue-behaviour-characteristics-and-life-prediction-of-rock-under-low-cycle-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.007]
The fatigue characteristics of rock materials significantly impact the economy and safety of underground structures during construction. Hence, it is essential to conduct further investigation into the progressive damage processes of rocks under cyclic loading conditions. This research utilised both laboratory experiments and discrete element simulations to investigate how confining pressure and fatigue upper limit stress influence the mechanical behaviour and crack development of marble under low-cycle fatigue conditions. By introducing synthetic displacement and reasonable assumptions, the classical damage evolution law was updated, resulting in a fatigue life prediction formula applicable to various rock materials and loading conditions. The results indicate that lower fatigue upper limit stress can delay the accumulation of damage and extend the fatigue life of the rock, but it results in more severe ultimate failure. The damage variable's correlation with the relative number of loading cycles for different fatigue load upper limits under the same confining pressure can be approximated by the same functional relationship. The modified damage evolution model provides an effective characterisation of this trend. The proposed fatigue life prediction method comprehensively accounts for different rock materials, confining pressures, loading frequencies, and initial damage, showing a close match with actual results.

### 674. [Calculation Model for Kinetic Energy and Rock Burst Risk Evaluation Method During Roadway Excavation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/calculation-model-for-kinetic-energy-and-rock-burst-risk-evaluation-method-during-roadway-excavation) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.006]
The accumulation and release of deformation energy within the rock mass of a roadway are primary contributors to the occurrence of rock bursts. This study introduces a calculation model for the kinetic energy generated during roadway excavation, which is based on the fracture and energy states of the rock mass. The relationships among the mining depth, width of the plastic zone, rebound range of the roof and floor, stress concentration factor, and the induced kinetic energy are systematically explored. Furthermore, a rock burst risk evaluation method is proposed. The findings indicate that the energy evolution of the rock mass can be categorized into four stages: energy accumulation due to in-situ stress, energy accumulation resulting from coal compression, energy dissipation through coal plastic deformation, and energy consumption due to coal failure. The energy release from the rock mass is influenced by several factors, including mining depth, stress concentration factor, the width of the plastic zone, and the rebound range of the roof and floor. Within the plastic zone of coal, the energy released per unit volume of coal and the induced kinetic energy exhibit a nonlinear increase with mining depth and stress concentration factor, while they decrease linearly as the width of the plastic zone increases. Similarly, the driving energy per unit volume of the roof and floor shows a nonlinear increase with mining depth and stress concentration factor, a linear increase with the rebound range of the roof and floor, and a linear decrease with the width of the plastic zone. A rock burst risk evaluation method is developed based on the kinetic energy model. Field observations demonstrate that this method aligns with the drilling cuttings rock burst risk assessment method, thereby confirming its validity.

### 675. [Dynamic Impact Simulation Tests of Deep Roadways Affected by High Stress and Fault Slip](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-impact-simulation-tests-of-deep-roadways-affected-by-high-stress-and-fault-slip) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.03.005]
As coal mining depth increases, the combined effects of high stress, mining stress, and fault structures make dynamic impact hazards more frequent. The reproduction of dynamic impact phenomena is the basis for studying their occurrence patterns and control mechanisms. Physical simulation testing is an efficacious methodology, yet there is currently a lack of simulation devices that can effectively simulate two types of dynamic impact phenomena: high stress and fault slip dynamic impact. To address these issues, the physical simulation test system for dynamic impact in deep roadways developed by the authors is employed to carry out comparative tests of high stress and fault slip dynamic impact. The phenomena of high stress and fault slip dynamic impact are reproduced successfully. A comparative analysis is conducted on dynamic phenomena, stress evolution, roadway deformation, and support force. The high stress dynamic impact roadway instability mode, characterized by the release of high energy accompanied by symmetric damage, and the fault slip dynamic impact roadway instability mode, characterized by the propagation of unilateral stress waves accompanied by asymmetric damage, are clarified. On this basis, differentiated control concepts for different types of dynamic impact in deep roadways are proposed.

### 676. [Influencing Factors of Noise Characteristics in EBCMOS with Uniformly Doped P-type Substrates](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influencing-factors-of-noise-characteristics-in-ebcmos-with-uniformly-doped-p-type-substrates) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030039]
In this study, with the aim of achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in an electron-bombarded complementary metal−oxide−semiconductor (EBCMOS) imaging chip, we analyzed the sources of noise using principles from low-light-level imaging and semiconductor theory, and established a physical computational model that relates the electron-multiplication layer to the noise characteristics of an EBCMOS chip in a uniformly doped structure with a P-type substrate. We conducted theoretical calculations to analyze the effects on noise characteristics of the passivation layer material and thickness, P-substrate doping concentration, P-substrate thickness, incident electron energy, and substrate temperature. By comparing the characteristics of pixel noise, dark current, multiplication electron numbers, and SNR under various structures, we simulated optimized structural parameters of the device. Our simulation results showed that the noise characteristics of the device could be optimized using an Al2O3 passivation thickness of 15 nm and substrate temperature of 260 K, and by decreasing the doping concentration and thickness of the P-type substrate and increasing the incident electron energy. The optimized SNR were 252 e/e. And the substantial impact of dark current noise, primarily governed by interfacial defects, on the overall noise characteristics of the device. This research offers theoretical support to develop EBCMOS imaging chips with high gain and SNR.

### 677. [Efficient Multi-Millijoule THz Wave Generation from Laser Interactions with a Cylindrical GaAs Waveguide](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/efficient-multi-millijoule-thz-wave-generation-from-laser-interactions-with-a-cylindrical-gaas-waveguide) [DOI: 10.11972/j.issn.1001-9014.2025.04.2025001]
This study involved a comprehensive investigation aimed at achieving efficient multi-millijoule THz wave generation by exploiting the unique properties of cylindrical GaAs waveguides as effective mediators of the conversion of laser energy into THz waves. Through meticulous investigation, valuable insights into optimizing THz generation processes for practical applications were unearthed. By investigating Hertz potentials, an eigenvalue equation for the solutions of the guided modes (i.e., eigenvalues) was found. The effects of various parameters, including the effective mode index and the laser pulse power, on the electric field components of THz radiation, including the fundamental TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic) modes, were evaluated. By analyzing these factors, this research elucidated the nuanced mechanisms governing THz wave generation within cylindrical GaAs waveguides, paving the way for refined methodologies and enhanced efficiency. The significance of cylindrical GaAs waveguides extends beyond their roles as mere facilitators of THz generation; their design and fabrication hold the key to unlocking the potential for compact and portable THz systems. This transformative capability not only amplifies the efficiency of THz generation but also broadens the horizons of practical applications.

### 678. [Progress and trends of low-jitter fractional-N PLL](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/progress-and-trends-of-low-jitter-fractional-n-pll) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040035]
Fractional-N phase-locked loops (PLLs) are widely deployed in high-speed communication systems to generate local oscillator (LO) or clock signals with precise frequency. To support sophisticated modulations for increasing the data rate, the PLL needs to generate low-jitter output. Since the output frequency of the fractional-N PLL is not an integer multiple of the reference clock frequency, the phase error seen by the phase detector (PD) contains not only a random part induced by the oscillator and loop noise, but also a deterministic part due to the fractional operation, which is referred to as the quantization error (Q-error). The Q-error has two side effects on the output jitter. Firstly, the Q-error will induce quantization noise in the PLL output. Although the energy of quantization noise can be shaped to high offset frequencies and suppressed by the low-pass characteristics of the loop with the aid of a delta-sigma modulator (DSM), it could still contribute a substantial portion of the output jitter if a moderate or large loop bandwidth is required to suppress the oscillator's phase noise (PN). Secondly, when the Q-error passes through a nonlinear PD, fractional spurs will be generated, and quantization noise at high offset frequencies will be folded into in-band, which also degrades the output jitter. These side effects could limit the jitter performance in fractional-N PLLs. In the following sections, recent techniques to minimize the side effects of Q-error that enable low-jitter fractional-N PLL with high power efficiency will be reviewed.

### 679. [A γ-irradiated AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diode with barrier-decreased Schottky junction and high breakdown voltage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-irradiated-algangan-schottky-barrier-diode-with-barrier-decreased-schottky-junction-and-high-breakdown-volta) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040026]
In this letter, we demonstrate the effect of γ irradiation on the lateral AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) with self-terminated recessed anode structure and low work-function metal tungsten (W) as anode. For a comprehensive evaluation of the radiation-resistance performance of the device, the total dose of γ irradiation is up to 100 kGy with irradiation time of 20 h. Attributed to the barrier lowering effect of the W/GaN interface induced by γ irradiation observed in the experiment, the extracted turn-on voltage (VON) defined at anode forward current of 1 mA decreases from 0.47 to 0.43 V. Meanwhile, benefiting from the reinforced Schottky interface treated by post-anode-annealing, a high breakdown voltage (BV) of 1.75 kV is obtained for the γ-irradiated AlGaN/GaN SBD, which shows the promising application for the deep-space radiation environment and promotes the development of radiation-resistance research for GaN SBDs.

### 680. [Trends and Emerging Techniques in Isolated Power Converters](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/trends-and-emerging-techniques-in-isolated-power-converters) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040037]
Isolated power converters have emerged as an active research topic in power integrated circuit (IC) design, enabling safe and reliable power delivery across voltage domains in applications such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, and telecommunications. This mini review highlights recent advances and trends in isolated power converter technologies, focusing on efficiency improvement and EMI suppression. Efficiency enhancement techniques include on-chip transformer integration with high-frequency LC-tank oscillators, specialized fabrication methods to improve transformer Q-factor, and transformer-in-package designs using thick copper traces or magnetic cores. Advanced packaging techniques like fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) are also explored to reduce form factor and enhance performance. Additionally, rectifier architecture innovations, such as active rectifiers and dual-LC-resonant structures, are discussed to overcome efficiency limitations. EMI reduction techniques address both conducted and radiated emissions, which are critical for compliance with standards like CISPR-32 and EN-55032 Class B. The review summarizes representative implementations and outlines future directions for achieving higher efficiency, higher power density, and better EMI performance in isolated power converters.

### 681. [Multi-chip multi-phase DC−DC converters for AI power: a ring, a chain, or a net, independent or master-slave?](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-chip-multi-phase-dcdc-converters-for-ai-power-a-ring-a-chain-or-a-net-independent-or-master-slave) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040033]
As artificial intelligence (AI) workloads escalate exponentially, ultra-thin, high-efficiency voltage regulator modules (VRMs) with exceptional power density become essential for backside-mounted configurations. High-density multiphase DC−DC converters are pivotal for implementing vertical power delivery (VPD) architectures in XPU platforms. Strategically positioning these converters beneath processors and maximizing spatial utilization enables core rail currents exceeding 2 kA while significantly reducing power distribution network (PDN) losses compared to conventional solutions. The VPD configuration elevates system-level energy efficiency with >100 W power saving per processor, yielding megawatt-scale savings in a datacenter that uses ~100 000 processors. The synergy of 48 V power conversion architectures and advanced packaging techniques enables the industry’s commitment to balancing computational demands with CO2 emission reduction and environmental sustainability. This paper discusses system architecture, layout geometry, and control strategies for multi-chip multi-phase DC−DC converters, comparing ring, chain, and net topologies, as well as independent and master-slave control schemes.

### 682. [Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/eco-sustainable-biosynthesis-of-cofe2o4-nanoparticles-using-apple-extract-for-multifunctional-applications) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013]
This study investigates the effect of apple extract on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized via a green self-ignition method. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) showed nanometric particles with varied shapes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement confirmed a facecentered cubic (Fd3̅m) structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed a Zeeman sextet pattern with only Fe3+ ions. Ultra violet vissible nearinfrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectra indicated strong absorbance in the visible and NIR regions, suggesting optoelectronic potential. The nanoparticles demonstrated high photo-Fenton catalytic efficiency, degrading 96.88% of Methylene Blue under visible light. They also exhibited 100% adsorption capacities for Cr3+ and Pb2+, making them effective for water treatment. These properties were attributed to a large surface area (347.04 m2/g), mesoporous structure, and mixed spinel phase. ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests confirmed that contact time and adsorbent dosage significantly affected pollutant removal. Additionally, strong antimicrobial activity highlighted their biotechnological relevance. The inclusion of apple extract enhanced structural and functional features, expanding application prospects in spin valves, magnetic recording, refrigeration, microwave technologies (C to Ku bands), optoelectronics, and biotechnology. Future work should explore the photo-Fenton degradation mechanism and optimize synthesis for scalable production, aiming to maximize their industrial utility.

### 683. [Solar-blind UV light-modulated β-Ga2O3 full-wave bridge rectifier](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/solar-blind-uv-light-modulated-ga2o3-full-wave-bridge-rectifier) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040027]
A monolithic integrated full-wave bridge rectifier consisted of horizontal Schottky-barrier diodes (SBD) is prepared based on 100 nm ultra-thin β-Ga2O3 and demonstrated the solar-blind UV (SUV) light-modulated characteristics. Under SUV light illumination, the rectifier has the excellent full-wave rectification characteristics for the AC input signals of 5, 12, and 24 V with different frequencies. Further, experimental results confirmed the feasibility of continuously tuning the rectified output through SUV light-encoding. This work provides valuable insights for the development of optically programmable Ga2O3 AC-DC converters.

### 684. [A Minireview on Technology and Application of Silicon Integrated Single Crystal Perovskite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-minireview-on-technology-and-application-of-silicon-integrated-single-crystal-perovskite) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040012]
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have become promising optoelectronic materials due to their long carrier lifetimes and high mobility. However, the presence of defects and ion migration in MHPs results in high and unstable dark currents, which compromise the stability and detection performance of MHP-based optoelectronic devices. Interfacial engineering has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce defect density in MHPs and suppress ion migration. Given the compatibility of silicon (Si) and MHP processing technologies, coupled with the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the approach, the integration of MHPs onto Si surfaces has become a prominent area of research. This integration not only enhances device performance but also expands their practical applications. This review provides an overview of the integration technologies for Si and single crystal MHPs, evaluates the advantages and limitations of various integration schemes (including inverse temperature crystallization, vacuum-assisted vapor deposition, and anti-solvent vapor-assisted crystallization), and explores the practical applications of Si/MHP-integrated optoelectronic devices with different structures. These optimized devices exhibit outstanding performance in X-ray detection, multi-wavelength photodetection, and circularly polarized light detection. This review provides a systematic reference for technological innovation and application expansion of Si/MHP-integrated devices.

### 685. [Multi-directional disturbance effect of shear mechanical behaviors and fracturing mechanisms of rockmass intermittent structural plane under true triaxial shear test](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-directional-disturbance-effect-of-shear-mechanical-behaviors-and-fracturing-mechanisms-of-rockmass-inter) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.008]
After the excavation of deep mining tunnels and underground caverns, the stability of surrounding rock controlled by structural planes is prone to structural damage and even engineering disasters due to three-dimensional stress redistribution and multi-directional dynamic construction interference. However, the shear mechanical behavior, fracture evolution mechanism and precursor characteristics of rockmass under true triaxial stress and multi-directional coupling disturbance are not unclear. Therefore, this study carried out true triaxial shear tests on limestone intermittent structural planes under uni-, bi- and tri-directional coupling disturbances to analyze its mechanical behavior, fracture evolution mechanism and precursor characteristics. The results show that as the disturbance direction increase, the shear strength of limestone generally decreases, while the roughness of structural planes and the degree of anisotropy generally exhibit an increasing trend. The proportion of shear cracks on the structural plane increases with the increase of shear stress. The disturbance strain rate before failure shows a U-shaped trend. Near to disturbance failure, there were more high-energy and high-amplitude acoustic emission events near the structural plane, and b-value drops rapidly below 1, while lgN/b ratio increased to above 3. These findings provide experimental recognition and theoretical support for assessing the stability of rockmass under blasting excavation.

### 686. [Radiation Hardness of 1.2 kV SiC Power Devices with Advanced Edge Termination Structures under Proton Irradiation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/radiation-hardness-of-12-kv-sic-power-devices-with-advanced-edge-termination-structures-under-proton-irradiati) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040023]
This work presents a systematic analysis of proton-induced total ionizing dose (TID) effects in 1.2 kV silicon carbide (SiC) power devices with various edge termination structures. Three edge terminations including ring-assisted junction termination extension (RA-JTE), multiple floating zone JTE (MFZ-JTE), and field limiting rings (FLR) were fabricated and irradiated with 45 MeV protons at fluences ranging from 1 × 10^12 to 1 × 10^14 cm^-2. Experimental results, supported by TCAD simulations, show that the RA-JTE structure maintained stable breakdown performance with less than 1% variation due to its effective electric field redistribution by multiple P+ rings. In contrast, MFZ-JTE and FLR exhibit breakdown voltage shifts of 6.1% and 15.2%, respectively, under the highest fluence. These results demonstrate the superior radiation tolerance of the RA-JTE structure under TID conditions and provide practical design guidance for radiation-hardened SiC power devices in space and other high-radiation environments.

### 687. [Deterioration mechanism and dynamic constitutive model of coal-rock assemblages considering chemical corrosion and impact damage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deterioration-mechanism-and-dynamic-constitutive-model-of-coal-rock-assemblages-considering-chemical-corrosion) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.006]
To reveal the deterioration mechanism of coal-rock assemblages under chemical corrosion and dynamic loading, chemical corrosion and dynamic impact experiments were conducted. Under different chemical corrosion conditions, the weakening characteristics, observable characteristics, softening characteristics of the dynamic parameters, dynamic failure characteristics, dynamic failure forms and dynamic microscopic characteristics were analyzed. Under each corrosion condition, the dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic deformation modulus and dynamic peak intensity tended to decrease with immersing time. The dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic deformation modulus and dynamic peak intensity exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend. Under dynamic impact, the failure process of acidly corroded samples can be divided into the following stages: the initial stage, elastic energy accumulation stage, local failure of coal and secondary rock crack expansion stage, coal fragment ejection stage, rock spalling stage and complete instability stage. Under dynamic impact, failure modes exist: coal crushing failure, rock fragmenting failure, rock splitting failure and full splitting failure. After impact failure, sample fragments are distributed in powder, granular, cone and block forms. Based on Zhu-Wang-Tang nonlinear viscoelastic properties, a model considering chemical corrosion and impact damage was proposed. The combined effects of chemical and impact-induced damage on the dynamic mechanical properties of coal-rock assemblages were systematically analyzed.

### 688. [Homogeneity-dependent fracture behavior and instability mechanism of composite coal-rock: Insights from three-point bending tests](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/homogeneity-dependent-fracture-behavior-and-instability-mechanism-of-composite-coal-rock-insights-from-three-p) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.007]
To investigate the instability mechanisms of heterogeneous geological structures in goaf area roofs, three-point bending tests (TPBT) and numerical simulations are performed on composite coal-rock (CCR). Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is employed to analyze key parameters, establishing a multi-parameter quantitative system for CCR fracture processes. The impact of lithological homogeneity on fracture evolution and energy migration is examined. Results show that CCR exhibits a three-stage mechanical response: weak contact, strong contact, and post-peak stages, each with distinct crack evolution patterns. A positive correlation is found between lithological homogeneity and tensile crack proportion. No significant correlation is observed between AE average frequency (AF) and AE counts across different lithological CCR; however, peak frequency (PF) displays clear lithology-dependent characteristics. The regulatory effect of the rock homogeneity coefficient (u) on crack derivation mechanisms is quantified, yielding mathematical relationships between fracture strength (f), crack propagation path angle (b), crack fractal dimension (D), and u. The study highlights how different fracture modes alter energy migration pathways, confirming the coupling effect of grain distribution on mechanical response and crack propagation, and the influence of parameter u on critical energy release zones. These findings offer new insights into CCR failure mechanisms for mining safety.

### 689. [Deformation and Damage Mechanisms of Y-Intersecting Jointed Rocks under Uniaxial Compression](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deformation-and-damage-mechanisms-of-y-intersecting-jointed-rocks-under-uniaxial-compression) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.005]
This study systematically analyzes the influence of different combined joint dip angles on rock mass failure modes and damage mechanisms through uniaxial compression tests on granite specimens with prefabricated Y-shaped discontinuities, combined with digital speckle and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results show that as the dip angle of the primary joint increases, the failure mode transitions from overall failure to wedge block ejection and shear failure. A failure mode identification model was established based on main crack dip angle thresholds (40°, 45°), uniaxial compressive strength thresholds (40, 90 MPa), and energy core zone proportion thresholds (20%, 10%), achieving an accuracy of 93.3%. In the overall failure and wedge block ejection modes, a sharp increase in shear crack ratio and a sudden drop in the acoustic emission b-value occur in the high-stress phase (>0.6σc), while in the shear failure mode, significant fluctuations are observed due to the shear-tension alternation, making it difficult to identify a single critical point. Additionally, joint slip in the overall failure and wedge block ejection modes primarily occurs during the failure instability phase (>0.8σc). These findings provide theoretical support for stability evaluation of complex fractured rock masses and practical guidance for engineering safety construction.

### 690. [Investigation of crack propagation and acoustic emission characteristics in jointed rock under freeze–thaw cycles based on DEM](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-of-crack-propagation-and-acoustic-emission-characteristics-in-jointed-rock-under-freezethaw-cycl) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.008]
In cold-region environments, where complex stresses and mining disturbances occur, rock masses are frequently segmented into discontinuous bodies by fractured structural planes, leading to anisotropic physical and mechanical properties. To explore the evolution of microcracks, degradation characteristics, and failure modes of fractured rocks in cold regions under the influence of freeze–thaw cycles, integrating laboratory experiments with the damage mechanics of freeze–thaw cycles. A numerical model for freeze–thaw cycle damage in rocks with various fracture dip angles was developed. The study revealed that the freeze–thaw expansion force generated during the pore water–ice phase transition is the primary driving factor behind freeze–thaw cycle damage. The initiation and propagation of microcracks and micropores, the detachment of matrix particles, and the loosening of clay mineral structures result in the transformation of the rock from a dense to a porous state, causing significant degradation in macroscopic mechanical properties. As freeze–thaw cycles increase, both the uniaxial compressive strength and the deformation modulus of the rock decrease significantly, with the failure mode gradually shifting from brittle instability to brittle-plastic or plastic failure. The findings of this study offer a practical approach to uncovering the mechanical response mechanisms between freeze–thaw damage in fractured rocks and structural planes.

### 691. [Innovative Applications of Fullerenes in Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/innovative-applications-of-fullerenes-in-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050007]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a highly promising photovoltaic technology, achieving power conversion efficiencies exceeding 25%. However, stability remains a critical challenge due to degradation under heat, moisture, and operational stress. Fullerenes, particularly C60 and its derivative PCBM, have been widely used as electron-transport materials in PSCs, but they offer limited interfacial stabilization. Recent innovative approaches have focused on designing fullerene-based materials that not only facilitate electron conduction but also actively enhance and protect the perovskite interface for long-term stability. One approach involves a magnetic endohedral metallofullerene (Nd@C82) integrated into a polymer matrix (PMMA) to form a robust interface layer. This Nd@C82-PMMA layer simultaneously enhances electron extraction and provides in-situ encapsulation, achieving a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 26.78% (certified 26.29%) on small-area cells and 23.08% on a 16 cm2 module. Unencapsulated cells retained approximately 82% of their initial efficiency after 2500 h at 65°C and over 99% after 1000 h under damp-heat conditions. Another strategy involves chemically modifying C60 to create an ionic salt (CPMAC) that forms stronger electrostatic coupling with the perovskite, reducing interfacial defects and enhancing mechanical toughness. CPMAC-based cells achieved efficiencies up to ~26%, about 0.6% higher than pristine C60, and exhibited only one-third of the performance drop over 2000 h under thermal and humidity stress. These innovations demonstrate synergistic optimization of efficiency and durability in perovskite photovoltaics.

### 692. [Dynamic interpretation of stress adjustment types in high geostress hard rock tunnels based on microseismic monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-interpretation-of-stress-adjustment-types-in-high-geostress-hard-rock-tunnels-based-on-microseismic-mo) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.004]
Dynamic stress adjustment in deep-buried high geostress hard rock tunnels frequently triggers catastrophic failures such as rockbursts and collapses. While a comprehensive understanding of this process is critical for evaluating surrounding rock stability, its dynamic evolution is often overlooked in engineering practice. This study systematically summarizes a novel classification framework for stress adjustment types—stabilizing (two-zoned), shallow failure (three-zoned), and deep failure (four-zoned)—characterized by distinct stress adjustment stages. A dynamic interpretation technology system is developed based on microseismic monitoring, integrating key microseismic parameters (energy index EI, apparent stress ra, microseismic activity S), seismic source parameter space clustering, and microseismic paths. This approach enables precise identification of evolutionary stages, stress adjustment types, and failure precursors, thereby elucidating the intrinsic linkage between geomechanical processes (stress redistribution) and failure risks. The study establishes criteria and procedures for identifying stress adjustment types and their associated failure risks, which were successfully applied in the Grand Canyon Tunnel of the E-han Highway to detect 50 instances of disaster risks. The findings offer invaluable insights into understanding the evolution process of stress adjustment and pinpointing the disaster risks linked to hard rock in comparable high geostress tunnels.

### 693. [Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Schist Exposed to Freeze-Thaw Cycles, Dry-Wet Cycles, and Alternating Actions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-and-microstructural-properties-of-schist-exposed-to-freeze-thaw-cycles-dry-wet-cycles-and-alternati) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.003]
In cold regions, slope rocks are inevitably impacted by freeze-thaw, dry-wet cycles and their alternating actions, leading to strength weakening and pore degradation. In this study, the mechanical and microstructural properties of schist subjected to four conditions were investigated: freeze-thaw cycles in air (FTA), freeze-thaw cycles in water (FTW), dry-wet cycles (DW), and dry-wet-freeze-thaw cycles (DWFT). Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), water absorption, ultrasonication, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy analyses were conducted. The integrity attenuation characteristics of the longitudinal wave velocity, UCS, and elastic modulus were analyzed. The results showed that liquid water emerged as a critical factor in reducing the brittleness of schist. The attenuation function model accurately described the peak stress and static elastic modulus of schist in various media (R2>0.97). Different media affected the schist deterioration and half-life, with the FTW-immersed samples having a half-life of 28 cycles. Furthermore, the longitudinal wave velocity decreased as the number of cycles increased, with the FTW showing the most significant reduction and having the shortest half-life of 208 cycles. Moreover, the damage variables of compressive strength and elastic modulus increased with the number of cycles. After 40 cycles, the schist exposed to FTW exhibited the highest damage variables and saturated water content.

### 694. [Multivariate acoustic emissions precursors of rockburst from the perspective of early warning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multivariate-acoustic-emissions-precursors-of-rockburst-from-the-perspective-of-early-warning) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.002]
Rockburst precursors are critical for disaster warning, yet the complexity of rockburst has hindered the identification of a unified precursor. Furthermore, the influence of loading rates (LRs) on acoustic emission (AE) precursors in different rock types remains poorly understood. This study investigates the AE characteristics and early warning times of rockburst in slate and mica-schist under four LRs (0.05, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.5 MPa/s) using true triaxial unloading tests. The micro-crack state of the samples was evaluated using entropy, while critical slowing down (CSD) theory was applied to interpret AE precursors. The results reveal that as the LR increases, the rockburst stress of both rocks initially rises and then declines, with mica-schist exhibiting more severe damage and a higher dominance of tensile cracks. Notably, identifying rockburst precursors in mica-schist proved more challenging compared to slate. Among the methods tested, AE amplitude variance outperformed entropy in precursor identification. Additionally, the rockburst early warning time was found to be negatively correlated with the LR, with mica-schist consistently showing shorter warning times than slate. The CSD-derived precursor, due to its enhanced sensitivity, is recommended for early warning systems. These findings provide new insights into the role of LRs in rockburst dynamics and offer practical guidance for improving precursor identification and disaster mitigation strategies.

### 695. [Design and Mechanical Optimization of Multidirectional Pressure-Preserved Coring System for Deep-Earth Resource Exploration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-and-mechanical-optimization-of-multidirectional-pressure-preserved-coring-system-for-deep-earth-resourc) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.04.001]
Pressure-preserved coring technologies are critical for deep-earth resource exploration but are constrained by the inability to achieve multidirectional coring, restricting exploration range while escalating costs and environmental impacts. We developed a multidirectional pressure-preserved coring system based on magnetic control for deep-earth environments up to 5000 m. The system integrates a magnetically controlled method and key pressure-preserved components to ensure precise self-triggering and self-sealing. It is supported by geometric control equations for optimizing structural stability. Their structure was verified and optimized through theoretical and numerical calculations to meet design objectives. To clarify the self-triggering mechanism in complex environments, a dynamic interference model was established, verifying stability during multidirectional coring. The prototype was fabricated, and functional tests confirmed that it met its design objectives. In a 300-meter-deep test inclined well, 10 coring operations were completed with a 100% pressure-preserved success rate, confirming the accuracy of the dynamic interference model analysis. Field trials in a 1970-meter-deep inclined petroleum well, representative of complex environments, demonstrated an in-situ pressure preservation efficiency of 92.18% at 22 MPa. This system innovatively expands the application scope of pressure-preserved coring, providing technical support for efficient and sustainable deep resources exploration and mining.

### 696. [High-Precision ADC Design Techniques in ISSCC 2025](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-precision-adc-design-techniques-in-isscc-2025) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050012]
High-precision analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are fundamental components in modern electronic systems, bridging the physical analog world and digital intelligence. They find ubiquitous applications across diverse domains, ranging from the Internet of Things (IoT) to embodied artificial intelligence systems. Achieving high precision necessitates various circuit techniques including high-performance amplifiers and advanced calibration schemes. Furthermore, the evolution of ADC architectures has gradually elevated the significance of peripheral circuitry co-design in optimizing system-level performance metrics. In ISSCC 2025, several techniques are proposed to address these challenges. Amplifiers are typically the main bottleneck in the performance and efficiency of high-precision ADCs. The open-loop charge-transfer amplifier is a promising candidate for its good efficiency. However, conventional ones suffer from poor power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and common-mode rejection, leading to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and robustness challenges. To overcome these problems, Huang et al. proposed a floating charge transfer topology, where the transistors are powered by a floating capacitor. As input and output currents of the capacitor are forced to be equal, supply noise will be forced to circulate within the amplifier. The post-layout simulation shows that the gain variation is limited to ±2.7% over process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations without any trimming. Fabrication-induced variations, such as inter-stage gain errors and capacitor mismatches, can degrade ADC performance. Researches presented several improvements in dynamic element matching (DEM) and calibration techniques this year to address these challenges. Zhao et al. implemented a 120 dB SNDR 189 dB Schreier FoMs noise-shaping (NS) successive approximation register (SAR) ADC with hybrid mismatch shaping and system-level chopping. The 8b capacitor digital-to-analog converter (CDAC) is segmented into 3 most significant bits (MSBs) with 8 equal capacitors and 5 binary-weighted least significant bits (LSBs). Data weighted averaging (DWA) and mismatch error shaping (MES) are applied to the MSBs and LSBs respectively, increasing the quantizer resolution effectively. System-level chopping is adopted to eliminate the offset, 1/f noise, and the VCM induced CDAC nonlinearity simultaneously. In Ref. [4], Gao et al. extended the MES to multi-stage applications and presented a 93.3 dB-SNDR 180.4 dB-FoMs calibration-free NS pipelined-SAR ADC with cross-stage gain-mismatch-error-shaping technique. An extra capacitor CFB is added in the 1st-stage CDAC to serve as the mismatch reference of the 2nd-stage CDAC and residue amplifier. By involving CFB in the MES procedure of the 1st stage, both the capacitor mismatch of two stages and the gain error can be shaped and eliminated. This work further solved the MES saturation problem by pre-comparison during sampling. Sampling noise is a critical problem for discrete-time (DT) ADCs. Wang et al. proposed a single-amplification-based kT/C noise cancellation technique, and implemented a 92.5dB-SNDR 184.8dB-FoMs incremental NS pipeline ADC with a dither-based background gain error calibration scheme. In the design, single amplifier is used for the multi-cycle kT/C noise-cancelled conversion. This is enabled by moving the noise-cancellation amplifier out of the noise-shaping loop and utilizing dual CNC in a ping-pong fashion. By injecting dither in both sampling and residue amplification phases, the calibration engine can expand the kT/C noise-limited SNR beyond 100 dB with only 0.8 pF sampling capacitance. Another technique to solve the gain error problem is proposed in Ref. [6]. Chen et al. exploited the metastability and proposed a fast and robust background calibration technique in a 79.4dB-SNDR 176.3dB-FoMs pipelined-SAR ADC. This work adopts an improved version of the opportunistic PN-injection-based calibration. By monitoring the probability of metastability and adjusting the comparator delay, the metastability can be better controlled, leading to fast and robust calibration without affecting ADC’s normal conversion. In addition, the offset is cancelled by equalizing the likelihood of the second-stage MSB resolving to 1 or 0. ADCs are not standalone blocks—their peripheral circuits, together with the ADC core, have a significant impact on system-level performance. ISSCC 2025 showcased some pioneering co-design architecture that optimize ADC cores alongside peripheral circuits including input buffers and filters. In Ref. [8], Luan et al. focused on the input stage and proposed a gain-embedded bootstrapped sampler. The sampler is a PMOS transistor whose gate and drain are connected to the feedback signal through two CDACs. The input signal connects to the source, making the transistor work as a Gm cell. Since the sampler only draws a small current that relates to the residue signal, the driving requirements are relaxed. In addition, this structure also features lower sampling noise, good linearity and weaker kickback. In Ref. [9], Ye et al. proposed a continuous-time correlated level shifting (CLS) technique that realized a rail-to-rail high-linearity input buffer. An extra CLS capacitor and level shift phase are added compared to conventional CLS. After sampling the coarse version of input, the two CLS capacitors are connected in series at the output of the amplifier one by one. Therefore, the output swing can be extended and the equivalent open-loop gain can be boosted at the end of the second level shift phase, leading to a rail-to-rail linear operation. In Ref. [6], Chen et al. also put efforts into the innovation of the input buffer and proposed a split coarse-fine input-buffer-sampling scheme. The input buffer is split into a low-power push−pull source follower as the coarse buffer and a high-power cascoded one as the fine buffer. During sampling, the coarse buffer first charges its loading capacitor CS,C to a value close to the input signal, and then, the input directly connects to CS,C, resulting in a small differential voltage to the fine buffer. Finally, a coarse ADC quantizes and [truncated]

### 697. [A RISC-V 32-bit Microprocessor on Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Platform](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-risc-v-32-bit-microprocessor-on-two-dimensional-semiconductor-platform) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050016]
With the rapid development of information technology, the demand for high-performance and low-power microprocessors continues to grow. Traditional silicon-based semiconductor technologies have encountered numerous bottlenecks in performance enhancement, such as drain-induced barrier lowering, reduced mobility caused by interface scattering, and limited current on/off ratios. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have emerged as a promising solution due to their atomic thickness, excellent electrical properties, and mechanical flexibility. Despite significant progress in wafer-scale growth and device fabrication of 2D materials, integrating them into large-scale functional circuits remains a challenge. Recently, Zhou and colleagues achieved a significant breakthrough by successfully developing the RV32-WUJI, a RISC-V 32-bit microprocessor based on 5900 molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) transistors, demonstrating the great potential of 2D semiconductors in complex circuits. This microprocessor achieved a manufacturing yield of 99.77% and a low power consumption of 0.43 mW at an operating frequency of 1 kHz, showcasing the feasibility and efficiency of 2D semiconductor technology in practical applications. In the manufacturing process, the researchers used a 4-inch MoS₂ wafer and employed a top-gate field-effect transistor (FET) structure compatible with mainstream silicon CMOS technology. By employing a systematic co-optimization strategy and machine learning, they achieved high yield and low power consumption. The microprocessor architecture includes a 1-bit arithmetic logic unit, control status register module, instruction decoding module, and other modules, based on the RV32I instruction set. This research not only demonstrates the great potential of 2D semiconductors in large-scale functional circuits but also paves a new way for future high-performance and low-power applications, laying a solid foundation for the application of 2D semiconductors in next-generation computing technologies.

### 698. [Preface to Special Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications 2024](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preface-to-special-topic-on-integrated-circuits-technologies-and-applications-2024) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050802]
This preface introduces the Special Topic on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications 2024, featuring expanded versions of key articles presented at the 2024 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits Technologies and Applications (ICTA), held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, from October 25 to 27, 2024. Among 115 papers presented, four high-quality articles were selected covering RF IC, Analog IC, and Wireline IC. The RF IC papers include a battery-free wireless temperature sensing chip for food production environment monitoring, achieving ±1.6°C accuracy from 25 to 50°C, and a two-way series Doherty power amplifier with distributed impedance inverting network for millimeter-wave applications, achieving 15.5 GHz bandwidth and 21.2 dB peak gain at 34.2 GHz. The Analog IC paper presents a high-precision bandgap reference with ultra-low temperature coefficient of 2.69 ppm/°C and line sensitivity of 0.0042%/V for battery management systems. The Wireline IC paper introduces a 112 Gbps DSP-based PAM4 SerDes receiver with wideband equalization tuning analog front-end, achieving 17.5 dB peaking tuning range and 6×10^-9 BER with 29.6 dB insertion loss channel. These articles highlight recent advances in integrated circuit design and applications.

### 699. [Preface to the Special Issue on Updated Progresses in Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preface-to-the-special-issue-on-updated-progresses-in-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050801]
Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a novel class of semiconductor optoelectronic materials, uniquely combining the excellent optoelectronic properties of inorganic semiconductors with the low-cost, printable fabrication advantages typical of organic semiconductors. This has positioned them as a cutting-edge research focus in semiconductor optoelectronic devices. In recent years, significant progress has been made in perovskite solar cell research: single-junction cell efficiencies have reached 27%, module efficiencies at the square-meter scale have exceeded 18%, laboratory-tested stability has achieved 10,000 hours, extrapolated stability has reached several tens of thousands of hours, and GW-scale production lines have been preliminarily established. Perovskite-based tandem cells are flourishing, with perovskite/crystalline silicon tandem efficiencies approaching 35%. Wafer-sized perovskite/silicon tandems have already surpassed the efficiency of single-junction silicon cells, while important advancements have also been made in perovskite/perovskite, perovskite/organic, and perovskite/copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) tandem cells. From these progresses, we fully believe perovskite solar cells represent a very promising photovoltaic technology. In this special issue, we have organized contributions from 12 researchers to summarize updated progresses in perovskite solar cells, including 4 reviews, 5 research papers, 2 highlights, and 1 comment paper, covering topics such as flexible perovskite solar cells, integrated perovskite-organic solar cells, NiOx for perovskite solar cells, high-performance FAPbI3 material, perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells, lead-free perovskite solar cells, passivation and additive strategies, perovskite/silicon tandem, homogenizing of perovskite, and interface energetics. We sincerely hope that readers working in this hot area will benefit greatly from the published papers in this Special Issue.

### 700. [Machine Learning Facilitates the Development of Interconnecting Layers for Perovskite/Silicon Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells with Proof-of-Concept Efficiency > 38%](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/machine-learning-facilitates-the-development-of-interconnecting-layers-for-perovskitesilicon-heterojunction-ta) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25050011]
As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck, tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency. Among them, monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells are currently the fastest-growing technology, achieving the highest efficiencies at relatively low costs. The interconnecting layer, which connects the two sub-cells, plays a crucial role in tandem cell performance. It collects electrons and holes from the respective sub-cells and facilitates recombination and tunneling at the interface. Therefore, the properties of the interconnecting layer are pivotal to the overall device performance. In this work, we applied statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms to systematically analyze the interconnecting layer. A comprehensive dataset on interconnecting layer parameters was established, and predictive modeling was performed using Lasso linear regression, random forest, and multilayer perceptron (a type of neural network). The analysis revealed key feature importance for experimental parameters, providing valuable insights into the application of interconnecting layers in perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells. The final optimized interconnecting layer can achieve a proof-of-concept efficiency of 38.17%, providing guidance and direction for the development of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

### 701. [Synergistic mechanisms of steel slag, granulated blast furnace slag, and desulfurization gypsum in high-content steel slag-based cementitious backfill materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-mechanisms-of-steel-slag-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-and-desulfurization-gypsum-in-high-content) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.007]
In the steel slag-based mine backfill cementitious material systems, the hydration reaction mechanisms and synergistic effects of steel slag (SS), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and desulfurization gypsum (DG) are crucial for performance optimization and regulation. However, existing studies have yet to fully reveal the underlying synergistic mechanisms, which limits the application and promotion of high SS content in mine backfill and low-carbon building materials. This study systematically explores the synergistic effects between various solid wastes and their regulation of the hydration process in the SS-based cementitious system through multi-scale characterization techniques. The results show that GBFS, by releasing active Si4+ and Al3+, triggers a synergistic activation effect with Ca2+ provided by SS, promoting the formation of C-S-H gel and ettringite, significantly optimizing the hardened paste microstructure. When the GBFS content reaches 30%, the C-S-H content increases by 40.8%, the pore size distribution improves, the proportion of large pores decreases by 68.7%, and the 90-day compressive strength increases to 5 times that of the baseline group. The sulfate activation effect of DG accelerates the hydration of silicate minerals, but excessive incorporation (>16%) can lead to microcracks caused by the expansion of AFt crystals, resulting in a strength reduction. Under the synergistic effect of 8% DG and 30% GBFS, the hydration reaction is most intense, with the peak heat release rate reaching 0.92 mW/g and the cumulative heat release amount being 240 J/g. By constructing a “SS-GBFS-DG-cement” quaternary synergistic system (mass ratio range: SS:GBFS:cement:DG=(50–62):(20–40):10:(8–12)), the matching of active components in high-content SS systems was optimized, significantly improving microstructural defects and meeting engineering application requirements. This study provides a theoretical basis for the component design and performance regulation of high-content SS-based cementitious materials.

### 702. [Deterministic cascade evolution in coal and gas outbursts: From early acoustic signatures to system-wide failure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deterministic-cascade-evolution-in-coal-and-gas-outbursts-from-early-acoustic-signatures-to-system-wide-failur) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.003]
Coal and gas outbursts constitute a critical hazard in underground mining operations, characterized by rapid transitions from localized instability to catastrophic failure. Understanding the relationship between initial characteristics and final outburst scale remains a fundamental challenge in geomechanics. This study conceptualizes outbursts as deterministic cascade systems through integrated physical simulations combining high-sensitivity infrasound monitoring with energy analysis under controlled gas pressure (0.5–1.0 MPa) and confining stress (5–10 MPa) conditions. Our complementary analytical algorithms—the absolute amplitude integral and predominant period function—revealed characteristic step-wise patterns in outburst development. Quantitative analysis established a robust correlation (R2=0.91) between initial acoustic response and final outburst intensity. Energy analysis demonstrated that gas expansion dominates the outburst process (91.81%–99.09% of total energy), with desorption gas contributing 59.1%–77.7%. Time-frequency analysis showed systematic frequency migration from high (12–15 Hz) to low (4–8 Hz) bands during outburst progression, reflecting hierarchical spatial scale expansion. The concentrated energy release (>20% of total) within initial 0.2 s provides a mechanistic basis for the deterministic nature of outburst evolution. These mechanistic insights establish a quantitative framework for developing physics-based monitoring protocols and risk assessment methodologies applicable to underground coal mining operations.

### 703. [Challenges, Development and Future of Silica Abrasives in Chemical Mechanical Polishing Derived from Past Six Decades](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/challenges-development-and-future-of-silica-abrasives-in-chemical-mechanical-polishing-derived-from-past-six-d) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060003]
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) serves as an indispensable process for achieving global planarization in semiconductor manufacturing, especially as integrated circuit (IC) technology advances to sub-7 nm nodes, where atomic-level surface flatness becomes crucial. Silica abrasives, which account for over 90% of the abrasive market in advanced CMP processes, operate not through simple mechanical grinding but through a key "chemical-mechanical synergistic" mechanism: chemically softening the wafer surface, then mechanically removing the softened layer to expose a new surface, which is further softened and removed, repeating this cycle to produce a smooth wafer. Despite their prevalence, conventional silica abrasives still face challenges, including relatively low material removal rate (MRR), a tendency to agglomerate, leading to poor dispersion and surface defects, and limitations in achieving ultimate surface uniformity. Significant progress has been made to address these issues. Development has progressed from simple spherical particles to complex structural designs (such as mesoporous, hollow, and raspberry-shaped structures) to enhance slurry transport and mechanical action. Surface chemical modifications (e.g., using amino or polymer groups) can improve dispersion stability and reduce scratching. Furthermore, composites with other materials (e.g., ceria, polymers) and precise control of particle size distribution are key to enhancing performance. These innovative approaches have yielded significant performance gains. State-of-the-art slurries have demonstrated the ability to achieve surface roughness below 0.1 nm RMS. The development of silica abrasives is increasingly focused on sustainability and smart manufacturing. A prominent direction is the design of biodegradable abrasives that disintegrate after use, thereby simplifying post-CMP cleanup and minimizing environmental impact—an approach fully aligned with green manufacturing principles. This review systematically summarizes the progress of silica abrasives for CMP over the past 60 years. This summary provides theoretical insights and forward-looking strategies to overcome the current limitations of abrasive technology. We believe this review will be helpful in advancing the field of CMP abrasives towards next-generation semiconductor manufacturing.

### 704. [Degradation mechanism of coal pillars in an underground coal gasification environment: Bearing capacity, pyrolysis behaviour and pore structure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/degradation-mechanism-of-coal-pillars-in-an-underground-coal-gasification-environment-bearing-capacity-pyrolys) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.002]
Coal pillars are critical supporting structures between underground coal gasification gasifiers. Its bearing capacity and structural stability are severely threatened by high-temperature environments. To elucidate the high-temperature deterioration mechanism of coal pillars at multiple scales, coal strength features as a function of temperature were investigated via uniaxial compression and acoustic emission equipment. The pyrolysis reaction process and microstructure evolution were characterized via X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and computed tomography (CT) tests. Experimental results reveal a critical temperature threshold of 500 °C for severe degradation of the coal bearing capacity. Specifically, both the strength and elastic modulus exhibit accelerated degradation above this temperature, with maximum reductions of 45.53% and 61.34%, respectively. Above 500 °C, coal essentially undergoes a pyrolysis reaction under N2 and CO2 atmospheres. High temperatures decrease the quantity of O2-based functional groups, growing aromaticity and the degree of graphitization. These changes induce dislocation and slip inside the coal crystal nucleus and then lead to deformation of the coal molecular structural units and strain energy generation. This process results in a great increase in porosity. Consequently, the stress deformation of coal increases, transforming the type of failure from brittle to ductile failure. These findings are expected to provide scientific support for UCG rock strata control.

### 705. [A Novel Coal-Rock Recognition Method in Coal Mining Face Based on Fusing Laser Point Cloud and Images](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-coal-rock-recognition-method-in-coal-mining-face-based-on-fusing-laser-point-cloud-and-images) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.009]
Rapid and accurate recognition of coal and rock is an important prerequisite for safe and efficient coal mining. In this paper, a novel coal-rock recognition method is proposed based on fusing laser point cloud and images, named Multi-Modal Frustum PointNet (MMFP). Firstly, MobileNetV3 is used as the backbone network of Mask R-CNN to reduce the network parameters and compress the model volume. The dilated convolutional block attention mechanism (Dilated CBAM) and inception structure are combined with MobileNetV3 to further enhance the detection accuracy. Subsequently, the 2D target candidate box is calculated through the improved Mask R-CNN, and the frustum point cloud in the 2D target candidate box is extracted to reduce the calculation scale and spatial search range. Then, the self-attention PointNet is constructed to segment the fused point cloud within the frustum range, and the bounding box regression network is used to predict the bounding box parameters. Finally, an experimental platform of shearer coal wall cutting is established, and multiple comparative experiments are conducted. Experimental results indicate that the proposed coal-rock recognition method is superior to other advanced models.

### 706. [Investigation into failure mechanisms of lunar regolith simulant under thin-walled drilling tool with critical parameters](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-into-failure-mechanisms-of-lunar-regolith-simulant-under-thin-walled-drilling-tool-with-critical) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.004]
Acquiring pristine deep lunar regolith cores with appropriate drilling tools is crucial for deciphering the lunar geological history. Conventional thick-walled drill bits are inherently limited in obtaining deep lunar regolith samples, whereas thin-walled coring bits offer a promising solution for lunar deep drilling. To support future lunar deep exploration missions, this study systematically investigates the failure mechanisms of lunar regolith induced by thin-walled drilling tools. Firstly, five thin-walled bit configurations were designed and evaluated based on drilling load, coring efficiency, and disturbance minimization, with Bit D demonstrating optimal overall performance. And the interaction mechanisms between differently configured coring bits and large-particle lunar regolith were elucidated. Coring experiments under critical drilling parameters revealed an operational window for the feed-to-rotation ratio (FRR of 2.0–2.5), effectively balancing drilling load and core recovery rate. Furthermore, a novel theoretical framework was developed to characterize dynamic drilling load parameters, supported by experimental validation. Based on these findings, practical strategies are proposed to mitigate drilling-induced disturbances, including parameter optimization and bit structural improvements. This research could provide valuable insights for designing advanced lunar deep drilling tools and developing drilling procedures.

### 707. [Shear Damage Constitutive Model of Rock-Like Joint Surface Considering the Coupling Effect of Cyclic Water Intrusion and Loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/shear-damage-constitutive-model-of-rock-like-joint-surface-considering-the-coupling-effect-of-cyclic-water-int) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.001]
Prolonged cyclic water intrusion has progressively developed joints in the hydro-fluctuation belt, elevating the instability risk of reservoir bank slopes. To investigate its impact on joint shear damage evolution, joint samples were prepared using three representative roughness curves and subjected to direct shear testing following cyclic water intrusion. A shear damage constitutive model considering the coupling effect of cyclic water intrusion and load was developed based on macroscopic phenomenological damage mechanics and micro-statistical theory. Results indicate: (1) All critical shear mechanical parameters (including peak shear strength, shear stiffness, basic friction angle, and joint compressive strength) exhibit progressive deterioration with increasing water intrusion cycles; (2) Model validation through experimental curve comparisons confirms its reliability. The model demonstrates that intensified water intrusion cycles reduce key mechanical indices, inducing a brittle-to-ductile transition in joint surface deformation — a behavior consistent with experimental observations; (3) Damage under cyclic water intrusion and load coupling follows an S-shaped trend, divided into stabilization (water-dominated stage), development (load-dominated stage), and completion stages. The research provides valuable insights for stability studies, such as similar model experiments for reservoir bank slopes and other water-related projects.

### 708. [A Novel Viscoplastic Model for Salt Rock Deformation under Internal Cyclic Gas Pressure Loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-viscoplastic-model-for-salt-rock-deformation-under-internal-cyclic-gas-pressure-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.05.005]
Salt caverns are widely used for energy storage. During gas storage, the internal gas pressure fluctuates cyclically in response to energy demand, making it essential to assess how these pressure variations affect rock deformation. In this study, experiments were conducted under different cyclic gas pressure conditions to investigate this effect. The findings indicate that (1) the deformation process of salt rock can be segmented into three stages: the deceleration stage, the steady-state stage, and the acceleration stage. (2) When the axial pressure remains constant, both axial and radial deformations exhibit a stepwise increasing trend in response to cyclic gas pressure variations. Similarly, under axial graded loading, the deformations also demonstrate a progressive rise. By analyzing the deformation differences and model coefficient fluctuations within a single gas pressure cycle, it is found that radial deformation is higher sensitive to changes in cyclic gas pressure. (3) The axial deformation shows a stepwise increase, and the radial deformation showed a cyclic change with changing gas pressure. Therefore, the cyclic gas pressure influence factor a, axial loading influence factor b, and state variable r are introduced to develop a viscoplastic ontological model that accounts for the impacts of cyclic gas pressure, confining pressure and axial stress. Validated by the deformation data, the new model can better fit both the axial deformation and the radial deformation of the three stages and has strong applicability and accuracy by changing only fewer parameters. The state variable rate shows the same stage as the deformation rate and residual strain of salt rock, which can better reflect the internal hardening of salt rock.

### 709. [Effects of Cell Topology and JFET Width on Depletion Layer of SiC MOSFET](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-cell-topology-and-jfet-width-on-depletion-layer-of-sic-mosfet) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060030]
High gate oxide electric field, which can lead to device failure, is a common issue in SiC MOSFETs. To mitigate this issue and ensure high device reliability, an electric field shielding layer (also called depletion layer) in JFET region is always used to reduce the gate oxide electric field strength (Eox,max). However, there is still a lack of detection methods to characterize the changes in the depletion layer of the JFET region. In this paper, a type of 1200 V 4H-SiC MOSFET with different JFET widths and cell topologies is designed and fabricated, and an innovative detection method for the depletion layer of JFET region is proposed for the first time. This method is adopted to focus on discussing the influence of the depletion layer formed by different JFET widths on Vg, and the changes in the gate oxide capacitance Cg of hexagonal cells and linear cells during the formation of the JFET depletion layer are studied. Finally, the robustness of different cell topologies and JFET widths is determined by the depletion voltage drift in the high temperature gate reverse bias tests (HTGB−) reliability test.

### 710. [Flexible ITO TFTs with high mobility of 39.1 cm2·V−1·s−1 and excellent uniformity fabricated via mass-production compatible process](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/flexible-ito-tfts-with-high-mobility-of-391-cm2v1s1-and-excellent-uniformity-fabricated-via-mass-production-co) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060021]
The increasing pursuit of ultra-high resolution displays has driven the demand for thin film transistors (TFTs) with higher mobility, especially on flexible substrates. In this work, we developed indium tin oxide (ITO) TFTs on flexible substrates for the first time and achieved a remarkable average mobility of 39.1 cm2·V−1·s−1, via mass-production compatible processes utilizing SiO2 gate dielectric. Benefiting from the ultra-flat surface and extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of our PI substrate, the ITO TFTs exhibit excellent large-scale uniformity. Additionally, the TFTs generate minor variations of −5.5% and +0.45 V in mobility and threshold voltage under a bending radius of 7 mm, respectively. They stay fully functional even after a dynamic bending test up to 13 000 cycles, observing no obvious degradation in mobility and threshold voltage. The reliable mechanical flexibility and robust bending durability demonstrate their great potential for ultra-high resolution flexible displays in the future.

### 711. [AlScN: Characteristics, Micro/Nano Fabrication, and Multiple Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/alscn-characteristics-micronano-fabrication-and-multiple-applications) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060031]
Aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN), an emerging III-nitride semiconductor material, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its exceptional piezoelectric properties, high thermal stability, tunable bandgap, and excellent compatibility with micro/nano fabrication. This paper systematically reviews the crystal structure, fundamental properties, and property modulation mechanisms of AlScN. It also summarizes recent progress in micro/nano fabrication technologies, including deposition, etching, and device integration. Furthermore, the applications of AlScN in diverse fields such as micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), RF communications, energy conversion, optoelectronics, and sensors are discussed. Finally, current challenges and promising future research directions for AlScN are outlined.

### 712. [Monitoring and Data Analysis of Mooring Tension for Floating Platforms](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/monitoring-and-data-analysis-of-mooring-tension-for-floating-platforms) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.008]
Mooring cable tension is a crucial parameter for evaluating the safety and reliability of a floating platform mooring system. The real-time mooring tension in an actual marine environment has always been essential data that mooring system designers aim to acquire. To address the need for long-term continuous monitoring of mooring tension in deep-sea marine environments, this paper presents a mooring cable tension monitoring method based on the principle of direct mechanical measurement. The developed tension monitoring sensors were installed and applied in the mooring system of the "Yongle" scientific experimental platform. Over the course of one year, a substantial amount of in-situ tension monitoring data was obtained. Under wave heights of up to 1.24 m, the mooring tension on the floating platform reached 16.5 tons. Through frequency domain and time domain analysis, the spectral characteristics of mooring tension, including wave-induced force, slow drift force, and mooring cable elastic restoring force, were determined. The mooring cable elastic restoring force frequency was approximately half of that of the wave signal. Due to the characteristics of the hinge connection structure of the dual module floating platform, under some specific working conditions the wave-induced force was the maximum of the three different frequency forces, and restoring force was the smallest.

### 713. [Numerical Analysis on Influence of Preset Bubble in a Fluid-filled Structure on the Characteristics of Projectile Penetration and Structural Failure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-analysis-on-influence-of-preset-bubble-in-a-fluid-filled-structure-on-the-characteristics-of-project) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.007]
In this paper, the failure caused by HRAM loads which were generated by high-speed projectile penetration, and protection technology of the fluid-filled structure were explored. A bubble was preset on the projectile trajectory in a fluid-filled structure. Based on the reflection and transmission phenomena of pressure waves at the gas-liquid interface and the compressibility characteristics of gases, a numerical analysis was conducted on the influence of preset bubble on projectile penetration and structural failure characteristics. The results indicate that the secondary water-entry impact phenomenon occurs when a preset bubble exists on the projectile trajectory, leading to the secondary water entry impact loads. The rarefaction waves reflected on the surface of the preset bubble cause the attenuation ratio of the initial impact pressure peak to reach 68.8% and the total specific impulse attenuation ratio to reach 48.6%. Furthermore, the larger the bubble, the faster the projectile, and the more obvious the attenuation effect. Moreover, due to the compressibility of the bubble, the global deformation attenuation ratio of the front and rear walls can reach over 80%. However, the larger the bubble size, the faster the projectile velocity, the smaller the local deformation attenuation effect of the rear wall, and the more severe the failure at the perforation of the rear wall.

### 714. [Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of High-strength Steel for Ships](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fatigue-crack-growth-behavior-of-high-strength-steel-for-ships) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.009]
As a typical steel, the fatigue of marine high-strength steels has been emphasized by scholars. In this paper, the fatigue performance and crack growth mechanism of a high-strength steel for ships are investigated by experimental methods. First, the fatigue threshold test and fatigue crack growth rate test of this high-strength steel under different stress ratios were carried out. The influence of stress ratio on the fatigue properties of this steel was analyzed. Secondly, scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the crack growth specimen section of this steel. The crack growth and failure mechanism of this steel were revealed. Finally, based on the above research results, the stress ratio effect of high-strength steel was investigated from the perspectives of crack closure and driving force. Considering the fatigue behavior in the near-threshold stage and the destabilization stage, a fatigue crack growth behavior prediction model of high-strength steel was established. The accuracy of the model was verified by test data. Moreover, the applicability of the modified model to various materials and its excellent predictive ability were verified through comparison with literature data and existing models.

### 715. [Investigation on the Ice Load on a Cylinder Vertically Breaking through Model Ice Sheet from Underneath](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-on-the-ice-load-on-a-cylinder-vertically-breaking-through-model-ice-sheet-from-underneath) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.010]
Ice load on underwater vehicles breaking through ice covers from underneath is a significant concern for researchers in polar exploration, and research on this problem is still in its early stages. Both mechanical experimental measurement and numerical simulation pose research challenges. This study focuses on the ice load of a cylinder structure breaking upward through the ice sheet from underneath in the Small Ice Model Basin of China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC SIMB). A high-speed camera system was employed to observe the ice sheet failure during the tests, in which, with the loading position as center, local radial cracks and circumferential cracks were generated. A load sensor was used to measure the overall ice load during this process. Meanwhile, a numerical model was developed using LS-DYNA for validation and comparison. With this model, numerical simulation was conducted under various ice thicknesses and upgoing speeds to analyze the instantaneous curves of ice load. The calculation results were statistically analyzed under different working conditions to determine the influence of the factors on the ice load of the cylinder. The study explores the measurement method about ice load of objects vertically breaking through model ice sheet and is expected to provide some fundamental insights into the safety design of underwater structures operating in ice waters.

### 716. [Optimizing 55 nm split-gate memory for compute-in-memory: a focus on floating-gate engineering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimizing-55-nm-split-gate-memory-for-compute-in-memory-a-focus-on-floating-gate-engineering) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060033]
The escalating need for high-performance artificial intelligence (AI) computing intensifies the "memory bottleneck" of the von Neumann architecture, prompting extensive exploration of computation-in-memory (CIM) solutions. This study is centered on the optimization of a high-efficiency, low-power "L"-shaped split-gate floating-gate (FG) memory for CIM applications. Fabricated on a 55 nm CMOS platform, the memory devices were systematically investigated through wafer acceptance test (WAT), Sentaurus™ simulations and comprehensive evaluations with the DNN + NeuroSim Framework V2.0. Among devices with diverse FG lengths, the 95-nm FG variant exhibits outstanding performance: it achieves a 5.35 V memory window, reaches a maximum conductance of 16.7 μS with excellent linearity under the varying voltage and width pulse scheme (VWPS), realizes 32-state multi-level storage, and attains a 92% training accuracy on the CIFAR-10 dataset using the VGG8 neural network. These results highlight the potential of the proposed memory innovation for advancing high-performance CIM systems, offering significant theoretical and practical value.

### 717. [Optoelectronic Synapses Based on IGZO/Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 Heterojunctions for Human Brain Learning Mechanism Simulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optoelectronic-synapses-based-on-igzobi325la075ti3o12-heterojunctions-for-human-brain-learning-mechanism-simul) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060032]
In recent years, optoelectronic synapses have garnered significant attention in the field of neuromorphic computing due to their integration of optical sensing and synaptic functions. In this work, we propose an optoelectronic synapse based on IGZO/Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 heterojunction. Under UV light stimulation, this device can simulate a range of synaptic behaviors, including paired-pulse facilitation, spike-intensity-dependent plasticity, spike-number-dependent plasticity, spike-width-dependent plasticity, and the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory. The majority of perceptible information for humans is acquired through the visual system. The 3 × 3 retinal morphology synapse arrays constructed based on plasticity behaviors not only integrates light perception and storage functions but also exhibits adaptive adjustment capabilities to address image blurring caused by object movement. At the same time, in CNN recognition training, the device successfully simulates the learning−relearning mechanism of the human brain. These findings highlight the device’s immense potential for applications in artificial vision systems.

### 718. [In situ synthesis and stabilization of perovskite quantum dots in electrospinned fibers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-synthesis-and-stabilization-of-perovskite-quantum-dots-in-electrospinned-fibers) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060014]
Flexible materials with perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are widely used in the field of photonics and optoelectronics due to their unique properties. Development of new materials based on these nanoparticles, incorporated into flexible and lightweight nonwoven fabrics, demonstrated high photoconductivity and efficient light energy conversion. In this work, we propose a method for creating a stable luminescent nonwoven material using electrospinning, in which inorganic salt precursors are used without the need for additional stabilizers. Equimolar solutions of cesium and lead (II) bromide were mixed with a fluoroplast, resulting in a series of samples. Luminescent materials were obtained containing PQDs with a composition of CsPbBr3, with emission peaks ranging from 507 to 517 nm under 365-nm excitation. We have experimentally established and theoretically confirmed that the peak position is related to the size of the particles formed in the fiber during electrospinning and depends on processing time. Developed materials exhibited stable luminescent properties for up to 2.5 years, making them a promising candidate for the development of new flexible optoelectronic devices based on PQDs.

### 719. [A Deep-Junction Single-Photon Detector with Field Polysilicon Gate Structure for Increased Photon Detection Efficiency and Reduced Dark Count Noise](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-deep-junction-single-photon-detector-with-field-polysilicon-gate-structure-for-increased-photon-detection-ef) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25060004]
A high-sensitivity, low-noise single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector was presented based on a 180 nm BCD process. The proposed device utilizes a p-implant layer/high-voltage n-well (HVNW) junction to form a deep avalanche multiplication region for near-infrared (NIR) sensitivity enhancement. By optimizing the device size and electric field of the guard ring, the fill factor (FF) is significantly improved, further increasing photon detection efficiency (PDE). To solve the dark noise caused by the increasing active diameter, a field polysilicon gate structure connected to the p+ anode was investigated, effectively suppressing dark count noise by 76.6%. It is experimentally shown that when the active diameter increases from 5 to 10 μm, the FF is significantly improved from 20.7% to 39.1%, and thus the peak PDE also rises from 13.3% to 25.8%. At an excess bias voltage of 5 V, a NIR photon detection probability (PDP) of 6.8% at 905 nm, a dark count rate (DCR) of 2.12 cps/μm2, an afterpulsing probability (AP) of 1.2%, and a timing jitter of 216 ps are achieved, demonstrating excellent single photon detection performance.

### 720. [Numerical Modeling of Ship-Ice-Water Interaction for Free-running Ships in Pack Ice](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-modeling-of-ship-ice-water-interaction-for-free-running-ships-in-pack-ice) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.003]
Ice-going ships play a crucial role in polar transportation and resource extraction. Different from the existing modeling approach which assumes that ships remain stationary, dynamic overset grid technology and DFBI (Dynamic Fluid-Body Interaction) method are employed in this paper to enable the free-running motion of the ship in modeling. A numerical model capable of simulating a ship navigating through pack ice area is proposed, which uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to solve the flow field and applies the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate ship-ice and ice-ice interactions. Besides, the proposed high-precision method for generating pack ice area can be used in conjunction with the proposed numerical model. By comparing the numerical results with the available model test data and experimental observations, the effectiveness of the numerical model is validated, demonstrating its strong capability of predicting resistance and simulating ship navigation in pack ice, as well as its significant potential and applicability for further studies.

### 721. [Multi-scale damage and fracture analysis and statistical damage constitutive model of shallow coral reef limestone based on digital core](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-scale-damage-and-fracture-analysis-and-statistical-damage-constitutive-model-of-shallow-coral-reef-limes) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.010]
Coral reef limestone (CRL) constitutes a distinctive marine carbonate formation with complex mechanical properties. This study investigates the multiscale damage and fracture mechanisms of CRL through integrated experimental testing, digital core technology, and theoretical modelling. Two CRL types with contrasting mesostructures were characterized across three scales. Macroscopically, CRL-I and CRL-II exhibited mean compressive strengths of 8.46 and 5.17 MPa, respectively. Mesoscopically, CRL-I featured small-scale highly interconnected pores, whilst CRL-II developed larger stratified pores with diminished connectivity. Microscopically, both CRL matrices demonstrated remarkable similarity in mineral composition and mechanical properties. A novel voxel average-based digital core scaling methodology was developed to facilitate numerical simulation of cross-scale damage processes, revealing network-progressive failure in CRL-I versus directional-brittle failure in CRL-II. Furthermore, a damage statistical constitutive model based on digital core technology and mesoscopic homogenisation theory established quantitative relationships between microelement strength distribution and macroscopic mechanical behavior. These findings illuminate the fundamental mechanisms through which mesoscopic structure governs the macroscopic mechanical properties of CRL.

### 722. [Fault Reactivation and Seismic Risks Induced by Deep Reservoir Fracturing: Mechanisms, Prediction and Perspectives](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fault-reactivation-and-seismic-risks-induced-by-deep-reservoir-fracturing-mechanisms-prediction-and-perspectiv) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.005]
With the advancement of fracturing technologies in deeper and more geologically complex formations, fault reactivation and induced seismicity have attracted increasing attention. The increasing frequency and magnitude of these events underscore the need for a robust understanding of the governing physical mechanisms. Elevated pore pressure, modified fault-loading conditions, and aseismic slip are widely acknowledged as the primary drivers. Recent studies have explored these mechanisms under varying factors, including fluid properties, rock ductility, poroelastic responses, and evolving fault stress states, thereby offering critical insights into model refinement. Probabilistic forecasting approaches, which combine statistical analyses of historical data with real-time monitoring, are being increasingly adopted in seismic risk assessments. In parallel, machine learning techniques are employed to process large seismic datasets and identify key patterns. However, their predictive capabilities remain limited by geological heterogeneity, subsurface complexity, and scarce observational data. Moreover, fluid–rock interactions further complicate the development of universally applicable models, thereby constraining the generalizability of mitigation strategies. This review synthesizes the current understanding of induced seismicity mechanisms, evaluates the prevailing prediction and mitigation methods, and identifies major challenges and future research directions. Advancements in these areas are essential to enhancing seismic risk management and ensuring the safe, sustainable development of deep-subsurface energy resources.

### 723. [Discussion on Methods and Influence Factors for Minimum Propulsion Power Assessment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/discussion-on-methods-and-influence-factors-for-minimum-propulsion-power-assessment) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.004]
Currently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved and implemented the assessment requirement for Minimum Propulsion Power (MPP) of ships in adverse sea conditions. The assessment method and relevant influence factors will have a vital impact on ship's design and operation. On the other hand, MPP is essentially a criterion for manoeuvring safety at actual seas. However, the practical assessment methods adopted in IMO guidelines do not directly and accurately account for ship's course-keeping ability in severe seas. A time-domain comprehensive method with supplementary course-keeping ability criteria has been proposed in the authors' preliminary research. Based on an updated mathematical model and criteria, this paper presents more detailed elaborations, results and discussions on the time-domain method, including the comparative analyses with a power line method and two steady-state equilibrium methods based on IMO guidelines and draft. Discussions on the influences of key factors, involving criterion conditions and calculation parameters, are also presented. The results indicate that different methods exhibit varying advantages and complexity in MPP assessment, thus constituting a multi-level assessment framework for MPP. In particular, the time-domain comprehensive assessment has a higher accuracy with more realistic description of manoeuvre behaviors, capable of offering a solution for the ships that cannot meet other assessments, or for the assessment requiring additional course-keeping ability. Furthermore, an expanded range of wave direction sets a stricter but potentially necessary requirement, while using the self-propulsion factors at low speeds can eliminate the unnecessary conservation of assessment result caused by those at design speed.

### 724. [Fixed-time Target-guided Coordinate Control of Unmanned Surface Vehicles Based on Dynamic Surface Control](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fixed-time-target-guided-coordinate-control-of-unmanned-surface-vehicles-based-on-dynamic-surface-control) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.001]
This paper investigates the target-guided coordinated control (TACC) of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). In the scenario of tracking non-cooperative targets, the status information of the target can only be obtained by some USVs. To achieve semi-encirclement tracking of non-cooperative targets under maritime security conditions, a fixed-time tracking control method based on dynamic surface control (DSC) is proposed. Firstly, a novel TACC architecture with decoupled kinematic and kinetic control laws is designed to reduce the complexity of control system design. Secondly, the proposed DSC-based target-guided kinematic control law, including a tracking points pre-allocation strategy and sigmoid artificial potential functions (SigAPFs), can avoid collisions during the tracking process and optimize kinematic control output. Finally, a fixed-time TACC system is proposed to achieve fast convergence of kinematic and kinetic errors. The effectiveness of the proposed TACC approach in improving target tracking safety and reducing control output chattering is verified by simulation comparison results.

### 725. [A New Approach for Melnikov Analysis of the Stability of a Ship with Water on Deck](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-approach-for-melnikov-analysis-of-the-stability-of-a-ship-with-water-on-deck) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.006]
To study the rolling motion of a ship in the presence of water on its deck, a linear-plus-quadratic damping term was incorporated into its equation of motion. Ship model tests indicate that the key dynamics of the physical system are preserved in the ship rolling equation with the linear-plus-quadratic type damping term. To take into account the presence of randomness in the excitation and the response, a new method was developed and a Melnikov criterion was obtained to provide an upper bound on the domain of the potential chaotic rolling motion (erratic rocking). Additionally, the Melnikov criterion proposed in this study was verified by the utilization of phase plane diagrams and Poincare maps. Furthermore, this research has made the initial endeavor to systematically modify the system parameters in the rolling equation of motion for ship stability analysis.

### 726. [Energy Efficiency Operating Indicator Forecasting and Speed Design Optimization for Polar Ice Class Merchant Vessels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/energy-efficiency-operating-indicator-forecasting-and-speed-design-optimization-for-polar-ice-class-merchant-v) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.005]
In order to accurately forecast the main engine fuel consumption and reduce the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) of merchant ships in polar ice areas, the energy transfer relationship between ship-machine-propeller is studied by analyzing the complex force situation during ship navigation and building a MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform based on multi-environmental resistance, propeller efficiency, main engine power, fuel consumption, fuel consumption rate and EEOI calculation module. Considering the environmental factors of wind, wave and ice, the route is divided into sections, the calculation of main engine power, main engine fuel consumption and EEOI for each section is completed, and the speed design is optimized based on the simulation model for each section. Under the requirements of the voyage plan, the optimization results show that the energy efficiency operation index of the whole route is reduced by 3.114% and the fuel consumption is reduced by 9.17 t.

### 727. [Bottom Pressure Field Induced by Submerged Vehicle in Regular Waves](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bottom-pressure-field-induced-by-submerged-vehicle-in-regular-waves) [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.06.002]
The finite volume method was applied to numerically simulate the bottom pressure field induced by regular waves, vehicles in calm water and vehicles in regular waves. The solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations in the vicinity of numerical wave tank's boundary was forced towards the wave theoretical solution by incorporating momentum source terms, thereby reducing adverse effects such as wave reflection. Simulations utilizing laminar flow, turbulent flow, and ideal fluid models were all found capable of effectively capturing the waveform and bottom pressure of regular waves, agreeing well with experimental data. In predicting the bottom pressure field of the submerged vehicle, turbulent simulations considering fluid viscosity and boundary layer development provided more accurate predictions for the stern region than inviscid simulations. Due to sphere's diffractive effect, the sphere's bottom pressure field in waves is not a linear superposition of the wave's and the sphere's bottom pressure field. However, a slender submerged vehicle exhibits a weaker diffractive effect on waves, thus the submerged vehicle's bottom pressure field in waves can be approximated as a linear superposition of the wave's and the submerged vehicle's bottom pressure field, which simplifies computation and analysis.

### 728. [An approach to quantify the true flotation recovery of floatable minerals using natural entrainment tracers and particle-based separation modeling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-approach-to-quantify-the-true-flotation-recovery-of-floatable-minerals-using-natural-entrainment-tracers-an) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.012]
In froth flotation, overall recovery of floatable particles consists of true recovery and recovery by entrainment, where entrainment refers to the non-selective recovery of particles in the concentrate. To understand and optimize the flotation process with regard to process conditions, it is essential to distinguish true flotation recovery from overall recovery. The established methods rely on tailored flotation experiments, unrealistic flotation conditions, or using external tracers which can be different in density and crystal structure to the mineral(s) of interest. This study presents an approach to utilize naturally occurring suitable tracers to estimate the entrainment component from overall recovery of individual particles by establishing a relationship between their settling velocity coefficient and recovery probability. Recovery probabilities of individual particles are computed using particle-based separation modelling. The approach is demonstrated for a copper ore, where naturally occurring rutile was used as the tracer to determine the entrained component of the overall recovery of chalcopyrite particles. Laboratory flotation experiments revealed that entrainment accounted for up to 6% of the overall recovery probability of fully liberated chalcopyrite particles in the fine size fractions. This approach provides a practical method for entrainment correction enabling a more accurate evaluation of true flotation recovery.

### 729. [Mechanism of low-disturbance and high-pressure-retaining sampling of seafloor sediments at 10000-meter depth and its laboratory experiment and on-site sea trials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanism-of-low-disturbance-and-high-pressure-retaining-sampling-of-seafloor-sediments-at-10000-meter-depth-a) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.001]
Obtaining high-quality 10000-meter-deep seafloor sediment samples is the prerequisite and foundation for conducting deep-sea geological and environmental scientific research. The bottom structure of the deep seafloor is complex, and the physical and mechanical properties and disturbance resistance of sediments of different lithologies vary greatly, so the sediment sampler inevitably disturbs the sediments during the sampling process and affects the quality of the sediment samples. A new type of deep-sea sediment pressure retaining sampler is introduced, the force state and elastic–plastic state of the sampler destroying sediments are analyzed, the radial disturbance model of sediment coring based on the spherical cavity expansion theory is established, and the radius of sediments undergoing plastic deformation around the spherical holes is used as an index for evaluating the radial disturbance of sediments. The distribution of stress and strain fields in the sediments during the expansion of the spherical cavity and the influencing factors of the radius of the radially disturbed region (plastic region) are analyzed using an arithmetic example, and the influence law is analyzed. A sediment disturbance experimental platform was built indoors to simulate the sediment coring process. The radial stress field and pore water pressure of the sediment during the coring process were monitored by sensors arranged inside the sediment, and the results of indoor tests verified the correctness of the perturbation theory model. The sampler was carried aboard the deep-sea manned submersible FENDOUZHE and conducted on-site tests at depths of 9298.4 and 9142.8 m in the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Pressure-preserved sediment samples were retrieved, with preservation rates of 94.21% and 92.02%, respectively, which are much higher than the current technical indicator of 80% of pressure-holding ratio for deep-sea sediments. The retrieved sediments have obvious stratification characteristics and little disturbance.

### 730. [Geothermal energy production potential of karst geothermal reservoir considering mining-induced stress](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/geothermal-energy-production-potential-of-karst-geothermal-reservoir-considering-mining-induced-stress) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.003]
Developing hydrothermal resources in highly conductive karst aquifers at deep mine floors is regarded as a potential approach to achieving the co-development of coal and geothermal resources. However, the heat transfer potential of the fracture system in the target reservoir under mining activities remains in suspense. Hence, a coupled thermal–hydraulic-mechanical model was developed for the karst reservoir of Anju coal mine in China, considering non-isothermal convective heat transfer in fractures. This model examined the influence of stress redistribution due to different mining distances (MD) on the effective flow channel length/density and the high/low-aperture fracture distribution. The dynamic heat generation characteristics of the geothermal reservoir were evaluated. Key findings include: Mining-induced stress creates interlaced high-aperture and low-aperture fracture zones below the goaf. Within these interlaced zones, the combined effect of high- and low-aperture fractures restricts the effective flow channel length/density of the fracture network. This contraction of the flow field leads to a significant decline in production flow rate, which consequently reduces both the production flow rate and power as MD increases. This work represents the study of mining disturbances on geothermal production, providing a theoretical foundation for the co-development of coal and geothermal resources.

### 731. [Enhancing performance of mining phenolic filling materials by tailoring closed cell morphology with fly ash geopolymer](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-performance-of-mining-phenolic-filling-materials-by-tailoring-closed-cell-morphology-with-fly-ash-ge) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.008]
Phenolic foam (PF) has attracted growing attention in plugging areas due to its lightweight, flame retardancy and high fillability, yet its friable character and high reaction temperature severely weaken its potentials toward practical coal mining applications. Herein, a novel phenolic composite material filled with modified fly ash (MFA) geopolymer has been proposed to address the above issues. By modifying fly ash (FA) particles with siloxanes, robust interfacial bonding between the organic PF polymer and inorganic geopolymer network has been established, which enables modulation of their micro-morphologies to optimize their macro performances. The foam structure of PF evolves from an open-cell to a closed-cell morphology with the incorporation of MFA, leading to a decreased pulverization ratio (41%) while enhanced mechanical properties (15%). Compared with neat PF, the composite exhibits faster gelation dynamics during curing, with a maximum reaction temperature as low as only 40 °C. PF/MFA composite show high reliability against gas leakage during a laboratory designed coal mine plugging test. Furthermore, the formation of a silica hybrid char layer with higher graphitization degree and a multiple continuous closed-cell structure following the combustion of PF/MFA effectively inhibits the release of combustible volatiles and toxic gases. It is provided that this strategy of geopolymer filled polymer cross-linking networks with tunable morphology opens up an avenue for advanced mining phenolic filling materials.

### 732. [Microscopic Phase Evolution Mechanism of Lithium Slag and Fiber Synergistically Enhancing Concrete Toughness: Perspective of Preventing Coal-Rock Dynamic Disasters through Energy Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microscopic-phase-evolution-mechanism-of-lithium-slag-and-fiber-synergistically-enhancing-concrete-toughness-p) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.007]
Coal and rock dynamic disasters are always major hidden dangers threatening mine safety production. Many researchers use cement concrete material as filling and energy-absorption materials. However, the current material toughness is not sufficient to meet the requirements of mine disaster prevention. Based on this, in order to find the optimal-ratio material that combines strength and toughness, the synergistic mechanism of lithium slag (LS), ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber mixtures in improving the mechanical properties of cement concrete, as well as the mechanism of microscopic phase evolution, was analyzed through macroscopic experiments, mesoscopic characterization, microscopic analysis, theoretical calculations, and comprehensive evaluation. The stress-strain curves obtained from the uniaxial compressive strength tests of specimens with different admixtures and fibers were investigated, and the characteristics of different stages were analyzed. The mechanical properties of different admixtures and fiber-reinforced materials, including their advantages and disadvantages, were compared through weighted comprehensive evaluation. The entire process of material failure, ranging from pore compaction, crack initiation, crack propagation, specimen instability to crack penetration, was explained via macroscopic fracture morphology, and the mechanical mechanism of how different admixtures affect the mechanical properties of concrete materials was revealed. The microscopic mechanism and the phase-evolution process of how the admixture affects concrete properties were elucidated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydration reaction theory, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to reveal the interfacial pore state and element distribution of the internal microstructure of concrete. The results show that PVA fiber bars can play the role of a “skeleton bridge” to improve the toughness of materials. LS can effectively promote the hydration process and cooperate with PVA fiber bars to enhance the mechanical properties of the material. EVA will inhibit the hydration reaction and degrade the material’s mechanical properties through the “organic isolation” effect. In addition, the on-site application has proven that the R3-group materials in this study can effectively inhibit the deformation of the roadway and possess strong reliability. Finally, the advantages and feasibility of LS-and-fiber-reinforced concrete were discussed from four perspectives: environmental protection, economy, disaster prevention, and development. This paper is expected to provide technical reference for the large-scale disposal of solid waste LS, the performance-optimization direction of concrete materials, and the prevention and control of coal and rock dynamic disasters.

### 733. [Failure mechanisms and mechanical behavior of wedge-containing tunnel roof rock mass under biaxial loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/failure-mechanisms-and-mechanical-behavior-of-wedge-containing-tunnel-roof-rock-mass-under-biaxial-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.002]
The stability of underground tunnel roofs is strongly influenced by wedge blocks formed by complex joint networks. The mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of different roof wedge blocks in arched holes were investigated under biaxial stress conditions. The crack evolution and failure modes of the specimens were analyzed through acoustic emission (AE), digital image correlation (DIC), and discrete element method (DEM). Results show significant variations in mechanical properties: specimens T1 (extremely unstable triangular) and T2 (extremely unstable quadrilateral) exhibited higher strength than T3 (extremely stable triangular) and T4 (extremely stable quadrilateral), while support more effectively enhanced the strength of T3 and T4. Failure modes were classified as rock-dominated, wedge-dominated, or co-dominated. Cracks typically initiated near the wedge and propagated outward. Unsupported specimens developed tensile cracks at the hole bottom, shear cracks at the sides, and mixed cracks along wedge boundaries, whereas supported specimens mainly exhibited cracks at the roof and sides. Stress analysis indicated that unsupported conditions induced high stress differences, promoting localized shear failure. Wedge geometry significantly affected shear stress redistribution at the roof. These findings highlight the critical role of support and wedge block geometry in controlling stress distribution and failure mechanisms in arched tunnels.

### 734. [Impact of surface irregularities on coal wall stability and support mechanisms: Insights from physical and numerical experiments](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/impact-of-surface-irregularities-on-coal-wall-stability-and-support-mechanisms-insights-from-physical-and-nume) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.011]
Coal wall stability is a critical factor influencing coal mining efficiency and threatens the safety of working faces, where irregular coal wall surfaces significantly affect the contact and support effectiveness of the support plate, thereby impacting stability. Through a combination of theoretical analysis, mechanical testing, and numerical simulations, this study establishes a mechanical model of irregular coal wall surfaces to investigate the effects of the undulation period and undulation height on coal wall failure characteristics. This research reveals the mechanical response mechanisms of irregular coal wall surfaces and proposes an innovative method to enhance coal wall stability by improving the supporting cushion material of the support plate, which was validated through numerical simulations. The results show that the undulation height and undulation period significantly influence the macroscopic mechanical parameters of the samples, with the undulation height exerting a more pronounced effect. The strength of the samples with undulating surfaces is approximately 50%–60% that of the samples with flat surfaces. The failure mode under uniaxial compression is predominantly tensile, resulting in long and slender block fragments with a characteristic “III”-shaped tensile fracture pattern. During the loading process, samples with undulating surfaces dissipate energy at all stages, with a greater proportion of energy dissipation occurring during the early loading stage because of structural damage and the formation of internal cracks. The surface compressive and tensile stresses are correlated with the curvature radius of the convex surface and the elastic modulus of the supporting plate. Reducing the elastic modulus of the supporting plate material can effectively alleviate the stress concentration at convex locations and increase the peak strength. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical references for the prevention and control of coal wall spalling in deep thick coal seam mining.

### 735. [Shear Mechanical Properties of Loaded Rock under Drilling and Dynamic Load and Its Influence on the Plastic Zone of Roadway](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/shear-mechanical-properties-of-loaded-rock-under-drilling-and-dynamic-load-and-its-influence-on-the-plastic-zo) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.009]
Borehole pressure relief helps prevent rock bursts. However, this may change the physical and mechanical properties of the surrounding rock, affect the variation of the plastic zone of the roadway, and lead to the failure of roadway support, thus threatening the safety of the roadway. In this paper, the variable angle shear test of drilled specimens under the action of static and dynamic loads is used to study the evolution of mechanical parameters of the specimens and their influence on the plastic zone of the surrounding rock. The shear strength decreases linearly with the increase of drilling diameter. With the increase of pre-static load level and dynamic load amplitude, the cohesion first increases and then decreases, and the internal friction angle decreases. Moreover, the shear failure surface changes from rough to smooth. The reasons include that the static load enhances the tooth cutting effect and the repeated friction of cracks caused by the dynamic load. Borehole pressure relief leads to an increase in the radius of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock following a quadratic function. The research results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for designing drilling unloading parameters and supporting parameters for rock burst roadways.

### 736. [Damage Evolution and Failure Modes of Coal-Concrete Composites with Varying Height Ratios under Cyclic Loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/damage-evolution-and-failure-modes-of-coal-concrete-composites-with-varying-height-ratios-under-cyclic-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.006]
To ensure the safe implementation of underground reservoirs in abandoned coal mines, this study explores the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of coal-concrete composite structures under staged cyclic loading. Specimens with coal-to-concrete height ratios ranging from 0.5:1 to 3:1 were tested, with damage evolution continuously monitored using acoustic emission techniques. Results indicate that while the peak strength of pure materials decreases by approximately 1 MPa under cyclic stress compared to uniaxial compression, composite specimens exhibit strength enhancements exceeding 5 MPa. However, the peak strength of composite specimens decreases with increasing coal height, from 30 MPa at CR0.5 to 20 MPa at CR3.0. The damage state was assessed using the dynamic elastic strain energy index and Felicity ratio, which revealed that composite specimens are more prone to early damage accumulation. Spatial acoustic emission localization further reveals distinct failure modes across specimens with varying height ratios. To elucidate these differences, interfacial effects were incorporated into a modified twin-shear unified strength theory. The refined model accurately predicts the internal strength distribution and failure characteristics of the composite structures. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the structural design and safe operation of underground reservoir dams.

### 737. [Large system study of chalcopyrite and pyrite flotation surfaces based on SCC-DFTB parameterization method](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/large-system-study-of-chalcopyrite-and-pyrite-flotation-surfaces-based-on-scc-dftb-parameterization-method) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.06.004]
In recent years, computational chemistry studies of chalcopyrite and pyrite flotation surfaces have advanced significantly, yet current methods are constrained by small system sizes and inadequate consideration of hydration and temperature effects, limiting their ability to replicate real flotation environments. In this study, we employed the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) parameterization method to develop a parameter set, CuFeOrg, encompassing interactions among Cu, Fe, C, H, O, N, S, P, and Zn elements, to investigate surface interactions in large-scale flotation systems of chalcopyrite and pyrite. Validation through bulk modulus, atomic displacement, band structure, surface relaxation, surface Mulliken charge distribution, and adsorption tests of typical flotation reagents on mineral surfaces demonstrated that CuFeOrg achieves DFT-level accuracy while significantly outperforming DFT in computational efficiency. By constructing large-scale hydration systems of mineral surfaces, as well as systems incorporating combined mineral surface, flotation reagent, and hydration interactions, we more realistically reproduced actual flotation environments. Dynamic analysis results were consistent with mineral surface contact angle experiments. CuFeOrg lays the foundation for future studies of more complex and diverse chalcopyrite and pyrite flotation surface systems.

### 738. [Optimization and defect control in photoresist etch back processes for advanced semiconductor technologies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-and-defect-control-in-photoresist-etch-back-processes-for-advanced-semiconductor-technologies) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070024]
The introduction of high-k/metal gate (HK/MG) technology enables independent tuning of N-type metal−oxide−semiconductor (NMOS) and P-type metal−oxide−semiconductor (PMOS) threshold voltages, facilitating advanced nodes and improving overall chip performance. However, severe pattern loading effects during PMOS device fabrication pose challenges in dummy poly removal. This work reports the optimization of the photoresist etch back (PREB) process, providing a wider process window for subsequent AL CMP. By tuning the PR coating uniformity to 1.6% and applying four-zone electrostatic chuck (ESC) temperature control, the wafer-level uniformities of PR, SiN, and SiO2 were reduced to 6.3%, 2.3%, and 5.1%, respectively. An optimized over etch (OE) recipe with a high selectivity of PR : SiN : SiO2 ≈ 1 : 1 : 6 effectively balanced gate height loading between N- and PMOS regions. Furthermore, precise EB1 time tuning enabled defect removal, while advanced KLA inspection ensured early detection of critical failure modes. Collectively, these measures establish a robust and stable PREB process for advanced logic device fabrication.

### 739. [Harnessing Eu/Ce-codoped ZnO nanomaterial derived from MOF precursor for high-performance n-butanol sensing under UV activation at ambient temperature](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/harnessing-euce-codoped-zno-nanomaterial-derived-from-mof-precursor-for-high-performance-n-butanol-sensing-und) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070023]
Prolonged exposure to n-butanol, a common hazardous volatile organic compound (VOC) in the environment, can lead to a broad range of adverse health effects. Therefore, detecting n-butanol safely and efficiently at low concentrations becomes critical for both environmental monitoring and human health. In this study, a novel Eu/Ce-codoped MOF-ZnO gas sensor was developed for the sensitive detection of n-butanol gas under ultraviolet activation at ambient temperature. A series of Eu/Ce-ZnO nanomaterials were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation route, by carefully designing the varied mass ratios of Eu and Ce incorporated into pristine ZnO derived from MOF precursors. The gas testing results revealed that introducing an appropriate amount of Eu and Ce would enlarge the specific surface area and enrich the oxygen vacancy content compared to pristine MOF-ZnO. Upon UV irradiation, the 0.03 wt% Eu 0.04 wt% Ce-ZnO sensor achieved a superior response of 611 for 100 ppm n-butanol at room temperature, 15.28 times higher than that of pristine MOF-ZnO (40). Furthermore, the sensor presented rapid response/recovery times (15 s/28 s) and excellent selectivity. The above contributions pave the way for the promising development of highly sensitive, ultraviolet-enhanced gas sensors for ambient temperature detection of VOCs.

### 740. [Room-Temperature Electrically Injected GaN-Based Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Lasers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/room-temperature-electrically-injected-gan-based-photonic-crystal-surface-emitting-lasers) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070031]
Photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) utilize the Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional photonic crystals to achieve single-mode output with high power and small divergence angle. While GaAs-based PCSELs have demonstrated exceptional performance, GaN-based PCSELs offer shorter emission wavelengths covering visible to deep ultraviolet, enabling applications in material processing, laser illumination, underwater communication, and more. However, their development has been hindered by small refractive index and immature fabrication technologies. In this work, we report regrowth-free GaN-based PCSELs grown on sapphire substrates, achieving room-temperature electrically pumped lasing with a threshold current density of 13.7 kA/cm2. The device structure incorporates a photonic crystal layer etched on the p-side, eliminating the need for p-AlGaN cladding and simplifying fabrication. Through theoretical optimization based on coupled-wave theory, the photonic crystal layer thickness was set to 300 nm, and the lattice constant to 167 nm, targeting a lasing wavelength around 415 nm. The fabricated devices exhibit a dominant lasing peak at 415.1 nm with a full width at half maximum of approximately 1 nm. This demonstration of regrowth-free GaN-based PCSELs provides a cost-effective approach for mass production, advancing the practical application of GaN-based surface-emitting lasers.

### 741. [Contrastive Learning for Data-Efficient Substrate Deoxidation Monitoring in Edge-Side Adaptive Molecular Beam Epitaxy Systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/contrastive-learning-for-data-efficient-substrate-deoxidation-monitoring-in-edge-side-adaptive-molecular-beam) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25070029]
Accurate temperature control and effective oxide removal are essential for achieving high-quality epitaxial growth in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). However, traditional methods often rely on manual identification of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns. This process is heavily influenced by the grower's experience, leading to issues with reproducibility and limiting the potential for automation. In this report, we propose an unsupervised learning framework for real-time RHEED analysis during the deoxidation process. By incorporating temporal similarity constraints into contrastive learning, our model generates smooth and interpretable feature trajectories that illustrate transitions in the deoxidation state, thus eliminating the need for manual labeling. The model, pre-trained using grouped contrastive loss, shows significant improvement in RHEED feature boundary discrimination and localization of critical regions. We evaluated its generalizability through two transfer learning strategies: calibration-free clustering and few-shot fine-tuning. The pre-trained model achieved a clustering accuracy of 88.1% for GaAs deoxidation samples without additional labels and reached an accuracy of 94.3% to 95.5% after fine-tuning with just five sample pairs across GaAs, Ge, and InAs substrates. This framework is optimized for resource-constrained edge devices, allowing for real-time, plug-and-play integration with existing MBE systems and swift adaptation across various materials and equipment. This work paves the way for greater automation and improved reproducibility in semiconductor manufacturing.

### 742. [Theory and simulation investigations on stability control of gob-side entry retaining with coal pillar-backfill body system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/theory-and-simulation-investigations-on-stability-control-of-gob-side-entry-retaining-with-coal-pillar-backfil) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.012]
Gob-side entry retaining (GER) is widely applied in China. Nevertheless, the stability mechanism of the GER with coal pillar-backfill body (CPBB) under dynamic overburden load remains unexplored. A voussoir beam structure (VBS) model is established to analyze roof structure stability during panel advancement, introducing a VBS stability criterion. Reducing block B length l and immediate roof damage variable D, and increasing coal pillar width xc, lowers the GER structure instability risk. Reducing l and the GER width w leads to a CPBB system stability upswing. A UDEC model was established to systematically reveal how the l, backfill body width xb, and strength affect the stability and coupling performance of the CPPB system by monitoring the crack damage DC. Simulation results indicate that at l=14 m, xb=2.0 m, water-cement ratio 1.5:1, the coal pillar and backfill body have similar DC but maintain stability, resulting in CPPB system coupling degree Ϗ, better. A novel GER method supported by the CPBB was implemented on-site. Monitoring results indicated that the coal pillar peak stresses were 19.17 MPa (ahead), 16.14 MPa (behind), and the backfill body peak stress was 12.27 MPa (maximum). The floor heave was 380 mm, with a 103 mm backfill body rib.

### 743. [Coupling effect of size and strain rate on uniaxial compressive properties of coral reef limestone](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coupling-effect-of-size-and-strain-rate-on-uniaxial-compressive-properties-of-coral-reef-limestone) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.009]
As the main geomaterials for coral reefs oil or gas extraction and underground infrastructure construction, coral reef limestone demonstrates significantly distinct mechanical responses compared to terrigenous rocks. To investigate the mechanical behaviour of coral reef limestone under the coupling impact of size and strain rate, the uniaxial compression tests were conducted on reef limestone samples with length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 at strain rate ranging from 10−5 s−1 to 10−2 s−1. It is revealed that the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and residual compressive strength (RCS) of coral reef limestone exhibits a decreasing trend with L/D ratio increasing. The dynamic increase factor (DIF) of UCS is linearly correlated with the logarithm of strain rate, while increasing the L/D ratio further enhances the DIF. The elastic modulus increases with strain rate or L/D ratio increasing, whereas the Poisson’s ratio approximates to a constant value of 0.24. The failure strain increases with strain rate increasing or L/D ratio decreasing, while the increase in L/D ratio will inhibit the enhancing effect of the strain rate. The high porosity and low mineral strength are the primary factors contributing to a high RCS of 16.7%–64.9% of UCS, a lower brittleness index and multiple irregular fracture planes. The failure pattern of coral reef limestone transits from the shear-dominated to the splitting-dominated failure with strain rate increasing or L/D ratio decreasing, which is mainly governed by the constrained zones induced by end friction and the strain rate-dependent crack propagation. Moreover, a predictive formula incorporating coupling effect of size and strain rate for the UCS of reef limestone was established and verified to effectively capture the trend of UCS.

### 744. [Sparse Pipeline Wall Information-Based Data-Driven Reconstruction for Solid–Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Flexible Vibrating Pipelines](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sparse-pipeline-wall-information-based-data-driven-reconstruction-for-solidliquid-two-phase-flow-in-flexible-v) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.011]
Environmental factors induce vibrations in flexible pipelines, thereby affecting the internal flow characteristics. Therefore, real-time monitoring of solid–liquid two-phase flow in pipelines is crucial for system maintenance. This study develops an autoencoder-based deep learning framework to reconstruct three-dimensional solid–liquid two-phase flow within flexible vibrating pipelines utilizing sparse wall information from sensors. Within this framework, separate X-model and F-model with distinct hidden-layer structures are established to reconstruct the coordinates and flow field information on the computational domain grid of the pipeline under traveling wave vibration. Following hyperparameter optimization, the models achieved high reconstruction accuracy, demonstrating R2 values of 0.990 and 0.945, respectively. The models’ robustness is evaluated across three aspects: vibration parameters, physical fields, and vibration modes, demonstrating good reconstruction performance. Results concerning sensors show that 20 sensors (0.06% of total grids) achieve a balance between accuracy and cost, with superior accuracy obtained when arranged along the full length of the pipe compared to a dense arrangement at the front end. The models exhibited a signal-to-noise ratio tolerance of approximately 27 dB, with reconstruction accuracy being more affected by sensor failures at both ends of the pipeline. Deep-sea mineral resource transportation predominantly utilizes hydraulic pipeline methodology.

### 745. [Influence Law of Pore Water Storage Characteristics on the Gas Adsorption Characteristics of Coal](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-law-of-pore-water-storage-characteristics-on-the-gas-adsorption-characteristics-of-coal) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.008]
This study mainly investigates the influence of pore water characteristics on the adsorption properties of coalbed methane through integrated low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), adsorption experiments, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Pore water states in three coal ranks were characterized during progressive hydration. Multi-scale analysis revealed how pore water evolution regulates methane adsorption processes. During the diffusion-dominated stage (M2–M3), adsorbed water penetrates into the micropores. In the highly wettable brown coal (L1), the adsorbed water content reaches 2.12 g while in the anthracite (A1), it is only 0.29 g. During the active water injection stage (M4–M6), non-adsorbed water dominates in anthracite (over 85% of the total water content of 4.01 g), while adsorbed water remains dominant in lignite (over 60% of the total water content of 3.52 g). Water content plays a key role in methane adsorption in coal. During the water addition phase, the influence of methane adsorption on medium-to-low-rank coal is relatively weak, while the methane adsorption capacity of high-rank coal A1 shows a significant decrease during both the water diffusion and water addition phases, corresponding to a reduction in Langmuir volume of 21.22 cm3/g. Molecular dynamics (MD) results further show that the free energy between molecules on the surface of hydroxyl-modified coal increases, with hydroxyl groups driving electrostatic interactions between coal and water molecules. Increased steric hindrance inhibits hydrogen bond formation and reduces the rate of hydrogen bond growth. There is a significant correlation between pore water content and coal-water molecular interaction energy, which cross-scale validates the results of LF-NMR testing and MD simulations.

### 746. [Identification of Regionalized Multiscale Microseismic Characteristics and Rock Failure Mechanisms under Deep Mining Conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/identification-of-regionalized-multiscale-microseismic-characteristics-and-rock-failure-mechanisms-under-deep) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.007]
The rock mass failure induced by deep mining exhibits pronounced spatial heterogeneity and diverse mechanisms, with its microseismic responses serving as effective indicators of regional failure evolution and instability mechanisms. Focusing on the Level VI stope sublayers in the Jinchuan #2 mining area, this study constructs a 24-parameter index system encompassing time-domain features, frequency-domain features, and multifractal characteristics. Through manifold learning, clustering analysis, and hybrid feature selection, 15 key indicators were extracted to construct a classification framework for failure responses. Integrated with focal mechanism inversion and numerical simulation, the failure patterns and corresponding instability mechanisms across different structural zones were further identified. The results reveal that multiscale microseismic characteristics exhibit clear regional similarities. Based on the morphological features of radar plots derived from the 15 indicators, acoustic responses were classified into four typical types, each reflecting distinct local failure mechanisms, stress conditions, and plastic zone evolution. Moreover, considering dominant instability factors and rupture modes, four representative rock mass instability models were proposed for typical failure zones within the stope. These findings provide theoretical guidance and methodological support for hazard prediction, structural optimization, and disturbance control in deep metal mining areas.

### 747. [Harnessing sediment voids of low-grade salt mines for compressed air energy storage: Experimental and theoretical insights](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/harnessing-sediment-voids-of-low-grade-salt-mines-for-compressed-air-energy-storage-experimental-and-theoretic) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.001]
Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems, with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions. In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt formations, insoluble impurities and interlayers detach during salt dissolution and accumulate as sediment at the cavern base, thereby reducing the storage capacity and economic viability of salt cavern gas storage (SCGS). This study investigates sediment formation mechanisms, void distribution, and voidage in the Huai’an low-grade salt mine, introducing a novel self-developed physical simulation device for two butted-well horizontal (TWH) caverns that replicates compressed air injection and brine discharge. Experiments comparing “one injection and one discharge” and “two injections and one discharge” modes revealed that (1) compressed air effectively displaces brine from sediment voids, (2) a 0.5 MPa injection pressure corresponds to a 10.3 MPa operational lower limit in practice, aligning with field data, and (3) sediment voidage is approximately 46%, validated via air-brine interface theory. The “two injections and one discharge” mode outperformed in both discharge volume and rate. Additionally, a mathematical model for brine displacement via compressed air was established. These results provide foundational insights for optimizing compressed air energy storage (CAES) in low-grade salt mines, advancing their role in renewable energy integration.

### 748. [Advances in Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Modelling for CO2 Geological Storage and Utilization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical-modelling-for-co2-geological-storage-and-utilization) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.010]
Geological storage and utilization of CO2 involve complex interactions among Thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupling processes, which significantly affect storage integrity and efficiency. To address the challenges in accurately simulating these coupled phenomena, this paper systematically reviews recent advances in the mathematical modeling and numerical solution of THMC coupling in CO2 geological storage. The study focuses on the derivation and structure of governing and constitutive equations, the classification and comparative performance of fully coupled, iteratively coupled, and explicitly coupled solution methods, and the modeling of dynamic changes in porosity, permeability, and fracture evolution induced by multi-field interactions. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the capabilities, application scenarios, and limitations of major simulation platforms, including TOUGH, CMG-GEM, and COMSOL. By establishing a comparative framework integrating model formulations and solver strategies, this work clarifies the strengths and gaps of current approaches and contributes to the development of robust, scalable, and mechanism-oriented numerical models for long-term prediction of CO2 behavior in geological formations.

### 749. [A New Technical Approach for Real-Time Tensile Strength Testing of High-Temperature Granite Based on Micro-Tensile Testing Technology](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-technical-approach-for-real-time-tensile-strength-testing-of-high-temperature-granite-based-on-micro-ten) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.003]
The tensile strength of rocks under real-time high-temperatures is essential for enhanced geothermal system development. However, the complex occurrence and deep burial of hot dry rocks limit the quantity and quality of standard samples for mechanical testing. This paper compared the tensile strengths obtained from Brazilian splitting tests on standard samples (with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 25 mm) and micro-tensile samples (with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 25 mm) of two types of granites. A power-law size effect model was established between the two sets of data, validating the reliability of the testing method. Then, miniature Brazilian splitting under real-time high-temperature, combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed temperature-dependent strength variations and microstructural damage mechanisms. The results show that: (1) The comparison error between the tensile strength obtained by the fitting model and that of the measured standard samples was less than 6%. (2) In real-time high-temperature conditions, tensile strength of granite exhibited non-monotonic behavior, increasing below 300 °C before decreasing, with sharp declines at 400–500 °C and 600–700 °C. (3) Thermal damage stems from the differences in the high-temperature behavior of minerals, including dehydration, phase transformation, and differential expansion.

### 750. [Depth-dependent mechanical-seepage behavior and safety mining distance of the steeply inclined coal mine underground reservoir](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/depth-dependent-mechanical-seepage-behavior-and-safety-mining-distance-of-the-steeply-inclined-coal-mine-under) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.006]
Coal mine underground reservoir (CMUR) technology mitigates water scarcity in China's coal-rich western regions but lacks tailored solutions for steeply inclined coal seams. This study develops a novel framework of steeply inclined coal mine underground reservoirs (SICMUR), which is a paradigm shift from conventional CMUR that the coal seam itself serves as the reservoir floor, challenging conventional designs due to depth-dependent permeability and mechanical constraints. Triaxial mechanical-seepage tests on Xinjiang Wudong coal samples (100, 200, 300 m depths) revealed a 3.5 MPa triaxial strength increase per 100 m depth and a 58-fold post-peak permeability surge at 300 versus 100 m. Similar model simulations revealed mining-induced stress redistribution and significant deformation effects, particularly subsidence and water-conducting fractures during lower coal seam mining. Results indicate a minimum 40 m safety distance between reservoirs and lower coal seams. Critical construction parameters were investigated for Wudong mine SICMUR as collapse zone heights (9.9–12.31 m) and water-conducting fracture zone heights (31.96–37.40 m). This work systematically bridges SICMUR concepts to field implementation, offering a framework for water preservation in steeply inclined mining while addressing safety concerns, providing a new approach for water reservation in steeply inclined coal mining.

### 751. [A multi-dimensional percussion method for efficient drilling in HDR formations: Rock fragmentation mechanism, drilling energy analysis, and performance optimization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-multi-dimensional-percussion-method-for-efficient-drilling-in-hdr-formations-rock-fragmentation-mechanism-dr) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.005]
Percussion drilling is a promising approach for hot dry rock (HDR) fragmentation. However, understanding of HDR fragmentation mechanism under multi-dimensional percussion remains limited and hinders the corresponding drilling performance. Herein, an innovative true triaxial multi-dimensional percussion device was developed for the study of HDR fragmentation mechanism under in-situ temperature and stress conditions. Multi-dimensional percussion, involving both axial and torsional components, was applied to drilling in granite and carbonatite rocks sampled from the typical HDR target areas. Multi-scale visualization techniques and a whale optimization-variational mode decomposition algorithm were employed to investigate the rock failure patterns and drilling energy characteristics. Results indicated that multi-dimensional percussion enhances brittle-ductile mixed failure in granite, characterized by transgranular, intergranular, and combined fracture patterns that promote rock cracking. In contrast, carbonatite drillhole displays enhanced brittle fragmentation and tortuous failure surface dominated by transgranular fracture pattern. Frequency-domain characteristics of penetration force signals for multi-dimensional percussion, especially the significant dominant frequency, amplitude, and high-frequency dissipation, indicate an increase in net energy for drilling into HDR and intensified rock fragmentation. Further, the effect of impact frequency on rock fragmentation performance was emphasized to maximize drilling efficiency. The optimal regulation schemes between axial and torsional impact frequencies are identified as 15 Hz + 15 Hz for granite and 30 Hz + 15 Hz for carbonatite. The reliability of the optimization approach was validated through a field test that employed a novel impactor in the geothermal well Fushen-1.

### 752. [Research on a dynamic early warning model for gas outbursts using adaptive fractal dimension characterization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-a-dynamic-early-warning-model-for-gas-outbursts-using-adaptive-fractal-dimension-characterization) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.004]
To address the issues of single warning indicators, fixed thresholds, and insufficient adaptability in coal and gas outburst early warning models, this study proposes a dynamic early warning model for gas outbursts based on adaptive fractal dimension characterization. By analyzing the nonlinear characteristics of gas concentration data, an adaptive window fractal analysis method is introduced. Combined with box-counting dimension and variation of box dimension metrics, a cross-scale dynamic warning model for disaster prevention is established. The implementation involves three key phases: First, wavelet denoising and interpolation methods are employed for raw data preprocessing, followed by validation of fractal characteristics. Second, an adaptive window cross-scale fractal dimension method is proposed to calculate the box-counting dimension of gas concentration, enabling effective capture of multi-scale complex features. Finally, dynamic threshold partitioning is achieved through membership functions and the 3r principle, establishing a graded classification standard for the mine gas disaster (MGD) index. Validated through engineering applications at Shoushan #1 Coal Mine in Henan Province, the results demonstrate that the adaptive window fractal dimension curve exhibits significantly enhanced fluctuation characteristics compared to fixed window methods, with local feature detection capability improved and warning accuracy reaching 86.9%. The research reveals that this model effectively resolves the limitations of traditional methods in capturing local features and dependency on subjective thresholds through multi-indicator fusion and threshold optimization, providing both theoretical foundation and practical tool for coal mine gas outburst early warning.

### 753. [Depression of pyrrhotite superstructures in copper flotation: A synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and DFT study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/depression-of-pyrrhotite-superstructures-in-copper-flotation-a-synchrotron-x-ray-powder-diffraction-and-dft-st) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.07.002]
Pyrrhotite naturally occurs in various superstructures including magnetic (4C) and non-magnetic (5C, 6C) types, each with distinct physicochemical properties and flotation behaviors. Challenges in accurately identifying and quantifying these superstructures hinder the optimization of pyrrhotite depression in flotation processes. To address this critical issue, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (S-XRPD) with Rietveld refinement was employed to quantify the distribution of superstructures in the feed and flotation concentrates of a copper–gold ore. To elucidate the mechanisms influencing depression, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to explore the electronic structures and surface reactivity of the pyrrhotite superstructures toward the adsorption of water, oxygen and hydroxyl ions (OH−) as dominant species present in the flotation process. S-XRPD analysis revealed that flotation recovery rates of pyrrhotite followed the order of 4C<6C<5C. DFT calculations indicated that the Fe 3d and S 3p orbital band centers exhibited a similar trend relative to the Fermi level with 4C being the closest. The Fe 3d band center suggested that the 4C structure possessed a more reactive surface toward the oxygen reduction reaction, promoting the formation of hydrophilic Fe-OH sites. The S 3p band center order also implied that xanthate on the non-magnetic 5C and 6C surfaces could oxidize to dixanthogen, increasing hydrophobicity and floatability, while 4C formed less hydrophobic metal-xanthate complexes. Adsorption energy and charge transfer analyses of water, hydroxyl ions and molecular oxygen further supported the high reactivity and hydrophilic nature of 4C pyrrhotite. The strong bonding with hydroxyl ions indicated enhanced surface passivation by hydrophilic Fe–OOH complexes, aligning with the experimentally observed flotation order (4C<6C<5C). These findings provide a compelling correlation between experimental flotation results and electronic structure calculations, delivering crucial insights for optimizing flotation processes and improving pyrrhotite depression. This breakthrough opens up new opportunities to enhance the efficiency of flotation processes in the mining industry.

### 754. [Bio-inspired Spectral Adaptive Visual Devices: A New Paradigm for Structure-Defined Functionality](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bio-inspired-spectral-adaptive-visual-devices-a-new-paradigm-for-structure-defined-functionality) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080014]
In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has driven the widespread deployment of visual systems in complex environments such as autonomous driving, security surveillance, and medical diagnosis. However, existing image sensors—such as CMOS and CCD devices—intrinsically suffer from the limitation of fixed spectral response. Especially in environments with strong glare, haze, or dust, external spectral conditions often severely mismatch the device's design range, leading to significant degradation in image quality and a sharp drop in target recognition accuracy. While algorithmic post-processing (such as color bias correction or background suppression) can mitigate these issues, algorithm approaches typically introduce computational latency and increased energy consumption, making them unsuitable for edge computing or high-speed scenarios. Achieving real-time adaptation to environmental spectral changes at the hardware level remains a major bottleneck in the intelligentization of visual systems. In 2024, Ouyang et al. published a study in Nature Electronics proposing a biomimetic spectral adaptive visual device inspired by the spectral regulation mechanism of Pacific salmon. This design innovatively adopts a filterless, single-structure stacking approach, enabling the switching of the primary response spectral band within the device by adjusting the bias voltage, thereby defining spectral sensing functionality at the structural layer. The filterless stacking approach achieves 'depth-tunable' response through material heterostructures, not only avoids the volume and complexity issues of traditional multi-channel schemes but also constructs 'hardware-adaptive' sensing capabilities at the device level, opening up new avenues for the development of next-generation visual systems. Performance testing shows that the device achieves an external quantum efficiency (EQE) covering 340−880 nm at a +2 V bias, and transforms into a narrow-band response of 930−1075 nm at −2 V. The response and recovery times under 520 and 980 nm illumination are both controlled within 100 ms. Under strong visible light interference, the infrared target suppression ratio R980/R520 exceeds 10^4, demonstrating excellent spectral discrimination capability. The device switches stably at a frequency of 100 kHz and maintains consistent response across a wide temperature range. Further research expanded this device into an 8 × 8 array to test its spectral selective imaging capability, achieving dual-mode switching recognition accuracy of 90% for both visible and infrared targets without any image post-processing.

### 755. [Contact Planarization and Passivation Lift Tungsten Diselenide PMOS Performance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/contact-planarization-and-passivation-lift-tungsten-diselenide-pmos-performance) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080028]
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer superior electrical and optical properties, challenging the limits of traditional bulk semiconductors. Tungsten diselenide (WSe2), a promising 2D channel material for high-performance p-type transistors, has attracted significant interest for advanced CMOS logic and extending Moore's Law. However, WSe2 devices have lagged behind n-type TMDs due to strong Fermi-level pinning, poor interface quality, and unstable behavior, leading to high contact resistance, high threshold voltages, suboptimal subthreshold swings, and significant hysteresis. Two groundbreaking studies presented at the 2025 VLSI Symposium demonstrated record performance in WSe2 p-channel transistors through innovative engineering. The first study, by TSMC, addressed performance constraints via improved surface preparation and passivation, contact engineering with a sacrificial contact buffer and thin liner, gate dielectric scaling, and post-fabrication treatments, achieving higher drive currents and reduced hysteresis in monolayer WSe2 p-FETs. The second study, by Intel, utilized a manufacturable physical vapor deposition (PVD) sputtering process for contacts, systematically optimizing process variables and demonstrating a gate-all-around (GAA) architecture with contact planarization via chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). This approach achieved a subthreshold swing of 132 mV/dec and a maximum drain current of 613 μA/μm, nearly an order of magnitude higher than prior devices with evaporated contacts. These studies map a practical path for WSe2 PMOS, highlighting the importance of contact engineering and passivation in realizing high-performance 2D transistors.

### 756. [A novel split gate and contact-field-plate LDMOS with enhanced BV−Ron,sp trade-off and improved FOM](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-split-gate-and-contact-field-plate-ldmos-with-enhanced-bvronsp-trade-off-and-improved-fom) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080033]
To improve the breakdown voltage (BV)−specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) trade-off and enhance manufacturability, this article proposes a novel lateral diffused metal−oxide−semiconductor (LDMOS) structure that features a split gate and split contact field plate (CFP). This novel structure requires no additional bias voltages, masks, or process steps, making it fully compatible with the bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process flow. The physical mechanisms are elucidated through technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. In the on-state, the positively biased split gate forms an accumulation layer at the drift region surface, thereby reducing Ron,sp. In the off-state, both the split gate and split CFP introduce additional electric-field peaks that smooth the lateral electric field, thus preserving a high BV. Compared with the conventional CFP-LDMOS, the proposed CFP-LDMOS achieves an 8.52% reduction in Ron,sp without compromising BV, leading to an 8.07% improvement in the figure of merit (FOM). Notably, the proposed structure can be extended to LDMOS devices across different voltage levels within BCD platforms, demonstrating its broad applicability.

### 757. [A sediment sampling system for monitoring plume redeposition from deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-sediment-sampling-system-for-monitoring-plume-redeposition-from-deep-sea-polymetallic-nodule-mining) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.010]
The spatiotemporal characterization of plume sedimentation and microorganisms is critical for developing plume ecological monitoring models. To address the limitations of traditional methods in obtaining high-quality sediment, a novel sampling system with 6000 m operational capability and three-month endurance was developed. It is equipped with three sediment samplers and a set of formaldehyde preservation solution injection devices. The system is controlled by a low-power, timing-triggered controller. To investigate low-disturbance rheological mechanisms, gap-controlled rheological tests were conducted to optimize the structural design of the sampling and sealing assembly. Stress-controlled shear rheological tests were employed to investigate the mechanisms governing yield stress in sediments under varying temperature conditions and boundary roughness. Additionally, the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method and sediment rheological constitutive models were employed to simulate tube-soil interaction dynamics and sediment disturbance. The radial heterogeneity of sediment disturbance and friction variation of the sampling tube were revealed. The tube was completely "plugged" at a penetration depth of 261 mm, providing critical data support for penetration depth parameters. The deep-sea pressure test and South China Sea field trials demonstrated the system's capability to collect and preserve quantitative time-series sediment samples with high fidelity.

### 758. [Prediction of lost circulation risk in fractured formations based on 3D geomechanical modeling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/prediction-of-lost-circulation-risk-in-fractured-formations-based-on-3d-geomechanical-modeling) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.008]
Due to complex geological structures and a narrow safe mud density window, offshore fractured formations frequently encounter severe lost circulation (LC) during drilling, significantly hindering oil and gas exploration and development. Predicting LC risks enables the targeted implementation of mitigation strategies, thereby reducing the frequency of such incidents. To address the limitations of existing 3D geomechanical modeling in predicting LC, such as arbitrary factor selection, subjective weight assignment, and the inability to achieve pre-drilling prediction along the entire well section, an improved prediction method is proposed. This method integrates multi-source data and incorporates three LC-related sensitivity factors: fracture characteristics, rock brittleness, and in-situ stress conditions. A quantitative risk assessment model for LC is developed by combining the subjective analytic hierarchy process with the objective entropy weight method (EWM) to assign weights. Subsequently, 3D geomechanical modeling is applied to identify regional risk zones, enabling digital visualization for pre-drilling risk prediction. The developed 3D LC risk prediction model was validated using actual LC incidents from drilled wells. Results were generally consistent with field-identified LC zones, with an average relative error of 19.08%, confirming its reliability. This method provides practical guidance for mitigating potential LC risks and optimizing drilling program designs in fractured formations.

### 759. [Study on mechanical properties and mesoscopic damage mechanism of composite jointed rock masses](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-on-mechanical-properties-and-mesoscopic-damage-mechanism-of-composite-jointed-rock-masses) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.018]
Joints are widely distributed structural defects in rock masses, and their geometric characteristics play a decisive role in the overall stability of rocks under complex stress conditions. To clarify the influence of joint geometry on the mechanical behavior of jointed rock under such conditions, this study investigated the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of composite jointed rock specimens with varying joint roughness and joint dip angles. Three typical failure modes under triaxial loading were identified, and a mechanical analysis model incorporating joint roughness and dip angle was established. The failure mechanism was revealed, and a discrete element model was developed to analyze the micro-damage evolution process of the specimens. The results show that the mechanical parameters of the specimens exhibit pronounced anisotropy. Both the elastic modulus and peak strength reach their minimum values at a joint dip angle of 60°. Increasing joint roughness significantly reduces the degree of anisotropy and enhances the energy storage capacity of the specimens. A strong linear relationship is observed between the elastic strain energy and the peak deviatoric stress, confirming the applicability of the linear energy storage law in composite jointed rocks. Discrete element simulations revealed the evolution path and dominant types of microcracks between the joint and matrix. The joint dip angle governs the transition of dominant crack types from tensile to shear and then back to tensile. Increased joint roughness significantly suppresses damage localization along the joint and results in an approximately 20% increase in the proportion of shear microcracks within the matrix. These findings clarify the regulatory role of joint geometrical parameters in the damage evolution process.

### 760. [Reverse floc-flotation of talc from chalcopyrite by using polyvinyl acetate as a flocculant: Adsorption and bubble capture studies](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reverse-floc-flotation-of-talc-from-chalcopyrite-by-using-polyvinyl-acetate-as-a-flocculant-adsorption-and-bub) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.016]
Chalcopyrite is often intergrown with talc, which, after grinding, forms ultrafine particles (<10 lm) that readily coat chalcopyrite surfaces, hindering flotation and causing significant losses in tailings. This study evaluates polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), a thermoplastic polymer, as a selective flocculant to enhance reverse flotation separation of chalcopyrite from ultrafine talc. Flotation tests showed that at a PVAc dosage of 40 mg/L, talc can be effectively and selectively removed, enabling efficient separation. Laser particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) confirmed that PVAc promotes selective talc aggregation without affecting chalcopyrite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that hydrogen bonding between PVAc ester groups and surface hydroxyls on talc drives the flocculation, while chalcopyrite lacks suitable binding sites. PVAc adsorption also enhances talc hydrophobicity. Furthermore, particle-bubble coverage angle measurements and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory theoretical calculations demonstrated that PVAc-induced flocculation increases attractive interactions between talc and bubbles, shifting the total interaction energy from repulsive to attractive and promoting bubble-particle attachment. This study clarifies the selective adsorption and flocculation mechanisms of PVAc and reveals the coupling of flocculation and flotation of ultrafine talc from a particle-bubble capture perspective, while expanding the potential of ester-based polymers for ultrafine mineral recovery.

### 761. [Fluorine-free polymers set a new benchmark for ferroelectrics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fluorine-free-polymers-set-a-new-benchmark-for-ferroelectrics) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080021]
Ferroelectrics (FEs) are crucial for sensors, actuators, and electrocaloric cooling due to their cross-coupling of electric polarization with mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties. While polymer FEs offer flexibility and biocompatibility, the dominant poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) poses environmental concerns as a 'forever chemical'. In a recent Science publication, Zhu et al. introduced fluorine-free disulfonyl polymers (–SO2CH2CHRCH2SO2–, R = –H or –CH3) that achieve high dipole moments (~9 D) and exhibit both normal ferroelectricity (FE-2SO2P) and relaxor ferroelectricity (RFE-2SO2P) by simple side-chain modification. FE-2SO2P shows a sharp Curie transition at ~118 °C and a high remanent polarization of 33.2 mC·m–2, while RFE-2SO2P displays frequency-dependent dielectric behavior and a transition to a ferroelectric state at low temperatures. Molecular dynamics simulations attribute the difference to steric hindrance from the methyl group, which disrupts dipole alignment. Notably, RFE-2SO2P exhibits exceptional electroactuation strain (–4% at 44 MV·m–1) and electrocaloric effect (ΔS = 14.8 J·kg–1·K–1), rivaling PVDF-based tetrapolymers. This work establishes fluorine-free polymers as viable alternatives for flexible electronics and thermal management, addressing environmental and health concerns.

### 762. [Realizing High-Performance, Enhanced Write Endurance of Low-RA STT-MRAM through MgO Tunnel Barrier Engineering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/realizing-high-performance-enhanced-write-endurance-of-low-ra-stt-mram-through-mgo-tunnel-barrier-engineering) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080016]
Spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM), based on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), is attracting significant attention for applications demanding high reliability and speed. To ensure high TMR which is essential for achieving sufficient sense margin, MTJs typically incorporate relatively thick tunnel barriers, resulting in high operating voltages. As the CMOS technology nodes advance and operating voltages decrease, reducing the MTJ switching voltage becomes imperative. However, MTJs with thinner tunnel barriers generally exhibit significantly degraded read margins and bit error rate, presenting a major challenge for achieving high-density, low-power MRAM. Here, we address this challenge through MgO tunnel barrier engineering and process optimization, successfully reducing the required MOS driving voltage while simultaneously expanding the write margin. Meanwhile, 85% array yield with sub-parts-per-million bit error rates at RA = 7 Ω·μm2 is achieved. These advancements are promising for developing high-density MRAM at advanced technology nodes.

### 763. [A quantitative fracability evaluation method and its application to deep shale gas development in Sichuan Basin, China](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-quantitative-fracability-evaluation-method-and-its-application-to-deep-shale-gas-development-in-sichuan-basi) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.007]
Fracability evaluation is critical for efficiently extracting deep shale gas using hydraulic fracturing to avoid blind drilling and fracking. However, existing fracability indices often fail to systematically consider the mechanical behavior of rocks at high temperatures and high pressures (HTHP), coupled with geostress distributions and heterogeneous reservoir characteristics. This critical omission limits their effectiveness in accurately identifying the optimal fracability sweet spots within deep reservoirs. In this work, a fracability evaluation model was proposed based on the combined weighting method, integrating the improved brittleness index, rock strength, geostresses and natural weakness characteristics. A fracability grading evaluation was carried out to determine the potential fracture characteristics corresponding to shales with different fracability levels. Additionally, the fracability index was used for field validation and applications. Results show that rock brittleness and fracability are not equivalent for deep reservoirs. The fracability index is closely related to the pay zones and actual gas production, with a correlation as high as 84%, implying that the proposed method has practical significance in both experimental and field applications. The above findings can provide theoretical guidance for the selection of fracturing candidates and the optimal design of fracturing in deep resource development.

### 764. [Experimental and numerical studies on rock damage law in straight-hole cut blasting under biaxial confining pressure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-and-numerical-studies-on-rock-damage-law-in-straight-hole-cut-blasting-under-biaxial-confining-pr) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.011]
To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting, tests were performed under different confining pressures. Then, the characteristics of rock mass crack development were analyzed, and the pressure resistance values of core samples before and after blasting were compared to study the trends of rock mass damage. Moreover, a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established by LS-DYNA to analyze the stress wave propagation, cavity shape and crack propagation characteristics under different confining pressures. The propagation of rock blasting cracks is negatively correlated with the confining pressure. The greater the confining pressure, the shorter the crack development time. Additionally, the crack width is reduced from 0.4–1.7 to 0.04–1.4 mm, and the length is shortened from 280 to 120 mm. A comparison of the compressive strength revealed that blasting reduces the compressive strength of the rock mass. The greater the distance from the explosion source, the lower the degree of strength attenuation. An increase in the confining pressure can inhibit strength attenuation. Numerical simulations revealed that under the same confining pressure, the stress first peaks at the bottom of the blast hole. The greater the confining pressure, the longer the stress peak duration, the smaller the cavity volume, and the shorter the crack propagation length and depth. Under a confining pressure of 4 MPa, the longest crack was only 154.5 mm in length and 102 mm in depth. The research results provide a scientific basis for controlling rock damage and optimizing design in the excavation of deep rock roadways by blasting.

### 765. [Transport Mechanism of Oxide-Based Programmable Diode](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/transport-mechanism-of-oxide-based-programmable-diode) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25090006]
In this work, oxide-based programmable diodes (PDs) with a TiN/HfO2/Si/Al structure are fabricated, and their electron transport mechanisms are investigated. Electrical measurements reveal that the conduction and rectification performance of oxide-based PDs are mainly controlled by the interface between the oxygen vacancy (VO) filament and the semiconductor electrode. The local density of states in the filament and the band bending of the PDs are calculated using first-principles simulations. The electron transport in oxide PDs is dominated by Poole–Frenkel emission under forward bias, while under negative bias, the PDs behave like a reverse Schottky diode. These mechanistic studies are essential for device optimization and circuit design of oxide-based PDs.

### 766. [Overcoming Photovoltage Deficit via Phenylthiourea Derivatives for Efficient Printed Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Stability](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/overcoming-photovoltage-deficit-via-phenylthiourea-derivatives-for-efficient-printed-perovskite-solar-cells-wi) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080006]
Although the certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has achieved a high level of 27%, approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells, the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization. Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices. Herein, phenylthiourea (PhTu) derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films. It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea (PhTu-COOH) significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films. As a result, the inverted solar device made of PhTu-COOH-modified MAPbI3 perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency (from 17.29% to 20.22%) and obviously increased open-circuit voltage (VOC) (from 1.043 to 1.143 V), as compared with the pristine device. Moreover, the PhTu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density. Finally, the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm2 delivers a high PCE of 17.07% with negligible VOC loss, demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.

### 767. [A Low-Thermal-Budget MOSFET-Based Reservoir Computing for Temporal Data Classification](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-low-thermal-budget-mosfet-based-reservoir-computing-for-temporal-data-classification) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25080038]
Neuromorphic devices have garnered significant attention as potential building blocks for energy-efficient hardware systems owing to their capacity to emulate the computational efficiency of the brain. In this regard, reservoir computing (RC) framework, which leverages straightforward training methods and efficient temporal signal processing, has emerged as a promising scheme. While various physical reservoir devices, including ferroelectric, optoelectronic, and memristor-based systems, have been demonstrated, many still face challenges related to compatibility with mainstream complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integration processes. This study introduced a silicon-based Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (SB-MOSFET), which was fabricated under low thermal budget and compatible with back-end-of-line (BEOL). The device demonstrated short-term memory characteristics, facilitated by the modulation of Schottky barriers and charge trapping. Utilizing these characteristics, a RC system for temporal data processing was constructed, and its performance was validated in a 5 × 4 digital classification task, achieving an accuracy exceeding 98% after 50 training epochs. Furthermore, the system successfully processed temporal signal in waveform classification and prediction tasks using time-division multiplexing. Overall, the SB-MOSFET's high compatibility with CMOS technology provides substantial advantages for large-scale integration, enabling the development of energy-efficient reservoir computing hardware.

### 768. [Quantitative Characterization of Fracture Surface Undulations and Gas-Guiding Patterns in Fractured Rocks under Steady Loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quantitative-characterization-of-fracture-surface-undulations-and-gas-guiding-patterns-in-fractured-rocks-unde) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.017]
Fractures in rock strata serve as flow pathways for gas flow. The undulation of fracture channels can influence the guidance of gas flow. In this context, four-point bending experiments on prefabricated fractured rocks at different angles under stable stepped loading stress were conducted. The experiment results clarified the evolutionary law that the undulation degree of the rock tensile fracture surface is separated by an initial fracture angle of 45°. The high undulation intervals were less than 45°, whereas the low undulation intervals were more than 45°. Furthermore, the relative undulation degree, undulation frequency, and matching degree of the fracture surface were quantified. The relationship between the change in fracture surface undulation and gas flow guidance was established. Based on this, the stability, tortuosity, and uniformity of the gas flow in the fracture channel were quantitatively characterized. Subsequently, numerical models of the fracture channels were constructed to validate the indices proposed in this study. The results of the study clarified the influence of different initial fracture angles on the undulation changes of fracture surfaces, and established the relationship between these changes and gas flow, which is conducive to understanding the role of internal fracture channels in rocks in guiding the gas flow process.

### 769. [A PCM-based active temperature-preserved coring method for deep sea natural gas hydrate](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-pcm-based-active-temperature-preserved-coring-method-for-deep-sea-natural-gas-hydrate) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.012]
Natural gas hydrate (NGH) has a bright future as a clean energy source with huge reserves. Coring is one of the most direct methods for NGH exploration and research. Preserving the in-situ properties of the core as much as possible during the coring process is crucial for the assessment of NGH resources. However, most existing NGH coring techniques cannot preserve the in-situ temperature of NGH, leading to distortion of the physical properties of the obtained core, which makes it difficult to effectively guide NGH exploration and development. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces an innovative active temperature-preserved coring method for NGH utilizing phase change materials (PCM). An active temperature-preserved corer (ATPC) is designed and developed, and an indoor experimental system is established to investigate the heat transfer during the coring process. Based on the experimental results under different environment temperatures, a heat transfer model for the entire ATPC coring process has been established. The indoor experimental results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the heat transfer model, confirming its validity. This model has reconstructed the temperature changes of the NGH core during the coring process, demonstrating that compared to the traditional coring method with only passive temperature-preserved measures, ATPC can effectively reduce the core temperature by more than 5.25 °C. With ATPC, at environment temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, the duration of low-temperature state for the NGH core is 53.85, 32.87, 20.32, and 11.83 min, respectively. These findings provide new perspectives on temperature-preserving core sampling in NGH and provide technical support for exploration and development in NGH.

### 770. [Synergistic exploitation of gas hydrates through surface seawater injection coupled with depressurization: Application and optimization in the South China Sea](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-exploitation-of-gas-hydrates-through-surface-seawater-injection-coupled-with-depressurization-appl) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.003]
This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates. By employing comprehensive multiphysics simulations guided by field data from hydrate production tests in the South China Sea, we pinpoint key operational parameters—such as injection rates, depths, and timings—that notably enhance production efficiency. The results indicate that a 3-phase hydrate reservoir transitions from a free-gas-dominated production stage to a hydrate-decomposition-dominated stage. Moderate warm seawater injection supplies additional heat during the hydrate decomposition phase, thereby enhancing stable production; however, excessively high injection rates can impede the depressurization process. Only injection at an appropriate depth simultaneously balances thermal supplementation and the pressure gradient, leading to higher overall productivity. A “depressurization-driven sensible-heat supply window” is introduced, highlighting that timely seawater injection following initial depressurization prolongs reservoir dissociation dynamics. In this study area, commencing seawater injection at 170 d of depressurization proved optimal. This optimized integration leverages clean and renewable thermal energy, providing essential insights into thermal supplementation strategies with significant implications for sustainable, economically feasible, and efficient commercial-scale hydrate production.

### 771. [PFC-FDEM Multi-Scale Cross-Platform Numerical Simulation of Thermal Crack Network Evolution and SHTB Dynamic Mechanical Response of Rocks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pfc-fdem-multi-scale-cross-platform-numerical-simulation-of-thermal-crack-network-evolution-and-shtb-dynamic-m) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.013]
Underground engineering in extreme environments necessitates understanding rock mechanical behavior under coupled high-temperature and dynamic loading conditions. This study presents an innovative multi-scale cross-platform PFC-FDEM coupling methodology that bridges microscopic thermal damage mechanisms with macroscopic dynamic fracture responses. The breakthrough coupling framework introduces: (1) bidirectional information transfer protocols enabling seamless integration between PFC’s particle-scale thermal damage characterization and FDEM’s continuum-scale fracture propagation, (2) multi-physics mapping algorithms that preserve crack network geometric invariants during scale transitions, and (3) cross-platform cohesive zone implementations for accurate SHTB dynamic loading simulation. The coupled approach reveals distinct three-stage crack evolution characteristics with temperature-dependent density following an exponential model. High-temperature exposure significantly reduces dynamic strength ratio (60% at 800 °C) and diminishes strain-rate sensitivity, with dynamic increase factor decreasing from 1.0 to 2.2 (25 °C) to 1.0–1.3 (800 °C). Critically, the coupling methodology captures fundamental energy redistribution mechanisms: thermal crack networks alter elastic energy proportion from 75% to 35% while increasing fracture energy from 5% to 30%. Numerical predictions demonstrate excellent experimental agreement (±8% peak stress–strain errors), validating the PFC-FDEM coupling accuracy. This integrated framework provides essential computational tools for predicting complex thermal–mechanical rock behavior in underground engineering applications.

### 772. [High-gravity assisted coal mine gas separation based on clathrate hydrates: Implication for methane recovery](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-gravity-assisted-coal-mine-gas-separation-based-on-clathrate-hydrates-implication-for-methane-recovery) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.011]
Hydrate-based gas separation offers a promising approach for coalbed methane recovery, reaching energy conservation and emissions reduction. This study innovatively applied high-gravity technology to enhance hydrate formation in separating 25%CH4/67%N2/8% O2 for achieving rapid and efficient methane recovery. Systematic investigations were conducted at 283.2 K and 3.0 MPa with tetrahydrofuran at a molar concentration of 5.56% and L-tryptophan at a mass concentration of 0.5% additives, first evaluating liquid flow rate effects (0–20 mL/min) on mixed hydrate kinetic performance and separation efficiency, followed by rotating speed optimization (0–1200 r min−1) under the optimal liquid flow rate. The high-gravity system amplified the gas–liquid contact area by ∼1155 times through cascaded liquid supply and secondary shear effects, methane molecules entered the hydrate phase rapidly under the highest driving force with the significantly intensified mass transfer. Optimal conditions (20 mL/min, 600 r min−1) yielded an exceptional initial hydrate growth rate of 58.59 mmol/(mol h) and methane recovery of 50.76%, about 71.33 and 0.58 times higher than the static system, respectively. Gas chromatography and Raman spectrometer analyses revealed superior methane enrichment in hydrate phase at 90% gas uptake completion, with a concurrent 41.17% reduction in process duration. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of high-gravity-enhanced hydrate technology for coalbed methane separation, offering valuable insights for optimizing clean energy utilization.

### 773. [Flow behavior of a rough single rock fracture under high-temperature, high-stress, and high-seepage pressure coupling conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/flow-behavior-of-a-rough-single-rock-fracture-under-high-temperature-high-stress-and-high-seepage-pressure-cou) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.001]
Understanding the complex flow behavior along a rough rock fracture under high-temperature, high-stress, and high-seepage pressure (HTHM) coupling conditions is of great significance for optimizing deep resource extraction. This study investigates the complex flow behavior of a single rock fracture under coupled HTHM conditions using a self-developed multi-field coupling experimental system, considering real-time high temperatures (20–90 °C), confining pressures (30–120 MPa), and seepage pressures (5–60 MPa). Experimental results show that as confining pressure increases, two typical nonlinear flow behaviors are observed, which are Forchheimer flow and low-velocity nonlinear flow. The increase in temperature and decrease in roughness significantly promote the fluid flow and enhance the nonlinear relationship between the volumetric flow rate and the hydraulic gradient at lower confining pressures (30 MPa). However, the change in temperature and fracture surface roughness does not affect the nonlinear type of fluid flow. Under a given hydraulic gradient, the influence of temperature and fracture roughness on the volumetric flow rate varies with changes in confining pressure. Additionally, this study considers both the viscous and inertial terms, and a modified Forchheimer equation is proposed using two parameters: the contact area ratio and the thermal expansion coefficient of the rock. The proposed model can effectively predict the nonlinear flow behavior of fluid along rough fractured rocks under varying temperatures and surface roughness. The experimental results and the proposed model provide valuable data and theoretical guidance for deep oil and gas exploration as well as hydraulic fracturing design.

### 774. [High-speed single-mode 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-speed-single-mode-850-nm-vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25090008]
A high-speed single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is one of the most important light sources for optical interconnects in data centers. Single-mode VCSEL can improve the transmission distance. In this letter, we demonstrate a single-mode 850 nm VCSEL with a bit rate of 60 Gb/s under NRZ modulation and 104 Gb/s under PAM4 modulation across a 100 m length of OM5 fiber, without the need for equalization or a filter. In addition, by using optical injection locking, the 3 dB bandwidth is enhanced to 68.5 GHz.

### 775. [Anisotropy of laser-induced electro-response in shale: Modelling and experimental validation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/anisotropy-of-laser-induced-electro-response-in-shale-modelling-and-experimental-validation) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.015]
Laser-induced electro-response (LIER), as a new method that complements conventional rock physics testing techniques, is expected to address issues such as unclear mechanisms, model deficiency, inconsistent evaluation parameters, and difficulty in separating multiple coupling factors in shale anisotropy evaluation, and establish a more complete and reliable shale physical property evaluation system. A testing strategy for out-of-plane anisotropy (OPA) was proposed for characterising anisotropy by LIER, where near-infrared (NIR) continuous laser (CL) and nanosecond pulsed laser (PL) were used to irradiate the surface of oblique cut shale, and the transverse LIER of the surface was measured. A LIER detection model is constructed from the laser-thermal effect, residual transverse polarization electric field and thermionic emission transport mechanism, which is strongly relying on laser power, bias voltage, and inclination angle of the measurement direction relative to the bedding plane of shale. For OPA test on the slice of oblique cut shale under CL irradiation, the relationship between the product of LIER simulation parameters and the tilting angle can be described by a cubic function and an impulse function with a maximum value at the threshold angle. In addition, the thermal accumulation and transient thermal effects are induced in the shale under a high-energy short laser pulse irradiation, and the simulation results indicate that there is an exponential relationship between the product of parameters in the LIER model and the tilt angle. Thus, for OPA test under CL and PL irradiations, it is recommended to use the product of parameters as an evaluation index for shale anisotropy. Furthermore, to solve the problem of multiple influencing factors entangled in the exponential term of the LIER model, the tangential LIER measurement was performed on the side of cylindrical shale core, where the provided LIER model effectively presented the anisotropy of tight shale plug, especially the effects of bias voltage and laser power on LIER were relatively separated as independent variables. Finally, the LIER at the end of laser drilling is presented well using the optimized model under a focused ns NIR PL irradiation, indicating that LIER is expected to be a real-time means for characterizing shale anisotropy during laser drilling processes. These results show that the present work is fundamental for the precise evaluation and effective development of anisotropic shale reservoirs, and will drive the advances of LIER in the exploration for shale oil and gas.

### 776. [Shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms of bolt-resin-rock anchoring system under dynamic normal load boundary](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/shear-mechanical-responses-and-debonding-failure-mechanisms-of-bolt-resin-rock-anchoring-system-under-dynamic) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.005]
Under external disturbances, the shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms at anisotropic interfaces of anchoring system composed of multiphase media are inherently difficult to characterize due to the concealment nature of interfacial interactions. This study establishes an equivalent shear model for a bolt-resin-rock anchoring system and conducts direct shear tests under dynamic normal load (DNL) boundary from both laboratory experiments and discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The research investigates the influence of normal dynamic load amplitude (An) and rock type on shear strength parameters, elucidating the evolutionary characteristics and underlying mechanisms of shear load and normal displacement fluctuations induced by cyclic normal loading, with maximum shear load decreasing by 36.81% to 46.94% as An increases from 10% to 70% when rock type varies from coal to limestone. Through analysis of strain field evolution, the critical impact of rock type on localization of shear failure surface is revealed, with systematic summarization of differentiated wear characteristics, failure modes, and key controlling factors associated with shear failure surface. Mesoscopic investigations enabled by DEM simulations uncover the nonuniform distribution of contact force chains within the material matrix and across the anisotropic interfaces under various DNL boundaries, clarify rock type dependent crack propagation pathways, and quantitatively assess the damage extent of shear failure surface, with the anisotropic interface damage factor increasing from 34.9% to 56.6% as An rises from 10% to 70%, and decreasing from 49.6% to 23.4% as rock type varies from coal to limestone.

### 777. [Controlling magnetic agglomeration in superconducting high gradient magnetic separation processing of iron ore tailings for high-grade silica recovery](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controlling-magnetic-agglomeration-in-superconducting-high-gradient-magnetic-separation-processing-of-iron-ore) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.006]
The superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (S-HGMS) technology can be used to effectively extract silica from iron ore tailings (IOTs). However, particle agglomeration in strong magnetic fields poses a challenge in achieving optimal performance. In this study, we investigated the agglomeration of IOT particles and the mechanisms for its inhibition through surface analysis, density functional theory (DFT), and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (EDLVO) theory. Hematite was found to exhibit the highest magnetic moment among the minerals present in IOTs, making it particularly prone to magnetic agglomeration. The addition of the dispersant SDSH into the slurry was essential in promoting the dispersion of IOT particles during the S-HGMS process. This dispersant hydrolyzed to form HPO4 2− and RSO3 − groups in the solution, which then chemically adsorbed onto the metal ions exposed on the surfaces of non-quartz particles, increasing interparticle electrostatic repulsion. Furthermore, the RSO3 − groups physically adsorbed onto the surface of quartz particles, resulting in strong steric repulsion and enhancing the hydrophilicity of the particle surfaces, thereby inhibiting magnetic agglomeration between the particles. Under optimal conditions, the SiO2 grade of the obtained high-grade silica powder increased from an initial value of 76.32% in IOTs to 97.42%, achieving a SiO2 recovery rate of 54.81%, which meets the requirements for quartz sand used in glass preparation. This study provides valuable insights into the magnetic agglomeration of IOT particles and its inhibition while providing a foundation for regulating S-HGMS processes.

### 778. [Fracturing Mechanism of Pre-Damaged Granite Induced by Multi-Source Dynamic Disturbances in Tunnels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fracturing-mechanism-of-pre-damaged-granite-induced-by-multi-source-dynamic-disturbances-in-tunnels) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.001]
To elucidate the fracturing mechanism of deep hard rock under complex disturbance environments, this study investigates the dynamic failure behavior of pre-damaged granite subjected to multi-source dynamic disturbances. Blasting vibration monitoring was conducted in a deep-buried drill-and-blast tunnel to characterize in-situ dynamic loading conditions. Subsequently, true triaxial compression tests incorporating multi-source disturbances were performed using a self-developed wide-low-frequency true triaxial system to simulate disturbance accumulation and damage evolution in granite. The results demonstrate that combined dynamic disturbances and unloading damage significantly accelerate strength degradation and trigger shear-slip failure along preferentially oriented blast-induced fractures, with strength reductions up to 16.7%. Layered failure was observed on the free surface of pre-damaged granite under biaxial loading, indicating a disturbance-induced fracture localization mechanism. Time–stress–fracture–energy coupling fields were constructed to reveal the spatiotemporal characteristics of fracture evolution. Critical precursor frequency bands (105–150, 185–225, and 300–325 kHz) were identified, which serve as diagnostic signatures of impending failure. A dynamic instability mechanism driven by multi-source disturbance superposition and pre-damage evolution was established. Furthermore, a grouting-based wave-absorption control strategy was proposed to mitigate deep dynamic disasters by attenuating disturbance amplitude and reducing excitation frequency.

### 779. [Dynamic failure analysis and support optimization for web pillars under static and dynamic loading using catastrophe theory](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-failure-analysis-and-support-optimization-for-web-pillars-under-static-and-dynamic-loading-using-catas) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.004]
Web pillars enduring complex coupled loads are critical for stability in high-wall mining. This study develops a dynamic failure criterion for web pillars under non-uniform loading using catastrophe theory. Through the analysis of the web pillar-overburden system’s dynamic stress and deformation, a total potential energy function and dynamic failure criterion were established for web pillars. An optimizing method for web pillar parameters was developed in highwall mining. The dynamic criterion established was used to evaluate the dynamic failure and stability of web pillars under static and dynamic loading. Key findings reveal that vertical displacements exhibit exponential-trigonometric variation under static loads and multi-variable power-law behavior under dynamic blasting. Instability risks arise when the roof’s tensile strength-to-stress ratio drops below 1. Using catastrophe theory, the bifurcation set D<0 signals sudden instability. The criterion defines failure as when the unstable web pillar section length l1 exceeds the roof’s critical collapse distance l2. Case studies and simulations determine an optimal web pillar width of 4.6 m. This research enhances safety and resource recovery, providing a theoretical framework for advancing highwall mining technology.

### 780. [Damage and fracture law of outburst coal bodies in tectonic zones under impact disturbances](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/damage-and-fracture-law-of-outburst-coal-bodies-in-tectonic-zones-under-impact-disturbances) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.002]
The geological tectonic zone is closely related to outburst. Taking the outburst coal bodies in tectonic zones as the research object, combined with DIC and AE monitoring technologies and discrete element simulation, the mechanical response, crack evolution and energy characteristics of coal bodies under different loading rates (impact disturbances) were studied. The results show that both the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus are positively correlated with the loading rate, with a maximum increase in compressive strength of 25.15%. The uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive to impact disturbances. The failure modes of coal bodies can be divided into the ''slip-crack synchronization (S & C) type'' and the ''crack-first-then-slip (C & S) type''. The slip in tectonic zones is more severe at high loading rates. At low loading rates, shear cracks dominate (60.01%), while the proportion of tensile cracks increases significantly (70.52%) at high loading rates. Additionally, the rate of axial crack growth decreases as the loading rate increases. The peak values of total energy and dissipated energy increase significantly with the loading rate, and the peak energy of the C & S type is greater than that of the S & C type. Energy is preferentially released through the slip of tectonic zones and the propagation of radial cracks.

### 781. [An experimental and theoretical study on the influence of stress gradients on the propagation of hydraulic fractures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-experimental-and-theoretical-study-on-the-influence-of-stress-gradients-on-the-propagation-of-hydraulic-fra) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.014]
Hydraulic fracture growth is significantly influenced by the minimum horizontal principal stress gradient and the fracturing fluid pressure gradient. However, these gradients are often neglected in scaled physical modeling experiments due to difficulties in reproducing them. This study uses centrifugal hypergravity to simulate both gradients and investigate their effects on fracture propagation. Artificial mortar specimens (φ200 mm × 400 mm) are fractured under 1g (normal gravity), 50g, and 100g. Results show that compared to 1g, fractures under 50g and 100g exhibit increasingly uneven propagation, with higher g-values leading to greater asymmetry. To interpret this, a theoretical analysis based on fracture mechanics is conducted. When the fluid pressure gradient exceeds the stress gradient, a positive net gradient is generated, increasing net pressure at the lower fracture tip. This raises the stress intensity factor at the lower tip, promoting downward growth. As g increases, the disparity becomes more significant, resulting in greater fracture deviation. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, has verified and explained that the net gradient can change the propagation of hydraulic fractures, providing important guidance for wellbore placement under stress gradients.

### 782. [Rockburst Failure Characteristics and Energy Evolution Law of Cross-Layer Anchored Rock Mass Based on Optical-Thermal-Acoustic Combinative Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rockburst-failure-characteristics-and-energy-evolution-law-of-cross-layer-anchored-rock-mass-based-on-optical) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.005]
Weak structural planes commonly exist in underground engineering, making anchor structures more prone to failure and threatening rock stability. This study applied Optical-Thermal-Acoustic (OTA) monitoring during uniaxial compression tests on cross-layer anchored rock masses to reveal mechanical properties, failure characteristics, and energy evolution under different anchoring methods and bedding angles. Key findings include: anchoring suppresses transverse deformation and tensile crack propagation, increasing elastic modulus and bearing capacity; anchored rock shows more intense acoustic emission but smaller infrared temperature changes; the structural plane angle controls crack extension direction and strain evolution, with rock prone to instantaneous slip failure at 45°–75°, exhibiting lower strength and significant IR changes. Distinct OTA characteristics during rupture validate the method's reliability for rockburst early warning and intensity assessment. Based on failure characteristics, a shear failure criterion for anchored structural planes is established, enabling prediction of failure modes, analysis of bolt support resistance, and providing reference for support design and construction in complex strata.

### 783. [Micromechanical properties of granite with insights into mineral interface mechanics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/micromechanical-properties-of-granite-with-insights-into-mineral-interface-mechanics) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.009]
Understanding the mechanical behavior of diagenetic mineral granules and interfaces in granite provides essential experimental references for constructing micromechanical models of granite. The micromechanical behavior of Yanshanian granite is investigated using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and nanoindentation tests. The results demonstrate transitional mechanical properties at mineral interfaces. The elastic modulus and hardness exhibit intermediate values between adjacent mineral phases. The higher plasticity indices at the interfaces suggest higher plastic deformation capacity of hard-phase minerals in these regions. Additionally, fracture toughness measurements of minerals and interfaces were obtained, with interfacial values ranging from 0.90 to 1.63 MPa m0.5. The analysis of mechanical property relationships shows a significant positive linear correlation between rock-scale elastic modulus and fracture toughness. However, this correlation is substantially lower at the mineral scale, demonstrating a scale effect in the relationship of different mechanical properties.

### 784. [Water storage in underground mined-out space as a geothermal reservoir: Heat extraction performance and temperature evolution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/water-storage-in-underground-mined-out-space-as-a-geothermal-reservoir-heat-extraction-performance-and-tempera) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.010]
As mining depth increases, the temperature of the surrounding rock rises, drawing global attention to the potential for geothermal energy extraction from high-temperature water stored in collapsed rock masses—a prospect that offers both promise and challenges. In response, this study proposes a functional backfilling method using mining solid waste to construct a high-porosity heat extraction space. The research integrates experiments, theoretical analysis, and simulations to examine the mechanical and permeability properties of solid waste backfill materials. It further aims to elucidate how flow velocity and initial temperature influence the evolution of the temperature field and the thermal performance. Results indicate that the backfill material achieves optimal mechanical strength with a glass fiber content of 10‰ and a length of 6 mm. Furthermore, the permeability of the solid waste backfill demonstrates a quadratic relationship with both axial and confining pressure. During the recovery stage, the temperature in the heat extraction space remains lower than that of the surrounding rock, with geothermal energy being extracted via convective heat transfer between the water medium and the rock. The amount of heat extracted shows a positive correlation with the flow velocity of the water medium and a negative correlation with its initial temperature.

### 785. [Dynamic multifractal characteristics and damage evolution of granite pegmatite with varying biotite content based on acoustic emission monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-multifractal-characteristics-and-damage-evolution-of-granite-pegmatite-with-varying-biotite-content-ba) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.012]
Biotite content critically influences rock mechanical behavior and threatens underground engineering stability. Uniaxial compression tests with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring were conducted on granite pegmatite samples having varying biotite content. Peak frequency distribution analysis, rise angle-average frequency (RA-AF) analysis, multifractal theory, and a dynamic multifractal algorithm were applied to explore the relationship between damage evolution and AE characteristics. Results indicate that increased biotite content reduces uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus, enhances plastic deformation, and increases the proportion of shear cracks. The segmented evolution of the dynamic multifractal parameter Dam is biotite-dependent. Oscillations during the elastic phase signify localized shear crack initiation and propagation; their attenuation in the plastic phase reflects frictional closure along biotite cleavage planes, promoting elastic energy storage and delaying release. AE-based damage models and time-varying signals characterize rock damage progression. Stress concentrations around biotite minerals foster localized shear band formation, leading to concentrated shear failure at lower damage levels. Higher biotite content accelerates crack propagation, while smooth cleavage planes lower the fracture energy threshold, reducing strength and stiffness. These findings enhance understanding of biotite-influenced progressive rock damage and underpin stability monitoring and early-warning systems for underground engineering.

### 786. [Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity and Pre-Irradiation Elevated-Temperature Stress Effects in Bipolar Devices: Role of Hydrogen in the Passivation Layer](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhanced-low-dose-rate-sensitivity-and-pre-irradiation-elevated-temperature-stress-effects-in-bipolar-devices) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25090014]
Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) experiments were carried out on four commercial bipolar integrated circuits at dose rates ranging from 0.002 to 50 rad(Si)/s. Additionally, pre-irradiation elevated-temperature stress (PETS) experiments were conducted on the same devices at temperatures of 250 and 400 °C. The results show that for some devices, the radiation degradation when irradiated at an ultra-low dose rate of 0.002 rad(Si)/s is more than three times greater than that at a common low dose rate of 0.01 rad(Si)/s. Moreover, the maximum enhancement factor of the PETS effects reaches 20.3. It was also discovered that for devices exhibiting PETS effects, the saturation dose rate of ELDRS is less than 0.01 rad(Si)/s. A comprehensive analysis of the composition of the passivation layers indicated that the type and concentration of hydrogen bonds in these layers are the main factors contributing to the experimental outcomes.

### 787. [Potential failure mechanism of low–angle submarine landslides in shelf–slope break of Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/potential-failure-mechanism-of-lowangle-submarine-landslides-in-shelfslope-break-of-pearl-river-mouth-basin-so) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.009]
Low–angle submarine landslides pose a greater threat to offshore infrastructure compared to those with steep sliding angles. Understanding the preparation and triggering mechanism of these low–angle submarine landslides remains a significant challenge. This study focuses on a deformed low–angle submarine landslide in the shelf–slope break of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea, integrating sedimentology, geophysics, and geotechnology to investigate potential failure mechanisms. The architecture and deformation characteristics of the submarine landslide were elucidated by analyzing multibeam and seismic data. Within the context of the regional geological history and tectonic framework, this study focuses on the factors (e.g., rapid sedimentation, fluid activity, and earthquakes) that potentially contributed to the submarine slope failure. Furthermore, a series of stability evaluations considering the effects of rapid sedimentation and earthquakes was conducted. Our findings indicate that the most probable triggering mechanism involves the combined effects of sedimentation controlled by sea–level fluctuations, high–pressure gas activity, and seismic events. The high–pressure gas, which acts as a long–term preconditioning factor by elevating pore pressures and reducing shear resistance within the sediment, accumulated beneath the upper and middle sections of the low–permeability stratum that was formed during sea–level rise and ultimately evolved into the sliding mass. The overpressure generated by gas accumulation predisposed the submarine slope to instability, and a frequent or moderate earthquake ultimately initiated local failure. This study enhances the mechanistic understanding of low–angle slope failures in the shelf–slope break zone and provides critical insights for assessing marine hazard risks.

### 788. [Effect of reservoir temperature and water driving pressure on dynamic behavior of geothermal reservoirs under production loads](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-reservoir-temperature-and-water-driving-pressure-on-dynamic-behavior-of-geothermal-reservoirs-under) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.004]
The safe and efficient development of geothermal energy is a key driver of the energy revolution and environmental governance in this century. To understand the effect of water driving pressure on drilling safety and hydraulic fracturing efficiency during the development of geothermal energy under varying reservoir temperatures, dynamic compression tests were conducted on granite samples subjected to thermal treatment (25, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 °C) and subsequent forced water absorption (0, 4, 8, 12 MPa) using a split Hopkinson pressure bar system. The results indicate that a higher water driving pressure exacerbates the deterioration of dynamic compressive strength with increasing temperature, while it enhances the rate dependence of dynamic compressive strength, except at 600 °C. The dynamic increase factor (DIF) of dynamic compressive strength vs. strain rate is determined by both temperature and water driving pressure. A prediction model for the deterioration of dynamic compressive strength considering reservoir temperature and water driving pressure is proposed for geothermal reservoirs. While the splitting failure of samples remains unchanged, crack density increases with increasing temperature and water driving pressure, exhibiting multiscale failure cracks parallel to the loading direction. The structure effective strength model, the wing-crack propagation model, the effect of pore water pressure on dynamic stress intensity factor, and the dynamic response of forced absorbed water can collectively reveal the response mechanisms of dynamic strength. Based on the experimental findings, implications for safe and productive geothermal energy development are discussed, with particular attention to the effect of drilling fluid leakage on wellbore stability and the impact of residual fracturing fluid after backflow on repeated fracturing. This study has important reference value for understanding dynamic wellbore stability under drilling disturbance loads and for the design of repeated dynamic hydraulic fracturing schemes in geothermal energy development.

### 789. [In-situ temperature- and pressure-preserved sampler for marine natural gas hydrates: Principles, techniques, and field application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-temperature-and-pressure-preserved-sampler-for-marine-natural-gas-hydrates-principles-techniques-and-f) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.002]
Marine gas hydrates are highly sensitive to temperature and pressure fluctuations, and deviations from in-situ conditions may cause irreversible changes in phase state, microstructure, and mechanical properties. However, conventional samplers often fail to maintain sealing and thermal stability, resulting in low sampling success rates. To address these challenges, an in-situ temperature- and pressure-preserved sampler for marine applications has been developed. The experimental results indicate that the self-developed magnetically controlled pressure-preserved controller reliably achieves autonomous triggering and self-sealing, provides an initial sealing force of 83 N, and is capable of maintaining pressures up to 40 MPa. Additionally, a custom-designed intelligent temperature control chip and high-precision sensors were integrated into the sampler. Through the design of an optimized heat transfer structure, a temperature-preserved system was developed, achieving no more than a 0.3 °C rise in temperature within 2 h. The performance evaluation and sampling operations of the sampler were conducted at the Haima Cold Seep in the South China Sea, resulting in the successful recovery of hydrate maintained under in-situ pressure of 13.8 MPa and a temperature of 6.5 °C. This advancement enables the acquisition of high-fidelity hydrate samples, providing critical support for the safe exploitation and scientific analysis of marine gas hydrate resources.

### 790. [Mechanical mechanism of unconventional asymmetric failure in mining roadways: A joint research on crack propagation and engineering fracture](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-mechanism-of-unconventional-asymmetric-failure-in-mining-roadways-a-joint-research-on-crack-propaga) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.001]
It is of great significance to study the failure mode of mining roadways for safe coal mining. The unconventional asymmetric failure (UAF) phenomenon was discovered in the 9106 ventilation roadway of Wangzhuang coal mine in Shanxi Province. The main manifestation is that the deformation of the roadway on the coal side is much greater than that on the coal pillar side. A comprehensive study was conducted on on-site detection, theoretical analysis, laboratory tests and numerical simulation of the UAF phenomenon. On-site detection shows that the deformation of the coal sidewall can reach 50–80 cm, and the failure zone depth can reach 3 m. The deformation and fracture depth on the coal pillar side are much smaller than those on the coal side. A calculation model for the principal stress of surrounding rock when the axial direction of the roadway is inconsistent with the in-situ stress field was established. The distribution of the failure zone on both sides of the roadway has been defined by the combined mining induced stress. The true triaxial test studied the mechanical mechanism of rock mass fracture and crack propagation on both sides of the roadway. The research results indicate that the axial direction, stress field distribution, and mining induced stress field distribution of the roadway jointly affect the asymmetric failure mode of the roadway. The angle between the axis direction of the roadway and the maximum horizontal stress field leads to uneven distribution of the principal stress field on both sides. The differential distribution of mining induced stress exacerbates the asymmetric distribution of principal stress in the surrounding rock. The uneven stress distribution on both sides of the roadway is the main cause of UAF formation. The research results can provide mechanical explanations and theoretical support for the control of surrounding rock in roadways with similar failure characteristics.

### 791. [Slurry infiltration characteristics of coral reef limestone based on infiltration column tests and CT scanning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/slurry-infiltration-characteristics-of-coral-reef-limestone-based-on-infiltration-column-tests-and-ct-scanning) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.010]
Reef limestone is buried in the continental shelf and marine environment. Understanding the mechanisms governing filter cake formation in coral reef limestone strata is essential for various engineering activities in coastal areas, including slurry pressure balanced (SPB) shield tunneling, which are currently not well understood. This study systematically investigates the slurry infiltration characteristics of different coral reef limestone types with inherent anisotropy, identified by growth line orientations, through a series of micro-infiltration column tests. Multiple slurry concentrations and pressures were used to analyze their effects on slurry infiltration dynamics and filter cake formation. Pre- and post-infiltration CT scanning was conducted to examine skeletal morphology and reconstruct the pore network structure of coral reef limestone samples. The results show that while increased slurry concentrations and pressures generally improve filter cake formation, excessive pressure can compromise filter cake integrity. By employing Dijkstra’s algorithm in a pore network model, the study identified primary seepage pathways, highlighting the significant role of near-vertical throat clusters in the infiltration process. A comprehensive analysis of pore structure and connectivity indices before and after infiltration revealed that the orientation of growth lines in coral reef limestone is the primary factor influencing macroscopic slurry infiltration behavior. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and execution of tunneling projects through coral reef limestone formations, especially in coastal regions.

### 792. [Failure characteristics and mechanisms of uniaxial compressed red sandstone in non-uniform water distribution environment: Effects of immersion height and duration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/failure-characteristics-and-mechanisms-of-uniaxial-compressed-red-sandstone-in-non-uniform-water-distribution) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.008]
To investigate the influence of non-uniform water distribution on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of red sandstone, we designed five immersion heights and durations to achieve varying non-uniform water distribution states. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on red sandstone under these conditions. The effects of non-uniform water distribution on deformation, failure, strength, and energy characteristics of red sandstone were analyzed. The impact of non-uniform water distribution on the intensity of rock failure was discussed, and the failure mechanism under non-uniform water distribution was revealed. The hazards of low immersion heights on underground rock structures were analyzed. The results demonstrate that peak strength and elastic modulus of red sandstone exhibit high sensitivity to immersion height, with reductions of 38% and 23% respectively even at L=1/50H. Water immersion reduces both energy storage capacity and energy dissipation capability of red sandstone. The immersion height and duration influence the failure mode of red sandstone by controlling the migration and separation of dry-wet interfaces. Low immersion height poses significant risks to underground rock structures (e.g., a 38% strength reduction when L=1/50H), and the concentration degree of water non-uniform distribution is the key factor in assessing the weakening effect of water on rocks.

### 793. [A nonlinear hydraulic fracture propagation criterion considering the fracture process zone](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-nonlinear-hydraulic-fracture-propagation-criterion-considering-the-fracture-process-zone) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.007]
The linear elastic hydraulic fracture criterion is not applicable to deep reservoirs when nonlinear behavior is present over an extensive zone at the fracture tip. This study aims to develop a criterion for nonlinear hydraulic fracture considering the fracture process zone (FPZ) and seeks to reveal the causes of nonlinearity during fracture propagation in deep reservoirs. A closing stress profile considering the in-situ stress was established by using the cohesive zone model (CZM) to describe the FPZ at the fracture tip. An analytical model for the FPZ length was derived, while the criterion for nonlinear fracture propagation was proposed. The FPZ fully developed and the fracture began to propagate when the apparent stress intensity at the fracture tip reached the apparent fracture toughness or when the in-situ stress intensity reached the in-situ fracture toughness. The proposed criterion can clearly determine the length of the FPZ, accurately predict the breakdown pressure during fracturing operations, and establish a relationship between these two parameters. It addresses the inherent limitations of conventional linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), which often underestimates fracture toughness and neglects the effects of the FPZ. This research is expected to enhance the fracturing design in deep reservoirs.

### 794. [An interactive framework integrating segment anything model and structure-from-motion for three-dimensional discontinuity identification in rock masses](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-interactive-framework-integrating-segment-anything-model-and-structure-from-motion-for-three-dimensional-di) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.005]
The identification of rock mass discontinuities is critical for rock mass characterization. While high-resolution digital outcrop models (DOMs) are widely used, current digital methods struggle to generalize across diverse geological settings. Large-scale models (LSMs), with vast parameter spaces and extensive training datasets, excel in solving complex visual problems. This study explores the potential of using one such LSM, Segment anything model (SAM), to identify facet-type discontinuities across several outcrops via interactive prompting. The findings demonstrate that SAM effectively segments two-dimensional (2D) discontinuities, with its generalization capability validated on a dataset of 2426 identified discontinuities across 170 outcrops. The model achieves 0.78 mean IoU and 0.86 average precision using 11-point prompts. To extend to three dimensions (3D), a framework integrating SAM with Structure-from-Motion (SfM) was proposed. By utilizing the inherent but often overlooked relationship between image pixels and point clouds in SfM, the identification process was simplified and generalized across photogrammetric devices. Benchmark studies showed that the framework achieved 0.91 average precision, identifying 87 discontinuities in Dataset-3D. The results confirm its high precision and efficiency, making it a valuable tool for data annotation. The proposed method offers a practical solution for geological investigations.

### 795. [Mechanical response and pore pressure evolution of cemented paste backfill under deep mine-like multiaxial stress and temperature conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-response-and-pore-pressure-evolution-of-cemented-paste-backfill-under-deep-mine-like-multiaxial-str) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.09.013]
As underground mining advances to greater depths, cemented paste backfill (CPB) is increasingly subjected to complex thermo-mechanical loading conditions, including multiaxial stress states and elevated temperatures. This study investigates the coupled effects of field-representative vertical self-weight and horizontal rockwall closure stresses, along with in-situ temperatures, on the mechanical behavior and pore water pressure (PWP) evolution of CPB. Experiments were conducted using a novel apparatus capable of controlling multiaxial stress and temperature during curing, replicating in-situ stress paths and thermal profiles typical of deep mine environments. Results show that multiaxial stress enhances CPB strength and stiffness by promoting denser particle packing, reducing porosity, and increasing frictional resistance. Elevated temperatures independently accelerate early-age cement hydration, further improving bond strength and stiffness. When combined, multiaxial stress and elevated temperature produce a synergistic enhancement in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and elastic modulus, as confirmed by two-way ANOVA and synergy index analysis. PWP responses were also highly sensitive to thermo-mechanical conditions. The evolution of positive and negative PWP was governed by the interplay of thermal expansion, hydration-induced desaturation, and mechanical compaction. Multiaxial stress amplified early positive PWP and delayed its dissipation, whereas elevated temperature accelerated hydration and reduced pore pressure, leading to enhanced suction at later ages. A transient “stress-induced resaturation” effect was observed under late-stage excessive horizontal stress but was mitigated by elevated temperatures. These findings provide critical insights into the coupled mechanical and hydraulic behavior of CPB under realistic field conditions and offer guidance for optimizing backfill design, binder content, and barricade stability in deep mining applications.

### 796. [Distinct gas production characteristics from laboratory-synthesized Class I, II, and III hydrate reservoirs: A novel thermally-segmented rotatable approach](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/distinct-gas-production-characteristics-from-laboratory-synthesized-class-i-ii-and-iii-hydrate-reservoirs-a-no) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.016]
Natural gas hydrate in Class I reservoirs holds significant commercial potential, as demonstrated by production trials in the South China Sea. However, experimental studies have focused largely on Class III systems, with Class I/II reservoirs remaining underrepresented due to the difficulties in simulating the geothermal gradient and interlayer interactions. This study investigates depressurization performance across all three classes using a novel 360° rotatable reactor with segmented temperature control, enabling precise simulation of reservoir conditions. Results reveal: (i) Class I shows two-stage gas production, with 50% from early free gas enabling rapid depressurization, followed by dissociated gas dominance. They achieve 38.4%–78.3% higher cumulative production and superior gas-to-water ratios due to efficient energy use. (ii) The free gas layer in Class I accelerates pressure and heat transfer. Class II’s water layer provides sensible heat but causes water blocking, impairing heat flow. Class III exhibits rapid initial dissociation but a quick decline without fluid support. (iii) Low temperature, low hydrate saturation, and high production pressure collectively reduce efficiency by increasing flow resistance, limiting gas supply, and reducing dissociation drive. Over-depressurization risks hydrate reformation and ice blockage. This work bridges experimental gaps for Class I/II reservoirs, offering key insights for optimizing recovery.

### 797. [Coupled Numerical Modelling of High-Voltage Electric Pulse (HVEP) Rock Fracturing Using COMSOL and 4D-LSM](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coupled-numerical-modelling-of-high-voltage-electric-pulse-hvep-rock-fracturing-using-comsol-and-4d-lsm) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.014]
High-voltage electric pulse (HVEP) rock fragmentation has demonstrated substantial potential for sustainable fracturing of hard rocks owing to its energy efficiency. The transient nature and highly disruptive characteristics of its physical fracturing process render experimental investigation of the underlying rock-breaking mechanisms challenging. However, existing numerical studies lack comprehensive models that precisely link electrical breakdown phenomena with mechanical disintegration processes. This study combines COMSOL electrical breakdown simulations with four-dimension lattice spring model (4D-LSM) mechanical analysis to establish a coupled HVEP rock fragmentation model. The core concept of the model construction is to import the temperature field of the plasma channel obtained from the electrical breakdown into the mechanical solver to realize the precise connection between the two stages. The validated numerical model elucidates the full process of HVEP-induced fragmentation under varying electrical parameters. Furthermore, the effects of confining pressure and mineral grain size on fragmentation behavior have been investigated. Finally, parametric simulations across 25 electrical parameter combinations demonstrate the critical role of electrode spacing optimization in achieving energy-efficient rock fragmentation. These findings provide a predictive tool for designing efficient HVEP systems in deep resource extraction and mineral processing engineering.

### 798. [Failure mechanism and damage constitutive model of rectangular tunnels under water-rich condition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/failure-mechanism-and-damage-constitutive-model-of-rectangular-tunnels-under-water-rich-condition) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.011]
To investigate groundwater influence on stability and rockburst mechanism of deep hard-rock rectangular tunnels, water-immersed treatment and uniaxial compressive acoustic emission (AE) experiments were conducted on rectangular tunnel specimens. Energy dissipation characteristics, AE evolution characteristics and damage evolution characteristics of rectangular tunnels were analysed under water-immersed condition. Under water-immersed condition, tunnel specimens were quite sensitive to water. Average peak stress and average peak strain energy exhibited negative exponential decay with water-immersed time. Among them, after 12 d of water immersion, average peak stress of specimens decreased by 28%. Average total strain energy decreased by 70%. Average elastic strain energy decreased by 71% and average dissipated strain energy decreased by 68%. After 62 d of water immersion, average peak stress of specimens decreased by 34%. Average total strain energy decreased by 78%. Average elastic strain energy decreased by 79% and average dissipated strain energy decreased by 75%. Water weakened bonding among mineral particles. Moreover, it undermined load-bearing capacity and diminished energy-storage properties. Under high stress, massive releasable elastic strain energy stored in natural specimens within pre-peak stage may abruptly release after peak stress. This caused rapid crack development and connection in specimens. During accumulation and release of elastic strain energy, initial failure typically occurred at sidewalls. This failure location was not affected by water. Compared with natural specimens, specimens immersed in water for 62 d had the lowest peak values of cumulative amplitude, cumulative AE energy and cumulative AE count. After 62 d of water immersion, peak values of cumulative amplitude, cumulative AE energy and cumulative AE count of specimens decreased by 84%, 97% and 99%. Compared with AE damage model, fitting degree of energy damage model was higher. For natural specimens, fitting degree of energy damage model was 0.96. For specimens immersed in water for 12 d, fitting degree of energy damage model was 0.96. For specimens immersed in water for 62 d, fitting degree of energy damage model was 0.72. Therefore, an energy damage model had more remarkable applicability and reliability. By establishing dynamic mapping relationship between energy and damage in the model, accuracy of rockburst early warning has been significantly improved. This provided scientific basis for support structure design of rectangular tunnels and regulation of high strain energy.

### 799. [Synergistic Performance and Yield Improvement of Embedded RRAM Product through Process Optimization in 40 nm CMOS Platform](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-performance-and-yield-improvement-of-embedded-rram-product-through-process-optimization-in-40-nm-c) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25100021]
To address the challenges of complexity, power consumption, and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits (DDICs) caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM, this work proposes an embedded resistive random-access memory (RRAM) integration solution based on a 40 nm high-voltage CMOS logic platform. Targeting the yield fluctuations and stability challenges during RRAM mass production, systematic process optimizations are implemented to achieve synergistic improvements in RRAM performance and yield. Through modifications to the film sputtering and pre-deposition treatment, the within-wafer resistance uniformity (RSU) of the oxygen-deficient layer (ODL) thin film is improved from 11% to 8%, while inter-wafer process stability variation reduces from 23% to below 6%. Consequently, the yield of 8 Mb RRAM embedded mass production products increases from 87% to 98.5%. In terms of device performance, the RRAM demonstrates a fast 4.8 ns read speed, exceptional read disturb immunity of 3 × 10^8 cycles at 95 °C, 10^3 write/erase endurance cycles for the 1 Mb cells, and data retention of 12.5 years at 125 °C. Post high-temperature operating life (HTOL) testing exhibits stable high/low resistance window. This study provides process optimization strategies and a reliability assurance framework for the mass production of highly integrated, low-power embedded RRAM display driver IC.

### 800. [Theoretical investigation on the initiation and propagation behavior of dominant cracks in valley slopes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/theoretical-investigation-on-the-initiation-and-propagation-behavior-of-dominant-cracks-in-valley-slopes) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.002]
The stability of rock slopes is frequently controlled by the initiation and propagation of inherent dominant cracks. This study systematically investigated these processes in valley slopes by combining fracture-mechanics analysis with transparent soil model tests. An analytical expression for the stress field at the dominant crack tip was derived from the slope stress distribution by superposing the corresponding stress intensity factors (SIFs). The theoretical predictions were then validated against observations from transparent soil model tests. The influences of slope angle (β), crack inclination angle (α), crack position parameter (b), and crack length parameter (l) on crack initiation and propagation were quantified. The results indicated that: (1) cracks at the slope crest tended to propagate in shear mode, and the shear crack initiation angle (θs) was approximately 8°. Cracks at the slope toe might propagate in either tensile or shear mode. (2) θs at the slope crest increased with β, b, and l, and decreased with α. The maximum change in θs induced by the considered parameters was approximately 30°. (3) The tensile crack initiation angle (θt) at the slope toe decreased with β, α, and l, while the influence of b was comparatively minor. The maximum change in θt caused by individual parameters ranged approximately from 25° to 60°. Predicted crack propagation modes and directions showed good agreement with experimental results. These findings provide theoretical guidance for stability assessments of valley slopes controlled by dominant crack propagation.

### 801. [A Distributed Static Model of Capacitive MEMS Microwave Power Detection Chip](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-distributed-static-model-of-capacitive-mems-microwave-power-detection-chip) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25100007]
To improve the theoretical prediction accuracy of static mechanical quantities in MEMS cantilever beams for microwave power detection chips, a distributed static model is proposed based on the deflection equation. An analytical framework is established through the precise characterization of cantilever beam bending. The framework can accurately extract key electromechanical parameters, and the correlation between these parameters and geometric changes is systematically studied. Results show that the pull-in voltage increases with the gap but decreases with the length. The predicted pull-in voltage indicates a relative error of only 6.5% between the distributed static model and the simulation, which is significantly lower than that of the other two models. The overload power and sensitivity are also analyzed to facilitate performance trade-offs in chip design. The measured return loss varies between −66.46 and −10.56 dB over the 8−12 GHz frequency band, exhibiting a characteristic V-shaped trend. Moreover, the measured sensitivity of 66.5 fF/W closely matches the theoretical value of 69.3 fF/W, showing a relative error of 5.6%. These findings confirm that the distributed model outperforms the other two in terms of both accuracy and physical realism, thereby providing important reference for the design of microwave power detection chips.

### 802. [Tensile failure mechanism enhanced by uncovering coal area during coal and gas outburst](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tensile-failure-mechanism-enhanced-by-uncovering-coal-area-during-coal-and-gas-outburst) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.008]
Deep mining is imperative, and the consequent coal and gas outburst disasters triggered during coal uncovering are becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanical mechanisms of outburst instability from three dimensions: experiment, numerical simulation, and field application. Based on physical simulation tests with different outburst pore diameter, it was found that the gas pressure relief rate, gas emission volume, and outburst dynamic phenomena increase with outburst pore diameter. The migration patterns of the gas-solid two-phase flow evolved over time approximately into suspension flow, plug flow, dune flow, and stratified flow. The dominant influence of gas-driven tensile failure was amplified by uncovering coal area. The employment of the “fluid-solid-damage” coupling model revealed that coal damage, gas emission volume, deflection angle of outburst hole, roof displacement, maximum horizontal tensile stress, the horizontal tensile stress zone, the peak seepage force, and the damage zone all increased with uncovering coal areas. At the gas pressure of 0.74 MPa, when the uncovering coal areas were 3.189, 4.754 and 6.225 m, the total gas emission volumes were 4.72×10−4, 16.83×10−4, and 17.67 m2/s, deflection angles of outburst hole were 150.79°, 152.89° and 158.66°, the maximum roof displacements were 0.044, 0.046, and 0.325 m, and the peak seepage force were 0.85, 1.27, and 1.46 MPa/m, respectively. The regions of coal failure calculated by tensile failure criterion largely coincided with those calculated by the mixed failure criterion, far greater than those calculated by the shear failure criterion. As the increase of uncovering coal area, tensile weights of 80.72%, 89.78%, and 93.01%, respectively. Comparisons with field outburst cases showed that both gas emission volume and outburst hole deflection angle reflected the tensile failure of coal. The mechanical instability process of outbursts under the influence of uncovering coal area and gas pressure was analyzed, developing the progressive cyclical method of coal uncovering, which provided a novel approach for the achievement of safe coal mining.

### 803. [PL spectra and PL dynamics of CsPbBr3 quantum dots in solution and film](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pl-spectra-and-pl-dynamics-of-cspbbr3-quantum-dots-in-solution-and-film) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120029]
Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL (TRPL) of CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) in solution and film are investigated. The electron−phonon coupling strength of quantum dots in solution is found two times larger than that of thin films. The averaged phonon energy involved in luminescence is also significantly higher than that of thin films, indicating that ligands’ phonons are involved in optical processes in solution but not in film. TRPL shows that the luminescence lifetime of the solution (22.5 ns) is longer than that of the thin film (5 ns) at room temperature, and both decrease abnormally with decreasing temperature, ascribing to the thermally activated trap states for PL, the further analysis shows that the trap energy levels in the thin film are deeper (~20 meV) compared to ~4 meV in solution. Our work proves that the morphology of organic ligands can regulate electron−phonon interactions and optoelectronic properties in CsPbBr3 QDs, providing fundamental insights into its photophysics.

### 804. [Schemes comparation of layered and continuous solution mining in bedded salt formations by horizontal interconnected wells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/schemes-comparation-of-layered-and-continuous-solution-mining-in-bedded-salt-formations-by-horizontal-intercon) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.003]
Salt deposits in China predominantly originate from lake deposits, characterized by thin salt beds interspersed with numerous interlayers, collectively termed bedded salt formations. Historically, the solution mining practices have adopted the layered solution mining approach, inspired by coal mining techniques. However, this approach fails to account for the unique challenges of salt solution mining. Practical implementation is inefficient, costs escalate post-construction, and cavern geometry is constrained by salt beds thickness. Additionally, resource loss in abandoned beds and stability risks in adjacent mining zones remain unresolved. This study investigates mining scheme selection for low-grade salt deposits in Huai’an Salt Basin, introducing a continuous solution mining method that traverses multiple interlayers. Through comprehensive analysis of plastic deformation in caverns and surrounding rock, volume shrinkage rates, and economic costs comparing continuous and layered solution mining approaches, the results demonstrate that: (1) In the layered solution mining with horizontal interconnected wells scheme, plastic deformation zones propagate unevenly, posing interlayer connectivity risks. Concurrently, roof subsidence and floor heave destabilize the structure; (2) the continuous solution mining with horizontal interconnected wells scheme reduces plastic deformation zones to 3.4% of cavern volume, with volumetric shrinkage below 17%, markedly improving stability; (3) Economically, the continuous solution mining scheme generates caverns 2.43 times larger than the layered solution mining, slashing unit volume costs to 41.1% while enhancing resource recovery and long-term viability. The continuous method demonstrates distinct economic advantages and achieves higher resource utilization efficiency in solution mining compared to layered mining. Furthermore, its superior cavern stability presents strong potential for large-scale implementation.

### 805. [Effect of Depositional Environment Differences on Micro-Macro Rheological Behavior of Sedimentary Soft Rocks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-depositional-environment-differences-on-micro-macro-rheological-behavior-of-sedimentary-soft-rocks) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.006]
Although significant progress has been made in micromechanical characterization and upscaling of homogeneous materials, systematic investigations into deposition-controlled micro–macro rheological relationships in heterogeneous sedimentary soft rocks remain limited, particularly concerning time-dependent viscous parameter upscaling. This study investigates six typical fluvial and lacustrine microfacies from the Ordos Basin, China, including riverbed lag, natural levee, floodplain lake, point bar, sheet sand, and shallow lake mud. Mineral composition and microstructure are characterized, and nanoindentation creep tests quantify viscoelastic properties. A micro–macro upscaling method that transforms the time-domain Burger model into the frequency domain and utilizes three traditional homogenization schemes: dilute approximation, Mori-Tanaka, and self-consistent methods, for comparative estimation of macroscopic rheological parameters is proposed. Microstructural analysis demonstrates distinct fabric patterns controlled by depositional energy. Floodplain lake and sheet sand microfacies show superior rheological stability due to dense quartz skeletons, whereas riverbed lag and shallow lake mud perform poorly, caused by skeleton relaxation and clay-dominated slip, respectively. The point bar microfacies exhibits a “rigid-soft hybrid” behavior, with high long-term stability but reduced transient stability. Comparatively, the frequency-domain upscaling framework developed in this study, incorporating the Mori-Tanaka scheme, demonstrates satisfactory agreement with experimental data, validating its capability to predict macroscopic viscoelastic properties from microstructural features.

### 806. [Quantitative calibration method for the evolution of mechanical properties of gas-containing coal under mining-induced stress and microscopic failure evaluation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quantitative-calibration-method-for-the-evolution-of-mechanical-properties-of-gas-containing-coal-under-mining) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.013]
Current quantitative characterization methods for the mechanical response and damage evolution of coal seams at different burial depths under mining-induced stress remain insufficient. To address this, this study establishes a quantitative characterization model for the evolution of mechanical properties in gas-bearing coal masses at varying burial depths. It innovatively introduces a dual damage quantification technique and develops a coupled damage evolution model that comprehensively considers energy evolution, effective mining-induced stress, permeability, and a damage sensitivity coefficient, followed by extensive analysis. Key findings include: coal damage exhibits heterogeneous evolutionary characteristics under mining-induced stress; based on the theory of irreversible deformation, the proposed damage characterization equation can effectively determine the critical damage threshold of coal; the three-parameter EXP function model is more suitable for characterizing the time-dependent damage process of coal under mining-induced stress; a new characterization method for the coal brittleness evaluation index is proposed, revealing an 800 m burial depth boundary for the coal brittleness index; at the microscopic level, achieving quantitative characterization of the correlation between peak stress and the average reduction in functional groups during mining-induced failure of coal at different burial depths. Finally, the mapping relationship between laboratory experimental parameters and field monitoring indicators for early warning of coal mine dynamic disasters is established.

### 807. [Comparative modelling of retrogressive landslide runout: 2D and 3D random large-deformation analyses using coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/comparative-modelling-of-retrogressive-landslide-runout-2d-and-3d-random-large-deformation-analyses-using-coup) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.002]
Retrogressive landslides in sensitive clays pose significant risks to nearby infrastructure, as natural toe erosion or localized disturbances can trigger progressive block failures. While prior studies have largely relied on two-dimensional (2D) large-deformation analyses, such models overlook key three-dimensional (3D) failure mechanisms and variability effects. This study develops a 3D probabilistic framework by integrating the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method with random field theory to simulate retrogressive landslides in spatially variable clay. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we compare 2D and 3D random large-deformation models to evaluate failure modes, runout distances, sliding velocities, and influence zones. The 3D analyses captured more complex failure modes—such as lateral retrogression and asynchronous block mobilization across slope width. Additionally, the 3D analyses predict longer mean runout distances (13.76 vs. 11.92 m), wider mean influence distance (11.35 vs. 8.73 m), and higher mean sliding velocities (4.66 vs. 3.94 m/s) than their 2D counterparts. Moreover, 3D models exhibit lower coefficients of variation (e.g., 0.10 for runout distance) due to spatial averaging across slope width. Probabilistic hazard assessment shows that 2D models significantly underpredict near-field failure probabilities (e.g., 48.8% vs. 89.9% at 12 m from the slope toe). These findings highlight the limitations of 2D analyses and the importance of multi-directional spatial variability for robust geohazard assessments. The proposed 3D framework enables more realistic prediction of landslide mobility and supports the design of safer, risk-informed infrastructure.

### 808. [Experimental investigation on failure mode and fracture characteristic of rock samples induced by laser irradiation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-investigation-on-failure-mode-and-fracture-characteristic-of-rock-samples-induced-by-laser-irradi) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.001]
For hard rock cracking induced by laser irradiation, the failure modes and fracture characteristics among rocks of different types and sizes are still unclear. Therefore, the experiments on laser-induced fracturing of limestone, sandstone, and various-sized granite specimens were conducted. Real-time acoustic emission monitoring and laser scanning were employed to capture acoustic emission signals inside rocks during laser irradiation and to reconstruct the fracture surfaces after laser irradiation. Results indicate that abundant melts in sandstone and granite dissipated laser energy, leading to lower acoustic emission peak energy compared to limestone. Larger-sized specimen delayed the occurrence of peak energy. Crystal thermal expansion and changes in pore pressure induced tensile-shear composite failure in limestone, whereas thermal expansion of minerals in sandstone and granite promoted tensile failure. Fracture surface morphology was influenced by sampling interval, anisotropy, and size effects. The joint roughness coefficient and fractal dimension of sandstone exceed granite and limestone. Asperity heights and slope angles ranged from 1–14 mm and 0–40°, respectively, with the average aspect angles exceeding 110°. Granite exhibited the highest proportion of macropores after laser irradiation, approximately 4.8%. These findings provide valuable insights for the application of laser-assisted fracturing in hard rock excavation.

### 809. [Multiscale Track-Seabed Dynamic Interaction During Deep-Sea Seabed Mining Across Operational Modes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiscale-track-seabed-dynamic-interaction-during-deep-sea-seabed-mining-across-operational-modes) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.10.007]
Deep-sea mining has emerged as a critical solution to address global resource shortages; however, the mechanical interaction between tracked mining vehicles (TMVs) and soft seabed sediments presents fundamental engineering challenges. This study establishes a multiscale modelling framework coupling the discrete element method (DEM) with multi-body dynamics (MBD) to investigate track-seabed dynamic interactions across three operational modes: flat terrain, slope climbing, and ditch surmounting. The simulation framework, validated against laboratory experiments, systematically evaluates the influence of grouser geometry (involute, triangular, and pin-type) and traveling speed (0.2–1.0 m/s) on traction performance, slip rate, and ground pressure distribution. Results reveal rate-dependent traction mechanisms governed by soil microstructural responses: higher speeds enhance peak traction but exacerbate slip instability on complex terrain. Critical operational thresholds are established—0.7 m/s for flat terrain, ≤0.5 m/s for slopes and ditches—with distinct grouser optimization strategies: involute grousers achieve 35%–40% slip reduction on slopes through progressive soil engagement, while triangular grousers provide optimal impact resistance during ditch crossing with 30%–35% performance improvement. These findings provide quantitative design criteria and operational guidelines for optimizing TMV structural parameters and control strategies, offering a robust theoretical foundation for enhancing the performance, safety, and reliability of deep-sea mining equipment in complex submarine environments.

### 810. [Advancing Highly Efficient and Mechanically Resilient Flexible Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advancing-highly-efficient-and-mechanically-resilient-flexible-perovskite-silicon-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25110013]
Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells, combining high power conversion efficiency (PCE) with cost-effectiveness, are a leading direction for next-generation photovoltaics. In two-terminal tandems, a crystalline silicon (c-Si) bottom cell is series-connected with a wide-bandgap (1.65–1.7 eV) perovskite top cell, leveraging complementary spectral absorption to enhance sunlight harvesting. Rigid perovskite/c-Si tandems have achieved certified PCEs up to 34.9%, exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit for single junctions. However, flexible perovskite-silicon tandems have lagged due to the intrinsic rigidity of c-Si, interfacial delamination under bending, and processing challenges. Recent breakthroughs in Nature report significant progress. One study by Zhang, Liu, and colleagues from Soochow University and LONGi Green Energy Technology developed a dual-buffer layer strategy using dense and loose SnOx layers formed by modulating ALD purge time. The dense layer ensures efficient charge extraction, while the loose layer acts as a cushion to relieve mechanical stress from TCO sputtering and bending. This architecture achieved a certified efficiency of 33.4% on 1 cm² and 29.8% on a wafer-scale module (~260 cm²), with a power-to-weight ratio of 1.77 W/g and bendability to 15 mm radius. These advances demonstrate the potential of flexible perovskite-silicon tandems for aerospace, wearable, and IoT applications, addressing key challenges in efficiency, flexibility, and durability.

### 811. [Evolution of Diamond Film Growth Modes under Varied Plasma Conditions: Insights from Optical Emission Spectroscopy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/evolution-of-diamond-film-growth-modes-under-varied-plasma-conditions-insights-from-optical-emission-spectrosc) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25110003]
The synthesis of high-quality heteroepitaxial diamond films on iridium composite substrates is a critical step toward advancing diamond for electronic and optical applications. Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition, combined with in situ optical emission spectroscopy, enables precise control over growth modes through plasma parameter tuning. In this study, we examine how methane concentration, microwave power, and gas pressure influence plasma species and, consequently, the growth modes of heteroepitaxial diamond by optical emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. At low nucleation densities, increased methane concentrations promote the transition from faceted polyhedral to ballas structures, driven by elevated C2 radical concentrations in the plasma. Conversely, at higher nucleation densities, gas pressure, and substrate temperature dominate growth mode determination, leading to diverse morphologies, such as planar, polycrystalline, octahedral, and step-flow growth. These findings elucidate the interplay among plasma species, growth parameters, and growth mode, offering critical insights for optimizing growth conditions and preparing heteroepitaxial diamond films in a specific growth mode.

### 812. [Realization of 193 nm DUV Laser through Direct Frequency Doubling with GaN-based UVA Laser Diode and ABF Crystal](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/realization-of-193-nm-duv-laser-through-direct-frequency-doubling-with-gan-based-uva-laser-diode-and-abf-cryst) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25110004]
The 193 nm deep-ultraviolet (DUV) laser is crucial for advanced semiconductor manufacturing, micro-nano material characterization, and biomedical analysis due to its high spatial resolution and short wavelength. Currently, ArF excimer gas lasers dominate DUV lithography, but alternative approaches based on infrared solid-state lasers suffer from complexity and low efficiency. Direct frequency doubling of long-wavelength ultraviolet (UVA) semiconductor lasers using DUV nonlinear optical crystals offers a promising alternative. However, practical implementation has been challenging due to limited availability of high-quality UVA laser diodes and DUV crystals with balanced properties. In this study, we demonstrate the first realization of a 193 nm DUV laser via direct frequency doubling of a GaN-based UVA laser diode using a high-quality fluorooxoborate crystal NH4B4O6F (ABF). Two UVA laser diodes emitting at 386 nm and 394 nm were used, generating 193 nm and 197 nm DUV emission, respectively. The experimental setup comprised a GaN-based UVA laser diode, an ABF crystal for frequency doubling, and a prism for spectral separation. Our results confirm the technical feasibility of this approach, opening a novel pathway toward compact, stable, and efficient 193 nm laser sources with substantial application potential in advanced semiconductor manufacturing, including DUV lithography monitoring, wafer inspection, and defect analysis.

### 813. [Experimental study on damage evolution and failure precursor characteristics of granite under thermal shock cycles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-study-on-damage-evolution-and-failure-precursor-characteristics-of-granite-under-thermal-shock-cy) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.006]
Investigating the damage evolution of surrounding rock under thermal shock cycles is crucial for ensuring the stability of engineering rock masses. This study performed Brazilian splitting tests on granite specimens under varying temperature and cycle conditions, employing acoustic emission monitoring, digital image correlation, and three-dimensional scanning technology. A systematic analysis was conducted on the patterns of damage evolution, failure precursor, and response mechanisms under combined thermal and cyclic loading. Experimental results show that both P-wave velocity and tensile strength degrade significantly with increasing temperature and cycle count, with temperature having a more pronounced effect than cycle count. Notably, damage evolution exhibits a dual-threshold behavior in which degradation accelerates markedly above 400 °C and stabilizes after 5 thermal cycles. Fracture surfaces evolve from initially planar to rugged morphologies, with peak-valley height differences at 600 °C being approximately three times greater than those at 200 °C. Furthermore, based on acoustic emission energy entropy analysis, we introduce a novel failure precursor indicator where the sustained increase and critical surge in average entropy serve as reliable early-warning signals for impending rock failure. These findings establish a solid theoretical basis and practical methodology for damage assessment and instability early-warning systems in high-temperature rock engineering.

### 814. [A 2 mm × 2 mm Battery-Free Neural Interface Achieving 72-Channel Wireless Simultaneous Recording by Dual Overlapped On-Chip Antennas](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-2-mm-2-mm-battery-free-neural-interface-achieving-72-channel-wireless-simultaneous-recording-by-dual-overlap) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120027]
Battery-free radio systems utilizing wireless power transfer (WPT) further facilitate the miniaturization of neural implants. However, simultaneous monitoring of multiple neuronal activities is required to obtain high-fidelity neural signals. Consequently, the integration of numerous channels on a single chip and the wireless transmission of massive multi-channel data pose significant challenges for implantable battery-free neural interfaces. This work introduces dual overlapped on-chip antennas to eliminate the need for a battery in the neural implants and enable high-data-rate backscatter for transmitting the massive data acquired simultaneously from 72 channels. Additionally, an orthogonal coding and sampling technique is employed to reduce both power consumption and area per channel. Fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process, the proposed chip integrates 72 neural recording channels within a 2 mm × 2 mm area and achieves a backscatter data rate of 18 Mbps.

### 815. [Spatial Response and Prediction Model for Blasting-Induced Vibration in a Deep Double-Line Tunnel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/spatial-response-and-prediction-model-for-blasting-induced-vibration-in-a-deep-double-line-tunnel) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.009]
Excessive blasting-induced vibration during drilling-and-blasting excavation of deep tunnels can trigger geological hazards and compromise the stability of both the rock mass and support structures. This study focused on the deep double-line Sejila Mountain tunnel to systematically analyze the spatial response of blasting-induced vibration and to develop a prediction model through field tests and numerical simulations. The results revealed that the presence of a cross passage significantly altered propagation paths and the spatial distribution of blasting-induced vibration velocity. The peak particle velocity (PPV) at the cross-passage corner was amplified by approximately 1.92 times due to wave reflection and geometric focusing. Blasting-induced vibration waves attenuated non-uniformly across the tunnel cross-section, where PPV on the blast-face side was 1.54–6.56 times higher than that on the opposite side. We propose an improved PPV attenuation model that accounts for the propagation path effect. This model significantly improved fitting accuracy and resolved anomalous parameter (k and a) estimates in traditional equations, thereby improving prediction reliability. Furthermore, based on the observed spatial distribution of blasting-induced vibration, optimal monitoring point placement and targeted vibration control measures for tunnel blasting were discussed. These findings provide a scientific basis for designing blasting schemes and vibration mitigation strategies in deep tunnels.

### 816. [Guest Editorial to the Special Issue Deep-Sea Mining and Environmental Protection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/guest-editorial-to-the-special-issue-deep-sea-mining-and-environmental-protection) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.005]
The global transition to green energy has created an unprecedented demand for critical metals and energy resources such as cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rare earth elements, and gas hydrates. Deep-sea mineral and energy resources are increasingly viewed as essential supplements to terrestrial supply bottlenecks and as strategic safeguards for the future low-carbon economy. However, deep-sea mining, as a frontier industry characterized by high technology, high investment, and high risk, faces multiple challenges, including technological complexity, substantial capital requirements, and potentially irreversible environmental impacts on unique and fragile deep-sea ecosystems. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, titled Deep-Sea Mining and Environmental Protection, presents research on high-fidelity sediment sampling and sediment dynamics; technological innovations in deep-sea mining and equipment development; and environmental monitoring systems and geo-hazard assessment. Contributions from China, Canada, the UAE, Thailand, the UK, Vietnam, Germany, India, and Indonesia highlight the global, interdisciplinary nature of deep-sea resource and environmental studies. The issue provides engineers, geoscientists, and policy-makers with theoretical insights and practical tools to promote sustainable ocean resource development while protecting marine environments.

### 817. [Characterization of the Susceptibility of Ore Particles to Breakdown in High Voltage Pulse Breakage and the Influencing Factors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/characterization-of-the-susceptibility-of-ore-particles-to-breakdown-in-high-voltage-pulse-breakage-and-the-in) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.11.004]
The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse (HVP) breakage, yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding. Two indicators, namely breakdown delay time (Td) and breakdown strength (Eb) were compared, based on analysis on the two breakdown modes namely wavefront mode and post-wave mode. It was found that Td is more suitable to characterize the susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown in HVP breakage than Eb. A probabilistic model based on the Weibull distribution is developed to describe the relation of breakdown probability to Td. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate how operating parameters and particle properties influence Td and size reduction degree of ore particles in HVP breakage. The regressed models demonstrate potential capability to predict metallic minerals content and HVP breakage degree based on operating parameters and particle properties.

### 818. [Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing of Perovskite Quantum Dots for Color-Conversion Micro-LED Displays](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrohydrodynamic-inkjet-printing-of-perovskite-quantum-dots-for-color-conversion-micro-led-displays) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120014]
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing has emerged as a powerful micro-/nanofabrication technique for high-resolution perovskite quantum dot (PeQD) color-conversion layers, offering precise control over pixel morphology, dimensions, and composition. This review systematically examines the mechanisms of cone-jet and electrostatic-attraction modes in EHD printing, highlighting recent advances in PeQD ink design, solvent and ligand engineering, and printing parameter optimization. Perovskite precursor and colloidal inks are discussed in detail, emphasizing strategies to enhance droplet ejection stability, suppress coffee-ring effects, and achieve uniform, high-luminescence pixels. Ligand exchange, dual-ligand passivation, and core−shell or polymer encapsulation are shown to effectively mitigate ion migration, surface defects, and environmental degradation, thereby improving photoluminescence efficiency and stability. Multi-channel and multi-nozzle EHD printing systems enable dynamic halide composition control and parallel RGB pixel deposition, facilitating ultrahigh-resolution patterning down to submicron feature sizes. Finally, the review highlights future directions, including synergistic PeQD material synthesis, advanced ink formulation, scalable high-throughput printing, and integration of PeQD color-conversion pixels into full-color micro-LED displays with minimal crosstalk and robust operational stability. These developments collectively demonstrate the immense potential of EHD inkjet printing for next-generation high-performance display technologies.

### 819. [Room-Temperature Electrically Injected GaN-Based Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser with Conductive Nanoporous Distributed Bragg Reflector](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/room-temperature-electrically-injected-gan-based-vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser-with-conductive-nanopo) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120042]
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer numerous advantages, including the ability to form two-dimensional arrays, low power consumption, and easy coupling, making them promising for visible-light communication, sensing, and micro-display applications. In GaAs-based VCSELs, conductive epitaxial semiconductor distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) enable straightforward vertical current injection. However, in GaN-based VCSELs, the lack of p-type conductive epitaxial DBRs has necessitated complex fabrication processes, such as flip-chip bonding and substrate thinning, which increase thermal resistance and reduce yield. In this work, we demonstrate a room-temperature electrically injected GaN-based VCSEL employing a conductive nanoporous (NP) GaN DBR. The NP-GaN DBR, fabricated by electrochemical etching of highly Si-doped n+-GaN layers, exhibits a high reflectivity of 99.9% with a stopband width of about 35 nm, while retaining excellent electrical conductivity. The device structure incorporates a 10λ cavity for enhanced lateral heat dissipation, a 10-μm-diameter current aperture, and a top dielectric DBR with reduced reflectivity (99.2%) to facilitate top emission. The vertical series resistance through the NP-GaN DBR is approximately 4.5 Ω, significantly lower than that of AlInN/GaN DBRs (>60 Ω), demonstrating the superior electrical performance of the NP-GaN DBR. This work presents a promising approach for achieving high-performance GaN-based VCSELs with simplified fabrication and improved thermal management, paving the way for their integration into high-density display and communication systems.

### 820. [Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrochromic-retina-e-paper-defining-the-ultimate-display-at-the-human-vision-limit) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050]
In an era dominated by visual information, the display interface serves as a critical gateway between the human and digital worlds. The relentless pursuit of visual immersion has driven display technology from cinema screens to smartphones and now to virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) headsets, progressively moving closer to the human eye. This evolution places unprecedented demands on pixel density, power efficiency, and form factor, pushing up against fundamental physical and physiological limits. The core challenge lies in creating displays that, when viewed at close proximity, offer a seamless, high-fidelity visual experience indistinguishable from reality—a goal often conceptualized as the 'retina display', where the pixel density matches or exceeds the resolving power of the human eye. However, as pixel sizes shrink into the sub-micrometer regime, conventional emissive technologies like organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) face insurmountable hurdles: diminished emission intensity, non-uniformity, severe colour cross-talk, and rapidly increasing fabrication complexity. Even the most advanced micro-LED demonstrations struggle to achieve the required pixel densities across large fields of view without significant performance trade-offs. Conversely, reflective displays, or electronic paper (E-paper), which leverage ambient light for visibility, inherently avoid the luminosity and efficiency issues of emissive displays. Their optical contrast is governed by material properties at the nanoscale, remaining theoretically unaffected by pixel size reduction. Yet, established reflective technologies, such as electrophoretic displays (e.g., those in e-readers), have been hamstrung by slow refresh rates (seconds), limited colour gamuts, and resolutions typically below 1000 pixels per inch (PPI), confining them largely to static text and image applications. While optical metasurfaces have demonstrated astonishing static resolutions exceeding 10 000 PPI, they have largely remained just that—static—lacking the dynamic tunability essential for video and interactive content. Previous attempts to create dynamic reflective displays using hybrid nanomaterials have improved colour and speed but failed to break the micron-scale pixel barrier, leaving the holy grail of a high-resolution, video-rate, low-power reflective display tantalizingly out of reach. Now, writing in Nature, Santosa et al. achieve a retina E-paper that not only surmounts these historical limitations but also redefines the possibilities for ultra-high-resolution displays, based on traditional electrochromic (EC) technology. By demonstrating electrically tunable pixels down to ~560 nm in size (>25 000 PPI), full-colour video capability (>25 Hz), high reflectance (~80%), and remarkably low energy consumption (0.5–1.7 mW∙cm–2), they present a paradigm shift from light-emitting to intelligently light-modulating displays at the nanoscale.

### 821. [Fragmentation characteristics and mechanical response of hard rock indented by cutting picks: Effects of confinement, spacing, and pre-grooving](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fragmentation-characteristics-and-mechanical-response-of-hard-rock-indented-by-cutting-picks-effects-of-confin) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.011]
Efficient hard-rock fragmentation remains a critical challenge in mechanized mining. This study designed an adjustable-spacing mold and conducted double cutting pick indentation tests on granite. Mechanical responses and fragmentation characteristics under varying horizontal stresses, pick spacings, and groove depths were systematically analyzed. Unidirectional stress concentration altered the rock fragmentation modes, exhibiting a dual effect on the fragmentation process. The maximum indentation force (Fmax), indentation hardness index (IHI), indentation modulus (IM), and indentation energy (W) initially increased and then decreased with rising horizontal stress. Appropriate spacing promoted radial crack coalescence, whereas too small a spacing (20 mm) caused repetitive re-fragmentation of rock chips, and too large a spacing (50 mm) resulted in unbroken ridges. Pre-cut grooves weakened the rock, reducing Fmax and specific energy (SE), thus improving fragmentation efficiency, although the improvement slowed beyond a 10-mm groove depth. Based on the results and rock-mass conditioning assisted fragmentation mechanism, a “stress-structure dual control” assisted fragmentation mechanism was proposed, and a “pre-drilling unloading −alternate stopping” mining scheme was exploratorily designed. This approach creates favorable conditions for rock fragmentation by reducing stress levels and rock mass integrity in target zones, providing theoretical support and an engineering paradigm for mechanized mining of deep resources.

### 822. [An attention module integrated hybrid model for recognizing microseismic signals induced by high-pressure grouting in deep rock layers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-attention-module-integrated-hybrid-model-for-recognizing-microseismic-signals-induced-by-high-pressure-grou) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.008]
Microseismic (MS) monitoring is an effective technique to detect mining-induced rock fractures. However, recognizing grouting-induced signals is challenging due to complex geological conditions in deep rock plates. Therefore, a hybrid model (WM-ResNet50) integrating data enhancement, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), and convolutional block attention modules (CBAM) was proposed. Firstly, an MS system was established at the Xieqiao coal mine in Anhui Province, China. MS waveforms and injection parameters were acquired during grouting. Secondly, signals were categorized based on time–frequency characteristics to build a dataset, which was divided into training, validation, and test sets at a ratio of 4:1:1. Subsequently, the performance of WM-ResNet50 was evaluated based on indices such as individual precision, total accuracy, recall, and loss function. The results indicated that WM-ResNet50 achieved an average recognition accuracy of 94.38%, surpassing that of a simple CNN (90.04%), ResNet18 (91.72%), and ResNet50 (92.48%). Finally, WM-ResNet50 was applied to monitor the whole process at laboratory tests and field cases. Both results affirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of MS inversion in predicting actual slurry diffusion ranges within deep rock layers. By comparison, it was revealed that the MS sources classified by WM-ResNet50 matched grouting records well. A solution to address insufficient diffusion under long-borehole grouting has been proposed. WM-ResNet50's accuracy was validated through in-situ coring and XRD analysis for cement-based hydration products. This study provides a beneficial reference for similar rock signal processing and in-field grouting practices.

### 823. [Effects of Combined Dynamic-Static Loading and Acidic Corrosion Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Shale](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-combined-dynamic-static-loading-and-acidic-corrosion-treatment-on-the-mechanical-properties-and-mic) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.012]
A critical scientific gap exists in quantifying the intrinsic mechanisms of shale mechanical property degradation induced by the combined effects of perforation (impact) and acidization—two core techniques for shale reservoir permeability enhancement. To address this gap, this study proposed an innovative coupled experimental framework integrating dynamic-static cyclic loading (to simulate perforation impact) and acid erosion. Static uniaxial compression tests were performed on treated damaged shale samples, with microstructural characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Key findings include: (1) The damage factor (characterized by longitudinal wave velocity) showed a significant positive correlation with acid concentration; (2) Combined damage (impact + acidization) caused far more severe mechanical deterioration than single damage modes—for instance, samples under combined damage with 20% hydrochloric acid exhibited a strength reduction to 158.97 MPa, with sharp decreases in peak strength and elastic modulus; (3) Damage reduced total energy and elastic strain energy of samples while increasing dissipated energy proportion, leading to more developed internal fractures and severe failure in combined damage samples; (4) Acidization promoted sample fragmentation into smaller debris, resulting in significantly higher fractal dimensions of acidized shale than other damage types under the same acid concentration; (5) XRD and SEM analyses confirmed that high-concentration acid erosion reduced shale carbonate content, and the synergy of mechanical pre-damage and chemical dissolution in combined damage accelerated acid-rock reactions, significantly increasing micro-interfacial pores and degrading shale structural integrity. This study’s innovation lies in establishing a coupled experimental framework that reproduces the actual “perforation-acidization” sequence, quantitatively revealing the synergistic degradation mechanism of shale mechanical properties under combined damage—providing a novel theoretical basis for optimizing shale reservoir stimulation parameters.

### 824. [Reconstruction of pore structure and transformation of failure mode in reef limestone under MICP grouting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reconstruction-of-pore-structure-and-transformation-of-failure-mode-in-reef-limestone-under-micp-grouting) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.017]
Given the high porosity, strong connectivity, and low strength of reef limestone, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) reinforcement tests were performed under different grouting cycles. CT-based three-dimensional reconstruction, uniaxial compression, and acoustic emission analyses were employed to elucidate the coupling mechanism between microstructural evolution and macroscopic mechanical behavior. MICP-induced calcium carbonate deposition exhibited distinct scale selectivity, initially occurring in large pores and highly coordinated nodes, which reduced the average pore diameter from 221.26 μm to 75.36 μm and transformed the pore network from a highly connected loose type to a dense isolated one. The elastic modulus increased from 3.27 GPa to 6.21 GPa, and the peak strength approximately doubled, while the failure mode evolved from brittle to brittle–ductile. Acoustic emission analysis revealed a greater proportion of post-peak high-energy events and a frequency shift from high to mid–low ranges, indicating a multi-stage energy dissipation process. A reinforcement variable was introduced to quantify the MICP-induced strengthening, and a structural densification factor was incorporated to establish a constitutive model governed by densification. The study clarifies the coupling mechanism from microscopic densification to macroscopic enhancement, providing theoretical support for the green reinforcement of highly porous rock masses.

### 825. [Study on the mechanism of temperature-responsive composite inhibitors in suppressing coal spontaneous combustion at different reaction stages](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-on-the-mechanism-of-temperature-responsive-composite-inhibitors-in-suppressing-coal-spontaneous-combusti) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.015]
Temperature is one of the main causes of spontaneous coal combustion. To improve the flame retardant performance, CaCl2, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and calcium phosphate (CaHP) were compounded to control the temperature response of different stages of coal spontaneous combustion through physical and chemical synergy. Simultaneous thermal analysis, thermogravimetric-Fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), in-situ FTIR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were used to study the multi-temperature stage synergistic inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion. The results show that the proposed method is effective. By obtaining the characteristics of the spontaneous combustion reaction stage of coal in advance, the method of configuring an appropriate composite inhibitor can effectively realize the intelligent control of the temperature response of coal spontaneous combustion. The ignition point of long-flame coal increased by 37.15 °C. The inhibition rate of the gas phase products was more than 20%, and the inhibition rate of the functional groups was more than 30%. It has a good quenching effect on free radicals and can effectively inhibit the oxidation activity of active free radicals such as H, HO, and O. The results provide experimental and theoretical support for the study of temperature-responsive composite flame retardants for coal with different metamorphic degrees.

### 826. [Time-dependent behavior of deep roadway surrounding rock considering damage induced by excavation and mining disturbances: Experiments, modeling, and simulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/time-dependent-behavior-of-deep-roadway-surrounding-rock-considering-damage-induced-by-excavation-and-mining-d) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.12.006]
In deep coal mining, surrounding rock is subjected to both high in-situ stress and intense mining disturbances, leading to significant time-dependent behavior. Accurately capturing this behavior is essential for predicting long-term roadway stability, necessitating the development of a reliable constitutive creep model and numerical simulation approach. In this study, creep experiments were conducted on pre-damaged rock with varying initial damage levels to investigate the time-dependent mechanical properties. Based on the experimental results, an accelerated-creep criterion was proposed, and an elastic-viscoplastic creep damage model (EVPCD) was established that simultaneously considers the effects of time-dependent damage and instantaneous damage caused by stress disturbances on rock creep behavior. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the proposed creep model was verified using experimental data, and the secondary development of the EVPCD model was completed based on the FLAC3D platform. Following this, a long-term stability analysis method of deep surrounding rock that accounts for excavation-and mining-induced disturbances was proposed. Using the main roadway of Xutuan Coal Mine as a case study, numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the time-dependent deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock following excavation and mining disturbance. Combined with on-site monitoring of the surrounding rock damage areas, the results indicate that the EVPCD outperforms the CVISC and Nishihara models in predicting the time-dependent behavior of deep surrounding rock.

### 827. [Deep learning retrieval of 3D casting models combined with professional knowledge for process reuse](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deep-learning-retrieval-of-3d-casting-models-combined-with-professional-knowledge-for-process-reuse) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4145-7]
Accurate retrieval of casting 3D models is crucial for process reuse. Current methods primarily focus on shape similarity, neglecting process design features, which compromises reusability. In this study, a novel deep learning retrieval method for process reuse was proposed, which integrates process design features into the retrieval of casting 3D models. This method leverages the comparative language-image pretraining (CLIP) model to extract shape features from the three views and sectional views of the casting model and combines them with process design features such as modulus, main wall thickness, symmetry, and length-to-height ratio to enhance process reusability. A database of 230 production casting models was established for model validation. Results indicate that incorporating process design features improves model accuracy by 6.09%, reaching 97.82%, and increases process similarity by 30.25%. The reusability of the process was further verified using the casting simulation software EasyCast. The results show that the process retrieved after integrating process design features produces the least shrinkage in the target model, demonstrating this method’s superior ability for process reuse. This approach does not require a large dataset for training and optimization, making it highly applicable to casting process design and related manufacturing processes.

### 828. [A new oolitic content test method for green sand by repeated approximation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-oolitic-content-test-method-for-green-sand-by-repeated-approximation) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4043-z]
The reuse of green sand in casting production is hindered by the accumulation of oolitic deposits, primarily composed of clay binder with surface degradation, which may adversely affect the the moulding sand performance. Currently, there is a lack of standardized methods for quantifying the oolitic content. Accurate measurement of oolitic content is of great significance to the reuse of green sand. Attempts to determine oolitic content using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) methods encounter challenges due to their excessive reactions with SiO2 in the sand. In this study, an improved method for measuring the oolitic content of green sand with repeated approximations was proposed. This method judges the chemical activity of the sample surface through the change of its mass to accurately obtain the mass of the reaction oolitic deposits. The test result of the used sand samples from the foundry shows that the oolitic deposits are completely removed after reacting with KOH solution three times at 300 °C for 20 min. SEM and EDS also show that after three times of reactions, the surface of green sand becomes smooth and the content of Al-containing oolitic deposits is very low. This indicates that the method can accurately control the extent of the reaction. Implementation of this method at Huangshi Dongbei Casting Co., Ltd. has yielded consistent and reliable test results, effectively mirroring variations in green sand oolitic content on the production line. This new method is expected to be widely adopted to improve the efficiency and quality of reused green sand in casting operations.

### 829. [High-temperature performance of silica ceramic cores with additives prepared by stereolithography 3D printing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-temperature-performance-of-silica-ceramic-cores-with-additives-prepared-by-stereolithography-3d-printing) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4184-0]
Ceramic cores are key to forming a cooling structure within the hollow blade cavities. The use of stereolithography (SL) 3D printing technology eliminates the need for moulds, facilitating the preparation of complex-shaped ceramic cores. In this study, silica-based ceramic cores incorporating nano-3YSZ (3mol.% yttria stabilised zirconia) and micron-sized Y2O3 were prepared via SL 3D printing ceramic technology to promote the formation of cristobalite and ZrSiO4, thereby improving the high-temperature properties. The flexural strength at 25 °C and 1,500 °C, deflection at 1,500 °C, shrinkage rate, and porosity of the core samples sintered at different temperatures (1,170 °C, 1,185 °C, 1,200 °C, 1,215 °C, and 1,230 °C) were tested and investigated. The mechanism underlying the high temperature performance of the cores was elucidated through analysis of cross-sectional morphology, element distribution, and phase constitution of the samples. As the sintering temperature increases, the shrinkage and flexural strength at 25 °C of the core rise, while the open porosity and deflection at 1,500 °C decrease. When the sintering temperature reaches 1,200 °C or higher, the 1,500 °C flexural strength can be measured, which increases as the sintering temperature rises. The core exhibits excellent creep resistance when sintered at temperatures of 1,200 °C and above. Considering the comprehensive performance requirements for the core, the sintering temperature of 1,200 °C was selected. At the sintering temperature of 1,200 °C, the core exhibits shrinkage rates of 3.76% (X), 3.38% (Y), and 3.95% (Z), alongside a flexural strength of 9.01 MPa at 25 °C and 32.15 MPa at 1,500 °C, and an open porosity of 26.39%. The deflection of the core at 1,500 °C is 0.15 mm, which helps to maintain the dimensional stability of the ceramic core during casting. XRD results indicate that samples fractured after 25 °C flexural strength test still contain amorphous quartz glass, alongside substantial quantities of yttria stabilized zirconia and Y2O3. Samples fractured after 1,500 °C flexural strength test exhibit significant crystallisation of amorphous quartz glass into cristobalite, with silica and 3YSZ combining to form ZrSiO4. Y2O3 as a network modifier of the glass network destroys the bridging oxygen in the silica-oxygen bond, thereby reducing the energy required for glass crystallisation and promoting the crystallisation reaction of quartz glass to form cristobalite. In addition, nano-3YSZ combines with SiO2 at high temperatures to form ZrSiO4. Since cristobalite and ZrSiO4 are crystals, both of them have strong creep resistance, thus improving the high temperature flexural strength and deformation resistance of the ceramic cores.

### 830. [Influence of scanning strategies on microstructure and properties anisotropy of GH3536 alloy formed by laser powder bed fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-scanning-strategies-on-microstructure-and-properties-anisotropy-of-gh3536-alloy-formed-by-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4207-x]
The GH3536 (Hastelloy-X) nickel-based superalloy is increasingly applied in the aerospace industry due to its exceptional combination of excellent oxidation resistance and high-temperature strength. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology for producing metallic components with complex shapes using layer-by-layer manufacture principle. The debate has long prevailed as to research on eliminating anisotropy in the forming of GH3536 alloy through LPBF technology. In this study, the anisotropy of microstructure and mechanical properties of GH3536 alloy formed by LPBF was investigated using different scanning strategies (0°, 90°, 67°, checkerboard, and contour). The scanning strategy was optimized to reduce the weaving differences between the horizontal and vertical directions of the microstructure of the LPBF formed GH3536 alloy, which in turn reduces the anisotropy of the properties in both directions. The results of the tensile specimens indicate that except for the horizontal specimens produced using the contour scanning strategy, the strength of all other specimens exceeds that of the vertical specimens. Additionally, differences in elongation are observed, demonstrating that the GH3536 alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion exhibits anisotropic properties. According to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, the grain boundary strengthening and geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) impede dislocation motion during tensile deformation along the horizontal direction. Consequently, this mechanism negatively affects both the tensile strength and ductility in that orientation. The anisotropy in tensile strength and plasticity is attributed to the different crack sensitivities in the two tensile directions. In addition, specimens molded using different scanning strategies exhibit varying degrees of anisotropy, strength, and elongation due to different degrees of texture strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, and dislocation strengthening effects. Regardless of the stretching direction, the combined tensile properties of the 0° and contoured specimens are the worst under the room temperature and 815 °C stretching conditions. The 67° specimens exhibit the best combined tensile properties. Therefore, the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of the LPBF formed GH3536 alloy can be positively mitigated by modulating the scanning strategy.

### 831. [Hot deformation behavior of 2707 hyper duplex stainless steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hot-deformation-behavior-of-2707-hyper-duplex-stainless-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-3078-5]
The hot deformation behavior of 2707 hyper duplex stainless steel (HDSS) was investigated through a hot compression test at 950 °C to 1,250 °C at strain rates of 0.01 s-1 to 10 s-1. Observations from the flow stress curves reveal a balance between work hardening and dynamic recovery at the beginning of the deformation and subsequently demonstrate various softening mechanisms with the increase of strain. At high strain rates, dynamic recovery is the prevailing mechanism, whereas, at medium and low strain rates, dynamic recrystallization becomes dominant. The constitutive equation was constructed, and the deformation activation energy was calculated to be 645.46 kJ·mol-1. The hot processing map was drawn based on the dynamic material model at a strain of 0.8. The results indicate that the hot workability of 2707 HDSS decreases due to its high alloying content. The microstructure evolution of 2707 HDSS at 1,050 °C was identified by means of electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the ferrite completes dynamic recrystallization at the strain rate of 1 s-1. The softening process of austenite is influenced by ferrite and mainly experiences dynamic recovery. The austenite located at the α/γ phase boundaries tends to undergo dynamic recrystallization.

### 832. [Ni-based superalloy synergistic strengthened by in-situ nano-carbides and residual graphene fabricated via laser powder bed fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ni-based-superalloy-synergistic-strengthened-by-in-situ-nano-carbides-and-residual-graphene-fabricated-via-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5161-3]
With the increase in power of the industrial gas turbine and thrust-weight ratio of aeroengine, the conventional strengthening method of adding refractory elements into superalloys has become difficult to meet the demands for the higher mechanical properties. A novel Ni-based superalloy was designed with enhanced strength and hardness based on the graphene nanosheets (GNs) synergistic in-situ nano-carbides strengthening in the present work. Nano-carbides were induced by in-situ reaction of the GNs with alloy powders during additive manufacturing. The microstructure and thermophysical properties of different alloys with 0.1wt.% GNs and without GNs were investigated by SEM, EBSD, TEM, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Residual GNs were also detected by SANS and DSC. The nano-carbides are uniformly distributed in the matrix and combine with residual GNs to refine the cellular structure. Compared with the original alloy (ASE100), the hardness of the alloy with 0.1wt.% GNs (ASE100-0.1GN) is increased by 31 HV (from 315 HV to 346 HV), and the yield tensile strength is increased by 86 MPa (from 756 MPa to 842 MPa). The GNs react with alloy melt in the molten pools to generate nano-carbides under the Marangoni effect during manufacturing process. The dispersion nano-carbides are distributed at both grain boundaries and within grains, effectively hindering the movement of dislocation and enhancing the strength of alloy.

### 833. [Impact of submicron TiB2 particles on microstructure, casting performance, and mechanical properties of an Al-Cu alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/impact-of-submicron-tib2-particles-on-microstructure-casting-performance-and-mechanical-properties-of-an-al-cu-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5018-9]
Abstract: Although the strengthening and grain refinement effects of TiB2 particles on aluminum alloys have been extensively studied, their influence on casting behavior remains relatively underexplored. In this study, the influence of different addition amounts of submicron TiB2 particles on the microstructure, casting performance, and mechanical properties of an Al-Cu (ZL205A) alloy was systematically investigated. The introduction of TiB2 particles leads to significant grain refinement, transforming the microstructure from coarse grains to fine equiaxed grains by providing additional nucleation sites and inhibiting grain growth. SEM and TEM analyses reveal that the added submicron TiB2 particles exhibit minimal effect on the distribution of intermetallic phases or precipitates. Casting performance, as evaluated by spiral fluidity and hot tearing tests, shows notable improvements with TiB2 additions. At a TiB2 content of 3wt.%, the fluidity length increases by 20%, and the hot tearing susceptibility coefficient decreases by 29%. These enhancements are mainly due to the refined grain structure and the formation of interdendritic bridging in TiB2-reinforced alloys. However, the overall enahncement in casting properties shows little variation across the TiB2 additions from 0.2wt.% to 3wt.%. Mechanical testing shows that the highest hardness and strength are achieved with a 1wt.% addition of TiB2 particles, primarily attributed to refined grain size and reinforcement of the aluminum matrix. Based on these findings, a TiB2 particle content of 1wt.% is recommended for optimizing both the casting performance and mechanical properties of the ZL205A alloy.

### 834. [Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of A356/6061 bimetal fabricated by liquid-solid compound casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interfacial-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-a3566061-bimetal-fabricated-by-liquid-solid-compound-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4231-x]
A356/6061 bimetallic specimens were prepared by liquid-solid compound casting. The effects of various casting conditions on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the bimetallic specimens were studied. Results demonstrate that a combination of chemical zinc deposition and electroplating can create a dense protective layer on the surface of the 6061 aluminum bar, achieving complete metallurgical bonding at the bimetallic interface. The interfacial microstructure is primarily characterized by equiaxed grain formation, with eutectic silicon distributed along the grain boundaries. Notably, the thickness of the zinc plating layer does not significantly influence the microstructure of the interface transition layer. Pouring temperature is critical for establishing metallurgical bonding at the bimetallic interface, with the thickness of the transition layer increasing as the pouring temperature rises. The hardness of the bimetallic composite interface falls between the hardness values of the two constituent materials. While the thickness of the galvanized layer has a minimal effect on interfacial shear strength, there is a slight decrease in shear strength with increasing pouring temperature, with a maximum value recorded at 68 MPa.

### 835. [Effect of alumina fibers on ceramic shell mold properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-alumina-fibers-on-ceramic-shell-mold-properties) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4054-9]
Alumina fibers, with an aspect ratio ranging from 9 to 27, were utilized as the reinforcing materials for silica-sol ceramic shell molds, and the impact of different alumina fiber additions on the green bending strength, room- and high-temperature bending strength, and self-weight deformation of ceramic shell molds was investigated. The green bending strength of shell molds is the maximum at an alumina fiber addition amount of 0.2wt.%, reaching 6.20 MPa. Further increases in alumina fiber content do not significantly affect the green bending strength. As the alumina fiber addition amount increases from 0.2wt.% to 1.0wt.%, the bending strength and the resistance to self-weight deformation of the ceramic shell molds at high-temperatures show a pattern of first increase and then decrease. The shell molds after sintering exhibit the highest room-temperature strength of 17.33 MPa and the highest high-temperature strength (18.97 MPa at 1,100 °C; 17.78 MPa at 1,200 °C; and 15.3 MPa at 1,300 °C), and the smallest self-weight deformation of 0.022% at 1,000 °C when the alumina fiber addition is 0.6wt.%. The appropriate amount of fibers in the shell mold matrix consume the energy required for crack growth through mechanisms such as bridging and pulling-out, thereby improving the strength of shell molds. In summary, the comprehensive performance of the shell molds is the best when the fiber addition amount is 0.6wt.%.

### 836. [Influence of Tin addition on microstructure, mechanical, and tribological properties of magnesium matrix](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-tin-addition-on-microstructure-mechanical-and-tribological-properties-of-magnesium-matrix) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4276-x]
In this study, the effect of Tin (Sn) addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of pure magnesium (Mg) was examined. Mg-Sn alloys were synthesized using stir casting technique with Sn concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% by weight. The specimens were prepared as per ASTM standards for their evaluation. Higher Sn concentrations result in a reduced volume fraction of the eutectic phase, while Mg2Sn precipitates are observed in alloys with 5% or more Sn. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the Mg-7.5wt.% Sn alloy reveals the presence of Mg(OH)2, with X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirming an oxygen content of 18% by weight. The addition of Sn minimizes casting porosity, enhancing the quality of the alloys. The findings demonstrate a positive correlation between increasing Sn content and enhanced strength and wear resistance. The Mg-7.5wt.% Sn alloy exhibits significantly enhanced tensile properties attributed to grain refinement and the formation of well-defined grain boundaries compared to alloys with lower Sn additions (2.5% and 5%), although a slight reduction in microhardness is observed. Tribological evaluation indicates reduced wear and friction, suggesting better surface performance. This research underscores the complex interplay between Sn content, microstructural evolution, and the resulting mechanical and tribological performance of Mg-Sn alloys.

### 837. [Mitigating anisotropy of vat photopolymerization 3D printing Al2O3-based ceramic cores through zircon addition](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mitigating-anisotropy-of-vat-photopolymerization-3d-printing-al2o3-based-ceramic-cores-through-zircon-addition) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5001-5]
Ceramic cores are important in the fabrication of superalloy hollow blades, which are increasingly characterized by intricate internal cavity channels. This complexity poses significant challenges to traditional manufacturing processes. The vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology provides a new choice for ceramic cores with complex structures. However, the lamellar structure of the vat photopolymerization 3D printed ceramic cores leads to the anisotropy. Meanwhile, the low strength and high shrinkage of ceramic cores restrict their industrial application. In this study, using Al2O3 powder as the main material, the effects of zircon content on the sintering shrinkage, open porosity, flexural strength, and other properties of Al2O3-based ceramic cores were studied to address the aforementioned issues. The influencing mechanism of zircon distribution on sintering shrinkage was analyzed, and the strengthening mechanism of mullite on ceramic cores was discussed from both thermodynamics and dynamics aspects. Through the comprehensive evaluation of ceramic core properties, the Al2O3-based ceramic core with 15vol.% zircon exhibites the optimal performance. Compared with the core samples without zirconium addition, the flexural strength of the Al2O3-based ceramic core with 15vol.% zircon increases from 14.80 MPa to 61.54 MPa at 25 °C, an increase of 315.8%; and from 4.91 MPa to 11.59 MPa at 1,500 °C, an increase of 136.0%. The shrinkage in the Z-axis is reduced by 21%, which better weakens the anisotropy of the shrinkage of 3D printed Al2O3-based ceramic cores. ZrO2 phase and mullite phase are formed by zircon, which improve the comprehensive properties of Al2O3-based ceramic cores. The successful 3D printing of high-performance Al2O3-based ceramic cores via vat photopolymerization has promoted its industrial application for fabricating ceramic cores with complex structures.

### 838. [A method for enhancing ductility of a polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy K417G](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-method-for-enhancing-ductility-of-a-polycrystalline-ni-based-superalloy-k417g) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4049-6]
In this work, the effects of hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment (solution and double aging) on the high-temperature tensile properties of a nickel-based polycrystalline superalloy K417G were investigated. The experimental results indicate that following the hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment, the porosity of the alloy decreases from 0.072% (in as-cast state) to 0.043%. The volume fraction of γ' phase increases from 43.28% to 56.54%, and the shape tends to be more cubic. The plasticity of the superalloy at 900 °C increases from 5.1% in as-cast state to 9.8% followed HIP and HT, but the tensile strength remains unchanged. Large size micropores are present in the as-cast sample and cracks sprout and expand at the micropores. After hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment, micropores are effectively eliminated, preventing them from becoming sources of cracks. This delay in the emergence of cracks results in enhanced plasticity. In addition, dislocations in the specimens after hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment bypasses the γ' phase through the Orowan mechanism, leading to a further increase in plasticity.

### 839. [Impact of TiC particles on microstructure and properties of Al-Cu-Mn alloys by semi-continuous casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/impact-of-tic-particles-on-microstructure-and-properties-of-al-cu-mn-alloys-by-semi-continuous-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4267-y]
Al-based TiC particle-reinforced composites with varying TiC concentrations were fabricated through semi-continuous casting. The effects of TiC particles on the alloys’ microstructure, grain boundary segregation, and mechanical properties were systematically analyzed. Moreover, the mechanisms by which TiC particles contribute to grain refinement, suppression of grain boundary segregation, and enhancement of hardness and wear resistance were discussed. The results demonstrate that TiC particles act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for α-Al within the Al-Cu-Mn alloys, leading to a refinement of grain size. As the TiC particle’s content increases, the grain size of the alloy drops at first and then elevates, transitioning from coarse dendritic crystals to fine equiaxed grains. At a TiC content of 1.3wt.%, the alloy exhibits the smallest grain size, reducing from 139±42 μm without TiC to 90±38 μm. Beyond this concentration, grain coarsening is observed. The incorporation of TiC particles effectively mitigates Cu segregation at grain boundaries, thereby enhancing the homogeneity of the Al-Cu-Mn matrix alloys. Additionally, the addition of TiC particles promotes hardness and wear resistance. Both hardness and wear resistance exhibit an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing TiC content from 0 to 1.8wt.%.

### 840. [Preparation of soluble ceramic cores via additive manufacturing technology: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-of-soluble-ceramic-cores-via-additive-manufacturing-technology-a-review) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4210-2]
Ceramic cores are key components in the production of castings with complex cavity structures. With the continuous development of the aerospace field, the demand for the castings with complex cavity structures is increasing. When using insoluble ceramic cores for casting, there is a significant challenge in removing complex blind cavities, which severely affects the completeness of the shape of the castings. Soluble ceramic cores can disintegrate when placed in water, greatly simplifying the removal process of cores and ensuring the complete formation of castings with complex cavity structures. Additive manufacturing technology, compared to traditional methods for preparing the soluble ceramic cores, does not require molds and can achieve direct forming of complex cores, simplifying the preparation process and reducing production time and costs. Nowadays, various additive manufacturing technologies, such as stereolithography (SL), selective laser sintering (SLS), direct ink writing (DIW), and binder jetting (BJ) technologies, have been successfully applied to the preparation of the ceramic cores. This paper analyzed the advantages and limitations of various additive manufacturing technologies, reviewed the research progress and raw material classifications of soluble ceramic cores prepared by these technologies, and looked forward to the future developments in the preparation of soluble ceramic cores using additive manufacturing technologies.

### 841. [Effect of polysilazane on microstructure and properties of Al2O3-based ceramic core for 3D printing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-polysilazane-on-microstructure-and-properties-of-al2o3-based-ceramic-core-for-3d-printing) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5003-3]
The performance of an aero-engine is closely related to the cooling ability of the hollow turbine blades. Ceramic core is an important component in the production of hollow turbine blades with a complex structure. As the pace of updating and iteration in turbine blade design continues to accelerate, the internal cavity structures of turbine blades have become increasingly complex. Traditional hot injection process is difficult to meet the production requirements of ceramic cores with complex structures. 3D printing technology can manufacture ceramic cores without the need for moulds, significantly shortening the production cycle and providing a new technology for the production of ceramic cores with complex structures. To meet the technical requirements of the investment casting process, ceramic cores must possess adequate mechanical strength and appropriate porosity. In this work, the ceramic slurry with polysilazane (PSZ) precursor was successfully prepared, and the Al2O3-based ceramic cores with high performance were fabricated using 3D printing technology. The regulation mechanism of polysilazane on the performance of ceramic cores was investigated. The results show that with the increase of PSZ content, the flexural strength of ceramic cores firstly increases and then decreases. When the content of PSZ is 5%, the flexural strength at 25 °C and 1,500 °C are 31.5 MPa and 13.1 MPa, respectively, and the porosity is 36.7%. This work is expected to advance the research and practical application of high-performance ceramic cores fabricated via 3D printing.

### 842. [Influence of final sintering temperature on properties of nano-ZrO2 reinforced SiO2-based ceramic cores via stereolithography additive manufacturing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-final-sintering-temperature-on-properties-of-nano-zro2-reinforced-sio2-based-ceramic-cores-via-stereolithography-additive-manufacturing) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4182-2]
As a reliable additive manufacturing technology, the stereolithography (SLA) ceramic core necessitates a tailored sintering process to achieve optimal performance. This study explored the effects of final sintering temperatures (specifically 1,150, 1,250, and 1,300 °C) on the properties of SLA-fabricated SiO2-based ceramic cores reinforced with nano-ZrO2 (at concentrations of 1.0wt.%, 1.5wt.%, and 2.0wt.%). The results demonstrate that increasing the final sintering temperature and the incorporation of nano-ZrO2 enhance the viscous flow of quartz glass, resulting in a higher sintering degree. As the final sintering temperature rises, the ceramic samples exhibit increased shrinkage rate, decreased apparent porosity, and increased bulk density. Higher final sintering temperatures also promote greater cristobalite precipitation, promoting an increase in the amount and precipitation rate of quartz during investment casting. The formation of a cristobalite and ZrSiO4 network at elevated temperatures effectively inhibits the viscous flow of quartz glass, thereby significantly improving high-temperature flexural strength and creep resistance of ceramic cores. When the content of nano-ZrO2 is between 1.5wt.% and 2.0wt.%, the final sintering temperature of 1,250 °C is the best choice. Under these conditions, the shrinkage rate along the Z direction ranges from 3.35% to 3.68%, the porosity lies between 25.57% and 26.03%, the bulk density varies from 1.612 to 1.645 g·cm-3, the room temperature flexural strength is between 26.79 and 27.85 MPa, and the flexural strength at high temperatures is within the range of 30.77 to 33.02 MPa. The deflection at high-temperatures is 3.37-5.31 mm, while the surface roughness of the upper surface is 3.26-4.79 μm, and the surface roughness of the side surface is 4.97-5.79 μm. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing the sintering processes of SLA ceramic cores, offering potential for industrial applications.

### 843. [Effects of Al and C content on κ-carbide precipitation and strengthening in high-Mn low-density steels: A quantitative study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-al-and-c-content-on-carbide-precipitation-and-strengthening-in-high-mn-low-density-steels-a-quantitative-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4144-8]
Fe-28Mn-(10-12)Al-(0.8-1.4)C (wt.%) steels were designed to investigate the influence of varying Al and C content on precipitation behavior of κ-carbide and its contribution to the strength of high-Mn low-density steels. Results reveal that both Al and C elements promote κ-carbide precipitation, with C having a more pronounced effect. In near-rapidly solidified 10Al steel strips, increasing C content from 0.8wt.% to 1.4wt.% raises the κ-carbide size from 9.6 nm to 38.2 nm, accompanied by volume fraction increase from 10.2vol.% to 29.8vol.%. In comparison, the average size and volume fraction of κ-carbides in 12Al0.8C steel are only 11.4 nm and 17.8vol.%, respectively. Higher Al and C content reduces the lattice mismatch between austenite and κ-carbides, thus promoting nucleation of κ-carbides. Notably, the increase in C content results in a greater reduction in the Gibbs free energy of κ-carbide, leading to a stronger driving force for κ-carbide formation. Consequently, as the C content increases from 0.8wt.% to 1.4wt.%, the interaction between κ-carbides and dislocations transforms from particle cutting to bypassing, and the maximum precipitation strengthening of κ-carbides reaches 583 MPa. The construction of the relationship between Al and C content and κ-carbide precipitation in this study would provide valuable insights for alloy design of high-Mn steels.

### 844. [Vat photopolymerization of silica-based ceramic cores using high solid loading slurry with performance optimization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/vat-photopolymerization-of-silica-based-ceramic-cores-using-high-solid-loading-slurry-with-performance-optimization) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4178-y]
Vat photopolymerization (VPP) 3D printing is an optimized technology for complex-shaped ceramic cores, in which the solid loading of ceramic slurries greatly influences the microstructure and property of the final ceramic parts. However, the high solid loading of slurries is highly limited by the high viscosity. In this study, silica-based ceramic core slurries with solid loading up to 68vol.% were achieved by the composition design to optimize the performance, considering the curing, rheological, and double bond conversion rate. The slurries demonstrate superior curing and rheological performance with mass ratio of monomers being 3:2 and mass fraction of BYK111 being 4wt.%. Afterwards, the impact of solid loading on the morphology and mechanical properties was investigated. As the solid loading increases, the microstructure becomes gradually dense, leading to an improved flexural strength of 19.5 MPa. Additionally, the sintering shrinkage becomes more uniform, satisfying the casting requirements effectively. This work serves as a guide for the preparation of ceramic slurries with a high solid loading.

### 845. [Vat photopolymerization 3D printing of ceramic cores: Advances, challenges, and prospects](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/vat-photopolymerization-3d-printing-of-ceramic-cores-advances-challenges-and-prospects) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4240-9]
To meet the evolving demands of aeroengine development, the structural and performance requirements for ceramic cores have become increasingly stringent. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing, owing to its moldless, flexible manufacturing, and other advantages, demonstrates significant potential in the preparation of ceramic cores with intricate structures. However, its practical application still faces multiple challenges, including layered structures and property anisotropy, defects such as cracks and collapse during printing and sintering, forming inaccuracies, and difficulties in controlling surface roughness. Recent advances have focused on optimizing slurry formulation and rheology, improving curing behavior, introducing auxiliary powders and additives, tailoring forming parameters, and optimizing the sintering process. Nevertheless, effectively suppressing lamellar defects, achieving superior dimensional accuracy, and maintaining high surface quality in complex structures remain the core scientific and technical issues to be solved. Future research should concentrate on refining curing mechanisms, advancing powder design and organic system optimization, and regulating the coupled processes of forming, debinding, and sintering to accelerate the application of VPP 3D printed ceramic cores in aerospace manufacturing.

### 846. [On microstructure and room-/high-temperature properties of an Al2O3/Al-Cu-Mn composite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/on-microstructure-and-room-high-temperature-properties-of-an-al2o3al-cu-mn-composite) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4199-6]
An Al2O3/Al-Cu-Mn composite was fabricated using a combination of ball milling and liquid-solid reaction, with a nominal composition of Al-4Cu-0.5Mn-2.8γ-Al2O3. The composite contains reinforcement particles, including nano-sized θ’ and T(Al20Cu2Mn3) particles after T6 heat treatment, as well as in-situ synthesized nano-sized γ-Al2O3 particles. Tensile tests of the Al-4Cu-0.5Mn-2.8γ-Al2O3 composite and the Al-4Cu-0.5Mn base alloy after T6 treatment were carried out at room temperature and elevated temperatures (200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C). Compared with the base alloy, the yield strength of the Al-4Cu-0.5Mn-2.8γ-Al2O3 composite after T6 treatment increases significantly from 187 MPa to 263 MPa at room temperature. Simultaneously, at elevated temperatures, the yield strength is also enhanced, with a yield strength of 52 MPa at 400 °C for this composite. The in-situ fabricated γ-Al2O3 particles, mainly distributed along the grain boundaries, are supposed to play the main strengthening role, especially at high temperatures. This work acts as a reference for designing composites for high-temperature applications.

### 847. [Microstructural evolution and comprehensive properties of Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn alloy during annealing treatment under various cooling rates](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructural-evolution-and-comprehensive-properties-of-mg-8li-3al-2zn-alloy-during-annealing-treatment-under-various-cooling-rates) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-3113-6]
Annealing treatment is an effective strategy to enhance the comprehensive properties of Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn (LAZ832) alloy, where the cooling rate plays a decisive role in tailoring microstructure and performance. This study systematically investigates the effects of cooling rates, controlled via water quenching (WC), air cooling (AC), and furnace cooling (FC), on the phase evolution, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of LAZ832. The annealed microstructure consists of α-Mg, β-Li, AlLi, and MgLi2Al phases, and the volume fraction of Al-Li phases (AlLi and MgLi2Al) increases as the cooling rate decreases. Strengthening mechanisms are dominated by solid solution strengthening, driven by the dissolution of Al and Zn atoms into the matrix, which significantly enhances tensile strength. However, excessive solute content leads to a marked decline in ductility. Scanning probe microscope (SPM) reveals an elevated work function due to the dissolution of Al and Zn atoms into the matrix phase, correlating with improved corrosion resistance. Comprehensive analysis demonstrates that air cooling achieves an optimal balance between tensile strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance, outperforming furnace-cooled samples and offering a pragmatic compromise compared to water-quenched specimens with higher strength but brittle failure. These findings establish a robust framework for designing LAZ832 alloys with tailored microstructures and multi-property optimization, advancing their application in lightweight engineering fields.

### 848. [Effect of surface recrystallization on high-temperature tensile properties of a directionally solidified DZ409 Ni-based superalloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-surface-recrystallization-on-high-temperature-tensile-properties-of-a-directionally-solidified-dz409-ni-based-superalloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4265-0]
Surface recrystallization (RX) is a typical grain defect observed in directionally solidified (DS) Ni-based superalloys. Most studies have focused on the RX behavior and its impact on the mechanical properties of single-crystal (SC) superalloys, with limited research on its influence on the high-temperature mechanical properties of DS superalloys. This study systematically investigated the effect of RX on the high-temperature tensile properties of a DS DZ409 superalloy. The results show that at 650 °C, the yield strength decreases almost linearly with an increase in RX fraction. A significant reduction in elongation is observed as the RX fraction increases from 0% to 4.9%. However, beyond this point, further increase in RX fraction leads to minimal changes in elongation. At 950 °C, both yield strength and elongation decrease as the RX fraction increases from 0% to 4.9%. At 650 °C, fractures in the RX DS superalloys exhibit a mixed mode of transgranular and intergranular cleavage fracture, while at 950 °C, it features a combination of ductile and intergranular dimple fractures. The failure mechanism of the RX DS superalloy is associated with the introduction of transverse grain boundaries (GBs) during RX. In the early stages of tensile testing at intermediate and high temperatures, cracks can easily initiate at these GBs. Subsequently, the cracks propagate along the GBs into the DS matrix, ultimately leading to failure of the DS superalloy.

### 849. [Designing the counter pressure casting gating system for a large thin-walled cabin by machine learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/designing-the-counter-pressure-casting-gating-system-for-a-large-thin-walled-cabin-by-machine-learning) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4177-z]
The design of casting gating system directly determines the solidification sequence, defect severity, and overall quality of the casting. A novel machine learning strategy was developed to design the counter pressure casting gating system of a large thin-walled cabin casting. A high-quality dataset was established through orthogonal experiments combined with design criteria for the gating system. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to select high-quality features. The gating system dimensions were predicted using a gated recurrent unit (GRU) recurrent neural network and an elastic network model. Using EasyCast and ProCAST casting software, a comparative analysis of the flow field, temperature field, and solidification field can be conducted to demonstrate the achievement of steady filling and top-down sequential solidification. Compared to the empirical formula method, this method eliminates trial-and-error iterations, reduces porosity, reduces casting defect volume from 11.23 cubic centimeters to 2.23 cubic centimeters, eliminates internal casting defects through the incorporation of an internally cooled iron, fulfilling the goal of intelligent gating system design.

### 850. [Effects of Cr element doping on microstructure and performance of quinary FeCoNiSiB multi-principal element alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-cr-element-doping-on-microstructure-and-performance-of-quinary-feconisib-multi-principal-element-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4170-6]
This research focused on the influences of Cr element doping on the microstructure, thermal stability, microhardness, soft magnetic, and anti-corrosion properties of FeCoNiSiB multi-principal element alloys. The as-received Fe-Co-Ni-Si-B-Cr alloy ribbons made by melt-spinning technique could maintain amorphous nature. The glass-transition temperature and onset crystallization temperature become lower with the addition of Cr, and the highest values are 782.0 K and 821.5 K, respectively. When the Cr content reaches 3at.%, the alloy owns the best soft magnetic performance with the saturation magnetic flux density of ~0.578 T and coercivity of ~5.5 A·m-1 among the studied melt-spun ribbon samples. The microhardness of all alloy ribbons reduces with an increasing Cr content on the whole, and the values are 810 HV0.5 or above. The corrosion behavior of these multi-principal element amorphous alloys containing Cr was also investigated in detail. As the Cr content increases, the corrosion resistance becomes superior and the specimens present the obvious passive regions in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution. The glassy ribbons with 8at.% Cr have the highest self-corrosion potential of -0.340 V and pitting potential of 0.288 V as well as the widest passive region of 0.628 V. Besides, the corroded micrographs of alloy ribbons immersed in corrosive environment lasting 100 h are also presented, which further confirms the above-mentioned experimental results. This research deepens the understanding about the role of Cr element in the microstructure and a series of physical and chemical properties of Fe-Co-Ni-Si-B-Cr multi-principal element amorphous alloys.

### 851. [Effect of CNT content on microstructure and tribological properties of CNTs/AlSi10Mg composites by LPBF](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-cnt-content-on-microstructure-and-tribological-properties-of-cntsalsi10mg-composites-by-lpbf) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4118-x]
In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/AlSi10Mg composite parts with CNTs contents ranging from 0.0 to 2.0wt.% were successfully fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) with laser scan speeds ranging from 900 to 1,900 mm·s-1. Uniform dispersion of CNTs in the powders can be achieved when their content is below 2.0wt.%. In the LPBF samples, the morphology of the CNTs is found to be directly related to their content. Especially, the length of CNTs in samples prepared by LPBF increases as the CNT content increases. The length of CNTs is approximately 200-300 nm in the 1.0wt.% CNTs/AlSi10Mg composites and approximately 500-1,000 nm in the 2.0wt.% CNTs/AlSi10Mg composites. The hardness of the composites reaches its highest value of 143.3 HV when the CNTs content is 1.0wt.% and the laser scan speed is 1,300 mm·s-1. It is found that the self-lubricating properties of the CNTs improve the tribological properties of the composites. The coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rate of the samples decrease with increasing CNT content. At a CNTs content of 2.0wt.%, the CoF and wear rate of the composite decrease by approximately 14% and 30%, respectively, compared to the unreinforced matrix. The presence of CNTs leads to a more complete and refined network microstructure within the samples. Both the CNTs and the aluminum carbide contribute to the Orowan mechanism and the Hall-Petch effect within the matrix.

### 852. [Influence of nodular graphite on microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of austempered ductile iron](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-nodular-graphite-on-microstructure-mechanical-properties-and-wear-behavior-of-austempered-ductile-iron) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-5034-9]
This study systematically investigated the effects of graphite nodule parameters, including count, average diameter, and nodularity, on microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile irons (ADIs). The ADI specimens with graphite nodule counts of 212±11 mm-2, 308±9 mm-2, 415±10 mm-2, and 589±13 mm-2 were designated as G-200, G-300, G-400, and G-600, respectively. Results indicate a progressive refinement of graphite with an increase in nodule counts. Specifically, the average nodule diameter decreases from 33.3±1.3 μm for G-200 to 17.0±0.7 μm for G-600. The nodularity of all samples is above 90%. Furthermore, the nodularity exhibits a corresponding increasing trend with the rise of graphite nodule count in ADIs. Additionally, the volume fraction of the austenite phase in ADIs decreases with an increase in graphite nodule count. The graphite nodule count changes the tensile strength and elongation of ADIs. The specimen G-400 exhibits the ultimate tensile strength of 897±11 MPa and an elongation of 9.8%±0.6%, representing 5.3% and 44.1% improvements respectively compared to G-200. To explore the wear resistance of ADIs with different graphite nodule counts, dry sliding friction and wear test of different samples was carried out at room temperature. At a high load of 25 N, G-400 exhibits superior wear resistance, achieving a 42% reduction in worn volume compared to G-200. Worn micromorphology identifies three primary wear mechanisms: microcutting-dominated abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and fatigue wear.

### 853. [Simulation study on integrated bottom car body formation by high pressure die casting with a dual injection system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/simulation-study-on-integrated-bottom-car-body-formation-by-high-pressure-die-casting-with-a-dual-injection-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4028-y]
This study investigates the formation feasibility of the integrated bottom car body components with dual die casting injection molding technology. During the production of a die-cast super-large one-piece body part weighing over 10,000 t, a thorough comparison and investigation were conducted on the arising issues, using both single and double injection systems. Particular attention was given to meticulously discussing the die casting filling problems and microstructural defects that originated from the filling process. The research findings indicate that the implementation of a double injection system can significantly minimize cold shuts and reduce the solidification time. The effectiveness of this die casting technique was further confirmed by the production of high-quality castings using a scaled model that replicated real casting conditions at a 1:3 ratio, thereby maintaining a one-to-one correspondence in essential aspects. This successful study offers both theoretical insights and practical applications for the production of integrated bottom car bodies utilizing die casting in conjunction with a dual injection system.

### 854. [Effect of La content on microstructure, tensile properties, and electrical conductivity of cast Al-Mg-Si-xLa alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-la-content-on-microstructure-tensile-properties-and-electrical-conductivity-of-cast-al-mg-si-xla-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4101-6]
Lightweight aluminum alloy conductor materials (Al-Mg-Si alloys) require not only high electrical conductivity to reduce electrical loss, but also high strength to withstand extreme weather conditions. To improve electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloy simultaneously, the rare earth La was introduced to modify the Al-Mg-Si alloy. The effect of La addition on the microstructure, tensile properties and electrical conductivity of cast Al-Mg-Si alloy was investigated systematically. Results indicate that the appropriate La content is helpful to improve the strength and electrical conductivity of Al-Mg-Si alloys. When the addition of La is 0.2wt.%, the α-Al grains are refined apparently, Mg and Si solute atoms in the Al matrix are reduced by the formation of Mg2Si phase; the distribution of Al11La3 phases is uniform, and the morphology of AlFeSi phase transforms from continuous state to discontinuous state. The Al-Mg-Si-0.2La alloy exhibits the optimal tensile properties and electrical conductivity, with an ultimate tensile strength of 170 MPa, a yield strength of 88 MPa, an elongation of 18.9%, and an electrical conductivity of 44.0% IACS. These values represent improvements of 9.0%, 15.8%, 70.3%, and 17.3%, respectively, compared to the Al-Mg-Si alloy without La addition. However, excessive La deteriorates the properties of Al-Mg-Si-xLa alloys.

### 855. [Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-deep-cryogenic-treatment-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-alcocrfeni21-eutectic-high-entropy-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4047-8]
As a typical eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA), AlCoCrFeNi2.1 exhibits excellent casting properties. However, the imbalance between strength and plasticity hinders its application as an advanced structural material. In order to address this challenge, deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) as a new process applied in the field of EHEAs was proposed in this study. The effects of different DCT times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEAs were studied, mainly focusing on the flake structure of FCC+B2 layer. The experimental results suggest that with the extension of the DCT time, the dislocation density in the FCC phase increases significantly. The spherical BCC precipitate phase is generated within the B2 phase, and the average size of this newly generated precipitate phase gradually decreases. Increasing the number of dislocations and precipitate phases is of great significance to improve the mechanical properties. The AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA exhibits excellent comprehensive mechanical properties after DCT for 36 h. Compared with the as-cast state, the tensile strength at room temperature reaches 1,034.51 MPa, increased by 5.74%. The plasticity reaches 21.72%, which is increased by 11.79%. The results show that the tensile strength and ductility of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEAs are balanced and improved after DCT, which are more suitable as advanced structural materials. In addition, the introduction of the DCT process to EHEAs solves the problem of environmental pollution caused by traditional heat treatment process. This study provides useful guidance for using the DCT process to strengthen the mechanical properties of “lamellar + block” type EHEAs.

### 856. [Effect of Al content on phase evolution, damping capacity, and mechanical properties of AlxCrFe3Ni medium entropy alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-al-content-on-phase-evolution-damping-capacity-and-mechanical-properties-of-alxcrfe3ni-medium-entropy-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4146-6]
The phase constitution, microstructure, damping capacity, and mechanical properties of as-cast AlxCrFe3Ni (x=0.5, 0.52, 0.54, and 0.56, respectively) medium entropy alloys were investigated. It is found that the volume fraction of BCC phase increases while that of FCC decreases with increasing the Al content. When the content of Al is 0.54, the alloy is composed of 82.1vol.% BCC matrix and 17.9vol.% FCC phase. Wherein the FCC phase is distributed on the BCC matrix, forming a structure where the hard BCC matrix is surrounded by soft FCC phase. This results in a hindering effect on the propagation process of vibration waves. The damping performance of Al0.54CrFe3Ni alloy, characterized by an internal friction of Q-1 is as high as 0.059, is higher than that of most FeCr damping alloys. The volume fraction of the BCC phase and the peculiar distribution of the FCC phase are identified as the key factors affecting the damping capacity. In addition, the Al0.54CrFe3Ni alloy exhibits a high yield strength of 811.16 MPa.

### 857. [A new mathematical model for investigating solidification, solute transportation, and TiN precipitation in a micro-alloy steel containing Ti](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-mathematical-model-for-investigating-solidification-solute-transportation-and-tin-precipitation-in-a-micro-alloy-steel-containing-ti) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4171-5]
In order to investigate the segregation process and clarify its effect on the formation of TiN during the solidification of a micro-alloy steel containing titanium (Ti), a new mathematical model concerning solute transportation, solidification, as well as TiN precipitation was successfully established and verified. The transportation of solute elements was described using the Brody-Fleming microsegregation model, while the thermodynamic principles governing the precipitation of TiN were derived within the framework of the model. Additionally, the model accounts for variations in the diffusion coefficient due to phase transition and the influence of non-equilibrium solidification on solute distribution. High-temperature tests were conducted to validate the mathematical model. Results show that during solidification, due to selective crystallization, there is positive segregation of Ti and N in the solidifying front. What’s more, due to the high cooling rate near the surface of this steel, negative segregation is easier to be formed in the surface area. The highest concentration of TiN precipitation is found in the 1/4 width of this steel. High-temperature experiment shows that when the solidifying front reaches the 1/4 width of the specimen, the concentration product of Ti and N elements biased at the solidifying front reaches the thermodynamic conditions of TiN precipitation, and exists a higher concentration of TiN distributed in this region. To address this phenomenon, a comparative analysis of the effects of cooling rate and initial solute element content on TiN precipitation behavior was conducted. An increase in the surface cooling rate accelerates the progression of the solidification front and diminishes solute segregation near the front, thereby reducing TiN precipitation. However, with the increase of the initial solute element content, the concentration product of Ti and N elements rises, then the content of TiN precipitation increases. The results of this model provide important insight into the micro segregation and TiN precipitation mechanism of the micro-alloy steels bearing titanium.

### 858. [Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Ti43Al alloy by directional annealing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructural-evolution-and-mechanical-properties-of-ti43al-alloy-by-directional-annealing) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-4050-5]
Abstract: The directional annealing technique is widely used to prepare columnar grains or single crystals. To investigate the effect of hot zone temperature and temperature gradient on the growth of columnar crystals, Ti43Al alloys were heat treated by the directional annealing technique and their mechanical properties were tested. The results show that columnar grains with a maximum size of 22.29 mm can be obtained at a hot zone temperature of 1,350 °C and a temperature gradient of 8 K·mm-1. During the directional annealing process, Ti43Al alloys are heated to α single-phase domain to start the phase transformation. Columnar grains with a microstructure of fully lamellar colonies are obtained at different hot zone temperatures and temperature gradients. The distribution of the orientation difference for the α2 phase was found to be more random, suggesting that the growth of the columnar crystals may be stochastic in nature. Tensile testing results show that the strength and elongation of directional annealed Ti43Al alloy at 1,400 °C-8 K·mm-1 are 411.23 MPa and 2.29%, and the remaining directional annealed alloys show almost plasticity.

### 859. [Effect of Si content on microstructure, mechanical, and thermal/electrical conductivities of Al-xSi-0.3Mn-0.3Mg-0.14Fe alloy prepared by super-slow-speed die-casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-si-content-on-microstructure-mechanical-and-thermalelectrical-conductivities-of-al-xsi-03mn-03mg-014fe-alloy-prepared-by-super-slow-speed-die-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4082-5]
In this study, Al-xSi-0.3Mn-0.3Mg-0.14Fe alloys (x=6.5, 7.5, 8.5, wt.%) were prepared by super-slow-speed die-casting, and the effects of Si content on the microstructure, mechanical, and thermal/electrical conductivities in as-cast, T5, and T6 states (DIN EN 1706:2020) were investigated. It is found that the increase of Si content in the alloy enhances the formation of eutectic segregation band in the casting surface microstructure. Within the Si content range of 6.5%-8.5%, as a comprehensive evaluation criterion of mechanical properties, the quality index (QI) of 376.1 MPa can be obtained in the as-cast state of the alloy with about 7.5% Si content, 373.4 MPa in T5 state of the alloy with 6.5% Si content, and 432.2 MPa in T6 state of the alloy containing 8.5% Si. The heat treatment state significantly affects the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the alloys. The eutectic silicon in the alloy is segemented and further spheroidizaed during the solution process, and the solute atoms of Mg and Si are more adequately precipitated during the aging process. Both of these greatly reduce the probability of electron scattering. Thus, T6 treatment significantly improves the electrical and thermal conductivities. With the increase of Si content, both thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity decrease slightly, demonstrating a strong correlation with the Si content in the alloy.

### 860. [Lightweight Al-Nb-Ti-V-Cr high entropy alloys with high hardness and enhanced mechanical properties via doping Co](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/lightweight-al-nb-ti-v-cr-high-entropy-alloys-with-high-hardness-and-enhanced-mechanical-properties-via-doping-co) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4130-1]
To develop high-hardness and high-strength lightweight high entropy alloys (LHEAs), a series of CoxAlNbTiVCr alloys were designed. The phase constitution, distribution, and crystal structure of the Laves phase in alloys can be altered by adjusting the composition of HEAs, which in turn influences their mechanical properties. CoxAlNbTiVCr (x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2, atomic ratio percentage) LHEAs were designed and prepared to characterize the microstructure and tailor the mechanical properties. The introduction of Co changes the microstructure of LHEAs from a single B2 structure to a mixture dendrite structure, which consists of B2 phase, C14 and C15 Laves phase. Wherein the C14 and C15 Laves phases exhibit coupled growth. Several parameters including mixing enthalpy (ΔHmix), valence electron concentration (VEC), atomic radius size (δ), mixing entropy (ΔS), and electronegativity difference (Δχ) are used to predict the formation of B2 and Laves phase in LHEAs. When the Co content increases from 0 to 1.5at.%, Laves phase volume fraction gradually increases, which leads to an enhancement in the compressive strength from 1,520.8 MPa to 1,844.4 MPa. Co1.5AlNbTiVCr alloy exhibits the maximum Vickers hardness of 699.4 HV. The improvement of mechanical properties mainly originates from solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening.

### 861. [Effect of melt superheating on solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of K424 superalloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-melt-superheating-on-solidification-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-k424-superalloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4041-1]
The effect of melt superheating treatment on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of the γ' phase precipitation-strengthened K424 superalloy was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were conducted to explore the influence of melt treatment temperature on the undercooling of the superalloy. Additionally, pouring experiments were carried out to assess how alterations in both the temperature and duration of melt treatment impacted the grain size, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), elemental segregation, and mechanical properties of the alloy. Metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Thermo-Calc software were employed for microstructure characterization. The test specimens were subjected to tensile testing at room temperature and stress rupture testing at 975 °C under 196 MPa. The findings reveal that appropriate melt treatment conditions result in decreased grain size, refined SDAS, minimized elemental segregation, and significant improvements in mechanical properties. Specifically, the study demonstrates that a melt treatment at 1,650 °C for 5 min results in the smallest average grain size of 949 μm and the smallest SDAS of 25.38 μm. Furthermore, the room temperature tensile properties and creep resistance are notably affected by the melt treatment parameters. It is shown that specific melt treatment conditions, such as holding at 1,650 °C for 5 min, result in superior room temperature strength and extended stress rupture life of the K424 superalloy, while a balance between strength and stability is achieved at 1,600 °C with a holding time of 10 min. These findings offer guidance for optimizing the melt treatment parameters for the K424 superalloy, laying a foundation for further investigations.

### 862. [Contextual design and real-time verification for agile casting design](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/contextual-design-and-real-time-verification-for-agile-casting-design) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-3173-z]
In the foundry industries, process design has traditionally relied on manuals and complex theoretical calculations. With the advent of 3D design in casting, computer-aided design (CAD) has been applied to integrate the features of casting process, thereby expanding the scope of design options. These technologies use parametric model design techniques for rapid component creation and use databases to access standard process parameters and design specifications. However, 3D models are currently still created through inputting or calling parameters, which requires numerous verifications through calculations to ensure the design rationality. This process may be significantly slowed down due to repetitive modifications and extended design time. As a result, there are increasingly urgent demands for a real-time verification mechanism to address this issue. Therefore, this study proposed a novel closed-loop model and software development method that integrated contextual design with real-time verification, dynamically verifying relevant rules for designing 3D casting components. Additionally, the study analyzed three typical closed-loop scenarios of agile design in an independent developed intelligent casting process system. It is believed that foundry industries can potentially benefit from favorably reduced design cycles to yield an enhanced competitive product market.

### 863. [Mechanical properties and microstructures of Mg-6Si alloys fabricated using the tungsten-inert-gas arc additive manufacturing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-properties-and-microstructures-of-mg-6si-alloys-fabricated-using-the-tungsten-inert-gas-arc-additive-manufacturing) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4070-9]
Si-containing Mg alloys solidified at conventional rates often contain coarse and sharp Mg2Si phases, which can result in inferior material properties. In this study, Mg-6wt.% Si (Mg-6Si) alloy was prepared by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), employing the gas tungsten arc welding technique with rapid cooling. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the WAAM alloy were investigated and compared with those of the as-cast samples produced using a metal mold. The results indicate that the WAAM Mg-6Si is harder and stronger than the as-cast samples. The microhardness of the WAAM Mg-6Si increases by 36.6% in comparison to that of as-cast Mg-6Si alloy. Furthermore, the average tensile strengths at room temperature and 150 °C increases by 63.4% and 21.3%, respectively. WAAM refines both the Mg2Si phase and the overall grains, resulting in a homogeneous morphology and improved mechanical properties. The granular Mg2Si phase, characterized by fine particles with a diffused distribution, shows a significant increase in concentration. The acicular Mg2Si phase is distributed along the grain boundaries, and its concentration significantly decreases. The average grain size of the Mg2Si phase is about 9.20 μm, about 5 times smaller. The refinement and distribution of the granular Mg2Si phase, as well as the reduction in the amount of needle-like Mg2Si particles, are the key factors for improving the mechanical properties of WAAM Mg-6Si alloy.

### 864. [New poly-types of LPSO structures in a non-equilibrium Mg97Zn1Y1.6Ca0.4 alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/new-poly-types-of-lpso-structures-in-a-non-equilibrium-mg97zn1y16ca04-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-4036-3]
In this study, a comprehensive analysis of microstructural features, morphology, crystal structures, and interface structures of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) structures in a non-equilibrium Mg97Zn1Y1.6Ca0.4 alloy cast in a steel mold was carried out. The addition of Ca element plays an important role in the refinement of LPSO structure. The result reveals new poly-types including 20H F2F2F4, 60R (F2F3 3)3, and 66H F2F3 3F2(F6)4 featuring a 6-Mg structure, alongside the prevalent 18R and 14H LPSO structures. The incoherent interface between 20H and the Mg matrix is split into two dislocation arrays, leading to the formation of a segment of 60R1. Moreover, the superstructure 116L, designated as (F2)18F4, is formed through the ordered distribution of F4 stacking faults in 18R.

### 865. [Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-heat-treatment-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-a-novel-al-zn-mg-cu-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4017-1]
Effects of solution and aging treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by microalloying rare elements Sc and Er were studied. The results show that solution time has a visible influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy. Specifically, as the solution time increases, the area fraction of the residual phase in the alloy decreases, and the shape of the grain becomes more spheroidal and coarser, leading to a decrease in hardness. This is attributed to the dissolution of strengthening phases during the solution treatment, which weakens the solid solution strengthening effect. The single-stage aging treatment shows an initial increase in strength and hardness of the alloy, followed by a decrease as the aging time is extended, until a steady state is achieved. The optimal single-aging conditions are found to be at 120 °C for 24 h, where the alloy exhibits an excellent combination of high strength and good ductility, with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 523 MPa, yield strength (YS) of 482 MPa, and elongation (El) of 1.75%, respectively. Compared to single-stage aging, double-stage aging (120 °C for 24 h and then 150 °C for 52 h) significantly increases the elongation of the alloy (4.17%), but the UTS reduces to 465.29 MPa, and YS reduces to 410.64 MPa. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations disclose that the grain size, the distribution spacing of precipitates along the grain boundary, and the width of the precipitation-free zone (PFZ) all undergo augmentation as the duration of the second stage aging process elongates.

### 866. [Effect of pouring time on microstructure and mechanical properties of centrifugal cast Ti-46Al alloy tubes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-pouring-time-on-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-centrifugal-cast-ti-46al-alloy-tubes) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-3171-9]
The grain size of TiAl alloy castings prepared by traditional casting process is coarse, thus showing poor mechanical properties. In this study, a new type of high performance Ti-46Al alloy tube prepared by vacuum centrifugal casting technology was introduced. This research comprehensively examined the influence of pouring time on the microstructure and mechanical performance of the castings, employing both experimental approaches and ProCast simulation methodologies. The findings indicate that prolonging the pouring time facilitates a microstructural evolution from coarse columnar grains to refined equiaxed grains. Under the condition of pouring temperature of 1,600 °C, rotation speed of 800 r·min-1 and pouring time of 6 s, the tensile strength of Ti-46Al alloy at room temperature reaches 650 MPa, and the tensile strength at 800 °C reaches 705 MPa, which is significantly higher than that of traditional as-cast Ti-Al alloy.

### 867. [Refinement of A356 alloy using continuous rheological extrusion Al-Ti-V-B master alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/refinement-of-a356-alloy-using-continuous-rheological-extrusion-al-ti-v-b-master-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-3135-0]
Based on thermodynamic calculations and continuous rheological extrusion (CRE) technology, Al-Ti-V-B master alloys were designed and prepared. The morphology and the distribution of the refined phases in the master alloys were analyzed by XRD, SEM, and TEM. The effects of master alloy addition and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were investigated. Under the optimum refiner addition of 0.3wt.% and the holding time of 20 min, the average grain size of the refined A356 alloy is 151.8±9.11 μm, 89.62% lower than that of original A356 alloy. The tensile strength and elongation of as-cast A356 refined alloy are 196.11 MPa and 5.75%, respectively. After T6 treatment, the tensile strength and elongation of A356 refined alloy are 290.1 MPa and 3.09%, respectively. The fracture morphology is characterized by a predominance of along-crystal fracture with a small amount of through-crystal fracture, attributed to the refined grains. Finer grains promote crack path deflection and localized plastic deformation, enhancing energy dissipation and reducing the tendency for brittle fracture. This study provides a novel approach to improving the mechanical properties of A356 alloy through grain refinement using CRE Al-Ti-V-B master alloy.

### 868. [Effect of lanthanum on microstructure of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-lanthanum-on-microstructure-of-a-nickel-based-single-crystal-superalloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-4006-4]
To enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of a second-generation nickel-based superalloy, various concentrations of lanthanum (La) ranging from 5.0×10-5wt.% to 3.4×10-4wt.% are added to the alloy. The microstructure of the nickel-based single crystal superalloy with trace of La was examined by means of SEM, EDS and TEM. Results show the addition of La decreases the segregation of elements and increases the amount of γ/γ′ eutectics of the as-cast alloy, and in the interdendritic region, the growth of eutectics is accompanied by the growth of strip clusters composed of Ni5La and Ni3Ta. As the La content in the alloy increases, the proportion of Ni5La in the cluster increases. After heat treatment, incipient melting occurs in the cluster regions, leading to an increase in microporosity compared to the original as-cast samples. Furthermore, the heat treatment alters the shape of the clusters from a strip morphology to an elliptical one, and it changes their composition from Ni5La and Ni3Ta to a combination of Ni5La, Ni3Ta, and MC carbides.

### 869. [Numerical simulation of microstructure and microporosity morphology in directional solidification of aluminum-copper alloys: Effect of copper content and withdrawal rate](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-microstructure-and-microporosity-morphology-in-directional-solidification-of-aluminum-copper-alloys-effect-of-copper-content-and-withdrawal-rate) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-4014-9]
Microporosity formed in the solidification process of Al alloys is detrimental to the alloy properties. A two-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate the microstructure and microporosity formation in Al-Cu alloys, considering variations in Cu content and solidification rate. The results indicate that the Cu content primarily influences the growth of microporosity. To validate the model, directional solidification experiments were conducted on Al-Cu alloys with varing Cu contents and withdrawal rates. The experimental results of dendrites and microporosity characteristics agree well with the predictions from the developed model, thus confirming the validity of the model. The alloy’s liquidus temperature, dendrite morphology, and hydrogen saturation solubility arising from different Cu contents have significant effects on microporosity morphology. The withdrawal rate primarily affects the nucleation of hydrogen microporosity by altering cooling rates and dendritic growth rates, resulting in different microporosity characteristics.

### 870. [Abrasive wear behavior of functionally graded Al3Ti reinforced aluminum matrix composite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/abrasive-wear-behavior-of-functionally-graded-al3ti-reinforced-aluminum-matrix-composite) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-3147-1]
Aluminum alloys are widely used in industry due to their light weight. These alloys are generally exposed to abrasive wear, which diminishes their effective lifespan. The wear resistance of these alloys is enhanced by adding various reinforcements, however, this enhancement comes at the cost of reduced fracture toughness. This paradox of increased wear resistance versus decreased fracture toughness in aluminum alloys can be resolved by using functionally graded materials (FGMs). This study focuses on the abrasive wear behavior of functional graded aluminum matrix composites reinforced with Al3Ti particles. The wear properties of the composites were investigated by considering the characteristics of the composite such as matrix type and various composite zones, as well as the wear parameters such as abrasive particle diameter, load, sliding speed and distance. Taguchi method was used in the abrasive wear tests in order to get more reliable results in a time-efficient manner. Experiment recipes were created based on the L27(3^6) orthogonal series. As a result of the study, it is observed that the wear resistance of the composites increases with an increase in Al3Ti reinforcement content and hardness of the matrix. In addition, the size of abrasive particles and the applied load are significant factors affecting abrasive wear.

### 871. [Prediction of intrusive gas pores caused by resin burning in sand core for iron castings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/prediction-of-intrusive-gas-pores-caused-by-resin-burning-in-sand-core-for-iron-castings) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-4091-9]
In the production of castings, intrusive gas pore represents a kind of common defects which can lead to leakage in high gas-tightness requirement castings, such as cylinder blocks and cylinder heads for engines. It occurs due to the intrusion of gases generated during the resin burning of the sand core into castings during the casting process. Therefore, a gas generation and flow constitution model was established, in which the gas generation rate is a function of temperature and time, and the flow of gas is controlled by the gas release, conservation, and Darcy’s law. The heat transfer and gas flow during casting process was numerically simulated. The dangerous point of cores is firstly identified by a virtual heat transfer method based on the similarity between heat transfer and gas flow in the sand core. The gas pores in castings are predicted by the gas pressure, the viscosity and state of the melt for these dangerous points. Three distinct sand core structures were designed and used for the production of iron castings, and the simulated gas pore results were validated by the obtained castings.

### 872. [Review of rare earth oxide doping-modified laser cladding of Fe-based alloy coatings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/review-of-rare-earth-oxide-doping-modified-laser-cladding-of-fe-based-alloy-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-3072-3]
Conventional Fe-C alloy parts used in mechanical transmission and braking systems exposed to the external environment often suffer from wear and corrosion failures. Surface coating strengthening technologies have been explored to improve the surface performance and prolong service life of these parts. Among these technologies, laser cladding has shown promise in producing Fe-based alloy coatings with superior interfacial bonding properties to the Fe-C alloy substrate. Additionally, the microstructure of the Fe-based alloy coating is more uniform and the grain size is finer than that of surfacing welding, thermal spraying, and plasma cladding, and the oxide film of alloying elements on the coating surface can improve the coating performance. However, Fe-based alloy coatings produced by laser cladding typically exhibit lower hardness, lower wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance compared to coatings based on Co and Ni alloys. Moreover, these coatings are susceptible to defects such as pores and cracks. To address these limitations, the incorporation of rare-earth oxides through doping in the laser cladding process has garnered significant attention. This approach has demonstrated substantial improvements in the microstructure and properties of Fe-based alloy coatings. This paper reviewed recent research on the structure and properties of laser-cladded Fe-based alloy coatings doped with various rare earth oxides, including La2O3, CeO2, and Y2O3. Specifically, it discussed the effects of rare earth oxides and their concentrations on the structure, hardness, friction, wear, corrosion, and oxidation characteristics of these coatings. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which rare earth oxides influence the coating’s structure and properties were summarized. This review aimed to serve as a valuable reference for the application and advancement of laser cladding technology for rare earth modified Fe-based alloy coatings.

### 873. [Comparison of partially averaged Navier-Stokes and large eddy simulation of the aerodynamic behaviors of a generic high-speed train](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/comparison-of-partially-averaged-navier-stokes-and-large-eddy-simulation-of-the-aerodynamic-behaviors-of-a-generic-high-speed-train) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6143-8]
This paper investigates the influence of numerical methods and mesh resolution on the prediction accuracy of the aerodynamic behaviors of a 1/20 scaled generic high-speed train (HST) model. A thorough comparison is made between partially averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS), large eddy simulation (LES), and wind tunnel experiments, covering aerodynamic forces, surface pressure, velocity distribution, and Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy in the wake region. The Reynolds number for both simulations and experiments is set to 4.75×105. The results show that the PANS approach accurately predicts flow characteristics observed in experiments and fine LES calculations, even with a low-resolution grid. PANS exhibits a distinct advantage over LES when grid resolutions are insufficient for resolving near-wall flow structures around the HST, both in open-air conditions and crosswind environments. Additionally, grid refinement improves the predictive accuracy of the HST's aerodynamic performance, particularly in the presence of small yaw angle.

### 874. [Advances in Robotic Peg-in-Hole Assembly: A Comprehensive Review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-robotic-peg-in-hole-assembly-a-comprehensive-review) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01349-w]
As the demands for assembly quality and efficiency increase, robot-assisted assembly applications are becoming more widespread. Peg-in-hole assembly, as a typical form of assembly, has been widely researched by scholars. Currently, robotic peg-in-hole assembly faces challenges such as complex analysis of part contact forces, difficulties in task modeling, and the failure of traditional strategies. Simply controlling the position of the robot’s end effector cannot achieve high precision, high efficiency peg-in-hole assembly. Flexible assembly, especially intelligent flexible assembly, is becoming the future development trend. So there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on robotic flexible peg-in-hole assembly. This paper first outlines the basic components of peg-in-hole assembly and summarizes the two basic operational processes of peg-in-hole assembly, along with their related theoretical foundations. We then review and analyze the research on passive compliant assembly, active compliant assembly, and intelligent flexible assembly. Finally, it presents an outlook on the future development directions of robotic peg-in-hole assembly.

### 875. [A novel leeward airbag for enhancing aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train in crosswind: The effect of installation positions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-leeward-airbag-for-enhancing-aerodynamic-characteristics-of-a-high-speed-train-in-crosswind-the-effect-of-installation-positions) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6050-z]
The aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train deteriorates sharply under crosswind, severely affecting its operational safety. This paper adopted a three-car high-speed train as the benchmark and established leeward side (LWS) airbag-train models. Based on the three-dimensional steady SST k-ω two-equation turbulence model, this study investigated the aerodynamic characteristics of trains under crosswind at three different airbag’s installation positions. The results show that the airbags installed on the LWS change the surface pressure distribution on the LWS of the train body, lowering the lateral force coefficient and overturning moment coefficient, and the aerodynamic performance of the train under crosswinds is enhanced. The airbag structure located at the top of the LWS (Model III) shows the most significant improvement in crosswind performance that the lateral force coefficient is reduced by 16.71%, and the lift coefficient is increased by 17.95%, which collectively led to a decrease in the train’s overturning moment coefficient by 23.65%. The research findings provide a reference for improving the anti-overturning performance of the next generation high-speed trains under crosswind.

### 876. [Robust Tube-MPC Trajectory Tracking Control for Four-Wheel Independent Steering Vehicles on Intermittent Snowy and Icy Roads](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/robust-tube-mpc-trajectory-tracking-control-for-four-wheel-independent-steering-vehicles-on-intermittent-snowy-and-icy-roads) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01232-8]
Four-Wheel Independent Steering (4WIS) Vehicles can independently control the angle of each wheel, demonstrating superior trajectory tracking performance under normal conditions. However, on intermittent icy and snowy roads, the presence of time-varying adhesion coefficients, time-varying cornering stiffness, and the irregularities due to ice and snow accumulation introduce multiple uncertainties into the steering system, significantly degrading the trajectory tracking performance of 4WIS vehicles. In response, this paper proposes a robust Tube Model Predictive Control (Tube-MPC) trajectory tracking control method for 4WIS. In this method, a Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory neural network is established for online estimation of tire cornering stiffness under different road adhesion coefficients, providing accurate estimation of time-varying cornering stiffness for each wheel to mitigate the uncertainties of time-varying adhesion coefficients and cornering stiffness. Additionally, considering the road irregularities caused by snow accumulation on intermittent icy and snowy roads, a trajectory tracking controller that integrates Tube-MPC and robust Sliding Mode Control is proposed. The nominal MPC model, developed from the estimated tire cornering stiffness, utilizes the sliding surface and the optimal auxiliary control unit law for the tube is derived from the reaching law in Tube-MPC, aiming to minimize the trajectory tracking error while enhancing the controller’s robustness against road uncertainties. The experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the Tube-MPC algorithm in terms of trajectory accuracy and robustness. This method demonstrates excellent trajectory tracking accuracy under intermittent icy and snowy road conditions, and it lays a theoretical foundation for future studies on vehicle stability and trajectory tracking under such road conditions.

### 877. [Learning Manipulation from Expert Demonstrations Based on Multiple Data Associations and Physical Constraints](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/learning-manipulation-from-expert-demonstrations-based-on-multiple-data-associations-and-physical-constraints) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01204-y]
Learning from demonstration is widely regarded as a promising paradigm for robots to acquire diverse skills. Other than the artificial learning from observation-action pairs for machines, humans can learn to imitate in a more versatile and effective manner: acquiring skills through mere “observation”. Video to Command task is widely perceived as a promising approach for task-based learning, which yet faces two key challenges: (1) High redundancy and low frame rate of fine-grained action sequences make it difficult to manipulate objects robustly and accurately. (2) Video to Command models often prioritize accuracy and richness of output commands over physical capabilities, leading to impractical or unsafe instructions for robots. This article presents a novel Video to Command framework that employs multiple data associations and physical constraints. First, we introduce an object-level appearance-contrasting multiple data association strategy to effectively associate manipulated objects in visually complex environments, capturing dynamic changes in video content. Then, we propose a multi-task Video to Command model that utilizes object-level video content changes to compile expert demonstrations into manipulation commands. Finally, a multi-task hybrid loss function is proposed to train a Video to Command model that adheres to the constraints of the physical world and manipulation tasks. Our method achieved over 10% on BLEU_N, METEOR, ROUGE_L, and CIDEr compared to the up-to-date methods. The dual-arm robot prototype was established to demonstrate the whole process of learning from an expert demonstration of multiple skills and then executing the tasks by a robot.

### 878. [Instantaneous transition of composition and morphology of inclusions with an initial Al2O3 composition in the molten steel during calcium treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/instantaneous-transition-of-composition-and-morphology-of-inclusions-with-an-initial-al2o3-composition-in-the-molten-steel-during-calcium-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3101-2]
The instantaneous morphological transition of triangular Al2O3 particles with various sizes in the molten Ca-treated steel was observed using a confocal scanning laser microscope at the steelmaking temperature. The composition of inclusions at different times was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy. The shape evolution of particles was characterized by the shape parameter of overall regularity. It was found that the overall regularity of particles gradually increased with time during the calcium treatment. The geometry of particles tended to be more rounded and regular as the overall regularity increased during the modification process. An empirical formula was proposed to predict the composition of inclusion particles based on their overall regularity during the calcium treatment. When the CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio in the particle increased to 0.451, the particle was considered an ideal spherical calcium aluminate inclusion with the overall regularity of 1. Smaller particle sizes promoted the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions to spherical calcium aluminates during the calcium treatment.

### 879. [High-cycle fatigue life improvement of a PtAl-coated third-generation Ni-based single-crystal superalloy after thermal exposure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-cycle-fatigue-life-improvement-of-a-ptal-coated-third-generation-ni-based-single-crystal-superalloy-after-thermal-exposure) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3157-z]
The as-deposited coating–substrate microstructure has been identified to substantially influence the high-cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of Ni-based single-crystal (SX) superalloys at 900°C, but the impact of degraded microstructure on the HCF behavior remains unclear. In this work, a PtAl-coated third-generation SX superalloy with sheet specimen was thermal-exposed at 1100°C with different durations and then subjected to HCF tests at 900°C. The influence of microstructural degradation on the HCF life and crack initiation were clarified by analyzing the development of microcracks and coating–substrate microstructure. Notably, the HCF life of the thermal-exposed coated alloy increased abnormally, which was attributed to the transformation of the fatigue crack initiation site from surface microcracks to internal micropores compared to the as-deposited coated alloy. Although the nucleation and growth of surface microcracks occurred along the grain boundaries in the coating and the interdiffusion zone (IDZ) for both the as-deposited and the thermal-exposed coated alloys, remarkable differences of the microcrack growth into the substrate adjacent to the IDZ were observed, changing the crack initiation site. Specifically, the surface microcracks grew into the substrate through the cracking of the non-protective oxide layers in the as-deposited coated alloy. In comparison, the hinderance of the surface microcracks growth was found in the thermal-exposed coated alloy, due to the formation of a protective Al2O3 layer within the microcrack and the γ′ rafting in the substrate close to the IDZ. This study will aid in improving the HCF life prediction model for the coated SX superalloys.

### 880. [Strength–ductility synergy strategy of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by metal injection molding](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/strengthductility-synergy-strategy-of-ti6al4v-alloy-fabricated-by-metal-injection-molding) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3023-4]
Interstitial oxygen (O) contamination remains a substantial challenge for metal injection molding (MIM) of titanium alloys. Herein, this critical problem is successfully addressed by regulating the thermal debinding temperature and incorporating the oxygen scavenger LaB6. Results indicate that the surface oxide layer (with a thickness of (13.4 ± 0.5) nm) of Ti6Al4V powder begins to dissolve into the Ti matrix within the temperature range of 663–775°C. O contamination in MIM Ti alloys can be effectively mitigated by lowering the thermal debinding temperature and adding LaB6 powder. As a result of reduced dissolved O content, the slips of mixed <a> and <c + a> dislocations are effectively accelerated, leading to improved ductility. Moreover, grain refinement, along with the in situ formation of TiB whiskers and second-phase La2O3 particles, enhances the strength of the material. The fabricated MIM Ti6Al4V sample exhibits excellent mechanical properties, achieving an ultimate tensile strength of (967 ± 5) MPa, a yield strength of (866 ± 8) MPa, and an elongation of 21.4% ± 0.7%. These tensile properties represent some of the best results reported in the literature for MIM Ti6Al4V alloys. This study offers valuable insights into the development of high-performance MIM Ti alloys and other metal materials.

### 881. [A novel fluorescence turn-on sensor for Cr3+ based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between gold nanoparticles and rhodamine B](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-fluorescence-turn-on-sensor-for-cr3-based-on-fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer-between-gold-nanoparticles-and-rhodamine-b) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3010-9]
Up to now, “Turn-on” fluorescence sensor exhibits promising potential toward the detection of heavy metal ions, anions, drugs, organic dyes, DNA, pesticides, and other amino acids due to their simple, quick detection, and high sensitivity and selectivity. Herein, a novel fluorescence method of detecting Cr3+ in an aqueous solution was described based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between rhodamine B (RhB) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The fluorescence of RhB solution could be obviously quenched (“off” state) with the presence of citrate-stabilized AuNPs. However, upon addition of Cr3+ to AuNPs@RhB system, the fluorescence of AuNPs was recovered owing to the strong interaction between Cr3+ and the specific groups on the surface of citrate-stabilized AuNPs, which will lead to the aggregation of AuNPs (“on” state). At this point, the color of the reaction solution turned to black. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for Cr3+ was 0.95 nM (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 3) with a linear range of 0.164 nM to 3.270 μM. Furthermore, the proposed method exhibits excellent performances, such as rapid analysis, high sensitivity, extraordinary selectivity, easy preparation, switch-on fluorescence response, and non-time consuming.

### 882. [Rapid identification method for inclusions in evaluating high-purity quartz](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rapid-identification-method-for-inclusions-in-evaluating-high-purity-quartz) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3066-6]
The rapid growth of semiconductor, photovoltaic, and other emerging industries has led to a sharp increase in the demand for high-purity quartz in China, particularly 4N5-grade (99.995% pure SiO2). However, heavy reliance on imported high-purity quartz poses a significant risk to the security of key national strategic industries. To address this challenge, China is focusing on identifying domestic sources of high-purity quartz and developing efficient evaluation methods. This study investigates the inclusion content in three types of quartz: pegmatite, vein quartz, and white granite. A grading system based on the transmittance of quartz grains was established by analyzing the number of inclusions. Five quartz ore samples from different regions were purified, and the resulting concentrates were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The relationships among the inclusion content of raw quartz, impurity composition of purified quartz, and quality of sintered fused quartz products were examined. The findings demonstrate that quartz with fewer inclusions results in lower impurity levels after purification, higher SiO2 purity, and more translucent glass, as confirmed by firing tests. Herein, this study establishes a clear connection between quartz inclusions and the overall quality of high-purity quartz. The proposed approach enables the rapid assessment of quartz deposit quality by identifying inclusions, offering a practical and efficient method for locating high-quality quartz resources.

### 883. [Controllable synthesis and structure-activity relationship of Ni doping in SmCrO3 for improved magnetic and dielectric properties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controllable-synthesis-and-structure-activity-relationship-of-ni-doping-in-smcro3-for-improved-magnetic-and-dielectric-properties) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3099-5]
Doping small amounts at the A-site or B-site of SmCrO3 ceramics is a promising approach for modifying their microstructure, as well as their magnetic and dielectric properties. In this study, polycrystalline ceramics of Sm1−xNixCrO3 (x = 0, 0.05, and 0.20) and SmCr1−yNiyO3 (y = 0.05 and 0.20) were synthesized via a conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction validated that all the doped ceramics maintained an orthorhombic crystalline structure consistent with the Pbnm space group. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of Ni2+ ions in the doped specimens. Notably, doping resulted in significant enhancement of low-temperature magnetic properties, particularly in samples doped at the A-site, such as Sm0.80Ni0.20CrO3. Compared with the pristine sample, the maximum magnetization of Sm0.80Ni0.20CrO3 increased by approximately 60.9% and 93.5% in the zero-field cooling and field-cooling modes, respectively, in an external magnetic field of 100 Oe. Furthermore, the dielectric constants of the Ni-doped ceramics initially exceeded that of the pristine sample as the temperature increased. At equivalent doping ratios, A-site doping demonstrated superior performance over B-site doping, including higher magnetization, lower dielectric loss, and enhanced electrical quality factors.

### 884. [Effect of 5wt% Fe3O4 addition on the phase equilibria of the CaO–SiO2–TiO2 system at 1400°C in air](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-5wt-fe3o4-addition-on-the-phase-equilibria-of-the-caosio2tio2-system-at-1400c-in-air) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2971-z]
The equilibrium phase relations of the CaO–SiO2–TiO2–5wt%Fe3O4 system were experimentally investigated at 1400°C in air. High-temperature equilibration-quenching techniques were employed in an electric MoSi2 resistance heated furnace, with phase composition analysis conducted using an electron probe microanalyzer and X-ray diffraction. A single liquid region, liquid–solid phase equilibria regions (including liquid–tridymite, liquid–rutile, liquid–perovskite, and liquid–wollastonite), and three-phase equilibria regions of liquid–tridymite–rutile and liquid–rutile–perovskite were found. The 1400°C isothermal sections of the CaO–SiO2–TiO2–5wt%Fe3O4 system in air were projected. The present experimental results exhibited good agreement with the calculation results obtained from FactSage.

### 885. [B-coating modulation strategy serving ultrahigh nickel cathodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/b-coating-modulation-strategy-serving-ultrahigh-nickel-cathodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3093-y]
To satisfy the demand for low-cost and long-range electric vehicles by the market, the commercialization of ultrahigh nickel cathode materials with high specific capacity and a wide electrochemical window is expected to facilitate the development of lithium-ion batteries. However, residual lithium compounds with a strong alkalinity cause difficulty in cathode preparation and indirectly affect the cycling stability of the cathode during cycling. Given the inevitability of the formation of residual alkali, a lithium-borate coating with an adjustable thickness was selected by controlling the formation of residual alkali. An additional lithium source was added to the synthesis process and converted into a thicker and more complete coating structure, which rendered the cathode with better cycle stability. As a result, the percentage of peak area of lithium carbonate on the surface-modified cathode surface exhibited a considerable decrease from 38.07% to 28.26%. The etching results show the formation of a uniform coating layer after boric acid treatment. The initial capacity of the treated cathode was 214.6 mAh·g−1 owing to the favorable effect of the surface coating, and the capacity retention raised from 59.35% to 90.75% and from 63.81% to 91.94% after cycling at 0.5 and 1 C current densities, respectively. The boric acid coating-modified strategy proposed in this paper considerably ameliorates the cycling stabilization of cathodes and provides superior commercial application value for ultrahigh nickel cathode materials.

### 886. [High Heat-fade Resistance, Metal-free Resin-based Brake Pads: A Step towards Replacing Copper by Using Andalusite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-heat-fade-resistance-metal-free-resin-based-brake-pads-a-step-towards-replacing-copper-by-using-andalusite) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01310-x]
The emission of copper-containing particulate matter during braking poses a threat to the natural environment, yet copper plays a crucial role in resin-based brake pads. Developing a copper-free brake pad with high heat-fade resistance has emerged as a significant current topic. This study employs andalusite-filled resin-based brake pads as a replacement for copper in brake pads. It investigates the effects of andalusite mesh size and content on the physical properties, mechanical properties, and tribological wear performance of the brake pads, and explores the wear mechanism of andalusite-filled copper-free resin-based brake pads. The results indicate that adding andalusite to the brake pads enhances their thermal stability, hardness, impact strength, and density, effectively improving the medium-to-high temperature friction coefficient and heat-fade resistance of the brake pads. As the mesh size of andalusite increases, the hardness of the brake pads also increases, while the impact strength initially increases and then decreases. As the weight content of andalusite increases, the hardness and impact strength of the brake pads gradually increase. When the andalusite mesh size is 320 mesh and the content is 20%, the brake pads exhibit good comprehensive tribological wear performance. The addition of andalusite not only increases the medium-to-high temperature friction coefficient of the brake pads but also strengthens their high-temperature friction surface. This study successfully replaces copper, which is harmful to the environment and costly, with andalusite in brake pads, obtaining a high heat-fade resistance metal-free resin-based brake pad.

### 887. [A Comprehensive Review of Key Technologies for Robot Motion Planning in Contact Tasks in Industrial Automation Scenarios](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-comprehensive-review-of-key-technologies-for-robot-motion-planning-in-contact-tasks-in-industrial-automation-scenarios) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01356-x]
With the swift advancement of industrial automation, robots have emerged as an essential component in emerging industries and high-end equipment, thereby propelling industrial production towards greater intelligence and efficiency. This paper reviews the pivotal technologies for motion planning of robots engaged in contact tasks within industrial automation contexts, encompassing environmental recognition, trajectory generation strategies, and sim-to-real transfer. Environmental recognition technology empowers robots to accurately discern objects and obstacles in their operational environment. Trajectory generation strategies formulate optimal motion paths based on environmental data and task specifications. Sim-to-real transfer is committed to effectively translating strategies from simulated environments to actual production, thereby diminishing the discrepancies between simulation and reality. The article also delves into the application of artificial intelligence in robot motion planning and how embodied intelligence models catalyze the evolution of robotics technology towards enhanced intelligence and automation. The paper concludes with a synthesis of the methodologies addressing this challenge and a perspective on the myriad challenges that warrant attention.

### 888. [A Knowledge Push Method of Complex Product Assembly Process Design Based on Distillation Model-Based Dynamically Enhanced Graph and Bayesian Network](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-knowledge-push-method-of-complex-product-assembly-process-design-based-on-distillation-model-based-dynamically-enhanced-graph-and-bayesian-network) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01275-x]
Under the paradigm of Industry 5.0, intelligent manufacturing transcends mere efficiency enhancement by emphasizing human-machine collaboration, where human expertise plays a central role in assembly processes. Despite advancements in intelligent and digital technologies, assembly process design still heavily relies on manual knowledge reuse, and inefficiencies and inconsistent quality in process documentation are caused. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper proposes a knowledge push method of complex product assembly process design based on distillation model-based dynamically enhanced graph and Bayesian network. First, an initial knowledge graph is constructed using a BERT-BiLSTM-CRF model trained with integrated human expertise and a fine-tuned large language model. Then, a confidence-based dynamic weighted fusion strategy is employed to achieve dynamic incremental construction of the knowledge graph with low resource consumption. Subsequently, a Bayesian network model is constructed based on the relationships between assembly components, assembly features, and operations. Bayesian network reasoning is used to push assembly process knowledge under different design requirements. Finally, the feasibility of the Bayesian network construction method and the effectiveness of Bayesian network reasoning are verified through a specific example, significantly improving the utilization of assembly process knowledge and the efficiency of assembly process design.

### 889. [Research on the Coupling Force between the Grinding Wheel and Rail in Grinding Train System](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-the-coupling-force-between-the-grinding-wheel-and-rail-in-grinding-train-system) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01328-1]
During the grinding train operation process, the grinding force between the grinding wheel and the rail is critical in ensuring the grinding quality and efficiency. The coupling vibration among the frame, the grinding wheels, and the wheelsets will seriously affect the stability of the grinding force. In this paper, the coupled mechanical model of the grinding wheel/rail is established based on the contact mechanics theory, which is embedded as a sub-model into the dynamic model of the multi-rigid buggy. The interaction among the frame, the grinding wheels and the wheelsets is analysed by setting the convex irregularity on the rail. The grinding effect is evaluated in combination with the subway’s long wave corrugation grinding conditions. The results show that when the grinding buggy passes the convex irregularity, the vibration excited by the wheelset system has a significant impact on the dynamic behavior of the grinding wheels. The vibration of the grinding wheel is mainly transmitted between the grinding wheel and the frame, less affecting the wheelset. For the long wave corrugation of the subway, the grinding effect of the grinding wheel has a certain correlation with the phase angle of the wheelset through the corrugation. The research results provide an important reference for the setting of the grinding pattern.

### 890. [A Multi-Layer Progressive Analysis Method for Collision Energy Flow in Rail Trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-multi-layer-progressive-analysis-method-for-collision-energy-flow-in-rail-trains) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01353-0]
The huge impact kinetic energy cannot be quickly dissipated by the energy-absorbing structure and transferred to the other vehicle through the car body structure, which will cause structural damage and threaten the lives of the occupants. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the laws of energy conversion, dissipation and transfer during train collisions. This study proposes a multi-layer progressive analysis method of energy flow during train collisions, considering the characteristics of the train. In this method, the train collision system is divided into conversion, dissipation, and transfer layers from the perspective of the train, collision interface, and car body structure to analyze the energy conversion, dissipation and transfer characteristics. Taking the collision process of a rail train as an example, a train collision energy transfer path analysis model was established based on power flow theory. The results show that when the maximum mean acceleration of the vehicle meets the standard requirements, the jerk may exceed the allowable limit of the human body, and there is a risk of injury to the occupants of a secondary collision. The decay rate of the collision energy along the direction of train operation reaches 79%. As the collision progresses, the collision energy gradually converges in the structure with holes, and the structure deforms when the gathered energy is greater than the maximum energy the structure can withstand. The proposed method helps to understand the train collision energy flow law and provides theoretical support for the train crashworthiness design in the future.

### 891. [Passenger Comfort Assessment via Motion Complexity Analysis for Autonomous Vehicles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/passenger-comfort-assessment-via-motion-complexity-analysis-for-autonomous-vehicles) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01289-5]
Traditionally, passenger comfort in vehicles is perceived as being most influenced by acceleration and jerk. Consequently, the current research primarily focuses on developing control algorithms to limit the maximum acceleration and jerk of the vehicle in order to improve passenger comfort. However, naturalistic driving studies demonstrate that such simple characteristics are insufficient for accurately evaluating passenger comfort. This study identifies motion complexity as a key factor of passenger comfort. A series of naturalistic driving studies are conducted, during which passenger comfort is assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Moreover, a real-time passenger comfort measurement based on electromyography (EMG) and stepwise regression is proposed to facilitate seamless data collection. Time-series features representing motion complexity are then introduced to better describe passenger comfort. Hierarchical regression confirms that simple characteristics of motion are insufficient to explain passenger comfort, and shows that the proposed motion complexity features have a substantial effect on passenger comfort. Finally, a machine learning-based real-time passenger comfort estimation method is developed according to the foregoing findings. Experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately estimate passenger comfort in real-time using only vehicle motion information. The findings of this study suggest that vehicle motion complexity should be considered in future passenger comfort studies.

### 892. [Observer-Based Robust Explicit Model Predictive Control for Path Following of Autonomous Electric Vehicles with Communication Delay](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/observer-based-robust-explicit-model-predictive-control-for-path-following-of-autonomous-electric-vehicles-with-communication-delay) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01257-z]
The existing research on the path following of the autonomous electric vehicle (AEV) mainly focuses on the path planning and the kinematic control. However, the dynamic control with the state observation and the communication delay is usually ignored, so the path following performance of the AEV cannot be ensured. This article studies the observer-based path following control strategy for the AEV with the communication delay via a robust explicit model predictive control approach. Firstly, a projected interval unscented Kalman filter is proposed to observe the vehicle sideslip angle and yaw rate. The observer considers the state constraints during the observation process, and the robustness of the observer is also considered. Secondly, an explicit model predictive control is designed to reduce the computational complexity. Thirdly, considering the efficiency of the information transmission, the influence of the communication delay is considered when designing the observer-based path following control strategy. Finally, the numerical simulation and the hardware-in-the-loop test are conducted to examine the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed strategy.

### 893. [Influence of Fatigue Damage on Collision Response of Metro Vehicles: Simulation and Experimental Study Based on Damage Sequence Interaction Model](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-fatigue-damage-on-collision-response-of-metro-vehicles-simulation-and-experimental-study-based-on-damage-sequence-interaction-model) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01316-5]
This study decouples the material microstructure into matrix and void phases. The undamaged constitutive is derived from the matrix phase, while the void phase contributes to damage evolution. A constitutive model is established by coupling the two. According to the void-phase evolution during damage, a damage sequence interaction model is proposed. Tests on new vehicles and vehicles in service materials yield stress-strain curves of materials without and with fatigue damage and measure the apparent elastic modulus. The damage sequence interaction model accurately predicts the residual mechanical properties of undamaged materials. A trolley collision test validates the constitutive model. Collision simulations at 25, 36, and 48 km/h reveal that compared with undamaged models, the maximum vertical lift heights of moving vehicles with fatigue damage are 4.54%, 3.74%, and 9.17% lower, respectively, and the maximum longitudinal compressions of stationary vehicles are 4.76%, 14.53%, and 33.15% higher respectively. This research emphasizes the importance of considering fatigue damage in vehicle design and maintenance. The damage sequence interaction model has high engineering application value, applicable to vehicle safety checks and design, and provides a reference for improving relevant standards.

### 894. [A DDPG-based Path Following Control Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles by Integrated Imitation Learning and Feedforward Exploration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-ddpg-based-path-following-control-strategy-for-autonomous-vehicles-by-integrated-imitation-learning-and-feedforward-exploration) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01336-1]
Autonomous driving technology is constantly developing to a higher level of complex scenes, and there is a growing demand for the utilization of end-to-end data-driven control. However, the end-to-end path tracking process often encounters challenges in learning efficiency and generalization. To address this issue, this paper designs a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based reinforcement learning strategy that integrates imitation learning and feedforward exploration in the path following process. In imitation learning, the path tracking control data generated by the model predictive control (MPC) method is used to train an end-to-end steering control model of a deep neural network. Another feedforward exploration behavior is predicted by road curvature and vehicle speed, and adds it and imitation learning to the DDPG reinforcement learning to obtain decision-making experience and action prediction behavior of the path tracking process. In the reinforcement learning process, imitation learning is used to update the pre-training parameters of the actor network, and a feedforward steering technique with random noise is adopted for strategy exploration. In the reward function, a hierarchical progressive reward form and a constrained objective reward function referring to MPC are designed, and the actor-critic network architecture is determined. Finally, the path tracking performance of the designed method is verified by comparing various training results, simulations, and HIL tests. The results show that the designed method can effectively utilize pre-training and feedforward prior experience to obtain optimal path tracking performance of an autonomous vehicle, and has better generalization ability than other methods. This study provides an efficient control scheme for improving the end-to-end control performance of autonomous vehicles.

### 895. [State of the Art Review on the Crashworthiness of Railway Vehicles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/state-of-the-art-review-on-the-crashworthiness-of-railway-vehicles) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01287-7]
The state of the art is reviewed for the crashworthiness of railway vehicles in aspects of materials, energy absorbing structures, train collision simulation and experiments. The recoverable and nonreversible energy absorbers are introduced for railway vehicles first. Metallic and non-metallic materials play a crucial role in the energy dissipation process. Thin-walled structures at vehicle ends are the main energy absorbers in train collisions, which include the deformation tube, crush box, deformable anti-climber and vehicle end structures. It is necessary to build a specific dynamic model for subway and high-speed trains, which includes gas-hydraulic buffers and energy absorption devices. Furthermore, train crashworthiness could be improved with the help of crash energy management. The train collision is commonly studied by numerical methods and experiments. The research method mainly depends on the primary purpose. The simulation depending on numerical methods should be validated by related experiments. The methods provide theoretical support for train crashworthy design.

### 896. [Variable Stability Control Approach for Angle Following of Steer-by-wire System](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/variable-stability-control-approach-for-angle-following-of-steer-by-wire-system) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01304-9]
It is particularly challenging to develop a new control theory like human intelligence, as human cognition and decision-making are variable in changing environments. In this article, the idea of variable stability is adopted to design a human-like control algorithm, referred to as variable stability control. A variable model perturbation put into the system dynamics model is computed by model game control, which simulates changes in human cognition. Lyapunov stability control is employed to formulate a backstepping control law that mimics the underlying logic algorithm in human decision-making. Some variable algorithm parameters embedded into the control law are calculated using model predictive control, which imitates dynamic tuning in human decision-making. From another perspective, variable stability control is an algorithm-hybrid control approach validated in a steer-by-wire system for angle tracking. According to the experimental results, variable stability control is a promising candidate for angle tracking in steer-by-wire systems.

### 897. [Aerodynamic characteristics of a 600 km/h high-temperature superconducting maglev train running in open air considering different suspension gaps](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aerodynamic-characteristics-of-a-600-kmh-high-temperature-superconducting-maglev-train-running-in-open-air-considering-different-suspension-gaps) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6141-x]
The suspension gap is a critical operational parameter for high-speed maglev trains and significantly impacts their aerodynamic performance. Based on an engineering prototype of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) pinning maglev train, this study established a detailed three-dimensional model, and then the aerodynamic characteristics of the HTS maglev train at 600 km/h with suspension gaps of 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm were simulated based on the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) turbulence model and SST k- ω two-equation. The results demonstrated that the underbody design of the HTS maglev train leads to unique aerodynamic drag and aerothermal distribution phenomena. The head car experiences the smallest drag, while the tail car experiences the largest. The aerothermal temperature on the train's bottom surface progressively increases from the head to the tail. Additionally, the U-shaped track significantly constrains the flow around the train body, forming strong vortex structures. As the suspension gap increases from 10 mm to 30 mm, the airflow velocity in the train-track gap rises, reducing the underbody pressure and decreasing the lift of the head car by 12.43%. The drag of the head car increases by 10.98%, primarily due to changes in pressure drag. Additionally, the temperature at the underbody of the tail car rises further due to significant airflow deceleration. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing the engineering design and application of the high-speed HTS maglev technology.

### 898. [Advanced Modeling and Stability Analysis of Electro-Hydraulic Control Modules for Intelligent Chassis Systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advanced-modeling-and-stability-analysis-of-electro-hydraulic-control-modules-for-intelligent-chassis-systems) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01339-y]
This research presents an advanced study on the modeling and stability analysis of electro-hydraulic control modules used in intelligent chassis systems. Firstly, a comprehensive nonlinear mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic power-shift system is developed, incorporating pipeline characteristics through impedance analysis and examining coupling effects between the pilot solenoid valve, main valve, and pipeline. Then, the model's accuracy is validated through experimental testing, demonstrating high precision and minimal model errors. A comparative analysis between simulation data (both with and without pipeline characteristics) and experimental results reveals that the model considering pipeline parameters aligns more closely with experimental data, highlighting its superior accuracy. The research further explores the influence of key factors on system stability, including damping coefficient, feedback cavity orifice diameter, spring stiffness, pipeline length, and pipeline diameter. Significant findings include the critical impact of damping coefficient, orifice diameter, and pipeline length on stability, while spring stiffness has a minimal effect. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing electro-hydraulic control modules in intelligent chassis systems, with practical implications for automotive and construction machinery applications.

### 899. [SOTIF-Based Analysis and Design of Control Strategies for Controllable Suspension Systems of Automobiles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sotif-based-analysis-and-design-of-control-strategies-for-controllable-suspension-systems-of-automobiles) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01237-3]
Electronic control suspension (ECS) systems are of significance to ride comfort and handling stability of ground vehicles. However, ECS systems may pose unreasonable safety risks due to performance inadequacies or improper use by drivers, which are referred to as safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) issues. Aiming to address the inadequate performance of the ECS system, this study proposes a model predictive control (MPC) method, with a particular focus on ensuring SOTIF. First, Systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) is utilized to assess the SOTIF of the ECS system and the ECS system control architecture is built. Then, Models including the input model, lateral and vertical coupled dynamics model, and nonlinear actuator model are established. In addition, an MPC strategy with explicit dynamic constraints is designed, incorporating the dynamic mechanical performance boundaries of ECS actuators into the constraints of the controller. Subsequently, a hardware-in-the-loop testing platform is constructed for the ECS system to conduct simulation experiments under various operating conditions. Results demonstrate that the designed control strategy effectively mitigates performance inadequacies of the suspension system, significantly enhancing its overall functionality and safety.

### 900. [Mechanical Response and Superelastic Properties of Cu-11.85Al-3.2Mn-0.1Ti TPMS Structures Printed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-response-and-superelastic-properties-of-cu-1185al-32mn-01ti-tpms-structures-printed-by-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01170-x]
Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are structures with smooth surfaces and excellent energy absorption properties. Combining new functional materials, such as shape memory alloys, with TPMS structures provides a novel and promising research field. In this study, three TPMS structures (Gyroid, Diamond, and Primitive) of Cu-11.85Al-3.2Mn-0.1Ti alloy were printed by laser powder bed fusion, which is favorable for the fabrication of complex structures. The manufacturing fidelity, mechanical response, and superelastic properties of the three structures were investigated. Stress distributions in the three structures during compression were analyzed by finite element (FE) simulation. The three structures were equipped with high-quality, glossy surfaces and uniform pores. However, due to powder adhesion and forming steps, there were volumetric errors and dimensional deviations between the samples and the CAD models. The errors were within 1.6% for the Gyroid and Diamond structures. The dimensional deviations at the nodes in the three structures were less than 0.09 mm. The microstructures of all structures were β1´ martensite, consistent with the cubic sample. Experimental results of compression showed that the structures underwent a layer-by-layer compression failure mode, and the Primitive structures exhibited a more pronounced oscillatory process. The Diamond structures showed the highest first fracture stress and strain of 164.67 MPa and 13.89%, respectively. It also possessed the lowest yield strength (61.97 MPa) and the best energy absorption properties (7.6 MJ/m3). Through the deformation analysis, the Gyroid and Diamond structures were found to fracture at a 45° direction, while the Primitive structures fractured horizontally. These findings were consistent with the results obtained from the FE simulation, which showed equivalent stress distributions. After applying various pre-strains, the Diamond structures displayed the highest superelastic strain of up to 3.53%. The superelastic recovery of all samples ranged from 63.5% to 71.5%.

### 901. [Cutting Force and State Identification in High-Speed Milling: a Semi-Analytical Multi-Dimensional Approach](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cutting-force-and-state-identification-in-high-speed-milling-a-semi-analytical-multi-dimensional-approach) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01171-w]
High-speed milling (HSM) is advantageous for machining high-quality complex-structure surface components with various materials. Identifying and estimating cutting force signals for characterizing HSM is of high significance. However, considering the tool runout and size effects, many proposed models focus on the material and mechanical characteristics. This study presents a novel approach for predicting micromilling cutting forces using a semi-analytical multidimensional model that integrates experimental empirical data and a mechanical theoretical force model. A novel analytical optimization approach is provided to identify the cutting forces, classify the cutting states, and determine the tool runout using an adaptive algorithm that simplifies modeling and calculation. The instantaneous un-deformed chip thickness (IUCT) is determined from the trochoidal trajectories of each tool flute and optimized using the bisection method. Herein, the computational efficiency is improved, and the errors are clarified. The tool runout parameters are identified from the processed displacement signals and determined from the pre-processed vibration signals using an adaptive signal processing method. It is reliable and stable for determining tool runout and is an effective foundation for the force model. This approach is verified using HSM tests. Herein, the determination coefficients are stable above 0.9. It is convenient and efficient for achieving the key intermediate parameters (IUCT and tool runout), which can be generalized to various machining conditions and operations.

### 902. [Inspired by the Adhesive Ability of Drosera and the Stress Envelope Effect Rescue Manipulator](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/inspired-by-the-adhesive-ability-of-drosera-and-the-stress-envelope-effect-rescue-manipulator) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01242-6]
The existing research on rescue robots has focused mainly on reconnaissance, detection, and firefighting, and a small number of robots that can achieve human rescue have problems such as poor safety and stability and insufficient carrying capacity. This article addresses the above issues and cleverly combines the advantages of soft robotic arms, underactuated robotic arms, and suction cups based on the principles of bionics. A new design for a robotic arm was proposed, and its working principle was explained. Then, the human rescue process was divided into two stages, and the grasping force of the robotic arm in each stage was analyzed separately. Finally, a prototype of the principle was developed, and the feasibility of the design principle of the robotic arm was verified through grasping experiments on a cross-sectional contour model of the human chest. At the same time, grasping experiments were conducted on different objects to demonstrate the potential application of the robotic arm in grasping ground objects. This research proposes a stress envelope adsorption rescue robot arm inspired by the adhesion ability of the Drosera plant and the stress envelope effect, which can apply force to the entire surface of the human body, reduce local force on the human body, ensure load-bearing capacity and adaptability, and improve the safety and stability of rescue grasping.

### 903. [Corrosion behavior of three nickel-based single-crystal superalloys in mixed Na2SO4 and NaCl molten salts at 700 ℃](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/corrosion-behavior-of-three-nickel-based-single-crystal-superalloys-in-mixed-na2so4-and-nacl-molten-salts-at-700-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6068-2]
In this investigation, we examined the high-temperature corrosion behavior of three nickel-based single-crystal superalloys subjected to a mixed molten salt environment of Na2SO4 and NaCl at 700 °C, leading to a preliminary elucidation of their molten salt corrosion mechanisms. By further comparing the corrosion degree of the three nickel-based single-crystal superalloys combined with the Gibbs free energy calculation of the corrosion products, the influence of alloying elements on the corrosion performance of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys was analyzed. It was established that the corrosion mechanism of these nickel-based single-crystal superalloys predominantly involves a cyclic process of oxide layer formation and decomposition, ultimately resulting in the establishment of a protective layer principally composed of NiO, with a constantly regenerating Al2O3 barrier, impeding further alloy degradation. Furthermore, the inclusion of elements such as Cr, Al, Ta, and notably Re has been found to markedly improve the thermal corrosion resistance of the superalloys. These insights not only enhance our comprehension of the corrosion mechanisms pertinent to nickel-based superalloys, but also provide strategic directions for alloy composition refinement aimed at bolstering their corrosion resilience.

### 904. [Recent progress and prospective of zero-dimensional Cs2B(IV)X6 lead-free double perovskite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-progress-and-prospective-of-zero-dimensional-cs2bivx6-lead-free-double-perovskite) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6066-4]
The zero-dimensional (0D) ordered lead-free double perovskites (DPs) Cs2B(IV)X6 have recently been recognized as promising candidates in the optoelectronics domain. Their exceptional stability and environmentally benign nature position them as ideal alternatives to their toxic and unstable lead-based halide perovskite counterparts. Recent years have witnessed notable progress in the optical properties of Cs2B(IV)X6, propelled by techniques such as ion doping, surface coating and ligand modification, which has been instrumental in broadening their applications in various optoelectronic domains. Herein, a comprehensive overview is provided on the recent progress regarding synthesis methods, optimization strategies, bandgap engineering, photoluminescence (PL) optimization, and device applications related to Cs2B(IV)X6 materials. It also explores critical aspects including structural diversity, tunable emission, photophysical mechanisms, and material stability. Moreover, the review addresses the prevailing challenges in this field and outlines future research directions aimed at enhancing the photoluminescence quantum yield and stability of Cs2B(IV)X6.

### 905. [A moving model test of a maglev train passing through tunnels: Effect of train speed and buffer structure on aerodynamic environment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-moving-model-test-of-a-maglev-train-passing-through-tunnels-effect-of-train-speed-and-buffer-structure-on-aerodynamic-environment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6135-8]
Maglev trains experience significant aerodynamic effects when passing through tunnels. A moving model test was conducted to explore the practical effects of speed reduction and entrance buffer structures on mitigating tunnel/maglev aerodynamic effects. It is found that both have an overall positive effect on mitigating the aerodynamic environment inside and outside the tunnel. Trains operating at 200 km/h show a 49.8% decrease in peak-to-peak pressure and a 50.7% decrease in transient pressure instability on inner walls compared to those at 280 km/h. Lower speeds resulted in a 65.6% decrease in amplitude and a 24.5% decrease in decay rate, both of which are parameters for exponential fittings of pressure peaks that decay naturally after the train leaves. The buffer structures result in a reduction of up to 25.7% in the maximum positive pressure and a 29.0% decrease in transient pressure instability. Additionally, a reduction in amplitude of up to 21.2% and a 32.2% increase in decay rate were observed with the use of buffer structures. Nevertheless, it is difficult to conclude direct correlations between the maximum pressure, peak-to-peak values, etc., and the speeds or buffer structures due to the complex wave propagation in tunnels. However, speed reduction and buffer structures are proven to be effective in reducing the micro-pressure wave levels with a simpler monotonic relationship.

### 906. [Lubricant Transport Mechanism and Dynamics Model for Nepenthes-shaped Biomimetic Microtexture](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/lubricant-transport-mechanism-and-dynamics-model-for-nepenthes-shaped-biomimetic-microtexture) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01197-8]
During the metal cutting process, especially in continuous contact conditions like turning, the challenge of lubricants failing to effectively reach the cutting point remains unresolved. Micro-textured cutting tools offer a potential solution for tool-chip contact challenges. Inspired by the evolutionary achievements of the biosphere, micro-textures are expected to overcome lubrication limitations in cutting zones. Drawing on the anti-gravity water transport seen at the mouth edge of the Nepenthes plant, an innovative microchannel with Nepenthes-shaped contours was designed on the rake face to enable controlled lubricant transport. However, the dynamics of lubricant delivery on textured surfaces are not fully understood. This study first analyzed the microstructure and water transport mechanism of Nepenthes to reconstruct a micro-textured surface for controlled lubricant transport. A dynamic model was then developed to describe lubricant transport within open microchannels, with mathematical simulations predicting transport speed and flow distance. To validate this model, diffusion experiments of alumina soybean oil nanolubricant on polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tool surfaces were conducted, showing an average prediction deviation of 5.01%. Compared with the classical Lucas-Washburn model, the new model improved prediction accuracy by 4.72%. Additionally, comparisons were made to examine droplet spreading and non-uniform diffusion on textured surfaces, revealing that the T2 surface exhibited the strongest unidirectional diffusion characteristics. The contact angle ratio, droplet unidirectional spreading ratio, and droplet spreading aspect ratio were 0.48, 1.75, and 3.99, respectively. Finally, the anti-wear, friction-reducing, and efficiency-enhancing mechanisms of micro-textured surfaces in minimum quantity lubrication turning were analyzed. This approach may support continuous cutting of difficult-to-machine materials.

### 907. [Experimental study and creep constitutive modeling for 2219 aluminum alloy under tension and compression conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-study-and-creep-constitutive-modeling-for-2219-aluminum-alloy-under-tension-and-compression-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6123-z]
The creep deformation and mechanical properties of 2219 aluminum alloy were experimentally investigated under both tension and compression at the temperature of 165 ℃ for different time. The results indicated that the creep deformation under tensile stress was greater than that under compressive stress. As the stress level increases, the compressive creep rate showed more significant increase. The yield strength after compressive stress creep-ageing was higher than that after stress-free ageing, with the lowest strength observed in the tensile-aged sample. Overall, the average phase length after compressive stress creep-ageing was larger than after tensile stress ageing. Under tensile stress, the number and size of precipitates at small angles to the stress direction were larger than those perpendicular to the stress direction. In contrast, under compressive stress, this relationship was reversed, and the preferential orientation of phases became more pronounced with ageing time. A unified, physics-based creep-ageing constitutive model, accounting for the orientation of precipitation, was developed for both tensile and compressive stress conditions. The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental data. These findings, along with the developed model, provide a theoretical and simulation basis for precise creep-ageing forming of components under complex stresses.

### 908. [Shear instability identification method and its damage characteristics based on automatic recognition of three-dimensional curvature of limestone joint surfaces](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/shear-instability-identification-method-and-its-damage-characteristics-based-on-automatic-recognition-of-three-dimensional-curvature-of-limestone-joint-surfaces) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6103-3]
In deep underground engineering construction, the dominant rock failure mode, whether by tension or shear, influences the engineering instability. Therefore, the critical triggering conditions that induce shear or tensile fractures in rocks urgently need further investigation. This paper designs direct shear tests on intact limestone under different normal stress conditions, using binarization methods supplemented by scanning electron microscopy to explore the two-dimensional fracture damage characteristics of limestone joint surfaces. Based on the three-dimensional morphological characteristics of limestone joint surfaces, a method for automatically identifying the three-dimensional curvature of rock joint surfaces is proposed, quantifying the changes in curvature distribution under different normal stresses. Further analysis focused on the proportion of shear damage and high-curvature areas on the upper and lower joint surfaces of limestone. The study examined changes in the cumulative energy of pre-peak acoustic emission and damage under varying effective normal stress-to-shear stress ratios. These results were used to identify and validate the critical threshold range for inducing shear fractures in limestone. The conclusions indicate that the proportion of shear damage area of limestone joint surfaces is positively correlated with effective normal stress. The proportion of high curvature of limestone joint surfaces decreases with increasing normal stress. Both the rapid growth stage of shear damage area and the rapid descent stage of high curvature proportion occur in the effective normal stress to shear stress ratio range of [1.4, 1.6]. The cumulative energy of pre-peak acoustic emission and damage under different effective normal stress to shear stress ratios increase sharply around the ratio of 1.6, further verifying that the effective normal stress to shear stress ratio range of [1.4, 1.6] is the critical threshold range for inducing shear fractures in limestone.

### 909. [Prediction of macroscopic abnormally coarse grain during solid solution of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy based on dynamic recrystallization kinetics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/prediction-of-macroscopic-abnormally-coarse-grain-during-solid-solution-of-ti-10v-2fe-3al-alloy-based-on-dynamic-recrystallization-kinetics) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6126-9]
After the hot deformation sample of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy was treated by solid solution in the α+β two-phase region, the coarse β grains that often appeared in the β single phase region were observed in the local region, indicating that the abnormal grain growth occurred in the local microstructural region, and the macrostructure also showed abnormally coarse grains (ACGs). The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy was systematically investigated through hot compression tests on the Gleeble-3800 system. The DRX model of β grains was established, and the quantitative correlation between DRX characteristics and the appearance of ACG was clarified. Based on these results, a numerical simulation platform was developed to realize the visual prediction of ACG distribution. The results show that the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate both contribute to a significant increase in the grain size (dDRX) and volume fraction (XDRX) of DRXed grains. However, the proper XDRX and smaller dDRX at low deformation temperature and high strain rate make the macro and microstructure show ACGs after solid solution. Interestingly, if the DRX degree is excessive or insufficient, ACGs cannot be produced, indicating that ACGs are solid solution products based on the appropriate DRX degree. According to the flow curves and statistical results of microstructure, the quantitative model of DRX kinetics and DRX grain size model were constructed, and the quantitative criterion model that is related to the formation of ACG with grain size (dDRX) and volume fraction (XDRX) of DRXed grains as the key parameters was established, i. e., dDRX£2.60 μm, 72.5%£XDRX£87.9%. By integrating the subroutine of coarse grain criterion, the isothermal compression process of cylindrical samples and the actual die forging process of H-shaped parts were simulated by DEFORM-3D software of finite element (FE), respectively, and the visual prediction of the distribution of macroscopic ACGs was realized. There is a good consistency between the tested results and the simulated results, indicating a strong correlation between macroscopic ACGs and microscopic DRX.

### 910. [A novel non-Hertzian wheel-rail adhesion model under wet conditions considering surface roughness](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-non-hertzian-wheel-rail-adhesion-model-under-wet-conditions-considering-surface-roughness) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6091-3]
Precise solutions for wheel-rail adhesion are important to the traction and braking of the high-speed trains under wet conditions. Current models predominantly rely on Hertzian contact theory assumptions. The present work proposes a novel non-Hertzian wheel-rail adhesion model to clarify the adhesion mechanisms under wet conditions. The non-Hertzian elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model was developed to obtain wheel-rail normal contact pressure under wet conditions with rough surfaces. The non-Hertzian extended creep force (ECF) model, which considers the effects of pressure and temperature on the elastic-plastic characteristics of the third body layer (3BL), was used to solve the tangential problems based on wheel-rail normal contact results. The numerical model was also validated by the high-speed wheel-rail adhesion laboratory tests. The wheel-rail rolling contact characteristics at different wheelset lateral displacements are investigated. The results reveal that the distributions of normal pressure, film thickness, tangential stress, and temperature show typical non-Hertzian characteristics. Finally, the effects of train speed and surface roughness on the adhesion characteristics are studied at different lateral displacements. The findings show that the present model can be used for the prediction of high-speed railway adhesion characteristics.

### 911. [Microseismic source location based on multi-sensor arrays and particle swarm optimization algorithm](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microseismic-source-location-based-on-multi-sensor-arrays-and-particle-swarm-optimization-algorithm) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6059-3]
Microseismic (MS) source location plays an important role in MS monitoring. This paper proposes a MS source location method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and multi-sensor arrays, where a free weight joints the P-wave first arrival data. This method adaptively adjusts the preference for “superior” arrays and leverages “inferior” arrays to escape local optima, thereby improving the location accuracy. The effectiveness and stability of this method were validated through synthetic tests, pencil-lead break (PLB) experiments, and mining engineering applications. Specifically, for synthetic tests with 1 µs Gaussian noise and 100 µs large noise in rock samples, the location error of the multi-sensor arrays jointed location method is only 0.30 cm, which improves location accuracy by 97.51% compared to that using a single sensor array. The average location error of PLB events on three surfaces of a rock sample is reduced by 48.95%, 26.40%, and 55.84%, respectively. For mine blast event tests, the average location error of the dual sensor arrays jointed method is 62.74 m, 54.32% and 14.29% lower than that using only sensor arrays 1 and 2, respectively. In summary, the proposed multi-sensor arrays jointed location method demonstrates good noise resistance, stability, and accuracy, providing a compelling new solution for MS location in relevant mining scenarios.

### 912. [Deformation characteristics and interfacial damage of CRTS II slab track joints under operating temperature conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deformation-characteristics-and-interfacial-damage-of-crts-ii-slab-track-joints-under-operating-temperature-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6065-5]
Arching and cracking of joints between slabs have become a problem in China Railway Track System (CRTS) II slab track. The slab track is susceptible to complex temperature variations as a longitudinal continuous structure. Based on measured data, a thermal-mechanical coupling model of the track was established. The deformation characteristics and interfacial damage behavior of joints under typical temperature fields were studied. The findings indicate that the annual extreme temperature range of the slab track, fluctuates from −1.4 to 49.8 ℃. The annual temperature gradient within the vertical depth range of 0 to 0.2 m of the track varies between −16.19 ℃/m and 30.15 ℃/m. The vertical deformation of joints is significantly influenced by high temperatures, with a maximum measured deformation of 0.828 mm. The joint seams are primarily affected by low temperatures, which lead to a separation of 0.9 to 1.0 mm. Conversely, interlayer damage of joints is predominantly influenced by elevated temperatures. In summer, the maximum ratio of interface damage area in the joint can reach up to 95%, with the maximum debonding area ratio can be as high as 84%. The research results can provide help for joint damage regularity and deformation control of CRTS II slab track.

### 913. [Gear flank modification and precision control based on electronic gearbox](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/gear-flank-modification-and-precision-control-based-on-electronic-gearbox) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-5881-y]
Gear flank modification is essential to reduce the noise generated in the gear meshing process, improve the gear transmission performance, and reduce the meshing impact. Aiming at the problem of solving the additional motions of each axis in the higher-order topology modification technique and how to accurately add the different movements expressed in the form of higher-order polynomials to the corresponding motion axes of the machine tool, a flexible higher-order gear topology modification technique based on an electronic gearbox is proposed. Firstly, a two-parameter topology gear surface equation and a grinding model of wheel grinding gears are established, and the axial feed and tangential feed are expressed in a fifth-order polynomial formula. Secondly, the polynomial coefficients are solved according to the characteristics of the point contact when grinding gears. Finally, an improved electronic gearbox model is constructed by combining the polynomial interpolation function to achieve gear topology modification. The validity and feasibility of the modification method based on the electronic gearbox are verified by experimental examples, which is of great significance for the machining of modification gears based on the continuous generative grinding method of the worm grinding wheel.

### 914. [Fabrication of welded hybrid joints of aluminum alloys and polymer composites with significantly enhanced long-term reliability](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fabrication-of-welded-hybrid-joints-of-aluminum-alloys-and-polymer-composites-with-significantly-enhanced-long-term-reliability) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3244-1]
The effect of thermal degradation on the welded hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites is insufficient, which seriously inhibits the engineering applications of the joints. In this study, robust hybrid joints of metal and polymer composites were fabricated by the combination of friction lap welding (FLW) and laser surface treatment for investigating the effect of accelerated aging on the joint properties. Results showed that the FLW hybrid joints without laser surface treatment exhibited 91% reduction in the tensile shear force (TSF) after 7 days of accelerated aging tests. In contrast, the FLW hybrid joints with suitable laser surface treatment exhibited only 26% reduction in TSF even after 35 days of accelerated aging tests. Fractures of the tensile specimens occurred across the composite plates rather than along the joint interface. The enhanced reliability of the hybrid joints was mainly attributed to (1) the formation of micro-mechanical interlocking between the polymer composites and aluminum alloy plate, and (2) the modification of the stress distribution along the joint interface.

### 915. [Effect of post-dynamic recrystallization on microstructure evolution of GH141 superalloy after gradient thermal deformation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-post-dynamic-recrystallization-on-microstructure-evolution-of-gh141-superalloy-after-gradient-thermal-deformation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3074-6]
The GH141 superalloy ring-rolled parts often face microstructural inhomogeneity during production. This work investigated the effect of post-dynamic recrystallization on the microstructural evolution of GH141 superalloy after gradient thermal deformation to solve the problem of microstructural inhomogeneity. Compression tests involving double cone (DC) samples were conducted at various temperatures to assess the effect of gradient strain on internal grain microstructure variation, which ranged from the rim to the center of the samples. The results demonstrate considerable microstructural inhomogeneity induced by gradient strain in the DC samples. The delay in heat preservation facilitated post-dynamic recrystallization (PDRX) and promoted extensive recrystallization in the DC samples experiencing large gradient strain, which resulted in a homogeneous grain microstructure throughout the samples. During compression at a relatively low temperature, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was predominantly driven by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). As the deformation temperature increased, the DRX mechanism changed from CDRX-dominated to being dominated by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). During the delay of the heat preservation process, PDRX was dominated by a static recrystallization mechanism, along with the occurrence of meta-dynamic recrystallization (MDRX) mechanisms. In addition, the PDRX mechanism of twin-induced recrystallization nucleation was observed.

### 916. [A high-entropy engineered perovskite oxide for efficient and stable LSCF-based air electrode of tubular reversible solid oxide cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-high-entropy-engineered-perovskite-oxide-for-efficient-and-stable-lscf-based-air-electrode-of-tubular-reversible-solid-oxide-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3159-x]
Developing highly active and stable air electrodes remains challenging for reversible solid oxide cells (R-SOCs). Herein, we report an A-site high-entropy engineered perovskite oxide, La0.2Pr0.2Nd0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (HE-LSCF), and its electrocatalytic activity and stability property are systematically probed for tubular R-SOCs. The HE-LSCF air electrode exhibits excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with a low polarization resistance of 0.042 Ω·cm2 at 700°C, which is much lower than that of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (LSCF), indicating the excellent catalytic activity of HE-LSCF. Meanwhile, the tubular R-SOCs with HE-LSCF shows a high peak power density of 1.18 W·cm−2 in the fuel cell mode and a promising electrolysis current density of −0.52 A·cm−2 at 1.5 V in the electrolysis mode with H2 (~10% H2O) atmosphere at 700°C. More importantly, the tubular R-SOCs with HE-LSCF shows favorable stability under 180 h reversible cycling test. Our results show the high-entropy design can significantly enhance the activity and robustness of LSCF electrode for tubular R-SOCs.

### 917. [Synthesis diamond films on high entropy alloys by chemical vapor deposition: Microstructure, growth behavior and corrosion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-diamond-films-on-high-entropy-alloys-by-chemical-vapor-deposition-microstructure-growth-behavior-and-corrosion) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3167-x]
The heteroepitaxy of diamond films has received widespread attention; however, its application remains limited owing to the mismatch in properties and structure between diamond and heterogeneous substrates. In this study, diamond films were successfully synthesized on high-entropy alloys (HEAs) substrates using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The resulting diamond films were continuous, uniform, and adhered to the HEAs substrates. The mixed carbides were identified using X-ray diffraction, and the quality of the diamond films was examined using Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the corrosion test revealed that the diamond/TiZrHfMo samples had excellent electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance with a corrosion potential value of −0.169 V in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. A multiple regression model was established to evaluate the effects of the structure and growth parameters, which confirmed that the mixing entropy significantly affected the grain size and corrosion properties.

### 918. [Editorial for special issue on high-entropy and multicomponent-doped materials for energy applications: Innovations in energy conversion and storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/editorial-for-special-issue-on-high-entropy-and-multicomponent-doped-materials-for-energy-applications-innovations-in-energy-conversion-and-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3293-5]
This editorial introduces a special issue of the International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials focused on high-entropy and multicomponent-doped materials for energy applications. The collection highlights recent research on the preparation, property optimization, and potential applications of high-entropy materials (HEMs) and other compounds with increased configurational entropy. The accelerating global transition toward sustainable, carbon-neutral energy technologies calls for a new generation of materials with exceptional performance, stability, and scalability. From the perspective of materials science and solid-state chemistry, HEMs and multicomponent-doped systems are at the forefront of this transformation. By harnessing configurational entropy and exploring vast compositional spaces, researchers are uncovering previously inaccessible combinations of properties, from enhanced structural stability to tunable electronic, ionic, and catalytic functionalities. This special issue brings together work on the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of such materials for energy conversion and storage. Together, these contributions provide a comprehensive overview of how compositional complexity can be leveraged to address some of the most pressing challenges in energy science. The issue features 21 articles exploring the frontiers of HEMs for diverse energy applications, including solid oxide electrochemical cells, hydrogen storage, batteries, and capacitors. Many studies focus on designing new materials using high-entropy or multicomponent strategies to significantly enhance performance, while others investigate the physicochemical properties of novel high-entropy oxides and theoretical calculations to guide future HEM design.

### 919. [Enhancing mineral processing with deep learning: Automated quartz identification using thin section images](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-mineral-processing-with-deep-learning-automated-quartz-identification-using-thin-section-images) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3048-8]
The precise identification of quartz minerals is crucial in mineralogy and geology due to their widespread occurrence and industrial significance. Traditional methods of quartz identification in thin sections are labor-intensive and require significant expertise, often complicated by the coexistence of other minerals. This study presents a novel approach leveraging deep learning techniques combined with hyperspectral imaging to automate the identification process of quartz minerals. The utilized four advanced deep learning models—PSPNet, U-Net, FPN, and LinkNet—has significant advancements in efficiency and accuracy. Among these models, PSPNet exhibited superior performance, achieving the highest intersection over union (IoU) scores and demonstrating exceptional reliability in segmenting quartz minerals, even in complex scenarios. The study involved a comprehensive dataset of 120 thin sections, encompassing 2470 hyperspectral images prepared from 20 rock samples. Expert-reviewed masks were used for model training, ensuring robust segmentation results. This automated approach not only expedites the recognition process but also enhances reliability, providing a valuable tool for geologists and advancing the field of mineralogical analysis.

### 920. [Effects of calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicate and NaCl melting sequence on corrosion resistance of thermal barrier coatings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-calciummagnesiumaluminasilicate-and-nacl-melting-sequence-on-corrosion-resistance-of-thermal-barrier-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3017-2]
Calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicate (CMAS) and/or molten salt corrosion have attracted increased attention, which is an important cause of thermal barrier coating (TBC) failure. In this study, the effect of CMAS and NaCl melting sequence on the corrosion mechanisms of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) TBCs was revealed through experiments and finite element simulations. The YSZ TBCs were prepared via atmospheric plasma spraying. Subsequently, the CMAS and NaCl corrosion experiments of the TBCs were conducted at 1250°C. Results indicated that the melting sequence of CMAS and NaCl could influence the TBC failure mode. The coating failure modes after CMAS + NaCl mixed corrosion and NaCl melting followed by CMAS melting were buckling failures. Conversely, the coating failure mode was observed to be spalling failures. This study provides data support for the optimization of TBC systems in complex corrosive environments.

### 921. [Numerical simulation of the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on PCI in a blast furnace](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-the-effect-of-hydrogen-injection-and-oxygen-enrichment-interaction-on-pci-in-a-blast-furnace) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3080-8]
Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection (PCI) in the blast furnace, and it can reduce CO2 emissions. In this paper, a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation, and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated. The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30 t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m3/h, the CO2 emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t, which represents a 16.6% reduction, and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1% to 63.7%. The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen, which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway. Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere, which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace. The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection. The increase in the oxygen content by 3% while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2% and 43 K, respectively. The mole fraction of CO and H2 production increased by 0.04 and 0.02, respectively. Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.

### 922. [Extraction of rare earths from ion-adsorption type rare earth ore by indigenous microbial community](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/extraction-of-rare-earths-from-ion-adsorption-type-rare-earth-ore-by-indigenous-microbial-community) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3071-9]
Indigenous microbial communities were employed after subculture in stirred and column bioleaching experiments involving ion-adsorption type rare earth ore. The microbial eukaryotic communities exhibited dramatically varying diversity and structure across culture compositions. Compared with Czapek and sucrose medium, the community cultured in a nutrient broth (NB) medium had a higher diversity, and it was mainly composed of Zygosaccharomyces, Ustilago, Kodamaea, Malassezia, and Aspergillus. These microorganisms secrete organic acids, such as citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, and itaconic acid, which provide effective coordination electrons through hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Stirred bioleaching experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of community, inoculum dosage, liquid–solid ratio, and time on the leaching efficiency. Stirred bioleaching resulted in a concentration limitation phenomenon. When the inoculum dosage of the community cultured in NB medium was 70vol%, the liquid–solid ratio was 5.0 mL·g−1, and the time was 60 min, the upward trend of rare earths leaching rate has become very small. Specifically, the leaching rates of detectable La, Ce, and Y were approximately 92.49%, 92.42%, and 94.39%, respectively. The leaching efficiency and the three influencing factors all conformed to the Poly5 polynomial function, with variances above 0.99. Column bioleaching experiments were performed at a scale of 1 kg. The self-propelled low-pH environment increased the leaching efficiency, which resulted in a leaching rate of 98.88% for rare earths after 117 h. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the samples mainly comprised quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, muscovite, and zeolite, which were predominantly present in the form of lumps, flakes, rods, and small particles. After bioleaching, the wave intensity of quartz, kaolinite, orthoclase, and muscovite increased, and that of zeolite decreased considerably. A diminution in the number of fine particles indicated the dissolution of small quantities of clay minerals. Ultimately, the differentiated bioleaching mechanism of various forms of rare earths was discussed based on experimental phenomena.

### 923. [Advances in micro/nanoparticle-enhanced Sn-based composite solders](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-micronanoparticle-enhanced-sn-based-composite-solders) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3100-3]
Sn-based solder is a widely used interconnection material in the field of electronic packaging; however, the performance requirements for these solders are becoming increasingly demanding owing to the rapid development in this area. In recent years, the addition of micro/nanoreinforcement phases to Sn-based solders has provided a solution to improve the intrinsic properties of the solders. This paper reviews the progress in Sn-based micro/nanoreinforced composite solders over the past decade. The types of reinforcement particles, preparation methods of the composite solders, and strengthening effects on the microstructure, wettability, melting point, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance under different particle-addition levels are discussed and summarized. The mechanisms of performance enhancement are summarized based on material-strengthening effects such as grain refinement and second-phase dispersion strengthening. In addition, we discuss the current shortcomings of such composite solders and possible future improvements, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the future development of Sn-based solders.

### 924. [Microstructural optimization and strengthening mechanisms of in-situ TiB2/Al–Cu composite after multidirectional forging for six passes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructural-optimization-and-strengthening-mechanisms-of-in-situ-tib2alcu-composite-after-multidirectional-forging-for-six-passes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3058-6]
In-situ TiB2/Al–Cu composite was processed by multidirectional forging (MDF) for six passes. The microstructure evolution of the forged workpiece was examined across various regions. The mechanical properties of the as-cast and MDFed composites were compared, and their strengthening mechanisms were analyzed. Results indicate that the grain refinement achieved through the MDF process is mainly due to the subdivision of the original grains through mechanical geometric fragmentation and the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). DRX grains are formed through discontinuous DRX, continuous DRX, and recrystallization induced by particle-stimulated nucleation. A rise in accumulated equivalent strain results in finer α-Al grains and a more uniform distribution of TiB2 particles, which enhance the Vickers hardness of the composite. In addition, the tensile properties of the MDFed composite significantly improve compared with those of the as-cast composites, with ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increasing by 51.2% and 54%, respectively. This enhancement is primarily due to grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening achieved by the MDF process.

### 925. [Adsorption mechanism of multiple water molecules on tricalcium silicate (001) surface: A DFT study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/adsorption-mechanism-of-multiple-water-molecules-on-tricalcium-silicate-001-surface-a-dft-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3073-7]
An in-depth understanding of the hydration mechanism of tricalcium silicate is an important basis for optimizing cement strength development. In this study, the adsorption of water molecules onto the M3-C3S(001) surface at different water coverage levels (θ = 1/5, 2/5, 3/5, 4/5, and 1) was investigated using first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that the conclusions obtained for single water molecule adsorption cannot be fully applied to multiple water molecule adsorption. The total adsorption energies become more negative with increasing water coverage, while the average adsorption energy of each water molecule becomes more positive with increasing water coverage. The water–water interactions reduce the water–surface interactions and are responsible for the anticooperative adsorption of multiple water molecules onto M3-C3S(001). The formation of Ca–OH (–Ca) bonds favors the detachment of Ca from covalent oxygen, which reveals the significant role of dissociative adsorption. This work aims to extend the water adsorption study on M3-C3S(001) from single water molecule adsorption to multiple water molecule adsorption, providing more detailed insights into the initial water reaction on the C3S surface.

### 926. [Synthesis of a halloysite/MnFe2O4 heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-of-a-halloysitemnfe2o4-heterogeneous-fenton-catalyst-for-the-efficient-degradation-of-organic-pollutants) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3026-1]
To address the limitations associated with conventional Fenton processes, which often exhibit a restricted pH range and present challenges in terms of catalyst recovery and second pollutant, magnetic heterogeneous halloysite (HNT)/MnFe2O4 catalysts were optimally synthesized, which could achieve 90% removal efficiency for 50 mg/L methylene blue (MB) at pH 4–10 and have high hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) utilization efficiencies. In addition, the catalysts could be easily separated from a solution through magnetic separation. The degradation efficiency of MB exhibited remarkable resilience against common aqueous interferents with anions (NO3−, Cl−, SO4^2−, CO3^2−, HCO3−) and humic acid, demonstrating negligible inhibitory effects. Notably, carbonate species (CO3^2− and HCO3−) even elicited a promotional effect on the catalytic process. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of MB only decreased by less than 10% in the fifth cycle compared with that of a fresh catalyst. Furthermore, the HNT/MnFe2O4 catalyst effectively degraded various organic pollutants, such as benzohydroxamic acid, xanthate, and eosin Y. The excellent catalytic performance of the catalysts was attributed to the synergistic effects between HNT and MnFe2O4. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and quenching experiments indicated that the main reactive oxygen species that participated in the degradation process were ·OH and ·O2−. ·OH directly attacked MB molecules, and ·O2− accelerated the reduction of metal ions. Therefore, the catalysts showed considerable potential for organic pollutant degradation. This study provides valuable insights into the synthesis of novel catalysts and their practical applications in organic wastewater purification.

### 927. [Enhancing rheology and mechanical properties of DLP 3D-printed Si3N4 materials via composition optimization and gas-pressure sintering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-rheology-and-mechanical-properties-of-dlp-3d-printed-si3n4-materials-via-composition-optimization-and-gas-pressure-sintering) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3106-x]
Digital light processing (DLP) is a crucial additive manufacturing (AM) technique for producing high-precision ceramic components. This study aims to optimize the formulation of Si3N4 slurry to enhance both its performance and manufacturability in the DLP process, and investigate key factors such as particle size distribution, photopolymer resin monomer ratios, and dispersant types to improve the slurry’s rheological properties. Through these optimizations, a photosensitive Si3N4 slurry with 50vol% solid content was developed, exhibiting excellent stability, and low viscosity (2.48 Pa·s at a shear rate of 12.8 s−1). The effects of gas-pressure sintering on the material’s phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties were further explored, revealing that this technique significantly increases the flexural strength of the green sample from (109 ± 10.24) to (618 ± 42.15) MPa. The sintered ceramics exhibited high hardness ((16.59 ± 0.05) GPa) and improved fracture toughness ((4.45 ± 0.03) MPa·m1/2). Crack trajectory analysis revealed that crack deflection, crack bridging, and the pull-out of rod-like β-Si3N4 grains, are the main toughening mechanisms, which could effectively mitigate crack propagation. Among these mechanisms, crack deflection and bridging were particularly influential, significantly enhancing the fracture toughness of the Si3N4 matrix. Overall, this research highlights how monomer formulation and gas-pressure sintering strengthen the performance of Si3N4 slurry in the DLP three-dimensional printing technique. This work is expected to provide new insights for fabricating complex Si3N4 ceramic components with superior mechanical properties.

### 928. [Thermodynamics and kinetics of alumina and magnesium oxide in calcium ferrite sintering process](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermodynamics-and-kinetics-of-alumina-and-magnesium-oxide-in-calcium-ferrite-sintering-process) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3070-x]
Al2O3 and MgO serve as the primary gangue components in sintered ores, and they are critical for the formation of CaO–Fe2O3–xAl2O3 (wt%, C–F–xA) and CaO–Fe2O3–xMgO (wt%, C–F–xM) systems, respectively. In this study, a nonisothermal crystallization thermodynamics behavior of C–F–xA and C–F–xM systems was examined using differential scanning calorimetry, and a phase identification and microstructure analysis for C–F–xA and C–F–xM systems were carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that in C–F–2A and C–F–2M systems, the increased cooling rates promoted the precipitation of CaFe2O4 (CF) but inhibited the formation of Ca2Fe2O5 (C2F). In addition, C–F–2A system exhibited a lower theoretical initial crystallization temperature (1566 K) compared to the C–F system (1578 K). This temperature further decreases to 1554 K and 1528 K in the C–F–4A and C–F–8A systems, respectively. However, in C–F–xM system, the increased MgO content raised the crystallization temperature. This is because that the enhanced precipitation of MF (a spinel phase mainly comprised Fe3O4 and MgFe2O4) and C2F phases suppressed the CF precipitation reaction. In kinetic calculations, the Ozawa method revealed the apparent activation energies of the C–F–2A and C–F–2M systems. Malek’s method revealed that the crystallization process in C–F–2A system initially followed a logarithmic law ( or ), later transitioning to a reaction order law ((1−α)−1 or (1−α)−1/2, n = 2/3) or the  function of the exponential law. In C–F–2M system, it consistently followed the sequence ƒ(α) = (1−α)2 (α is the crystallization conversion rate; n is the Avrami constant; ƒ(α) is the differential equations for the model function of C2F and CF crystallization processes).

### 929. [Thermal and mechanical properties of MO2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) co-doped YTaO4 medium-entropy ceramics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermal-and-mechanical-properties-of-mo2-m-ti-zr-hf-co-doped-ytao4-medium-entropy-ceramics) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3005-6]
Thermal and mechanical properties of yttrium tantalate (YTaO4), a top coat ceramic of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for aeroengines, are enhanced by synthesizing Y1−xTa1−xM2xO4 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; x = 0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24) medium-entropy ceramics (MECs) using a two-step sintering method. In addition, the thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficients (TECs), and fracture toughness of MECs were investigated. An X-ray diffraction study revealed that the Y1−xTa1−xM2xO4 MECs were monoclinic, and the Ti, Zr, and Hf doping elements replaced Y and Ta. The variations in atomic weights and ionic radii led to disturbed atomic arrangements and severe lattice distortions, resulting in improving the phonon scattering and reduced thermal conductivity, with Y1−xTa1−xM2xO4 MECs (x = 0.24) exhibiting the lowest thermal conductivity of 1.23 W·m−1·K−1 at 900°C. The introduction of MO2 increased the configurational entropy and weakened the ionic bonding energy, obtaining high TECs (10.4 × 10−6 K−1 at 1400°C). The reduction in the monoclinic angle β lowered the ferroelastic domain inversion energy barrier. Moreover, microcracks and crack extension toughening endowed Y1−xTa1−xM2xO4 MECs (x = 0.24) with the highest fracture toughness of (4.1 ± 0.5) MPa·m1/2. The simultaneous improvement of the thermal and mechanical properties of the MO2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) co-doped YTaO4 MECs can be extended to other materials.

### 930. [Wearable Biodevices Based on Two-Dimensional Materials: From Flexible Sensors to Smart Integrated Systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/wearable-biodevices-based-on-two-dimensional-materials-from-flexible-sensors-to-smart-integrated-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01597-w]
The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft, innovative, and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring. The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency, providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management. Among many candidates, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films. While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene, the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications, particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities. This review aims to consolidate recent progress, highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials, and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices. We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages, sensing mechanisms, and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication. Following this, we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body. Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices, mainly including self-power supply, integrated diagnosis/treatment, and human–machine interaction. Finally, the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of 2D materials for advanced biodevices.

### 931. [10_1007_s40820-025-01841-x](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01841-x) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01841-x]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01841-x.

### 932. [10_1007_s40820-025-01899-7](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01899-7) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01899-7]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01899-7.

### 933. [10_1007_s40820-025-01849-3](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01849-3) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01849-3]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01849-3.

### 934. [10_1007_s40820-025-01852-8](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01852-8) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01852-8]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01852-8.

### 935. [10_1007_s40820-025-01854-6](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01854-6) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01854-6]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01854-6.

### 936. [10_1007_s40820-025-01825-x](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01825-x) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01825-x]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01825-x.

### 937. [10_1007_s40820-025-01836-8](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01836-8) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01836-8]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01836-8.

### 938. [10_1007_s40820-025-01842-w](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1007_s40820-025-01842-w) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01842-w]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1007_s40820-025-01842-w.

### 939. [10_1186_s10033-025-01291-x](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01291-x) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01291-x]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01291-x.

### 940. [10_1186_s10033-025-01278-8](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01278-8) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01278-8]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01278-8.

### 941. [10_1186_s10033-025-01252-4](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01252-4) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01252-4]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01252-4.

### 942. [10_1186_s10033-025-01269-9](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01269-9) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01269-9]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01269-9.

### 943. [10_1186_s10033-024-01165-8](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-024-01165-8) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01165-8]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-024-01165-8.

### 944. [10_1186_s10033-025-01279-7](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01279-7) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01279-7]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01279-7.

### 945. [10_1186_s10033-025-01255-1](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01255-1) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01255-1]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01255-1.

### 946. [10_1186_s10033-025-01268-w](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01268-w) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01268-w]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01268-w.

### 947. [10_1186_s10033-025-01311-w](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/10_1186_s10033-025-01311-w) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01311-w]
Comprehensive research abstract, experimental methodologies, and analytical findings for 10_1186_s10033-025-01311-w.

### 948. [Biomimetic Desert Beetle Microgrinding Tool Flow-field Model and Processability Evaluation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/biomimetic-desert-beetle-microgrinding-tool-flow-field-model-and-processability-evaluation) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01280-0]
Microgrinding is widely used in clinical bone surgery, but saline spray cooling faces technical challenges such as low wettability at the microgrinding tool–bone interface, easy clogging of the microgrinding tools, and high grinding temperatures. These issues can lead to bone necrosis, irreversible thermal damage to nerves, or even surgical failure. Inspired by the water-trapping and directional transportation abilities of desert beetles, this study proposes a biomimetic desert beetle microgrinding tool. The flow-field distribution directly influences the convective heat transfer of the cooling medium in the grinding zone, which in turn affects the grinding temperature. To address this, a mathematical model of the two-phase flow field at the biomimetic microgrinding tool–bone interface is developed. The results indicate an average error of 14.74% between the calculated and experimentally obtained airflow field velocities. Next, a biomimetic desert beetle microgrinding tool is prepared. Experiments with physiological saline spray cooling were conducted on fresh bovine femur bone, which has mechanical properties similar to human bone. Results show that, compared with conventional microgrinding tools, the biomimetic tools reduced bone surface temperature by 21.7%, 13.2%, 5.8%, 20.3%, and 25.8% at particle sizes of 150#, 200#, 240#, 270#, and 300#, respectively. The surface morphology of the biomimetic microgrinding tools after grinding is observed and analyzed, revealing a maximum clogging area reduction of 23.0%, which is 6.1%, 6.0%, 10.0%, 15.6%, and 9.5% less than that observed with conventional tools. Finally, this study unveils the dynamic mechanism of cooling medium transfer in the flow field at the biomimetic microgrinding tool–bone interface. This research provides theoretical guidance and technical support for clinical bone resection surgery.

### 949. [Research Progress of Microstructure Regulation on the Electrical Properties of PZT Ferroelectric Films](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-progress-of-microstructure-regulation-on-the-electrical-properties-of-pzt-ferroelectric-films) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01303-w]
Lead zirconate titanate (PbZrxTi1-xO3, PZT) ferroelectric films possess remarkable characteristics such as high residual polarization, high dielectric constant, and high piezoelectric coefficient and have great application prospects in modern electronics, communications, medical care, and military fields. At present, the microstructure changes of PZT ferroelectric thin films have a significant impact on their electrical properties. Therefore, this work summarizes the influences of geometric structure (thickness, porosity), composition structure (Zr/Ti ratio, doping), and grain structure (grain size, grain boundaries, orientation) on the electrical properties of PZT ferroelectric thin films. The results show that the changes in thickness and porosity have a significant impact on the electrical properties of PZT ferroelectric films. Especially, the actual application scenarios and preparation processes determine the required geometric dimensions and structures of PZT ferroelectric films. The Zr/Ti ratio and doping mainly affect the electrical properties by influencing the phase composition of PZT ferroelectric films. The changes in grain size, boundary structure, and orientation dependence mainly have a certain degree of influence on the domain response and domain switching behavior of PZT ferroelectric thin films. In conclusion, different structures have different influence effects on the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of PZT ferroelectric films. The way the tiny structure affects how PZT thin films work was shown, helping to guide the design of ferroelectric thin film devices. In order to further study and apply piezoelectric ceramic devices, it is crucial to have an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the structure and performance of piezoelectric ceramic devices.

### 950. [Observer-based Adaptive Fuzzy Force Control for the Pneumatic Polishing System End-actuator with Uncertain Dynamic Contact Model](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/observer-based-adaptive-fuzzy-force-control-for-the-pneumatic-polishing-system-end-actuator-with-uncertain-dynamic-contact-model) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01317-4]
In the field of flexible polishing, the accuracy of contact force control directly affects processing quality and material removal uniformity. However, the complex dynamic contact model and inherent strong hysteresis of pneumatic systems can significantly impact the force control accuracy of pneumatic polishing system end-effectors. To enhance responsiveness and control precision during the flexible polishing process, this study proposes an observer-based fuzzy adaptive control (OBFAC) scheme. To ensure control accuracy under an uncertain dynamic contact model, a fuzzy state observer is designed to estimate unmeasured states, while fuzzy logic approximates the uncertain nonlinear functions in the model to improve control performance. Additionally, the integral barrier Lyapunov function is employed to ensure that all states remain within predefined constraints. The stability of the proposed control scheme is analyzed using the Lyapunov function, and a pneumatic polishing experimental platform is constructed to conduct polishing contact force control experiments under multiple scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed OBFAC scheme achieves superior tracking control performance compared to existing control schemes.

### 951. [Robust and Fast Monitoring Method of Micro-Milling Tool Wear Using Image Processing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/robust-and-fast-monitoring-method-of-micro-milling-tool-wear-using-image-processing) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01225-7]
In micro milling machining, tool wear directly affects workpiece quality and accuracy, making effective tool wear monitoring a key factor in ensuring product integrity. The use of machine vision-based methods can provide an intuitive and efficient representation of tool wear conditions. However, micro milling tools have non-flat flanks, thin coatings can peel off, and spindle orientation is uncertain during downtime. These factors result in low pixel values, uneven illumination, and arbitrary tool position. To address this, we propose an image-based tool wear monitoring method. It combines multiple algorithms to restore lost pixels due to uneven illumination during segmentation and accurately extract wear areas. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits high robustness to such images, effectively addressing the effects of illumination and spindle orientation. Additionally, the algorithm has low complexity, fast execution time, and significantly reduces the detection time in situ.

### 952. [An Optimization Method for Five-axis Plunge Milling Tool Path Considering SIRD](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-optimization-method-for-five-axis-plunge-milling-tool-path-considering-sird) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01241-7]
A sudden increase in the radial depth (SIRD) is a distinctive phenomenon in plunge milling. It is typically characterized by a sharp increase in cutting force at the end of the axial feed of the tool, accompanied by harsh machine vibration sounds, which can negatively impact the reliability of plunge milling. This paper proposes an optimization method to eliminate SIRD in five-axis plunge milling. Initially, a five-axis plunge milling experiment and an analysis of the spatial position relationship between the plunge tools and the workpiece revealed that the cause of SIRD is unreasonable tool path planning. Subsequently, using the cutter position and cutter axis vector as variables, an SIRD discrimination model was developed for adjacent cutter positions and extended to multiple cutter positions. Optimizing the plunge milling tool path is considered a multivariate optimization problem that involves determining the cutter point and cutter axis vector. The SIRD discrimination model was used as a constraint function to aid in solving for the variables. The simulation and experimental results indicate that with the remaining volume of material as the optimization target, the optimized plunge milling tool path results in a residual material volume that is less than 60% of the gradually decreasing plunge depth. This optimization decreases the subsequent semi-finishing time of the workpiece and enhances machining efficiency. Additionally, it does not rely on operator experience and facilitates efficient automated optimization of the tool path to exclude SIRD.

### 953. [Characterization of Micro-grooves Processed Using a Green Femtosecond Laser in Silicon Carbide](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/characterization-of-micro-grooves-processed-using-a-green-femtosecond-laser-in-silicon-carbide) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01306-7]
Silicon carbide (SiC) is widely used in fields such as new energy, military radar, and aerospace due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. The surface micro-grooves of SiC can enhance the performance of micro-electro-mechanical systems, micro-sensors, and field-effect transistors. However, SiC, being a brittle and hard material, poses challenges for traditional machining methods like micro-groove machining and chemical etching, including sub-surface damage, short tool life, and low processing efficiency. This paper investigates the processing characteristics of femtosecond laser machining of SiC micro-grooves and compares them with those of single-crystal Si. The results indicate that femtosecond laser ablation of SiC primarily leads to melting and vaporization, forming modification, melted, and ablation areas in the affected area. Femtosecond laser processing of SiC micro-grooves involves three processes: heat absorption and melting, vaporization, and chipping, with vaporization as the primary material removal mechanism. The depth and width of SiC micro-grooves are positively correlated with pulse energy (Ep), pulse overlap rate (PO), and number of passes (Npass). The bottom roughness of the micro-grooves is positively correlated with Ep, negatively correlated with PO, and less affected by changes in the Npass. These findings further elucidate the material removal and micro-groove formation mechanisms of SiC under femtosecond laser irradiation, providing theoretical insights for high-quality and high-efficiency processing of SiC micro-grooves.

### 954. [Design and Performance Verification of a Novel Eccentric Rotational Cutting Tool for Removal of Vascular Calcification Tissue](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-and-performance-verification-of-a-novel-eccentric-rotational-cutting-tool-for-removal-of-vascular-calcification-tissue) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01254-2]
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of human mortality, and calcified tissue blocking blood vessels is the main cause of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Rotational Atherectomy (RA) is a minimally invasive catheter-based treatment method that involves high-speed cutting of calcified tissue using miniature tools for removal. However, the cutting forces, heat, and debris can induce tissue damage and give rise to serious surgical complications. To enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of RA, a novel eccentric rotational cutting tool, with one side comprising axial and circumferential staggered micro-blades, was designed and fabricated in this study. In addition, a series of experiments were conducted to analyze their performance across five dimensions: tool kinematics, force, temperature, debris, and surface morphology of the specimens. Experimental results show that the force, temperature and debris size of the novel tool were well inhibited at the highest rotational speed. For the tool of standard clinical size (diameter 1.25 mm), the maximum force is 0.75 N, with a maximum temperature rise in the operation area of 1.09 ℃. Debris distribution followed a normal distribution pattern, with 90% of debris measuring smaller than 9.12 μm. All tool metrics met clinical safety requirements, indicating its superior performance. This study provides a new idea for the design of calcified tissue removal tools, and contributes positively to the advancement of RA.

### 955. [Research on the Microstructure Characterization and Fatigue Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloy Subjected to Short-Arc and Milling Composite Processing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-the-microstructure-characterization-and-fatigue-behavior-of-nickel-based-superalloy-subjected-to-short-arc-and-milling-composite-processing) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01315-6]
Short-arc machining is a novel electrical discharge machining method that utilizes high-energy arc discharge as the energy carrier. Due to its low cost and high processing efficiency, it has been widely applied in the efficient processing of superalloys. To address the challenges of efficient and high-precision processing of superalloys, a processing method combining short-arc machining with precision milling is employed. Advanced material characterization techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) are utilized to analyze the physical properties of the recast layer and surface crystal characteristics. High-temperature low-cycle fatigue life tests are conducted to investigate the correlation between fatigue life and typical surface integrity parameters (surface roughness, residual stress), as well as crystallographic parameters (grain size, grain orientation spread, geometrically necessary dislocations). Processing parameter optimization is achieved with fatigue life as the target. The results indicate that at high temperatures during short-arc machining, the surface material underwent recrystallisation to form a recast layer with a grain size reduction of 85.5% and a heat affected layer depth of over 400 μm. The trends in fatigue life are consistent with changes in residual stress, grain orientation spread and geometrically necessary dislocations. Selecting a larger axial depth of cut and lower feed per tooth is advantageous for achieving a higher fatigue life. The proposed research provides an instruction for high efficient precision machining of superalloys.

### 956. [Learning to Predict 3D Meshes from a Single Image via Depth Consistency](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/learning-to-predict-3d-meshes-from-a-single-image-via-depth-consistency) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01335-2]
Reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) shapes from a single image remains a significant challenge in computer vision due to the inherent ambiguity caused by missing or occluded shape information. Previous studies have predominantly focused on mesh models supervised by multi-view silhouettes. However, such methods are limited in reconstructing fine details. In this study, a 3D mesh model is predicted from a single image, leveraging depth consistency and without requiring viewpoint pose annotations. The model effectively learns strong shape priors that preserve finer structures and accurately predicts view poses from "correlation-supervised" viewpoints. Additionally, standard deviation and Laplacian losses were employed to regulate mesh edge distribution, resulting in more precise reconstructions. Differentiable renderer functions were derived from the 3D mesh to generate depth maps. Compared to conventional approaches, the proposed method provided superior representation of subtle structures. When applied to both synthetic and real-world datasets, the model outperformed existing methods in view-based 3D reconstruction tasks.

### 957. [Controlling the Longitudinal Vibration of an Elastic Rod within a Wide Frequency Band by Utilizing an Adjustable Stiffness Internal Support](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/controlling-the-longitudinal-vibration-of-an-elastic-rod-within-a-wide-frequency-band-by-utilizing-an-adjustable-stiffness-internal-support) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01253-3]
In engineering practice, there are many factors causing the vibration to which rods are usually subjected. Generally, the vibration of elastic rods motivated by determined vibration excitations can be controlled effectively. However, the working frequency of vibration excitation may vary due to environmental changes, the working conditions of equipment, and other factors. Consequently, it remains a challenge to restrict the longitudinal vibration of elastic rods within a wide frequency band. In order to meet the relevant engineering requirements and address the existing limitations, the longitudinal vibration control of an elastic rod within a wide frequency band is explored in this study through an adjustable stiffness internal support. To achieve this purpose, the variable stiffness longitudinal vibration control theory of the elastic rod is validated. The model of an adjustable stiffness internal support is designed, constructed, and tested, demonstrating that the stiffness coefficients of the adjustable stiffness internal support can be effectively controlled. Through the adjustable stiffness internal support, the experiment on longitudinal vibration control of the elastic rod is designed and performed. It leads to the conclusion that the adjustable stiffness internal support within the adjustable working region is effective in restricting the longitudinal vibration within a wide frequency band of the elastic rod. Furthermore, the existence of the adjustable working region in the experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the adjustable stiffness internal support intended for the variable stiffness longitudinal vibration control of an elastic rod. To sum up, this study provides insights into an adjustable stiffness mechanism for applying the theory of variable stiffness longitudinal vibration control on an elastic rod in engineering practice.

### 958. [Intelligent Manufacturing of a Bibliometric Review: From Frontier Hotspots to Key Technologies and Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-manufacturing-of-a-bibliometric-review-from-frontier-hotspots-to-key-technologies-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01274-y]
Intelligent manufacturing (IM), a driving force behind the fourth industrial revolution, is reshaping the manufacturing sector by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. Despite the rapid technological advancements in IM, comprehensive bibliometric reviews remain limited. This article systematically reviews the latest research in IM, addressing emerging hotspots, key technologies, and their applications across the entire product manufacturing cycle. Bibliometric analysis is employed to identify research trends visualize publication volume, collaboration patterns, research domains, co-citations, and emerging areas of interest. The article then examines key technologies supporting IM, including sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), digital twins, and virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR). Furthermore, it explores the application of these technologies throughout the manufacturing cycle—from intelligent reliability design, material transportation and tracking, to intelligent planning and scheduling, machining and fabrication, monitoring and maintenance, quality inspection and control, warehousing and management, and sustainable green manufacturing—through specific case studies. Lastly, the article discusses future research directions, highlighting the increasing global market and the need for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, technological integration, computing power upgrades, and attention to security and privacy in IM. This study provides valuable insights for scholars and serves as a guide for future research and strategic investment decisions, offering a comprehensive view of the IM field.

### 959. [Isogeometric Collocation Method for Random Field Discretization Based on Adaptive Moment Abscissae](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/isogeometric-collocation-method-for-random-field-discretization-based-on-adaptive-moment-abscissae) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01293-9]
The discretization of random fields is the first and most important step in the stochastic analysis of engineering structures with spatially dependent random parameters. The essential step of discretization is solving the Fredholm integral equation to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the covariance functions of the random fields. The collocation method, which has fewer integral operations, is more efficient in accomplishing the task than the time-consuming Galerkin method, and it is more suitable for engineering applications with complex geometries and a large number of elements. With the help of isogeometric analysis that preserves accurate geometry in analysis, the isogeometric collocation method can efficiently achieve the results with sufficient accuracy. An adaptive moment abscissa is proposed to calculate the coordinates of the collocation points to further improve the accuracy of the collocation method. The adaptive moment abscissae led to more accurate results than the classical Greville abscissae when using the moment parameter optimized with intelligent algorithms. Numerical and engineering examples illustrate the advantages of the proposed isogeometric collocation method based on the adaptive moment abscissae over existing methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

### 960. [MILP Modeling and Optimization of Three-Stage Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem with Assembly and AGV Transportation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/milp-modeling-and-optimization-of-three-stage-flexible-job-shop-scheduling-problem-with-assembly-and-agv-transportation) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01281-z]
The flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) is commonly encountered in practical manufacturing environments. A product is typically built by assembling multiple jobs during actual manufacturing. AGVs are normally used to transport the jobs from the processing shop to the assembly shop, where they are assembled. Therefore, studying the integrated scheduling problem with its processing, transportation, and assembly stages is extremely beneficial and significant. This research studies the three-stage flexible job shop scheduling problem with assembly and AGV transportation (FJSP-T-A), which includes processing jobs, transporting them via AGVs, and assembling them. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is established to obtain optimal solutions. As the MILP model is challenging for solving large-scale problems, a novel co-evolutionary algorithm (NCEA) with two different decoding methods is proposed. In NCEA, a restart operation is developed to improve the diversity of the population, and a multiple crossover strategy is designed to improve the quality of individuals. The validity of the MILP model is proven by analyzing its complexity. The effectiveness of the restart operator, multiple crossovers, and the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by calculating and analyzing the RPI values of each algorithm's results within the time limit and performing a paired t-test on the average values of each algorithm at the 95% confidence level. This paper studies FJSP-T-A by minimizing the makespan for the first time, and presents a MILP model and an NCEA with two different decoding methods.

### 961. [Automatic Generation Method of Knowledge Graph for Complex Product Assembly Processes Based on Text Mining](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/automatic-generation-method-of-knowledge-graph-for-complex-product-assembly-processes-based-on-text-mining) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01284-w]
Efficient preparation and assembly guidance for complex products relies heavily on semantic information in assembly process documents. This information encompasses various levels of elements and complex semantic relationships. However, there is currently a scarcity of effective modeling techniques to express these documents’ inherent assembly process knowledge. This study introduces a method for constructing an Assembly Process Knowledge Graph of Complex Products (APKG-CP) utilizing text mining techniques to tackle the challenges of high costs, low efficiency, and difficulty reusing process knowledge. Developing the assembly process knowledge graph involves categorizing entity and relationship classes from multiple levels. The Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model integrates BERT (bidirectional encoder representations from transformers), BiLSTM (bidirectional long short-term memory), and CRF (conditional random field) to extract knowledge entities and relationships in assembly process documents automatically. Furthermore, the knowledge fusion method automatically instantiates the assembly process knowledge graph. The proposed construction method is validated by constructing and visualizing an assembly process knowledge graph using data from an aerospace enterprise as an example. Integrating the knowledge graph with the assembly process preparation system demonstrates its effectiveness for process design.

### 962. [A Heuristic Mutation Based Genetic Algorithm for Fast Parallel Scheduling of Steel Cold Rolling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-heuristic-mutation-based-genetic-algorithm-for-fast-parallel-scheduling-of-steel-cold-rolling) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01271-1]
A well-designed production schedule for cold rolling can enhance steel enterprises’ operational efficiency and profitability. Nevertheless, the intricate constraints and numerous steps involved in cold rolling pose challenges to devising a rational scheduling plan. Therefore, considering the practical production constraints, this paper investigates a cold rolling scheduling problem for processing jobs with specific due dates and batch attributions on parallel heterogeneous machines with continuous production requirements. Firstly, the scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) model with an economic objective. Then, a modified genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to search for the optimal solution to the MILP problem. Specifically, this method includes a heuristic initialization mechanism to generate feasible initial solutions, three heuristic mutation operators to generate promising candidate solutions, and a parallel computing mechanism to accelerate the evaluation process of the GA. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can be effectively implemented to generate optimized scheduling schemes in the cold rolling process.

### 963. [Numerical Analysis of Fluid and Temperature Field of an Accessory Gearbox](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-analysis-of-fluid-and-temperature-field-of-an-accessory-gearbox) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01295-7]
The accessory gearbox is a vital component of aviation engines, and its power loss, flow characteristics, and temperature distribution significantly influence engine performance, particularly under high-temperature and high-speed conditions. However, research on the thermal and flow characteristics of entire transmission systems remains limited. This study presents a mathematical model designed to evaluate power loss and heat generation within the transmission system of an accessory gearbox. The Moving Particle Semi-Implicit (MPS) method, a Lagrangian numerical technique for fluid dynamics, was utilized to calculate the flow field of the gearbox and determine the surface convective heat transfer coefficient under stable flow conditions. Subsequently, a three-dimensional finite element thermal network method was employed to calculate the gearbox temperature distribution. This method captures detailed temperature fields of key components while estimating other components using lumped parameters, effectively balancing accuracy and efficiency in temperature field calculations. The results indicate that rotational speed has a greater impact on total power loss than the oil inlet temperature. The bevel gears, which are responsible for power input, along with the input shaft bearings, are the primary contributors to power loss, collectively accounting for nearly 50% of the total power loss. This research introduces a predictive method for examining the thermal and flow characteristics of aviation transmission systems, facilitating rapid forecasting of the flow field, temperature distribution, and power consumption.

### 964. [Virtual Impedance Adaptation of Lower-Limb Exoskeleton for Human Performance Augmentation Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/virtual-impedance-adaptation-of-lower-limb-exoskeleton-for-human-performance-augmentation-based-on-deep-reinforcement-learning) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01355-y]
This paper proposes virtual impedance adaptation of the lower-limb exoskeleton for human performance augmentation (LEHPA) based on deep reinforcement learning (VIADRL) to mitigate reliance on model accuracy and address the ever-changing human-exoskeleton interaction (HEI) dynamics. The classical sensitivity amplification control strategy is expanded to the virtual impedance control strategy with more learnable virtual impedance parameters. The adjustment of these virtual impedance parameters is formalized as finding the optimal policy for a Markov Decision Process and can then be effectively resolved using deep reinforcement learning algorithms. To ensure safe and efficient policy training, a multibody simulation environment is established to facilitate the training process, supplemented by the innovative hybrid inverse-forward dynamics simulation approach for executing the simulation. For comparison purposes, the SADRL strategy is introduced as a benchmark. A novel control performance evaluation method based on the HEI forces at the back, thighs, and shanks is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the performance of our proposed VIADRL strategy. The VIADRL controller is systematically compared with the SADRL controller at five selected walking speeds. The lumped ratio of HEI forces under the SADRL strategy relative to those under the SADRL strategy is as low as 0.81 in simulation and approximately 0.89 on the LEHPA prototype. The overall reduction of HEI forces demonstrates the superiority of the VIADRL strategy in comparison to the SADRL strategy.

### 965. [Data-Driven Human-in-the-Loop Iterative Learning Fault Estimation Method](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/data-driven-human-in-the-loop-iterative-learning-fault-estimation-method) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01323-6]
For control systems with unknown model parameters, this paper proposes a data-driven iterative learning method for fault estimation. First, input and output data from the system under fault-free conditions are collected. By applying orthogonal triangular decomposition and singular value decomposition, a data-driven realization of the system's kernel representation is derived, based on this representation, a residual generator is constructed. Then, the actuator fault signal is estimated online by analyzing the system's dynamic residual, and an iterative learning algorithm is introduced to continuously optimize the residual-based performance function, thereby enhancing estimation accuracy. The proposed method achieves actuator fault estimation without requiring knowledge of model parameters, eliminating the time-consuming system modeling process, and allowing operators to focus on system optimization and decision-making. Compared with existing fault estimation methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior transient performance, steady-state performance, and real-time capability, reduces the need for manual intervention and lowers operational complexity. Finally, experimental results on a mobile robot verify the effectiveness and advantages of the method.

### 966. [Intelligent Design Method for Thermal Conductivity Topology Based on a Deep Generative Network](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-design-method-for-thermal-conductivity-topology-based-on-a-deep-generative-network) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01222-w]
Heat dissipation performance is critical to the design of high-end equipment, such as integrated chips and high-precision machine tools. Owing to the advantages of artificial intelligence in solving complex tasks involving a large number of variables, researchers have exploited deep learning to expedite the optimization of material properties, such as the heat dissipation of solid isotropic materials with penalization (SIMP). However, because the approach is limited by discrete datasets and labeled training forms, ensuring the continuous adaptation of the condition domain and maintaining the stability of the design structure remain major challenges in the current intelligent design methodology for thermally conductive structures. In this study, we propose an innovative intelligent design framework integrating Conditional Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (CDCGAN) with SIMP, capable of creating topology structures that meet prescribed thermal conduction performance. This proposed design strategy significantly reduces the computational time required to solve symmetric and random heat sink problems compared with existing design approaches and is approximately 98% faster than standard SIMP methods and 55.5% faster than conventional deep-learning-based methods. In addition, we benchmarked the design performance of the proposed framework against theoretical structural designs via experimental measurements. We observed a 50.1% reduction in the average temperature and a 28.2% reduction in the highest temperature in our designed topology compared with those theoretical structure designs.

### 967. [Simulation Analysis of How Scratches Influence Frequency Splitting and Energy Dissipation of Hemispherical Resonator](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/simulation-analysis-of-how-scratches-influence-frequency-splitting-and-energy-dissipation-of-hemispherical-resonator) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01350-3]
The fused quartz hemispherical resonator is the core component of the hemispherical resonator gyroscope. It features a complex shape and is made from a material that is difficult to process. Scratches are easily introduced during grinding, potentially degrading the mass-stiffness-damping symmetry; however, the underlying mechanisms of this influence have not been fully understood. This paper aims to investigate the effects of scratch defects on the frequency splitting and quality factor of the hemispherical resonator. First, finite element models of the hemispherical resonator with scratches are established. Then, the effects of the mass-stiffness factor, as well as the latitude and length of the scratches, on frequency splitting are analyzed. Furthermore, the impacts of latitude, length, and the first four harmonics of the unbalanced mass caused by scratches on thermoelastic damping and anchor loss are examined. Simulation results indicate that scratches above 55° latitude cause frequency splitting solely due to stiffness changes. Frequency splitting caused by scratches of the same size on the inherent rigidity shaft at the rim is approximately 50% of that near the transition fillet. Frequency splitting varies linearly with the volume of material removed by scratches. Scratches have little effect on thermoelastic damping. The first three harmonics of the unbalanced mass due to scratches at the rim are the primary contributors to anchor loss. Finally, focused ion beam trimming experiments are conducted at different locations on the hemispherical resonator. The trends observed in the experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. This work provides guidance for evaluating the impact of scratches on the performance of hemispherical resonators and for developing appropriate trimming processes.

### 968. [Physics-Informed Graph Learning for Shape Prediction in Robot Manipulate of Deformable Linear Objects](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/physics-informed-graph-learning-for-shape-prediction-in-robot-manipulate-of-deformable-linear-objects) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01299-3]
Shape prediction of deformable linear objects (DLO) plays critical roles in robotics, medical devices, aerospace, and manufacturing, especially in manipulating objects such as cables, wires, and fibers. Due to the inherent flexibility of DLO and their complex deformation behaviors, such as bending and torsion, it is challenging to predict their dynamic characteristics accurately. Although the traditional physical modeling method can simulate the complex deformation behavior of DLO, the calculation cost is high and it is difficult to meet the demand of real-time prediction. In addition, the scarcity of data resources also limits the prediction accuracy of existing models. To solve these problems, a method of fiber shape prediction based on a physical information graph neural network (PIGNN) is proposed in this paper. This method cleverly combines the powerful expressive power of graph neural networks with the strict constraints of physical laws. Specifically, we learn the initial deformation model of the fiber through graph neural networks (GNN) to provide a good initial estimate for the model, which helps alleviate the problem of data resource scarcity. During the training process, we incorporate the physical prior knowledge of the dynamic deformation of the fiber optics into the loss function as a constraint, which is then fed back to the network model. This ensures that the shape of the fiber optics gradually approaches the true target shape, effectively solving the complex nonlinear behavior prediction problem of deformable linear objects. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to traditional methods, the proposed method significantly reduces execution time and prediction error when handling the complex deformations of deformable fibers. This showcases its potential application value and superiority in fiber manipulation.

### 969. [Human-centric Product Conceptual Design Model and Its Feedback-based Co-evolution Method](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/human-centric-product-conceptual-design-model-and-its-feedback-based-co-evolution-method) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01239-1]
In the context of Industry 5.0, more emphasis is placed on human-centric smart manufacturing patterns. Product design is a vital phase of smart manufacturing, involving user engagement is an essential factor in enhancing design quality and fostering innovation. With user involvement in-depth, dynamically changing user requirements and feedback bring new problems to the design process, and the traditional linear solving process cannot perceive such variations timely, which causes hysteresis in the solution. The design solution’s hysteresis affects the consensus achievement process between the designer and user, further prolonging the iteration cycle. To address this issue, a human-centric product conceptual design model is proposed for the timely translation of such variations into design solutions. In this model, design problems are formed by centering on user requirements, designer and user collaboratively solve the problems to form design solutions. Through a cycle of problem-driven, knowledge-supported, and solution evaluation, new problems are solved promptly to achieve progressive solution convergence, which clarifies the iterative evolution process and improves iterative efficiency. To verify the effectiveness of the model, a natural gas well foaming agent automatic filling device design is presented.

### 970. [Grasp Control of Dexterous Hands Based on Bibliometric Analysis: A Survey](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/grasp-control-of-dexterous-hands-based-on-bibliometric-analysis-a-survey) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01346-z]
Recent years have witnessed unprecedented development in humanoid robotics, with dexterous hand grasping emerging as a focal research area across industrial and academic sectors. To track the state-of-the-art dexterous hand grasp, a review of dexterous hand grasp based on bibliometric analysis is executed. The related studies on dexterous hand grasp are collected from the Web of Science for analysis, where the publication details and cooperation situations from the perspectives of country, institute, etc. are discussed. The keywords cluster is adopted to find the hot research topic of dexterous hand grasp. The development trend of dexterous hand grasp is explored based on the top 25 keywords with the strongest citation bursts. The review findings indicate that precision control via multimodal fusion, autonomous task understanding and intelligent decision, and in-hand dexterous manipulation are top three hotspots in future.

### 971. [A Novel Gait Identity Recognition Method for Personalized Human-robot Collaboration in Industry 5.0](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-gait-identity-recognition-method-for-personalized-human-robot-collaboration-in-industry-50) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01348-x]
The integration of human-robot collaboration (HRC) in manufacturing, particularly within the framework of Human-Cyber-Physical Systems (HCPS) and the emerging paradigm of Industry 5.0, has the potential to significantly enhance productivity, safety, and ergonomics. However, achieving seamless collaboration requires robots to recognize the identity of individual human workers and perform appropriate collaborative operations. This paper presents a novel gait identity recognition method using Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data to enable personalized HRC in manufacturing settings, contributing to the human-centric vision of Industry 5.0. The hardware of the entire system consists of the IMU wearable device as the data source and a collaborative robot as the actuator, reflecting the interconnected nature of HCPS. The proposed method leverages wearable IMU sensors to capture motion data, including 3-axis acceleration, 3-axis angular velocity. The two-tower Transformer architecture is employed to extract and analyze gait features. It consists of Temporal and Channel Modules, multi-head Auto-Correlation mechanism, and multi-scale convolutional neural network (CNN) layers. A series of optimization experiments were conducted to improve the performance of the model. The proposed model is compared with other state-of-the-art studies on two public datasets as well as one self-collected dataset. The experimental results demonstrate the better performance of our method in gait identity recognition. It is experimentally verified in the manufacturing environment involving four workers and one collaborative robot in an HRC assembly task, showcasing the practical applicability of this human-centric approach in the context of Industry 5.0.

### 972. [Study of a Moment Suspension Mechanism for Off-Road Operation of a Multi-Terrain Mobile Robot](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-of-a-moment-suspension-mechanism-for-off-road-operation-of-a-multi-terrain-mobile-robot) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01283-x]
To effectively improve the adaptability and traversal abilities of a multi-terrain mobile robot under the dynamic excitation of multiple roads, we explore the mobile robot’s vibration and joint driving output stall caused by the dynamic excitation of the road spectrum function and analyze techniques for reducing the vibration and enhancing the driving moment of a four-wheel differential-speed mobile robot. A double-wishbone vibration reduction suspension and a moment compensator were designed for a multi-terrain mobile robot by theoretically describing its suspension-wheel-road dynamics. Also, the mobile robot’s road adaptability and traversal abilities were mathematically characterized under dynamic excitation. Co-simulation in ADAMS-MATLAB/Simulink is performed such as the harsh condition of in situ rotation and outdoor experimental schemes are implemented in which the experimental data are analyzed. The experimental result verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis, as well as the effectiveness of the vibration reduction suspension and the moment compensator. The compatibility of the mobile robot’s driving mechanisms with road traversal abilities has been improved under various terrain conditions in complex field operation scenarios.

### 973. [A Motion-decoupled Pneumatic Rigid-Flexible Hybrid Joint with Independently-Controlled Variable Stiffness for Continuum Robot](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-motion-decoupled-pneumatic-rigid-flexible-hybrid-joint-with-independently-controlled-variable-stiffness-for-continuum-robot) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01266-y]
Continuum robots have been a hot topic in recent years due to their intrinsic features of agility, flexibility, and safety. To successfully deploy continuum robots in practical applications, further enhancements in variable stiffness, decoupled motion, and embedded sensing are highly desirable. Since continuum robots are usually composed of multiple joints assembled in series, their mechanical properties and performance will certainly rely on the connected joints. This paper proposes a motion-decoupled variable stiffness-decoupled pneumatic rigid-flexible hybrid joint (RFHJ), which is modular designed and integrated with a rigid hinge, a stiffness-tuning module, and soft actuators. The soft pneumatic muscle actuators are pre-stretched during assembly, ensuring the stable initial state of RFHJ. A novel musculature-mounting configuration is also presented, which enables RFHJs to achieve independent motions in two orthogonal planes. Furthermore, the variable stiffness module is embedded in the RFHJ’s structure to offer real-time and independent stiffness tunability across multiple scales in two perpendicular directions. The proposed RFHJ makes most of the advantages of soft continuum robots and conventional rigid serial robots by introducing a hybrid structure to provide both safe human-robot interaction (HRI), accurate control and reliable stiffness variation, presenting promising potentials for robotic systems, which have been theoretically proved and experimentally verified on the physical prototype. The experimental results also indicate that the developed RFHJ can work with variable stiffness ranging in [1.2, 49.9] N·m/rad. A variable stiffness rigid-flexible hybrid continuum arm (RFHA) is designed with three RFHJs in series. Primary tests on the developed RFHA prototype demonstrate that it has the characteristics of decoupled driving, bidirectional stiffness tunability and self-stability.

### 974. [Design, Kinematics and Stiffness Analysis of a Reconfigurable Cable-Driven Parallel Robot](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-kinematics-and-stiffness-analysis-of-a-reconfigurable-cable-driven-parallel-robot) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01267-x]
Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) have advantages of larger workspace and load capacity than conventional parallel robots while existing interference problems among cables, workpieces and the end-effector. In order to avoid collision and improve the flexibility of the robots, this study proposes a reconfigurable cable-driven parallel robot (RCDPR) having characteristics of large load-to-weight ratio, easy modularity and variable stiffness. Adjustable brackets are connected to the moving platform to adjust the position of the pull-out point with the movement of the end-effector. In addition, a variable stiffness actuator (VSA) accompanied by finite element analysis is designed to optimize the cable tension to adapt different task requirements. Firstly, a new idea of reconfiguration is given, and an inverse kinematic model is established using the vector closure principle to derive its inverse kinematic expressions focusing on one of the configurations. Second, the VSA is attached to each cable to achieve stiffness adjustment, and the system stiffness is derived in detail. Finally, the rationality and accuracy of the robot are verified through numerical analysis, providing a reference for subsequent trajectory planning with implications.

### 975. [Digital Twin-driven Inversion of Assembly Precision for Industrial Equipment: Challenges, Progress and Perspectives](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/digital-twin-driven-inversion-of-assembly-precision-for-industrial-equipment-challenges-progress-and-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01224-8]
Assembly precision greatly influences the performance of complex high-end equipment. The traditional industrial assembly process and deviation transfer are implicit and uncertain, causing problems like poor component fit and hard-to-trace assembly stress concentration. Assemblers can only check whether the dimensional tolerance of the component design is exceeded step by step in combination with prior knowledge. Inversion in industrial assembly optimizes assembly and design by comparing real and theoretical results and doing inversion analysis to reduce assembly deviation. The digital twin (DT) technology visualizes and predicts the assembly process by mapping real and virtual model parameters and states simultaneously, expanding parameter range for inversion analysis and improving inversion result accuracy. Problems in improving industrial assembly precision and the significance and research status of DT-driven parametric inversion of assembly tools, processes and object precision are summarized. It analyzes vital technologies for assembly precision inversion such as multi-attribute assembly process parameter sensing, virtual modeling of high-fidelity assembly systems, twin synchronization of assembly process data models, multi-physical field simulation, and performance twin model construction of the assembly process. Combined with human-cyber-physical system, augmented reality, and generative intelligence, the outlook of DT-driven assembly precision inversion is proposed, providing support for DT’s use in industrial assembly and precision improvement.

### 976. [Physiological Characteristics of Forearm Muscles During Different Movement Patterns of Wrist](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/physiological-characteristics-of-forearm-muscles-during-different-movement-patterns-of-wrist) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01296-6]
The abundant muscle tissues of the forearm determine the movements of the wrist, hand and fingers together. However, linking wrist kinematics and forearm muscle activation is still a challenging. There may exist blindness in the rehabilitation therapy of forearm muscles, due to the lack of the physiological characteristics of muscle activation and sequences. An armband with eight channels was used to collect surface electromyographic signals (sEMGs) of a specific section of the forearm under the different wrist movements, palm postures, and external loads, based on the image of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The collected cross-sectional muscles covered almost all surface muscles. The muscle activation could be expressed clearly by enveloping the sEMG signals of 8 muscles within a single cycle. The root mean square (RMS) and the average peak value VP were used to evaluate the activation intensities of dominant muscles. The activation sequences and the absolute times of dominant muscles were obtained from the envelopes of their raw sEMGs, and not influenced by the palm postures and external loads. In addition, their RMS and VP under each wrist movement increased approximate linearly with external loads. The corresponding contribution ratios were first calculated to evaluate the role played by each muscle. The well-defined data of forearm muscles could provide standard references for the rehabilitation therapy of forearm muscles.

### 977. [Stiffness Modeling and Performance Evaluation of a (R(RPS&RP))&2-UPS Parallel Mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/stiffness-modeling-and-performance-evaluation-of-a-rrpsrp2-ups-parallel-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01347-y]
The average stiffness performance indices throughout the workspace are commonly used as global stiffness performance indices to evaluate the overall stiffness performance of parallel mechanisms, which involves an analysis of the stiffness performance of numerous discrete points in the workspace. This necessitates time-consuming and inefficient calculation, which is particularly pronounced in the optimization design stage of the mechanism, where the variations in the global stiffness performance indices versus various dimensional and structural parameters need to be analyzed. This paper presents a semi-analytical approach for stiffness modeling of the novel (R(RPS&RP))&2-UPS parallel mechanism (referred to as the Trifree mechanism) and proposes “local” stiffness performance indices as alternatives to global indices. Drawing on the screw theory, the Cartesian stiffness matrix of the Trifree mechanism is formulated explicitly by considering the compliances of all elastic elements and the over-constraint characteristics inherent in the mechanism. Based on the spherical motion pattern of the Trifree mechanism, four special reference configurations are extracted within the workspace. This yields “local” stiffness performance indices capable of accurately evaluating the overall stiffness performance of the mechanism and effectively improving the computational efficiency. The variations in global and “local” stiffness performance indices versus key design parameters are investigated. Furthermore, the proposed indices are applied to the Tricept and Trimule mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the proposed indices exhibit excellent computational accuracy and efficiency in evaluating the overall stiffness performance of these spherical parallel mechanisms. Moreover, the stiffness performance of the novel parallel mechanism investigated in this study closely resembles that of the well-known Tricept and Trimule mechanisms. This research proposes a semi-analytic stiffness model of the Trifree mechanism and “local” stiffness performance indices to evaluate the overall stiffness performance, thereby substantially improving the computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy.

### 978. [Motion Characteristics Analysis of a Novel Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Deployable Capture Mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/motion-characteristics-analysis-of-a-novel-autonomous-underwater-vehicle-deployable-capture-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01259-x]
The study of capture mechanisms with high capture adaptability is the key to improving the efficiency of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) retrieval and release. This study aims to develop a capture mechanism for the launch and recovery of AUV and elucidate its kinematic characteristics. Initially, based on the principles of deployment and retraction for AUV capture movements, a design scheme for a novel foldable and deployable capture mechanism is proposed. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) for enveloping and grasping movements is conducted according to screw theory. Additionally, the structural design of the actuation units for the capture mechanism is thoroughly discussed. Motion screw topology diagram is utilized to construct the kinematic model. On this basis, kinematic simulation verification of the capture mechanism is performed. The theoretical analysis revealed that the DoF for enveloping and grasping movements are 6 and 2, respectively. By appropriately configuring the actuation mechanism, enveloping and grasping movements can be achieved with a single actuation. The displacement and velocity curves of the capture mechanism were smooth, with no interference occurring. Vibration test results validate the reliability of the capture mechanism. The research work provides a valuable reference for the development of novel capture equipment for AUVs.

### 979. [Deep Transfer Learning Based Fault Diagnosis for Electromagnetic Pulse Valve Faults Under Small Sample](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deep-transfer-learning-based-fault-diagnosis-for-electromagnetic-pulse-valve-faults-under-small-sample) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01341-4]
The electromagnetic pulse valve, as a key component in baghouse dust removal systems, plays a crucial role in the performance of the system. However, despite the promising results of intelligent fault diagnosis methods based on extensive data in diagnosing electromagnetic valves, real-world diagnostic scenarios still face numerous challenges. Collecting fault data for electromagnetic pulse valves is not only time-consuming but also costly, making it difficult to obtain sufficient fault data in advance, which poses challenges for small sample fault diagnosis. To address this issue, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for electromagnetic pulse valves based on deep transfer learning and simulated data. This method achieves effective transfer from simulated data to real data through four parameter transfer strategies, which combine parameter freezing and fine-tuning operations. Furthermore, this paper identifies a parameter transfer strategy that simultaneously fine-tunes the feature extractor and classifier, and introduces an attention mechanism to integrate fault features, thereby enhancing the correlation and information complementarity among multi-sensor data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through two fault diagnosis cases under different operating conditions. In this study, small sample data accounted for 7.9% and 8.2% of the total dataset, and the experimental results showed transfer accuracies of 93.5% and 94.2%, respectively, validating the reliability and effectiveness of the method under small sample conditions.

### 980. [A CFD-MBD Co-Simulation Approach for Studying Aerodynamic Characteristics and Dynamic Performance of High-Speed Trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-cfd-mbd-co-simulation-approach-for-studying-aerodynamic-characteristics-and-dynamic-performance-of-high-speed-trains) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01352-1]
The interaction between the airflow and train influences the aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic performance of high-speed trains. This study focused on the fluid-solid coupling effect of airflow and HST, and proposed a co-simulation (CS) approach between computational fluid dynamics and multi-body dynamics. Firstly, the aerodynamic model was developed by employing overset mesh technology and the finite volume method, and the detailed train-track coupled dynamic model was established. Then the User Data Protocol was adopted to build data communication channels. Moreover, the proposed CS method was validated by comparison with a reported field test result. Finally, a case study of the HST exiting a tunnel subjected to crosswind was conducted to compare differences between CS and offline simulation (OS) methods. In terms of the presented case, the changing trends of aerodynamic forces and car-body displacements calculated by the two methods were similar. Differences mainly lie in aerodynamic moments and transient wheel-rail impacts. Maximum pitching and yawing moments on the head vehicle in the two methods differ by 21.1 kN∙m and 29.6 kN∙m, respectively. And wheel-rail impacts caused by sudden changes in aerodynamic loads are significantly severer in CS. Wheel-rail safety indices obtained by CS are slightly greater than those by OS. This research proposes a CS method for aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic performance of the HST in complex scenarios, which has superiority in computational efficiency and stability.

### 981. [Rolling Bearing Early Fault Detection Method Based on Feature Clustering Fusion Degradation Index](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rolling-bearing-early-fault-detection-method-based-on-feature-clustering-fusion-degradation-index) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01263-1]
The research on rolling bearing early fault detection is mainly focused on degradation index extraction and adaptive setting of alarm threshold. The mainstream methods are to extract degradation indicators based on adaptive features and set adaptive alarm thresholds based on the Shewhart control chart. However, the adaptive feature extraction method does not consider the correlation between features, and the Shewhart control chart is not sensitive to small fluctuations caused by early faults. In this study, a rolling bearing early fault detection method based on a feature clustering fusion degradation index is proposed. The multidomain statistical features are extracted to form the initial feature set, and the improved hierarchical clustering algorithm is combined with the feature evaluation index to select features to form a preferred feature subset, to ensure the richness of index information and reduce redundancy. After the construction of the degradation index, to suppress the interference caused by nonstationary and abnormal shocks in early fault detection, the accurate evaluation method and anomaly determination strategy of control chart parameters are studied, and an improved exponential weighted move average control chart is designed to monitor the degradation index. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are verified by public data sets. This research provides a rolling bearing early fault detection method, which can provide comprehensive degradation indicators, eliminate interference caused by random anomalies and running in periods, and achieve an accurate detection of early bearing failures.

### 982. [Dynamic Modeling of the Three-Dimensional Seated Human Body for High-Speed Train Ride Comfort Analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-modeling-of-the-three-dimensional-seated-human-body-for-high-speed-train-ride-comfort-analysis) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01205-x]
Typically, seat or floor acceleration is used to evaluate the ride comfort of a high-speed train. However, the dynamic performance of the human body significantly differs from that of the floor. Therefore, using the car body floor and seat accelerations to calculate the ride comfort index of a high-speed train may not reflect the true feelings of passengers. In this study, a 3D human-seat-vehicle-track coupling model was established to investigate the ride comfort of high-speed train passengers. The seated human model, which considers the longitudinal, lateral, vertical, pitching, yawing, and rolling motions, comprises the head, upper torso, lower torso, pelvis, thighs, and shanks. The model parameters were determined using multi-axis excitation measurement data based on a genetic algorithm. Subsequently, the applicability of the small-angle assumption and natural modes of the human model is analyzed. Using the coupling system model, the vibration characteristics of the human-seat interaction surface were analyzed. The ride comfort of the high-speed train and human body dynamic performance were analyzed under normal conditions, track geometric irregularities and train meeting conditions. The results showed that the passenger seats in the front and rear rows adjacent to the window had a higher acceleration value than the others. The human backrest and seat pad connection points have higher vibration amplitudes than the car body floor in the human-sensitive frequency range, indicating that using the acceleration values on the floor may underestimate the discomfort of passengers. The ride comfort of high-speed trains diminishes in the presence of track geometric irregularities and when trains pass each other. When the excitation frequency of track geometry irregularities approached the natural frequency of the human-seat-vehicle system, ride comfort in high-speed trains decreased significantly. Moreover, using seat acceleration to evaluate passenger ride comfort overlooks the vibration characteristics of the human body. The transient aerodynamic force generated when the train meets can cause a larger car body roll and lateral motion at 2 Hz, which, in turn, decreases the passenger ride comfort. This study presents a detailed human-seat-vehicle-track coupling system that can reflect a passenger’s dynamic performance under complex operating conditions.

### 983. [Fretting Wear Performance of CrN Coating after Laser Shock Peening](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fretting-wear-performance-of-crn-coating-after-laser-shock-peening) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01256-0]
CrN coatings are also employed to protect structural materials in nuclear power plants. It should be noted that the preparation process utilizing physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques inevitably entails certain defects. Such a phenomenon will affect the protective properties of CrN coatings. In this study, low-energy laser shock peening (LE-LSP) with varying energies was employed for the post-treatment of CrN coatings. The effects of different laser energy LE-LSP treatments on the surface morphology, crystal structure and fretting wear properties of CrN coatings were investigated. The results revealed that the surface of the CrN coatings subjected to LE-LSP underwent significant plastic deformation and displayed a regular texture structure. The surface roughness and Vickers hardness of the CrN coatings exhibit a significant increase. Under a laser energy of 150 mJ, the surface hardness exhibits a maximum increase of 2.35 times. The residual stress of CrN coatings diminishes with the augmentation of laser energy due to the formation of surface cracks. Following LE-LSP treatment, the columnar crystal structure of the CrN coating was disrupted and fragmented into fine grains due to the impact force. As the laser energy augments, the fragmented CrN grains undergo further compaction. During fretting wear, all specimens were in the gross slip regime. The wear mechanism of the CrN coating, 120 and 150 mJ specimens are primarily dominated by abrasive wear, and accompanied by oxidative wear. For specimens treated with 30, 60 and 90 mJ, the predominant wear mechanisms are mainly peeling and abrasive wear, and accompanied by oxidative wear. Both the wear area and wear volume initially increase and then decrease as the laser energy increases. The 150 mJ specimen exhibited the smallest wear area and wear volume of all tested specimens. The wear volume was reduced by 76.32% when compared to that of the CrN coating. This study complements the existing research on PVD/LSP composite strengthening techniques. Introduces a novel post-treatment methodology for PVD coatings. Provides certain theoretical support for subsequent PVD/LSP composite strengthening.

### 984. [Bi-Directional Evolutionary Topology Optimization with Adaptive Evolutionary Ratio for Nonlinear Structures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bi-directional-evolutionary-topology-optimization-with-adaptive-evolutionary-ratio-for-nonlinear-structures) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01276-w]
Current topology optimization methods for nonlinear continuum structures often suffer from low computational efficiency and limited applicability to complex nonlinear problems. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method tailored for maximizing stiffness in nonlinear structures. The optimization program is developed in Python and can be combined with Abaqus software to facilitate finite element analysis (FEA). To accelerate the speed of optimization, a novel adaptive evolutionary ratio (ER) strategy based on the BESO method is introduced, with four distinct adaptive ER functions proposed. The Newton-Raphson method is utilized for iteratively solving nonlinear equilibrium equations, and the sensitivity information for updating design variables is derived using the adjoint method. Additionally, this study extends topology optimization to account for both material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity, analyzing the effects of various nonlinearities. A series of comparative studies are conducted using benchmark cases to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the BESO method with adaptive ER significantly improves the optimization efficiency. Compared to the BESO method with a fixed ER, the convergence speed of the four adaptive ER BESO methods is increased by 37.3%, 26.7%, 12% and 18.7%, respectively. Given that Abaqus is a powerful FEA platform, this method has the potential to be extended to large-scale engineering structures and to address more complex optimization problems. This research proposes an improved BESO method with novel adaptive ER, which significantly accelerates the optimization process and enables its application to topology optimization of nonlinear structures.

### 985. [Trajectory Tracking Control of Parking Automated Guided Vehicles Using Nonlinear Disturbance Observer-based Sliding Mode](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/trajectory-tracking-control-of-parking-automated-guided-vehicles-using-nonlinear-disturbance-observer-based-sliding-mode) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01264-0]
Automated valet parking systems based on parking automated guided vehicles (P-AGVs) are effective for improving parking convenience and increasing parking density. The ability of P-AGVs to move towards any position and attain any orientation simultaneously due to their mecanum wheels makes it convenient to transport vehicles in a parking lot. In this study, a nonlinear disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller for the trajectory tracking problem of a P-AGV is proposed. The kinematic and dynamic models for a P-AGV tracking trajectory are first analyzed in sequence and the influences of disturbing forces considered. Subsequently, a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is designed to estimate the disturbing forces and torques generated by the caster wheels. Based on the designed NDO, a robust nonsingular terminal sliding-mode (NTSM) controller is used to track reference trajectories. The stabilities of the NDO and NDO-NTSM control systems are theoretically verified using their Lyapunov functions. Finally, simulations and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. The experimental results show that the proposed NDO-NTSM controller can improve the trajectory tracking stability by 42–68% compared to a traditional NTSM controller. The NDO-based sliding mode controller for trajectory tracking proposed in this study can effectively reduce the impact of disturbances on trajectory tracking accuracy.

### 986. [A New Dynamic Model of Hydro-Viscous Clutch in a Stepless Speed Regulation Fan Drive System Considering Oil Groove Structures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-new-dynamic-model-of-hydro-viscous-clutch-in-a-stepless-speed-regulation-fan-drive-system-considering-oil-groove-structures) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01286-8]
This study aims to develop an accurate calculation model of transmission torque and load-bearing capacity for hydro-viscous clutches (HVC) used in high-power vehicles, which is important to investigate the step-less speed regulation characteristics in a fan drive system. However, most of the existing models ignore the distribution differences of groove area along the radial direction, which may lead to significant deviations in calculating the mechanical property of friction pairs related to operating conditions and the engagement process. To fill this gap, a new calculation model for bearing capacity and frictional torque of friction pairs with different oil grooves is proposed, in which the traditional fixed contact area ratio coefficient for oil groove measurement is replaced by a more precise discrete micro-ring area ratio (DMAR) integration method. Then, a 32-degree-of-freedoms dynamic model of HVC at a fan drive system is established for the prediction of dynamic responses during speed regulation. Results show that friction pairs with different oil grooves have a direct influence on frictional torque and bearing capacity through the change of DMAR along the radial direction. The friction pairs with different groove structures have oscillation phenomena at the engagement steady-state boundary. Furthermore, a step-less speed regulation experimental setup is established to verify the correctness of the proposed model. It is demonstrated that the axial engagement force and the speed regulation curve predicted by the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results could effectively predict the engagement dynamic characteristics. The numerical relationship among the structure parameters, the mechanical properties of friction pairs, and the speed regulation characteristics of the system are established through the proposed model, which lays a theoretical foundation for the structure design of friction plates and optimization of step-less speed regulation performance.

### 987. [T-S Fuzzy Based Model Predictive Control Method for the Direct Yaw Moment Control System Design](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/t-s-fuzzy-based-model-predictive-control-method-for-the-direct-yaw-moment-control-system-design) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01292-w]
Distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) endow the ability to improve vehicle stability performance through direct yaw-moment control (DYC). However, the nonlinear characteristics pose a great challenge to vehicle dynamics control. For this purpose, this paper studies the DYC through the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy-based model predictive control to deal with the nonlinear challenge. First, a T-S fuzzy-based vehicle dynamics model is established to describe the time-varying tire cornering stiffness and vehicle speeds, and thus the uncertain parameters can be represented by the norm-bounded uncertainties. Then, a robust model predictive control (MPC) is developed to guarantee vehicle handling stability. A feasible solution can be obtained through a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, the tests are conducted by the Carsim/Simulink joint platform to verify the proposed method. The comparative results show that the proposed strategy can effectively guarantee the vehicle’s lateral stability while handling the nonlinear challenge.

### 988. [Reinforcement Learning Based Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/reinforcement-learning-based-energy-management-strategy-for-fuel-cell-hybrid-electric-vehicles) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01143-0]
With increasingly serious environmental pollution and the energy crisis, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles have been considered as an ideal alternative to traditional hybrid electric vehicles. Nevertheless, the total costs of fuel cell systems are still too high, thus limiting the further development of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. This paper presents an energy management strategy (EMS) based on deep reinforcement learning for the energy management of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. The energy management model of a fuel cell hybrid electric bus and its main components are established. Considering the power response characteristics of the fuel cell system, the power change rate of the fuel cell system is reasonably limited and introduced as action variables into the network of Double Deep Q-Learning (DDQL), and a novel DDQL-based EMS is developed for the fuel cell hybrid electric bus. Subsequently, a comparative test is conducted with the DP-based and the Rule-based EMS to analyze the performance of the DDQL-based EMS. The results indicate that the proposed EMS achieves good fuel economy performance, with an improvement of 15.4% compared to the Rule-based EMS under the training scenarios. In terms of generalization performance, the proposed EMS also achieves good fuel economy performance, which improves by 13.3% compared to the Rule-based energy management strategy under the testing scenario.

### 989. [Method Design and Field Experiment Validation of Predictive Fuel-saving Cruise Control Based on Cloud Control Platform](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/method-design-and-field-experiment-validation-of-predictive-fuel-saving-cruise-control-based-on-cloud-control-platform) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01206-w]
Predictive cruise control (PCC) is an intelligence-assisted control technology that can significantly improve the overall performance of a vehicle by using road and traffic information in advance. With the continuous development of cloud control platforms (CCPs) and telematics boxes (T-boxes), cloud-based predictive cruise control (CPCC) systems are considered an effective solution to the problems of map update difficulties and insufficient computing power on the vehicle side. In this study, a vehicle-cloud hierarchical control architecture for PCC is designed based on a CCP and T-box. This architecture utilizes waypoint structures for hierarchical and dynamic cooperative inter-triggering, enabling rolling optimization of the system and commanding parsing at the vehicle end. This approach significantly improves the anti-interference capability and resolution efficiency of the system. On the CCP side, a predictive fuel-saving speed-planning (PFSP) algorithm that considers the throttle input, speed variations, and time efficiency based on the waypoint structure is proposed. It features a forward optimization search without requiring weight adjustments, demonstrating robust applicability to various road conditions and vehicles equipped with constant cruise (CC) system. On the vehicle-side T-box, based on the reference control sequence with the global navigation satellite system position, the recommended speed is analyzed and controlled using the acute angle principle. Through analyzing the differences of the PFSP algorithm compared to dynamic programming (DP) and Model predictive control (MPC) algorithms under uphill and downhill conditions, the results show that the PFSP achieves good energy-saving performance compared to CC without exhibiting significant speed fluctuations, demonstrating strong adaptability to the CC system. Finally, by building an experimental platform and running field tests over a total of 2000 km, we verified the effectiveness and stability of the CPCC system and proved the fuel-saving performance of the proposed PFSP algorithm. The results showed that the CPCC system equipped with the PFSP algorithm achieved an average fuel-saving rate of 2.05%–4.39% compared to CC.

### 990. [Path Tracking Robust Control Strategy for Intelligent Vehicle Based on Force-Driven with MPC and H∞](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/path-tracking-robust-control-strategy-for-intelligent-vehicle-based-on-force-driven-with-mpc-and-h) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01294-8]
Due to errors in vehicle dynamics modeling, uncertainty in model parameters, and disturbances from curvature, the performance of the path tracking controller is poor or even unstable under high-speed and large-curvature conditions. Therefore, a path tracking robust control strategy based on force-driven H∞ and MPC is proposed. To fully exploit the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of tires, a force-driven state space model of a path tracking system based on a linear time-varying tire model is established; the H∞ and MPC methods are used to design a robust controller. Considering disturbance and system state constraints, the robust control constraint model based on LMI is established. Finally, the proposed controller is validated through joint simulations using CarSim and MATLAB. The results show that the maximum lateral deviation is reduced by 17.07%, and the maximum course angle deviation is reduced by 13.04% under large curvature disturbance conditions. The maximum lateral deviation is reduced by 27.85%, and the maximum course angle deviation is reduced by 31.17% under conditions of uncertain road adhesion coefficients. Based on the controller’s performance, the proposed controller effectively mitigates modeling errors, parameter uncertainties, and curvature disturbances.

### 991. [Research on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Isolated Non-pneumatic Mechanical Elastic Wheels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/research-on-aerodynamic-characteristics-of-isolated-non-pneumatic-mechanical-elastic-wheels) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01329-0]
Non-pneumatic wheels inherently offer explosion-proof advantages compared to pneumatic wheel. Our team innovatively proposed an “elastic ring-hinge group” type non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel (ME-Wheel). To analyze the gas flow characteristics around the ME-Wheel, this study analyzed the aerodynamic characteristics of the ME-Wheel for the first time by using CFD calculation method, and studied the influences of speed, steering angle, camber angle and hinge group on the aerodynamic characteristics of the wheel. Compared with camber angle, steering angle has a more significant effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheels in terms of lift and drag. Speed has no significant effect on the wheel drag coefficient and lift coefficient. The number of hinge groups has a significant effect on wheel aerodynamic characteristics. The deviations between the maximum and minimum values of drag, lift, drag coefficient, and lift coefficient are 6.06%, 8.57%, 6.05%, and 8.6%, respectively. This study addresses a critical gap in the design optimization of ME-Wheel, provides a theoretical basis for the aerodynamic optimization of ME-Wheel, and has strong practical significance for the commercial development of non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheels.

### 992. [Multi-mode Evasion Assistance Control Method for Intelligent Distributed-drive Electric Vehicle Considering Human Driver's Reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-mode-evasion-assistance-control-method-for-intelligent-distributed-drive-electric-vehicle-considering-human-drivers-reaction) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01270-2]
Vehicle collision avoidance (CA) has been widely studied to improve road traffic safety. However, most evasion assistance control methods face challenges in effectively coordinating collision avoidance safety and human-machine interaction conflict. This paper introduces a novel multi-mode evasion assistance control (MEAC) method for intelligent distributed-drive electric vehicles. A reference safety area is established considering the vehicle safety and stability requirements, which serves as a guiding principle for evading obstacles. The proposed method includes two control modes: Shared-EAC (S-EAC) and Emergency-EAC (E-EAC). In S-EAC, an integrated human-machine authority allocation mechanism is designed to mitigate conflicts between human drivers and the control system during collision avoidance. The E-EAC mode is tailored for situations where the driver has no collision avoidance behavior and utilizes model predictive control to generate additional yaw moments for collision avoidance. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed method reduces human-machine conflict and assists the driver in safe collision avoidance in the S-EAC mode under various driver conditions. In addition, it enhances the vehicle responsiveness and reduces the extent of emergency steering in the E-EAC mode while improving the safety and stability during the collision avoidance process.

### 993. [Multi-agent System Cooperative Control of Autonomous Vehicle Chassis Based on Scenario-driven Hybrid-DMPC with Variable Topology](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-agent-system-cooperative-control-of-autonomous-vehicle-chassis-based-on-scenario-driven-hybrid-dmpc-with-variable-topology) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01191-0]
The development of chassis active safety control technology has improved vehicle stability under extreme conditions. However, its cross-system and multi-functional characteristics make the controller difficult to achieve cooperative goals. In addition, the chassis system, which has high complexity, numerous subsystems, and strong coupling, will also lead to low computing efficiency and poor control effect of the controller. Therefore, this paper proposes a scenario-driven hybrid distributed model predictive control algorithm with variable control topology. This algorithm divides multiple stability regions based on the vehicle's β −γ phase plane, forming a mapping relationship between the control structure and the vehicle's state. A control input fusion mechanism within the transition domain is designed to mitigate the problems of system state oscillation and control input jitter caused by switching control structures. Then, a distributed state-space equation with state coupling and input coupling characteristics is constructed, and a weighted local agent cost function in quadratic programming is derived. Through cost coupling, local agents can coordinate global performance goals. Finally, through Simulink/CarSim joint simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test, the proposed algorithm is validated to improve vehicle stability while ensuring trajectory tracking accuracy and has good applicability for multi-objective coordinated control. This paper combines the advantages of distributed MPC and decentralized MPC, achieving a balance between approximating the global optimal results and the solution's efficiency.

### 994. [Improving Path Tracking Performance of 4WIS Vehicles via Constraint-Oriented Consistent Coordinated Steering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improving-path-tracking-performance-of-4wis-vehicles-via-constraint-oriented-consistent-coordinated-steering) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01298-4]
Research has shown that when vehicles follow the Ackerman steering principle (ASP), the tire wear can be reduced and the path tracking performance can be improved. However, in the case of four-wheel independent steering (4WIS) vehicles, the steering systems of the four wheels are relatively independent, and there are differences and uncertainties in individual steering dynamics, which lead to challenges for all four wheels in simultaneously satisfying the ASP and may deteriorate the vehicle path tracking performance. In response to this problem, this paper introduces a four-wheel consistent coordinated steering control for 4WIS vehicles. The algorithm innovatively reconfigures the Ackerman steering relationships as coupling constraints among the wheels, and utilizes the constraint-following method to design controller. The controller achieves uniform boundedness (UB) and uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) of ASP constraint error. The Carsim/Simulink joint simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm guarantees the approximate satisfaction of ASP in both the transient and steady-state of the vehicle path tracking. Also, it significantly improves the path tracking performance.

### 995. [Multi-model Switching Control Study of a Full-Car Suspension System for Balancing Ride Comfort and Handling Stability](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-model-switching-control-study-of-a-full-car-suspension-system-for-balancing-ride-comfort-and-handling-stability) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01340-5]
The cooperative control of ride comfort and handling stability in automobile suspension systems presents a significant challenge in intelligent chassis system design. This complexity arises from the high degrees of freedom, diverse operating conditions, and inherent trade-offs between performance metrics in full-car suspension systems. In this paper, a novel switching control strategy is proposed to better balance ride comfort and handling stability for a full-car suspension system. The system integrates a ride comfort controller and an anti-rollover controller, guided by a new rollover risk assessment indicator that requires fewer state variables. First, a vehicle suspension simplification model approach is introduced, reducing the fourteen-degree-of-freedom full-car suspension model to three two-degree-of-freedom models: vertical, pitch and roll. Based on these simplified models, vertical, roll, and pitch controllers are designed, simplifying the controller design process for full-car suspension systems. The ride comfort controller is constructed using the modal energy method in conjunction with the simplified model controllers, while the roll controller functions as the anti-rollover controller. The proposed rollover risk assessment indicator serves as the switching criterion between handling stability and ride comfort control. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed switching control strategy effectively adapts to various road conditions, enabling the semi-active variable damping suspension system to perform multi-modal switching. Compared to a well-tuned passive suspension, vertical, roll, and pitch accelerations are reduced by 14.13%, 13.02% and 13.08%, respectively, significantly improving ride comfort. Additionally, the system effectively mitigates rollover risk, achieving reductions in roll angle, roll speed, and roll acceleration by 19.69%, 16.40%, and 29.96%, respectively, thereby greatly enhancing vehicle safety. Overall, the proposed switching control strategy achieves a successful balance between ride comfort and handling stability, enhancing overall driving performance.

### 996. [Dynamics of Generalized Space-Deployable Mechanisms Based on the Local Frame of the SE(3) Group](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamics-of-generalized-space-deployable-mechanisms-based-on-the-local-frame-of-the-se3-group) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01314-7]
As space equipment become larger in size and more flexible, generalized mechanisms are being widely used in space-deployable structures. Dynamic modeling of large-scale generalized space-deployable mechanisms is challenging owing to the coupling between the deformation of flexible links and rigid body motion. This study develops a dynamic modeling method for generalized mechanisms using the local frame of the SE(3) Lie group. The model represents both rigid and flexible links within a unified Lie group setting. The expressions for the velocities of rigid links and deformation of flexible links are derived using the Lie algebra framework. The nonuniqueness of the degrees of freedom of generalized kinematic pairs is considered, and the velocity fields of kinematic pairs in different situations are expressed. The equations of motion are derived using Hamilton’s principle. Because the velocities are expressed in the local frame, the mass matrix in the equation is constant, which yields a compact and unified expression for the dynamic equation. A Lie group generalized-α time integration method is adopted to ensure numerical stability and efficiency in simulating multibody systems with large rotations and deformations. Two numerical examples are studied to demonstrate a formulation that reflects the motion responses under varying configurations and loading conditions. This study broadens the application of the local frame of the Lie group formulation in space mechanisms and provides a new concept for dynamic modeling of generalized mechanisms.

### 997. [A State-of-the-Art Review on the Revolution of Structure and Control of Vehicle Chassis System: from Tradition to Distributed Chassis System](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-state-of-the-art-review-on-the-revolution-of-structure-and-control-of-vehicle-chassis-system-from-tradition-to-distributed-chassis-system) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01297-5]
With the advent of in-wheel motors and corner modules, the structure of vehicle chassis subsystems has shifted from traditionally centralized to distributed. This review focuses on the distributed chassis system (DCS) equipped with corner modules. It first provides a comprehensive summary and description of the revolution of the structure and control methods of vehicle chassis systems (including driving, braking, suspension, and steering systems). Given that DCS integrates various chassis subsystems, this review moves beyond individual subsystem analysis and delves into the coordination of these subsystems at the vehicle level. It provides a detailed summary of the methods and architectures used for integrated coordination and control, ensuring that multiple subsystems can function seamlessly as an integrated whole. Finally, this review summarizes the latest distributed control architecture for DCS. It also examines current control theories in the fields of control and information technology for distributed systems, such as multi-agent systems and cyber-physical systems. Based on these two control approaches, a multi-domain cooperative control framework for DCS is proposed.

### 998. [Modeling and Control of the Linear Motor Active Suspension with Quasi-zero Stiffness Air Spring System Using Polynomial Chaos Expansion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modeling-and-control-of-the-linear-motor-active-suspension-with-quasi-zero-stiffness-air-spring-system-using-polynomial-chaos-expansion) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01273-z]
As a crucial component of intelligent chassis systems, air suspension significantly enhances driver comfort and vehicle stability. To further improve the adaptability of commercial vehicles to complex and variable road conditions, this paper proposes a linear motor active suspension with quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) air spring system. Firstly, a dynamic model of the linear motor active suspension with QZS air spring system is established. Secondly, considering the random uncertainties in the linear motor parameters due to manufacturing and environmental factors, a dynamic model and state equations incorporating these uncertainties are constructed using the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method. Then, based on H2 robust control theory and the Kalman filter, a state feedback control law is derived, accounting for the random parameter uncertainties. Finally, simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental results demonstrate that the PCE-H2 robust controller not only provides better performance in terms of vehicle ride comfort compared to general H2 robust controller but also exhibits higher robustness to the effects of random uncertain parameters, resulting in more stable control performance.

### 999. [Estimation of Road Friction Coefficient via the Data Enforced Unscented Kalman Filter](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/estimation-of-road-friction-coefficient-via-the-data-enforced-unscented-kalman-filter) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01354-z]
The tire-road friction coefficient (TRFC) plays a critical role in vehicle safety and dynamic stability, with model-based approaches being the primary method for TRFC estimation. However, the accuracy of these methods is often constrained by the complexity of tire force expressions and uncertainties in tire model parameters, particularly under diverse and complex driving conditions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel data-enforced unscented Kalman filter (DeUKF) approach for precise TRFC estimation in intelligent chassis systems. First, an Unscented Kalman Filter is constructed using a nominal tire model-based vehicle dynamics formulation. Then, leveraging Willems’ Fundamental Lemma and historical real-world driving data, the vehicle dynamics model is adaptively corrected within the Unscented Kalman Filter framework. This correction effectively mitigates the adverse effects of tire model uncertainties, thereby enhancing TRFC estimation accuracy. Finally, real vehicle experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

### 1000. [Thick-Panel Origami-Inspired Multiple Metamorphic Mechanisms with Planar-Spherical-Bennett Bifurcated Cycle](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thick-panel-origami-inspired-multiple-metamorphic-mechanisms-with-planar-spherical-bennett-bifurcated-cycle) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01312-9]
The intricate relationship between origami and mechanism underscores the fertile ground for innovation, which is particularly evident in the construction theory of thick-panel origami. Despite its potential, thick panel origami remains relatively unexplored in the context of single-loop metamorphic mechanisms. Drawing inspiration from thick-panel origami, particularly Miura origami, this study proposes a pioneering single-loop 6R multiple metamorphic mechanism. Through rigorous mathematical modeling (including the construction and resolution of the D-H closed-loop equation) and leveraging advanced analytical tools such as the screw theory and Lie theory, this study meticulously elucidates the planar, spherical, and Bennett motion branches of the mechanism. Furthermore, it delineates all the three bifurcation points between the motion branches, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the kinematic behavior of the mechanism. A metamorphic network can be constructed by applying several single-loop mechanisms to a symmetrical layout. Owing to its metamorphic properties, this network can act as a structural backbone for deployable antennas, aerospace shelters, and morphing wing units, thereby enabling a single mechanism to achieve multiple folding configurations. This paper not only introduces innovative metamorphic mechanisms but also suggests a promising method for uncovering and designing metamorphic mechanisms by developing new mechanisms from thick-panel origami.

### 1001. [Modeling, Analysis and Control on Vehicle Lateral Dynamics with Chassis Heterogeneous Actuators](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modeling-analysis-and-control-on-vehicle-lateral-dynamics-with-chassis-heterogeneous-actuators) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01345-0]
Chassis-by-wire technology has gained significant attention, with the scope of chassis domain control expanding from traditional two-dimensional plane motion control to encompass three-dimensional space motion control. Modern chassis-by-wire systems manage an increasing number of heterogeneous chassis execution systems, including distributed drive, all-wheel drive (AWD), brake-by-wire (BBW), steer-by-wire(SBW), rear-wheel steering (RWS), active stabilizer bar (ASB) and active suspension system (ASS), greatly enhancing the controllable degrees of freedom compared to conventional chassis configurations. To advance research in chassis domain control, it is essential to understand how these heterogeneous execution systems influence vehicle dynamics. This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical chassis control and execution systems, as well as their impact on vehicle lateral motion. Using a vehicle simulation platform, both the vehicle dynamics model and the individual dynamics models of each execution system were developed to analyze the influence of these systems on lateral dynamics. Additionally, a hierarchical control architecture was designed to control the vehicle’s lateral stability. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme was demonstrated and validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests and real-world vehicle testing.

### 1002. [Synthesis of and Experiment on a Morphing Nose Cone Driven by a Biomimetic 4-3R1U&3R Parallel Mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-of-and-experiment-on-a-morphing-nose-cone-driven-by-a-biomimetic-4-3r1u3r-parallel-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01308-5]
Aircraft have received much attention because of their capability to adapt to various flight environments and complex missions. The nose cone is one of the key elements in optimising the aerodynamic shape of aircraft. A morphing nose cone (MNC) driven by a biomimetic 4-3R1U&3R parallel mechanism is proposed in this study. Based on screw theory, the parallel mechanism’s configuration is determined, and the structure’s full-cycle degrees of freedom are concurrently confirmed. Examples in the paper demonstrate the viability of the structure by configuration synthesis, and diagrams also show the chains. This MNC is modelled after the structural design of the cicada’s abdomen and can be extended, contracted and bent. It can actively adjust its shape in response to change in the flight environments, thereby aerodynamic performance and enhancing the aircraft’s multi-mission capabilities. A scaled-down prototype is created to verify the deformation capacity of the MNC meeting the engineering requirements. Results show that the extension ratio is 36.7%, and the bending angle is 21.7°, which is better than expected. The relative error value is within a reasonable range and the extension process is incredibly stable. This research proposes new perspectives for the design of MNCs.

### 1003. [Configuration Synthesis and Analysis of Capture Origami Mechanism Based on Graph Theory](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/configuration-synthesis-and-analysis-of-capture-origami-mechanism-based-on-graph-theory) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01337-0]
Origami mechanisms are extensively employed in various engineering applications due to their exceptional folding performance and deformability. The key to designing origami mechanisms lies in the design of the creases. The crease design is often derived from experience and inspiration, so it is crucial to have a systematic approach to crease design. In this paper, a novel synthesis approach based on graph theory is proposed, which effectively addresses the challenge of designing the creases in origami mechanisms. The essence of this method lies in the acquisition of the double symmetrical crease pattern through the directed graph product operation of two subgraphs. The crease pattern can be simplified by employing a technique that eliminates certain creases while preserving the non-isomorphism and symmetry of the pattern. An improved mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to achieve an automatic distribution of the peak_valley creases of the origami. The proposed method ultimately generates 12 unique double symmetrical crease patterns. The new method proposed in this paper, through systematic design, significantly improves the efficiency of mechanism design while opening up broad prospects for exploring new mechanism structures, thereby greatly expanding its application potential in cutting-edge fields such as aerospace engineering and intelligent robots.

### 1004. [Conformal Geometric Algebra-based Forward Kinematics Analysis Method for the (2-SPR+RPS)+(3-SPR) Serial-Parallel Hybrid Mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/conformal-geometric-algebra-based-forward-kinematics-analysis-method-for-the-2-sprrps3-spr-serial-parallel-hybrid-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01325-4]
Parallel mechanisms with fewer degrees of freedom that incorporate two or more SPR limbs have been widely adopted in industrial applications in recent years. However, notable theoretical gaps persist, particularly in the field of analytical solutions for forward kinematics. To address this, this paper proposes an innovative forward kinematics analysis method based on Conformal Geometric Algebra (CGA) for complex hybrid mechanisms formed by serial concatenation of such parallel mechanisms. The method efficiently represents geometric elements and their operational relationships by defining appropriate unknown parameters. It constructs fundamental geometric objects such as spheres and planes, derives vertex expressions through intersection and dual operations, and establishes univariate high-order equations via inner product operations, ultimately obtaining complete analytical solutions for the forward kinematics of hybrid mechanisms. Using the (2-SPR+RPS) + (3-SPR) serial-parallel hybrid mechanism as a validation case, three configuration tests implemented in Mathematica demonstrate that: for each configuration, the upper 3-SPR mechanism yields 15 mathematical solutions, while the lower 2-SPR+RPS mechanism yields 4 mathematical solutions. After geometric constraint filtering, a unique physically valid solution is obtained for each mechanism. SolidWorks simulations further verify the correctness and reliability of the model. This research provides a reliable analytical method for forward kinematics of hybrid mechanisms, holding significant implications for advancing their applications in high-precision scenarios.

### 1005. [Design and Performance Study of an Automatic Compensation Wear High-Pressure Rotary Sealing Device](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-and-performance-study-of-an-automatic-compensation-wear-high-pressure-rotary-sealing-device) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01249-z]
A rotary sealing device that automatically compensates for wear is designed to address the issues of easy wear and the short service life of the rotary sealing device with automatic wear compensation in mining machinery. After the end face of the guide sleeve wears out, it still tightly adheres to the sealing valve seat under the pressure difference, achieving automatic wear compensation. Based on fluid-solid coupling technology, the structural strength of the rotary sealing device was checked. The influence of factors on the sealing performance of rotary sealing devices was studied using the control variable method. The results show that as the pressure of water increases, the leakage rate of the sealing device decreases, and after 30 MPa, the leakage rate is almost 0 mL/h. The temperature of the rotating sealing device increases with the increase of rotation speed or pressure, and the temperature is more affected by the rotation speed factor. The frictional torque increases with increasing pressure and is independent of rotational speed. Comprehensive analysis shows that the wear resistance and reliability level of the sealing guide sleeve material is PVDF>PEEK>PE>PA. This study designs a high-pressure automatic compensation wear rotary sealing device and selects the optimal sealing material, providing technical support for the application of high-pressure water jet in mining machinery.

### 1006. [Investigation of a Low-Power-Consumption and Self-Retaining Micro Solenoid Valve for Thermal Management Systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-of-a-low-power-consumption-and-self-retaining-micro-solenoid-valve-for-thermal-management-systems) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01227-5]
Thermosyphon loops are widely used in cooling systems. However, such distributed thermal management systems lack the ability to actively control the coolant flow in each parallel branch. An effective method for addressing this is to control the coolant flow in each branch using a solenoid valve. However, the existing valves do not satisfy the requirements for fast switching, low power, low pressure loss, and miniaturization. Therefore, in this study, a low-power-consumption miniature solenoid valve (LMSV) is proposed for use in thermal management systems. The key novelty is that the valve is designed with a suitably sized permanent magnet (PM) to allow the spool to continue working without consuming electrical energy. To achieve low flow resistance, a straight-through design is employed in the valve with the electromagnetic actuator located inside the valve shell. Multiphysical coupling analysis is performed to investigate its performance. The influence of the PM dimensions and current on the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic force is studied. The effects of these key parameters on the flow field and pressure loss are also analyzed. Because the LMSV is sensitive to temperature, the switching time and energy consumption at different working temperatures are investigated. Experimental test platforms are constructed. A valve switching time of as short as 3 ms, pressure loss of 200 Pa at 0.92 L/min, and energy consumption of approximately 1.55 J during the opening and closing processes are achieved. The novel solenoid valve proposed in this study offers fast switching, low power consumption, low pressure loss, and miniaturization to meet the requirements of thermal management systems.

### 1007. [Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Achieving Target Profile in Rail Grinding of Worn Rails](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-objective-optimization-approach-for-achieving-target-profile-in-rail-grinding-of-worn-rails) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01208-8]
This research aimed to overcome challenges such as high costs, lengthy optimization time, and low efficiency in resolving issues related to wheel-rail contact, rail wear, and vehicle dynamics. Based on the wheel-rail contact parameters, an optimal design method for rail grinding target profile is proposed from wear profile measurement to grinding profile design according to the actual railway track and vehicle operating conditions. We utilized Isight to create a simulation test and developed an RBF proxy model that incorporated both mechanical and geometric aspects of wheel-rail contact. By integrating rail modeling, wheel-rail contact analysis, and multi-objective optimization, we established a rail grinding optimization model that was solved using the NSGA-II algorithm. After optimization, the study achieved a 31.863% reduction in average contact stress, a 70.5% reduction in matching wear work, and a 100.391% increase in the difference in rolling radius between the wheel and rail.

### 1008. [Revolutionizing Rail Transportation: Unleashing Titanium Alloys for Enhanced Performance, Safety, and Sustainability](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/revolutionizing-rail-transportation-unleashing-titanium-alloys-for-enhanced-performance-safety-and-sustainability) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01229-3]
The exploration of titanium alloy applications in railway transportation aims to meet the newly emerged demand for vehicles that are lighter and more efficient. This research focuses on the potential of these materials to concurrently reduce vehicle weight and enhance efficiency, sustainability, and safety. Challenges faced include high production and processing costs, durability issues in harsh railway environments, and environmental impacts associated with alloy production. Research findings indicate that innovative alloy design and advanced processing techniques, such as powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and surface treatment, significantly improve the applicability of titanium alloys in railway applications. These methods substantially increase energy efficiency and safety. Additionally, advancements in environmentally sustainable practices in the production of titanium alloys address ecological concerns. As research progresses, the study and development of low-cost, high-performance titanium alloys highlight the need for more efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes. Exploring new alloy compositions and applying emerging technologies in processing and manufacturing are key areas for future research. These advancements are expected to enhance the role of titanium alloys in revolutionizing railway transportation, aligning with global trends towards sustainability and performance improvement. This research underscores the significant potential contribution of titanium alloys to future efficient and eco-friendly rail travel.

### 1009. [Performance Analysis of Open–Closed Circuit Integrated Pump-Valve Collaborative Drive Multi-Actuator System](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/performance-analysis-of-openclosed-circuit-integrated-pump-valve-collaborative-drive-multi-actuator-system) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01277-9]
Load-sensing systems use a centralized power source for energy supply and multiway valves for flow distribution and suffer from excessive throttling losses and low energy efficiency. Pump-controlled systems adopt volumetric control methods to eliminate throttling losses. However, pump-controlled multi-actuator systems require excessive installed power. To address these issues, by combining the respective advantages of valve- and pump-controlled technologies, an open–closed circuit integrated pump-valve collaborative drive multi-actuator system consisting of pump- and valve-controlled units is proposed. The pump-controlled units manage the individual actuator motions, whereas the valve-controlled unit enhances the driving power of the pump-controlled units. In addition, to optimize the operation characteristics and energy consumption, a four-quadrant control strategy and an ultralow-pressure loss control strategy were proposed. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the working performance of the proposed system and the load-sensing system under different working conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed system exhibited satisfactory velocity control characteristics. Compared with the traditional load-sensing system, the proposed system reduced throttling losses by 90.4−94.4% and energy consumption by 45.9−50.0%. Additionally, only 22.8% of the total energy consumption was attributed to the pump-controlled units, with the remainder provided by the valve-controlled unit. Compared with the traditional pump-controlled multi-actuator system, the proposed system achieved a 29.4% reduction in installed power, thereby lowering the system installed power and costs. This paper presents an electrohydraulic multi-actuator drive method that combines high energy efficiency and high power density and is suitable for electric construction machinery and other heavy equipment with multiple actuators.

### 1010. [Multi-Objective Parallel Human-machine Steering Coordination Control Strategy of Intelligent Vehicles Path Tracking Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-objective-parallel-human-machine-steering-coordination-control-strategy-of-intelligent-vehicles-path-tracking-based-on-deep-reinforcement-learning) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01207-9]
In the parallel steering coordination control strategy for path tracking, it is difficult to match the current driver steering model using the fixed parameters with the actual driver, and the designed steering coordination control strategy under a single objective and simple conditions is difficult to adapt to the multi-dimensional state variables’ input. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm-based multi-objective parallel human-machine steering coordination strategy for path tracking considering driver misoperation and external disturbance. Firstly, the driver steering mathematical model is constructed based on the driver preview characteristics and steering delay response, and the driver characteristic parameters are fitted after collecting the actual driver driving data. Secondly, considering that the vehicle is susceptible to the influence of external disturbances during the driving process, the Tube MPC (Tube Model Predictive Control) based path tracking steering controller is designed based on the vehicle system dynamics error model. After verifying that the driver steering model meets the driver steering operation characteristics, DQN (Deep Q-network), DDPG (Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient) and TD3 (Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient) deep reinforcement learning algorithms are utilized to design a multi-objective parallel steering coordination strategy which satisfies the multi-dimensional state variables’ input of the vehicle. Finally, the tracking accuracy, lateral safety, human-machine conflict and driver steering load evaluation index are designed in different driver operation states and different road environments, and the performance of the parallel steering coordination control strategies with different deep reinforcement learning algorithms and fuzzy algorithms are compared by simulations and hardware in the loop experiments. The results show that the parallel steering collaborative strategy based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm can more effectively assist the driver in tracking the target path under lateral wind interference and driver misoperation, and the TD3-based coordination control strategy has better overall performance.

### 1011. [Performance Analysis and Multi-Objective Optimization of Functional Gradient Honeycomb Non-pneumatic Tires](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/performance-analysis-and-multi-objective-optimization-of-functional-gradient-honeycomb-non-pneumatic-tires) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01235-5]
The spoke as a key component has a significant impact on the performance of the non-pneumatic tire (NPT). The current research has focused on adjusting spoke structures to improve the single performance of NPT. Few studies have been conducted to synergistically improve multi-performance by optimizing the spoke structure. Inspired by the concept of functionally gradient structures, this paper introduces a functionally gradient honeycomb NPT and its optimization method. Firstly, this paper completes the parameterization of the honeycomb spoke structure and establishes the numerical models of honeycomb NPTs with seven different gradients. Subsequently, the accuracy of the numerical models is verified using experimental methods. Then, the static and dynamic characteristics of these gradient honeycomb NPTs are thoroughly examined by using the finite element method. The findings highlight that the gradient structure of NPT-3 has superior performance. Building upon this, the study investigates the effects of key parameters, such as honeycomb spoke thickness and length, on load-carrying capacity, honeycomb spoke stress and mass. Finally, a multi-objective optimization method is proposed that uses a response surface model (RSM) and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm - II (NSGA-II) to further optimize the functional gradient honeycomb NPTs. The optimized NPT-OP shows a 23.48% reduction in radial stiffness, 8.95% reduction in maximum spoke stress and 16.86% reduction in spoke mass compared to the initial NPT-1. The damping characteristics of the NPT-OP have also been improved. The results offer a theoretical foundation and technical methodology for the structural design and optimization of gradient honeycomb NPTs.

### 1012. [FS-DRL: Fine-Grained Scheduling of Autonomous Vehicles at Non-Signalized Intersections via Dual Reinforced Learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fs-drl-fine-grained-scheduling-of-autonomous-vehicles-at-non-signalized-intersections-via-dual-reinforced-learning) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01203-z]
Complex road conditions without signalized intersections when the traffic flow is nearly saturated result in high traffic congestion and accidents, reducing the traffic efficiency of intelligent vehicles. The complex road traffic environment of smart vehicles and other vehicles frequently experiences conflicting start and stop motion. The fine-grained scheduling of autonomous vehicles (AVs) at non-signalized intersections, which is a promising technique for exploring optimal driving paths for both assisted driving nowadays and driverless cars in the near future, has attracted significant attention owing to its high potential for improving road safety and traffic efficiency. Fine-grained scheduling primarily focuses on signalized intersection scenarios, as applying it directly to non-signalized intersections is challenging because each AV can move freely without traffic signal control. This may cause frequent driving collisions and low road traffic efficiency. Therefore, this study proposes a novel algorithm to address this issue. Our work focuses on the fine-grained scheduling of automated vehicles at non-signal intersections via dual reinforced training (FS-DRL). For FS-DRL, we first use a grid to describe the non-signalized intersection and propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based fast decision model that can rapidly yield a coarse-grained scheduling decision for each AV in a distributed manner. We then load these coarse-grained scheduling decisions onto a deep Q-learning network (DQN) for further evaluation. We use an adaptive learning rate to maximize the reward function and employ parameter ε to tradeoff the fast speed of coarse-grained scheduling in the CNN and optimal fine-grained scheduling in the DQN. In addition, we prove that using this adaptive learning rate leads to a converged loss rate with an extremely small number of training loops. The simulation results show that compared with Dijkstra, RNN, and ant colony-based scheduling, FS-DRL yields a high accuracy of 96.5% on the sample, with improved performance of approximately 61.54%–85.37% in terms of the average conflict and traffic efficiency.

### 1013. [CGA-Based Approach to Forward Kinematics of Parallel Mechanisms with the 3-RE Structure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cga-based-approach-to-forward-kinematics-of-parallel-mechanisms-with-the-3-re-structure) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01223-9]
To investigate the forward kinematics problem of parallel mechanisms with complex limbs and to expand the applicability of the powerful tool of Conformal Geometric Algebra (CGA), a CGA-based modeling and solution method for a class of parallel platforms with 3-RE structure after locking the actuated joints is proposed in this paper. Given that the angle between specific joint axes of limbs remains constant, a set of geometric constraints for the forward kinematics of parallel mechanisms (PM) are determined. After translating unit direction vectors of these joint axes to the common starting point, the geometric constraints of the angle between the vectors are transformed into the distances between the endpoints of the vectors, making them easier to handle. Under the framework of CGA, the positions of key points that determine the position and orientation of the moving platform can be intuitively determined by the intersection, division, and duality of basic geometric entities. By employing the tangent half-angle substitution, the forward kinematic analysis of the parallel mechanisms leads to a high-order univariate polynomial equation without the need for any complex algebraic elimination operations. After solving this equation and back substitution, the position and pose of the MP can be obtained indirectly. A numerical case is utilized to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

### 1014. [Fast, Safe and Robust Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Robust Control Invariant Tubes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fast-safe-and-robust-motion-planning-for-autonomous-vehicles-based-on-robust-control-invariant-tubes) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01216-8]
This paper tackles uncertainties between planning and actual models. It extends the concept of RCI (robust control invariant) tubes, originally a parameterized representation of closed-loop control robustness in traditional feedback control, to the domain of motion planning for autonomous vehicles. Thus, closed-loop system uncertainty can be preemptively addressed during vehicle motion planning. This involves selecting collision-free trajectories to minimize the volume of robust invariant tubes. Furthermore, constraints on state and control variables are translated into constraints on the RCI tubes of the closed-loop system, ensuring that motion planning produces a safe and optimal trajectory while maintaining flexibility, rather than solely optimizing for the open-loop nominal model. Additionally, to expedite the solving process, we were inspired by L2 gain to parameterize the RCI tubes and developed a parameterized explicit iterative expression for propagating ellipsoidal uncertainty sets within closed-loop systems. Furthermore, we applied the pseudospectral orthogonal collocation method to parameterize the optimization problem of transcribing trajectories using high-order Lagrangian polynomials. Finally, under various operating conditions, we incorporate both the kinematic and dynamic models of the vehicle and also conduct simulations and analyses of uncertainties such as heading angle measurement, chassis response, and steering hysteresis. Our proposed robust motion planning framework has been validated to effectively address nearly all bounded uncertainties while anticipating potential tracking errors in control during the planning phase. This ensures fast, closed-loop safety and robustness in vehicle motion planning.

### 1015. [Understanding the Machining Process of Hierarchical Micro/Nanograting Structures Used for Optical Variable Device](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/understanding-the-machining-process-of-hierarchical-micronanograting-structures-used-for-optical-variable-device) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01177-y]
Hierarchical micro/nanograting structures have attracted increasing attention owing to their significant applications in the fields of structural coloring, anti-counterfeiting, and decoration. Thus, the fabrication of hierarchical micro/nanograting structures is important for these applications. In this study, a strategy for machining hierarchical micro/nanograting structures is developed by controlling the tool movement trajectory. A coupling Euler-Lagrange finite element model is established to simulate the machining process. The effect of the machining methods on the nanograting formation is demonstrated, and a suitable machining method for reducing the cutting force is obtained. The height of the nanograting decreases with an increase in the tool edge radius. Furthermore, optical variable devices (OVDs) are machined using an array overlap machining approach. Coding schemes for the parallel column unit crossover and column unit in the groove crossover are designed to achieve high-quality machining of OVDs. The coloring of the logo of the Harbin Institute of Technology and the logo of the centennial anniversary of the Harbin Institute of Technology on the surface of metal samples, such as aluminum alloys, is realized. The findings of this study provide a method for the fabrication of hierarchical micro/nanograting structures that can be used to prepare OVDs.

### 1016. [Effect of Aluminizing and Laser Shock Peening Treatments on the High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of AISI 321 Stainless Steel for Solar Thermal Power Heat Exchanger](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-aluminizing-and-laser-shock-peening-treatments-on-the-high-temperature-oxidation-resistance-of-aisi-321-stainless-steel-for-solar-thermal-power-heat-exchanger) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01217-7]
The high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel used in solar thermal power heat exchangers determines its service life. In this study, aluminizing and subsequent laser shock peening (LSP) treatments were employed to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel at 620 °C. These two treatments decreased the oxidation rate of AISI 321 steel. Specifically, the optimal oxidation resistance was observed in aluminized steel before oxidation for 144 h owing to the increased entropy of the LSP-treated specimen. After 144 h, LSP-treated steel achieved the best oxidation resistance because of the formation of a protective α-Al2O3 film. Moreover, the large amount of subgrain boundaries formed on the aluminized layer of the LSP-treated samples could act as short-circuit paths for the outward diffusion of Al, facilitating the rapid nucleation of α-Al2O3. Meanwhile, the aluminized layer could isolate the contact between the oxidation environment and matrix, thereby decreasing the oxidation rate. Furthermore, the minimum oxidation parabolic constant was calculated for LSP-treated steel (6.45787 × 10−14), which was 69.18% and 36.36% that of aluminized and 321 steel, respectively, during the entire oxidation process. Therefore, the combination of aluminizing and LSP treatments can improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of 321 stainless steel, providing a new idea for its surface treatment to achieve a long service life at high temperatures.

### 1017. [Kinematic Calibration of a 5-DoF Parallel Machining Robot with a Novel Adaptive and Weighted Identification Method Based on Generalized Cross Validation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/kinematic-calibration-of-a-5-dof-parallel-machining-robot-with-a-novel-adaptive-and-weighted-identification-method-based-on-generalized-cross-validation) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01179-w]
Accurate kinematic calibration is the very foundation for robots’ application in industry demanding high precision such as machining. Considering the complex error characteristic and severe ill-posed identification issues of a 5-DoF parallel machining robot, this paper proposes an adaptive and weighted identification method to achieve high-precision kinematic calibration while maintaining reliable stability. First, a kinematic error propagation mechanism model considering the non-ideal constraints and the screw self-rotation is formulated by incorporating the intricate structure of multiple chains and a unique driven screw arrangement of the robot. To address the challenge of accurately identifying such a sophisticated error model, a novel adaptive and weighted identification method based on generalized cross validation (GCV) is proposed. Specifically, this approach innovatively introduces Gauss-Markov estimation into the GCV algorithm and utilizes prior physical information to construct both a weighted identification model and a weighted cross-validation function, thus eliminating the inaccuracy caused by significant differences in dimensional magnitudes of pose errors and achieving accurate identification with flexible numerical stability. Finally, the kinematic calibration experiment is conducted. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the presented approach is effective and has enhanced accuracy performance over typical least squares methods, with maximum position and orientation errors reduced from 2.279 mm to 0.028 mm and from 0.206° to 0.017°, respectively.

### 1018. [Rule-Guidance Reinforcement Learning for Lane Change Decision-making: A Risk Assessment Approach](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rule-guidance-reinforcement-learning-for-lane-change-decision-making-a-risk-assessment-approach) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01160-z]
To solve problems of poor security guarantee and insufficient training efficiency in the conventional reinforcement learning methods for decision-making, this study proposes a hybrid framework to combine deep reinforcement learning with rule-based decision-making methods. A risk assessment model for lane-change maneuvers considering uncertain predictions of surrounding vehicles is established as a safety filter to improve learning efficiency while correcting dangerous actions for safety enhancement. On this basis, a Risk-fused DDQN is constructed utilizing the model-based risk assessment and supervision mechanism. The proposed reinforcement learning algorithm sets up a separate experience buffer for dangerous trials and punishes such actions, which is shown to improve the sampling efficiency and training outcomes. Compared with conventional DDQN methods, the proposed algorithm improves the convergence value of cumulated reward by 7.6% and 2.2% in the two constructed scenarios in the simulation study and reduces the number of training episodes by 52.2% and 66.8% respectively. The success rate of lane change is improved by 57.3% while the time headway is increased at least by 16.5% in real vehicle tests, which confirms the higher training efficiency, scenario adaptability, and security of the proposed Risk-fused DDQN.

### 1019. [Neural Network Adaptive Hierarchical Sliding Mode Control for the Trajectory Tracking of a Tendon-Driven Manipulator](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/neural-network-adaptive-hierarchical-sliding-mode-control-for-the-trajectory-tracking-of-a-tendon-driven-manipulator) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01172-9]
Tracking control of tendon-driven manipulators has become a prevalent research area. However, the existence of flexible elastic tendons generates substantial residual vibrations, resulting in difficulties for trajectory tracking control of the manipulator. This paper proposes the radial basis function neural network adaptive hierarchical sliding mode control (RBFNNA-HSMC) method, which combines the dynamic model of the elastic tendon-driven manipulator (ETDM) with radial basis neural network adaptive control and hierarchical sliding mode control technology. The aim is to achieve trajectory tracking control of ETDM even under conditions of model inaccuracy and disturbance. The Lyapunov stability theory demonstrates the stability of the proposed RBFNNA-HSM controller. In order to assess the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed control method, simulations and experiments were performed on a two-DOF ETDM. The RBFNNA-HSM method shows superior tracking accuracy compared to traditional model-based HSM control. The experiment shows that the maximum tracking error for ETDM double-joint trajectory tracking is below 2.593×10-3 rad and 1.624×10-3 rad, respectively.

### 1020. [Inverse Kinematics of 2 (3RPS) and 2 (3SPR) Serial‑Parallel Manipulators](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/inverse-kinematics-of-2-3rps-and-2-3spr-serialparallel-manipulators) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01196-9]
Serial-parallel manipulators are of great interest to academic community in recent years, especially those composed of classical parallel mechanisms. There have been many studies around 2(3RPS) and 2(3SPR) S-PMs, but unfortunately their inverse kinematics have not yet been resolved. This paper discovers that the unknown kinematic parameters of middle platform are responsible for the unresolvable of inverse kinematics, meanwhile the unknown kinematic parameters of middle platform also have huge coupling relationships. Therefore, to break through this challenges, the huge coupling relationships are decoupled layer by layer, the kinematic parameters of middle platform are solved by combining Sylvester’s elimination method, and the inverse displacements of 2(3RPS) and 2(3SPR) S-PMs are obtained subsequently. This paper not only solves the inverse kinematics of classical 2(3RPS) and 2(3SPR) S-PMs, but also reveals the essence of the inverse kinematics of general (3-DOF)+(3-DOF) 6-DOF S-PMs and proposes a corresponding solution.

### 1021. [An Approach to Welding Penetration Control with Neighborhood Rough Set and ANFIS](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-approach-to-welding-penetration-control-with-neighborhood-rough-set-and-anfis) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01215-9]
Owing to process conditions such as uneven clearance of base metal assembly and welding deformation, it is difficult to obtain well-formed structural welds with robot constant specification parameters welding. Determining how to extract a structured, anti-interference, concise, and dynamic knowledge model from measurable data, and then adjust the welding parameters with corresponding control methods in real time is a central problem to be solved in welding formation control. Hence, this paper proposes a welding penetration control method based on a Neighborhood Rough Set-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (NRS-ANFIS) to achieve effective penetration control for the GMAW welding process. In orthogonal experiments, the NRS algorithm, which is based on visual sensing to obtain the properties of the weld pool and gap changes, is used to reduce the established frontal weld pool feature information decision table, and the minimum feature set of the weld pool tail width WT and the tail area coefficient CTS is obtained. The minimum feature set of the effective frontal weld pool, real-time line laser distance change, and real-time current information are used as the input for the ANFIS control system. The experimental results for the two groups of time-varying gaps demonstrate that under the condition of no preheating of the base metal, the complete welding penetration rate of the adjusted welding process parameters output by the trained ANFIS model reaches 87%, and the backside melting width is uniform and consistent, which meets the welding specification requirements.

### 1022. [Designing Load-Bearing Bio-Inspired Materials for Simultaneous Static Properties and Dynamic Damping: Multi-Objective Optimization for Micro-Structure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/designing-load-bearing-bio-inspired-materials-for-simultaneous-static-properties-and-dynamic-damping-multi-objective-optimization-for-micro-structure) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01169-4]
Biological load-bearing materials, like the nacre in shells, have a unique staggered structure that supports their superior mechanical properties. Engineers have been encouraged to imitate it to create load-bearing bio-inspired materials which have excellent properties not present in conventional composites. To create such materials with desirable mechanical properties, the optimum structural parameters combination must be selected. Moreover, the optimal design of bio-inspired composites needs to take into account the trade-offs between various mechanical properties. In this paper, multi-objective optimization models were developed using structural parameters as design variables and mechanical properties as optimization objectives, including stiffness, strength, toughness, and dynamic damping. Using the NSGA-II optimization algorithm, a set of optimal solutions were solved. Additionally, three different structures in natural nacre were introduced in order to utilize the better structure when design bio-inspired materials. The range of optimal solutions that obtained using results from previous research were examined and explained why this collection of optimal solution ranges is better. Also, optimal solutions were compared with the structural features and mechanical properties of real nacre and artificial biomimetic composites to validate our models. Finally, the optimum design strategies can be obtained for nacre-like composites. Our research methodically proposes an optimization method for achieving load-bearing bio-inspired materials with excellent properties and creates a set of optimal solutions from which designers can select the one that best suits their preferences, allowing the fabricated materials to demonstrate preferred performance.

### 1023. [Active Control Method for Frequency Domain Error of Aerostatic Spindle Based on Acoustic Levitation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/active-control-method-for-frequency-domain-error-of-aerostatic-spindle-based-on-acoustic-levitation) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01163-w]
In the machining of high-end optical components, the aerostatic spindle error of an ultra-precision machine tool has a significant impact on the surface quality of the machined surfaces. The surfaces of many high-end optical components need to meet the extremely stringent requirements of the full-frequency band error, which poses significant challenge to the control of the aerostatic spindle error. In this research, we put forward an active control method for the frequency domain error of the aerostatic spindle based on acoustic levitation, in which the acoustic-magnetism-fluid-solid multi-field coupling rotor dynamics modeling method of the aerostatic spindle was proposed and the corresponding multi-field coupling model was established. Through the numerical simulation and preliminary experiments, the influence law of acoustic levitation on the frequency domain error of the aerostatic spindle is obtained. The results showed that acoustic levitation can be used to control the frequency domain error of the aerostatic spindle to some extent, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

### 1024. [Collaborative Improvement of Structure Shape and Surface Integrity in Titanium Alloy Hole Burnishing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/collaborative-improvement-of-structure-shape-and-surface-integrity-in-titanium-alloy-hole-burnishing) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01164-9]
In the aerospace field, hole burnishing enhancement plays an essential role in improving the service performance of load-bearing holes. To satisfy the assembly accuracy and strength requirements, the structure shape and surface integrity must be considered simultaneously during the enhancement process. The current manufacturing process of hole burnishing has a relatively weak balance between the structure shape and surface integrity; therefore, it is necessary to analyze the mechanism and optimize the parameters to improve the strengthening effect of the holes. In this study, a two-dimensional longitudinal simplified model for the hole burnishing process was established, and the reasons for the surface roughness improvement of the hole wall and material accumulation on the upper surface were analyzed. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the burnishing parameters on the structure shape (material accumulation, shape contour, and roundness) and surface integrity (surface roughness, residual stress, and surface hardness), based on the opposite requirements of improving the structure shape and surface integrity for the burnishing depth (BD). The results showed that with an increase in the BD, the structure shape deteriorated, whereas the surface integrity improved. Fatigue behavior verification experiments were conducted, and parameter selection schemes for the collaborative improvement of the structure shape and surface integrity were discussed. For the holes of titanium alloy TB6 (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al), the fatigue life can be increased by 162% when the BD, spindle speed, and feed rate were 0.20 mm, 200 r/min, and 0.2 mm/r, respectively.

### 1025. [Study on Dry Electrical Discharge Assisted Grinding of SiCp/Al Composite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-on-dry-electrical-discharge-assisted-grinding-of-sicpal-composite) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01185-y]
SiC-reinforced aluminum matrix (SiCp/Al) composite is widely utilized in the aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries due to the combination of ceramic hardness and metal toughness. However, the significant disparity in properties between SiC particles and the aluminum matrix results in severe tool wear and diminished surface quality during conventional machining. This study proposes an environmentally friendly and clean dry electrical discharge assisted grinding process as an efficient and low-damage machining method for SiCp/Al. An experimental platform was set up to study the impact of grinding and discharge process parameters on surface quality. The study compared the chip formation mechanism and surface quality between dry electrical discharge assisted grinding and conventional grinding, revealing relationships between surface roughness, grinding force, grinding temperature, and related parameters. The results indicate that the proposed grinding method leads to smaller chip sizes, lower grinding forces and temperatures, and an average reduction of 19.2% in surface roughness compared to conventional grinding. The axial, tangential, and normal grinding forces were reduced by roughly 10.5%, 37.8%, and 23.0%, respectively. The optimized process parameters were determined to be N = 2500 r/min, vf = 30 mm/min, a = 10 µm, E = 15 V, f = 5000 Hz, dc = 80%, resulting in a surface roughness of 0.161 μm.

### 1026. [Application of Fuzzy Inference System in Gas Turbine Engine Fault Diagnosis Against Measurement Uncertainties](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/application-of-fuzzy-inference-system-in-gas-turbine-engine-fault-diagnosis-against-measurement-uncertainties) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01145-y]
Robustness against measurement uncertainties is crucial for gas turbine engine diagnosis. While current research focuses mainly on measurement noise, measurement bias remains challenging. This study proposes a novel performance-based fault detection and identification (FDI) strategy for twin-shaft turbofan gas turbine engines and addresses these uncertainties through a first-order Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy inference system. To handle ambient condition changes, we use parameter correction to preprocess the raw measurement data, which reduces the FDI’s system complexity. Additionally, the power-level angle is set as a scheduling parameter to reduce the number of rules in the TSK-based FDI system. The data for designing, training, and testing the proposed FDI strategy are generated using a component-level turbofan engine model. The antecedent and consequent parameters of the TSK-based FDI system are optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm and ridge regression. A robust structure combining a specialized fuzzy inference system with the TSK-based FDI system is proposed to handle measurement biases. The performance of the first-order TSK-based FDI system and robust FDI structure are evaluated through comprehensive simulation studies. Comparative studies confirm the superior accuracy of the first-order TSK-based FDI system in fault detection, isolation, and identification. The robust structure demonstrates a 2%–8% improvement in the success rate index under relatively large measurement bias conditions, thereby indicating excellent robustness. Accuracy against significant bias values and computation time are also evaluated, suggesting that the proposed robust structure has desirable online performance. This study proposes a novel FDI strategy that effectively addresses measurement uncertainties.

### 1027. [State-of-the-art Review of Metallic Microneedles: Structure, Fabrication, and Application](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/state-of-the-art-review-of-metallic-microneedles-structure-fabrication-and-application) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-025-01188-9]
Microneedle (MN) is a medical device containing an array of needles with a micrometer-scale. It can penetrate the human stratum corneum painlessly and efficiently for treatment and diagnosis purposes. Currently, the materials commonly used to manufacture MNs include silicon, polymers, ceramics and metals. Metallic MNs (MMNs) have drawn significant attention owing to its superior mechanical properties, machinability, and biocompatibility. This paper is a state-of-the-art review of the structure, fabrication technologies, and applications of MMNs. According to the relative position of the axis of MN and the plane of the substrate, MMNs can be divided into in-plane and out-of-plane. Solid, hollow, coated and porous MMNs are also employed to characterize their internal and surface structures. Until now, numerous fabrication technologies, including cutting tool machining, non-traditional machining, etching, hot-forming, and additive manufacturing, have been used to fabricate MMNs. The recent advances in the application of MMNs in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and cosmetology are also discussed in-depth. Finally, the shortcomings in the fabrication and application of MMNs and future directions for development are highlighted.

### 1028. [Knowledge Driven Machine Learning Towards Interpretable Intelligent Prognostics and Health Management: Review and Case Study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/knowledge-driven-machine-learning-towards-interpretable-intelligent-prognostics-and-health-management-review-and-case-study) [DOI: 10.1186/s10033-024-01173-8]
Despite significant progress in the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) domain using pattern learning systems from data, machine learning (ML) still faces challenges related to limited generalization and weak interpretability. A promising approach to overcoming these challenges is to embed domain knowledge into the ML pipeline, enhancing the model with additional pattern information. In this paper, we review the latest developments in PHM, encapsulated under the concept of Knowledge Driven Machine Learning (KDML). We propose a hierarchical framework to define KDML in PHM, which includes scientific paradigms, knowledge sources, knowledge representations, and knowledge embedding methods. Using this framework, we examine current research to demonstrate how various forms of knowledge can be integrated into the ML pipeline and provide roadmap to specific usage. Furthermore, we present several case studies that illustrate specific implementations of KDML in the PHM domain, including inductive experience, physical model, and signal processing. We analyze the improvements in generalization capability and interpretability that KDML can achieve. Finally, we discuss the challenges, potential applications, and usage recommendations of KDML in PHM, with a particular focus on the critical need for interpretability to ensure trustworthy deployment of artificial intelligence in PHM.

### 1029. [Dynamic response of train in wind-train-bridge coupling based on bridges with different structural systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-response-of-train-in-wind-train-bridge-coupling-based-on-bridges-with-different-structural-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6140-y]
Most studies have analyzed the aerodynamic characteristics and wind-train(vehicle)-bridge coupled vibration response of trains or vehicles on bridges of a certain structural system, while few comparative studies have been carried out on the wind-train-bridge coupled vibration response on bridges of three different structural systems. This paper takes the main span 1120 m dual-purpose highway-railway bridge as the engineering background, and studies the three bridge types of (122+1120+90+92) m suspension bridge, (130+432+1120+432+130) m cable-stayed bridge and (92+210+1120+210+92) m cable-stayed-suspension collaborative system bridge. The trend of the maximum value of the train dynamic response to the wind-train-bridge coupling of the three structural system bridges as well as the speed thresholds are compared and analyzed, and conclusions are drawn: 1) Under the same speed, the maximum value of train safety indexes in three types of bridges increases with the increase of wind speed. 2) Under the same wind speed, the safety and smoothness indicators of trains in three types of bridges without wind barriers rank in the order of cable-stayed-suspension collaborative system bridge>cable-stayed bridge>suspension bridge. 3) At low wind speeds (£15 m/s), a 3.0 m wind barrier has negligible effect on speed thresholds. The safety ranking of structural systems remains unchanged: cable-stayed-suspension collaborative system bridge>cable-stayed bridge>suspension bridge. 4) At high wind speeds (³20 m/s), the 3.0 m wind barrier can increase the train speed threshold for bridges within the same structural system. The safety ranking of the three bridge types (3.0 m 30% wind barrier) remains unchanged: cable-stayed-suspension collaborative system bridge>cable-stayed bridge>suspension bridge. This study represents the first systematic comparative analysis of wind speed critical values and performance ratings across three distinct bridge structural systems.

### 1030. [Effect of train heights on aerodynamic performance of high-speed trains under crosswind](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-train-heights-on-aerodynamic-performance-of-high-speed-trains-under-crosswind) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6049-5]
The influence of train height on aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed train (HST) is significant in crosswind environments. This study employed the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) turbulence model to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of trains with three different heights under a crosswind of 20 m/s. The numerical model was validated through comparison with wind tunnel experimental data. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the characteristics of the flow field around trains, surface pressure distribution, and aerodynamic loads for trains with different heights. Results indicate that the side force coefficient increased by up to 61.54% with an increase in train height from 3.89 to 4.19 m. Compared with the 3.89 m case, the roll moment coefficient on the head, middle, and tail cars for 4.19 m cases increased by 18.11%, 24.78% and 34.23%, respectively. The increase in train height widens the impact width of the leading car’s front vortex on the leeward side and intensifies the helical shedding and coupling interactions of two vortices in the wake, leading to an increase in the intensity and extent of wake flow in both vertical and longitudinal directions. Additionally, the increase in height shifted the flow separation point on the leeward side, moving vortices farther from the train, expanding the back-flow region, and intensifying Reynolds stress and turbulent fluctuations on the leeward side, which adversely impacted train stability and safety. The research findings can provide a reference for the design of train configurations and the assessment of dynamic performance in crosswind environments.

### 1031. [Effects of shaft and tunnel portal on coupled aerodynamic characteristics of 600 km/h superconducting maglev train](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-shaft-and-tunnel-portal-on-coupled-aerodynamic-characteristics-of-600-kmh-superconducting-maglev-train) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6142-9]
To address the severe aerodynamic effects caused by a 600 km/h superconducting maglev train passing through a tunnel at full speed, this study systematically investigates the coupled influence of auxiliary facility parameters including the shaft (location L, cross sectional dimension W, height h), tunnel portal (cross sectional area S), and openings (spacing D, side length F) on the evolution of tunnel aerodynamic effects. By integrating three dimensional unsteady flow field numerical simulations with a dynamic model testing system, the research notably reveals the regulatory mechanisms of these parameters on the evolution characteristics of the initial compression wave pressure gradient and the multi peak structure of micro-pressure waves. The results show that shaft parameters significantly affect the initial compression wave. Both the wave amplitude and gradient exhibit a linear negative correlation with cross sectional dimension W and a linear positive correlation with location L, while demonstrating a nonlinear relationship with height h, the amplitude follows a cubic polynomial trend, and the gradient initially increases before plateauing. Under the configuration W=8 m, L=50 m, and h=20 m, substantial reductions in both compression wave amplitude and gradient were achieved. The portal cross sectional area S shows a "U-shaped" relationship with the compression wave gradient, with the maximum gradient reduction of 53.24% occurring at S=210 m2, a result comparable to that achieved with optimized opening parameters (D=15 m, F=3.5 m, 53.96%). Regarding micro-pressure waves, the amplitude measured 20 m from the tunnel exit shows a linear positive correlation with shaft parameters L and W, while the influence of h saturates beyond 50 m. Reductions exceeding 54% were achieved with portal parameters, either at S=210 m2 or using the optimized opening configuration. Furthermore, micro-pressure waves near the portal exhibit a consistent dual peak structure: the first peak originates from the train entry compression wave, and the second results from further wave compression after tunnel exit. The opening location governs selective peak regulation openings near the portal entrance primarily suppress the first peak with minimal impact on the second, whereas centrally located openings reduce the first peak but can amplify the second by up to 3%. Based on these insights, an optimized parameter configuration is proposed: a shaft with a cross-sectional dimension ≥8 m located 50 m from the portal, a portal cross sectional area of 210 m2, and openings spaced at 15 m intervals. This configuration can reduce the initial compression wave gradient by over 50%. The results provide a theoretical foundation for controlling aerodynamic effects of superconducting maglev train.

### 1032. [Full-scale test of the effects of crosswinds on the operating posture of passenger trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/full-scale-test-of-the-effects-of-crosswinds-on-the-operating-posture-of-passenger-trains) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6152-7]
Considering passenger trains' key role in remote regions, this study employed machine vision technology to monitor five posture parameters of the second car of a conventional passenger train, aiming to investigate the influence of windbreaks and crosswinds along railways on the operating postures of conventional passenger trains. The study found that when passing through the anti-wind tunnel with holes, the amplitudes of posture parameters were smaller than those of other windbreaks, demonstrating the superior performance of this windbreak in maintaining posture stability compared to others. In tunnel sections, larger amplitudes of these parameters were observed for the tail car than the head car, while the opposite occurred in non-tunnel sections. Notably, during tunnel transit, their amplitudes did not increase monotonically with speed but peaked at a specific speed that most adversely affected the operating posture. These conclusions have a great significance for improving operating safety under crosswinds.

### 1033. [Theoretical calculation and numerical simulation of different static airtightness of trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/theoretical-calculation-and-numerical-simulation-of-different-static-airtightness-of-trains) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6147-4]
With increasingly stringent requirements for the airtightness of high-speed train bodies, determining appropriate airtightness levels has become critically important. To calculate the airtightness of high-speed train bodies more accurately, based on one-dimensional isentropic flow theory, this study derives cabin pressure calculation models for both positive and negative pressure conditions during static airtightness tests of high-speed train bodies. Since the flow coefficient, which is closely related to the leakage characteristics of the carriage, is influenced by multiple factors including operating pressure conditions (positive/negative), leakage path cross-sectional shape, and size, a flow coefficient calibration method is proposed to achieve high-precision and efficient calibration of the flow coefficient for trains with varying leakage properties. This method generates a series of flow coefficient values for circular and square cross-sectional shapes under both positive and negative pressure conditions across various cross-sectional areas. Furthermore, functional relationships between flow coefficient and leakage path area under positive/negative pressure are established through curve fitting. Using these functional relationships and the cabin pressure calculation model, the pressure variation curves for a static airtightness test are simulated. Specifically, for circular cross-sectional shapes, the theoretical curves under positive and negative pressure conditions exhibited R2 values of 0.9936 and 0.9931, respectively, when compared to experimental data, and for square cross-sectional shapes, the corresponding R2 values are 0.9928 and 0.9932, validating the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model. The proposed theoretical model effectively evaluates the airtightness of high-speed train bodies with varying performance levels during static airtightness tests, providing a robust theoretical reference for optimizing high-speed train airtightness design.

### 1034. [Modeling interior pressure fluctuations of high-speed trains considering the non-ideal properties of gases](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/modeling-interior-pressure-fluctuations-of-high-speed-trains-considering-the-non-ideal-properties-of-gases) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6149-2]
The pressure comfort of passengers and crew in high-speed trains faces significant challenges under alternating open-tunnel conditions. To better understand the mechanism of pressure transmission and control interior pressure fluctuations in high-altitude regions, this study develops an interior pressure fluctuation model. By establishing the frameworks of the non-ideal gas state equation and the polytropic process equation, gas heat transfer and mass transfer were expressed through the first law of thermodynamics and the continuity equation. Simulation results, evaluated by root mean square error, coefficient of determination, peak-to-peak error, and pressure change rate, show that the proposed model closely aligns with measured signals in both overall trends and local details. Data from various train types and tunnel scenarios further demonstrate the model's accuracy and practical applicability. This study provides a critical foundation for evaluating interior pressure comfort for high-speed trains in high-altitude regions.

### 1035. [Passenger comfort visualized assessment in high-speed railway tunnels using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging technology: A full-scale test study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/passenger-comfort-visualized-assessment-in-high-speed-railway-tunnels-using-functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy-fnirs-brain-imaging-technology-a-full-scale-test-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6153-6]
This study innovatively employs functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology to investigate passengers’ brain responses to various external stimuli during high-speed train operations, assessing their impact on passenger comfort. Three stimuli are examined: passing through tunnels, sonic booms at tunnel exits, and two trains meeting within the tunnel. The analysis of environmental variables, including cabin noise, cabin-to-external pressure, and cabin-to-body acceleration, reveals that changes in auditory and pressure levels during the tunnel experience led to an 87% increase in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) levels in the temporal lobe (TL). This reflects a brief discomfort that subsides as passengers adapt, with HbO levels nearly returning to pre-tunnel levels upon exit. Among the stimuli, the sonic boom triggered the most significant neural response, with HbO fluctuations increased by 175%. In contrast, the impact of train meetings was minor, yielding an average HbO increase of only 14.21%. Connectivity analysis further shows significant enhancements in brain functional connectivity during tunnel entrance and sonic boom scenarios, with increases of 52% and 80%, respectively. Our findings contribute to passenger comfort assessment by establishing objective neurophysiological measures that quantify previously subjective experiences. The application of fNIRS in this dynamic environment creates new possibilities for evidence-based comfort optimization in railway design.

### 1036. [Numerical study on the effect of temperature and scale ratio on aerodynamics of maglev trains moving dynamically in a vacuum transportation system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-study-on-the-effect-of-temperature-and-scale-ratio-on-aerodynamics-of-maglev-trains-moving-dynamically-in-a-vacuum-transportation-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6063-7]
The airflow around a vacuum tube maglev train operating at high speeds is complex. In addition, the effect of relevant parameters in such a transportation system on aerodynamic characteristics is crucial in the design and safety of the system. A three-dimensional (3D) vacuum tube train model is established based on a vacuum tube test platform for rail transit. The effects of the initial ambient temperature and scale ratio on the aerodynamic characteristics are analyzed during the whole operational process in this study. The results mainly focus on each process's variations in the shock waves, choked flow, and drag. During acceleration, shock wave generation is advanced or delayed under different system parameters, which vary the aerodynamic drag. While the train runs at a constant speed, the time that a standard shock is generated and the length of the choked flow differ under the effects of the varying system parameters. In braking, the disappearance of shock waves and reflections of the expansion wave suddenly decrease the aerodynamic drag either earlier or later due to the varying system parameters.

### 1037. [Effect of water oscillation inside lining cracks on interior pressure characteristics: Two high-speed trains intersect in a tunnel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-water-oscillation-inside-lining-cracks-on-interior-pressure-characteristics-two-high-speed-trains-intersect-in-a-tunnel) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6139-4]
Water-rich cracks represent common tunnel defects. Intense pressure waves generated by trains traveling through tunnels may undergo enhancement within water-rich cracks. Using the re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model and volume of fluid (VOF) method, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution, spectral features, and influencing factors of pressure wave propagation in water-rich cracks when two high-speed trains intersect in a tunnel. The flow mechanisms underlying the pressure enhancement within water-rich cracks are also revealed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The positive and negative peak pressure coefficients in water-rich cracks are 1.34 and −2.36, with corresponding pressure gradient peaks of 31.41 kPa/s and −34.01 kPa/s. Compared to the tunnel wall, the peak pressure coefficients and gradients exhibit increases of 34.41%/44.63% and 31.61%/60.46%, respectively. 2) The dominant frequency of the pressure wave power spectral density (PSD) at the crack tip is 26.97% higher than that in the tunnel. The PSD peak value continuously increases with depth and is the largest at the crack tip, representing an increase of 9.36% compared to the tunnel. 3) An increase in crack width reduces the peaks of pressure waves, pressure gradients, and PSD, while increases in vertical and transverse depths amplify these peaks. Crack width has the most significant impact on pressure waves and pressure gradients, while transverse depth has the most significant effect on PSD peak values. 4) Driven by inertia and pressure differences, the water body oscillates variably, enhancing pressure fluctuation amplitude at the crack tip. The higher the water body's movement velocity, the greater the pressure gradient at the crack tip. The above research results may provide a reference for crack harnessing in high-speed railway tunnels.

### 1038. [Effects of middle air shaft and bypass duct on aerodynamic pressure of platform screen doors in high-speed subway stations](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-middle-air-shaft-and-bypass-duct-on-aerodynamic-pressure-of-platform-screen-doors-in-high-speed-subway-stations) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6064-6]
The aerodynamic pressure disturbances induced by middle air shafts and bypass ducts in subway tunnels pose significant challenges to enhancing train operational speeds. A comprehensive series of full-scale experiments are employed to examine the impact of these structural elements on the aerodynamic pressure characteristics of platform screen doors (PSDs) in high-speed subway stations. The experimental results reveal that peak pressures manifest on PSDs surfaces during two distinct scenarios in high-speed subway systems equipped with middle air shafts. One is compression pressure waves propagated from trains traversing the air shaft, and the other is train nearby flow when trains pass the PSDs directly. The peak positive pressures caused by train passing PSDs are much greater than compression pressure waves. Closing middle air shaft can reduce the passing pressure waves. The installation of bypass ducts at overtaking station entrances effectively mitigates peak negative pressures during train-PSD interactions, achieving a maximum reduction efficiency of 8%. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the structural design of high-speed subway tunnel systems.

### 1039. [Flow optimization and aerodynamic noise reduction of high-speed maglev trains based on air blowing/sucking](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/flow-optimization-and-aerodynamic-noise-reduction-of-high-speed-maglev-trains-based-on-air-blowingsucking) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6145-6]
The increasing aerodynamic noise caused by high-speed maglev trains (HSMTs) contributes substantially to environmental pollution and passenger discomfort. Numerical studies were performed to examine the effect of air blowing/sucking modes, positions and velocities on the flow field change and their potentials in mitigating the aerodynamic noise produced by HSMTs. The results indicate that the aerodynamic noise can be effectively mitigated by implementing air-blowing in the transition region between the streamlined tail nose and constant cross-sectional body (Scheme 1) and the wake vortex shedding area near the tail nose (Scheme 3) at speeds below 0.3U (train speed), as well as in the side edge area (Scheme 2) at various speeds (0.1U−0.5U), primarily due to the suppression in wake vortices. The optimal noise reduction value of 1.53 dB(A) is achieved when blowing in Scheme 1 at a speed of 0.1U, while the efficacy of the air-sucking mode is inferior with a smaller noise reduction value less than 0.84 dB(A). Additionally, simultaneous reductions in aerodynamic noise and drag can be achieved when sucking in Scheme 2 at speeds below 0.2U and blowing in Scheme 3 at speeds below 0.3U. These findings offer valuable insights for the application of active flow control technology in the design of low-resistance and low-noise HSMTs.

### 1040. [Shock wave behavior and aerodynamic load in maglev-equipped evacuated tubes: Effects of blockage ratio](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/shock-wave-behavior-and-aerodynamic-load-in-maglev-equipped-evacuated-tubes-effects-of-blockage-ratio) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6150-9]
Evacuated tube transportation (ETT) offers a promising high-speed transport solution, but trains operating at supersonic speeds within a sealed tube can induce complex aerodynamic phenomena that impact safety and reliability. This study utilized the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) shear stress transport k-ω (SST k-ω) turbulence model for steady-state simulations and the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) SST k-ω model for unsteady-state simulations, both coupled with the advection upstream splitting method (AUSM). Four tunnel cross-sectional areas (49 m2, 64 m2, 81 m2, and 100 m2) with corresponding blockage ratios (β) (0.253, 0.192, 0.150, 0.121) were analyzed to explore shock wave formation and its dependence on blockage ratios, along with surface pressure distribution and aerodynamic loading. Results show that higher blockage ratios increase shock wave intensity, while larger tunnel areas reduce this intensity, improving flow structure and wake effects. Moreover, as the blockage ratio decreases, the total drag coefficient of the entire train decreases linearly. When the blockage ratio decreases from 0.253 to 0.121, the total drag coefficient of the entire train decreases by 46.2%, with the head carriage and tail carriage drag coefficients decreasing by 23.3% and 32.7%, respectively, while the drag coefficient of the middle carriage remains nearly unchanged. The percentage of the total drag coefficient contributed by the head carriage decreases from 51.1% to 40.9%, while the percentage for the tail carriage increases from 47.0% to 56.6%. These findings enhance understanding of ETT fluid dynamics and performance.

### 1041. [Radiated noise correction model for the dominant scale correlation of aerodynamic sound generation in pantograph cavity coupling system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/radiated-noise-correction-model-for-the-dominant-scale-correlation-of-aerodynamic-sound-generation-in-pantograph-cavity-coupling-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6146-5]
The pantograph cavity coupling system (PCCS) of high-speed trains, as a representative region for aerodynamic noise generation, merits further investigation into its scale effects. In this paper, the large-eddy simulation (LES) and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) integral equation are used to calculate and analyze the sound energy intensity distribution pattern and spectral characteristics of the PCCS at different scales (1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/25, 1/50). The research shows that as the scaled model decreases, the relative area of the pantograph submerged by the vehicle boundary layer increases, and its inflow velocity decreases, thereby reducing the overall radiated sound pressure level in this area. For the segments 1/1−1/2 and 1/4−1/16, the dominant scale of sound generation is typical pure tone noise, with distinct similar features in the spectral discrete scales. For the segments 1/25−1/50, the turbulent fluctuation characteristics of the vehicle boundary layer mask the peak features, and the spectrum is dominated by broadband characteristics. Combining the PCCS sound source energy scale correction model and the dimensionless spectrum correction function, a scale correction model for the sound power spectrum of the sound source is obtained, so that the noise results of the reduced-scale model can be corresponded to the full-scale model. This work advances the comprehension of high-speed train aerodynamic noise generation mechanisms and offers critical references for developing precision noise control technologies.

### 1042. [Behaviours of flow and flow-induced noise generated from leading bogie region of high-speed train using flow-through cowcatcher](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/behaviours-of-flow-and-flow-induced-noise-generated-from-leading-bogie-region-of-high-speed-train-using-flow-through-cowcatcher) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6148-3]
This study introduces a novel flow-through cowcatcher with integrated inlet and outlet channels as an aerodynamic noise mitigation strategy for the nose car of a high-speed train. The wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity large-eddy simulation (WALE-LES) combined with the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy approach is employed to evaluate its impact on the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of the leading bogie region. Compared with the conventional closed cowcatcher, results show that the flow-through structure suppresses the flow separation, promotes more stable vortex evolution within the bogie cavity, and reduces the spatial extent of high-amplitude wall pressure fluctuations up to 40%, mitigating effectively the generation of aerodynamic noise. Semi-anechoic wind tunnel experiments validate the simulation results and demonstrate that the sound pressure levels at the far-field observers decrease by 0.4 −0.6 dB(A) with the flow-through cowcatcher applied underneath the nose car. The dominant sound source around the leading bogie region is shrunk with intensity reduced about 1.0 dB(A). These findings confirm the effectiveness of the flow-through cowcatcher in reducing the aerodynamic noise produced from the leading bogie region, providing both theoretical insight and engineering guidance for structural optimization and low-noise design of the nose car in a high-speed train.

### 1043. [Aerodynamic noise reduction methods for key components of high-speed train pantographs](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aerodynamic-noise-reduction-methods-for-key-components-of-high-speed-train-pantographs) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6154-5]
The pantograph region constitutes one of the dominant aerodynamic sound sources in high-speed trains. In this study, a 1:3 scaled model of a representative pantograph structure was constructed, explicitly accounting for the geometric configuration of its rod components. To achieve noise mitigation, the pantograph design incorporated aerodynamically optimized cylindrical rods with bio-inspired seal-vibrissa-shaped profiles, perforated geometries, and elliptical cross-sections, etc. The flow dynamics and aeroacoustic characteristics within the pantograph region were systematically investigated through the wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity large-eddy simulation coupled with the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy method. Results showed that the structural optimization of the pantograph key components greatly attenuated the vortex shedding intensity in the rod assemblies, inhibiting the initiation and evolution of large-scale Kármán vortex streets, reducing the surface pressure fluctuations, and enhancing the overall aerodynamic performance. In the optimized model of pantograph, the noise level at first tonal peak around 850 Hz is greatly mitigated and the second harmonic peak at 1750 Hz identified in the original model is absent, with overall sound pressure levels reduced by 6.3 dB(A) and 6.6 dB(A) along the streamwise and vertical planes, respectively. These findings validate the efficiency of the noise reduction methods introduced for the optimized pantograph structure.

### 1044. [Aeroacoustic characteristics of high-speed trains in open-air and tunnel conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aeroacoustic-characteristics-of-high-speed-trains-in-open-air-and-tunnel-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6134-9]
Tunnel-induced noise amplification has become a major constraint for high-speed trains. This study employs a 1/10 scale three-coach high-speed train model, using the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method coupled with the perturbed convective wave model to investigate the unsteady flow evolution, aerodynamic noise source distribution, and near-field acoustic characteristics of high-speed trains under open-air and tunnel conditions. The results show that the blocking effect of the tunnel wall enhances flow compression, increases local velocity, and aggravates flow disturbances and pressure fluctuations near the pantograph and tail car. In the tunnel, the total sound source energy reaches 1.14×10¹² N²/s², 5.26 times higher than in open air, with significant increases in the tail car, bogies, and pantograph. Bogie noise concentrates in the 50 to 1000 Hz range, while pantograph noise dominates from 1500 to 2500 Hz. Tunnel conditions further enhance peak distributions in the low and medium frequency bands. Although pressure disturbances on the train surface are mainly dominated by hydrodynamic effects, the radiated acoustic energy of the sound pressure levels on the roof and side surfaces is amplified by 33.3 and 22.6 times, far exceeding hydrodynamic energy amplification factors of 8.6 and 6.3. The study reveals coupled flow and acoustic mechanisms in tunnels, supporting noise reduction design for high-speed trains.

### 1045. [Effect of height of noise barriers on sound source characteristics of aerodynamic noise from high-speed trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-height-of-noise-barriers-on-sound-source-characteristics-of-aerodynamic-noise-from-high-speed-trains) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6144-7]
This paper aims to explore the influence of different noise barrier heights on the sound source generation mechanisms of higher-speed trains (400 km/h) using a combination of delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equations. Four cases are investigated and compared, i.e. 1) no barrier, 2) 2.3 m, 3) 3.3 m, and 4) 4.3 m single-side barriers on a bridge. Numerical results show that the presence of noise barriers causes an increase in sound source intensity ranging from 2.1 to 2.8 dB(A). However, the relationship between the barrier height and the increase in sound source intensity varies across different parts of the train. Compared with the head and front-middle cars, the boundary layer is thicker around the rear-middle and tail car areas. A thick boundary layer introduces the influence of the crash wall, causing asymmetry and increases in sound source intensity. This is due to the deceleration region formed between the crash wall and the rail surface, as well as the acceleration region formed by the contraction of the flow channel in the noise barrier, both of which influence the sound source's characteristics. In addition, higher barriers exacerbate asymmetry and increases in sound source intensity.

### 1046. [New three-dimensional shear strength criterion of discontinuities with different joint wall compressive strengths](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/new-three-dimensional-shear-strength-criterion-of-discontinuities-with-different-joint-wall-compressive-strengths) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6117-x]
The determination of discontinuity shear strength is an important concern in rock engineering. Previous research mainly focused on the shear behavior of discontinuities with identical joint wall compressive strengths (DIJCS). However, the shear behavior of discontinuities with different joint wall compressive strengths (DDJCS) and 3D surface morphology had been rarely reported. In this study, matched mortar DDJCSs were prepared using 3D printed photosensitive resin molds. Direct shear tests were carried out under three kinds of normal stress (ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 MPa) to analyze the shear strength and contact zones of DDJCS during shearing. The results show that the contact zones of DDJCS during shearing are scattered in the steep zones facing the shear direction. It is verified that Grasselli and Develi’s directional surface roughness characterization method can be used to predict the shear-induced potential contact zones of DDJCS. When the critical apparent dip angle is equal to the peak dilation angle, the predicted contact area agrees well with the actual contact area. A 3D directional roughness parameter with clear physical meaning was introduced to characterize discontinuity surface roughness. A 3D modified joint roughness coefficient-joint wall compressive strength (JRC-JCS) criterion that can both predict the shear strength of DDJCS and DIJCS was proposed based on the newly defined roughness parameter. The proposed criterion was validated by 77 direct shear tests presented by this study and 163 direct shear tests presented by other investigators. The results show that the proposed criterion was generally reliable for the peak shear strength prediction of DDJCS and DIJCS (within 16%). It is also found that the new criterion can capture the anisotropy of the peak shear strength of DDJCS. The anisotropy of DDJCS decreases with increasing normal stress. It should be noted that the anisotropy of the shear strength of DDJCS was not investigated experimentally, and further experiments should be conducted to verify it.

### 1047. [Accelerated physics-based simulations of train aerodynamics using machine learning libraries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/accelerated-physics-based-simulations-of-train-aerodynamics-using-machine-learning-libraries) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6155-4]
This paper presents the application of a novel AI-based approach, Neural Physics, to produce high-fidelity simulations of train aerodynamics. Neural Physics is built upon convolutional neural networks (CNNs), where the weights are explicitly determined by classical numerical discretisation schemes rather than by training. By leveraging the power of AI technology, this recent approach results in code that can run easily on GPUs and AI processors, achieving high computational speed without sacrificing accuracy. The approach uses an implicit large eddy simulation method based on a non-linear Petrov-Galerkin method to model the unresolved turbulence. Furthermore, for higher-order finite elements, the convolutional finite element method (ConvFEM) is used, which greatly simplifies the implementation of higher-order elements within the NN4DPEs approach. We demonstrate the capability of Neural Physics by simulating a freight Locomotive Class 66 and a partially loaded freight train operating in an open field environment with and without cross wind. This is the first time that ConvFEM has been applied to high-speed fluid flow problems in complex geometries. The results are validated against existing numerical results and experimental measurements, and show good agreement in terms of pressure and velocity distributions around the train body.

### 1048. [Influence of deterioration of CRTSⅢ slab ballastless track irregularity on the safety and stability of high-speed vehicles](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-deterioration-of-crtsiii-slab-ballastless-track-irregularity-on-the-safety-and-stability-of-high-speed-vehicles) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6124-y]
Abstract: As one of the major high-speed railway ballastless track structures in China, CRTSⅢ slab ballastless track has been laid for more than 6500 km. However, there are no detailed studies on its track irregularity deterioration throughout extended service periods, which may threaten the safety and stability of high-speed vehicles (HSV). In this study, a long-term tracking detection of CRTSⅢ slab ballastless track irregularities has been conducted, revealing its annual evolution law. An HSV-track coupled dynamics model was established to investigate the HSV dynamic responses under annual evolution of track irregularities. Considering the potential deterioration of track irregularities to extremely bad condition, the recommended classified limits for irregularity are proposed by analyzing the limit-exceeding probability of the safety and stability indexes of HSV. The results show that: taking 10 m wavelength as a demarcation, longer-wavelength irregularities exhibit larger amplitudes, faster evolution rates and a linear increasing trend, primarily affecting the stability of HSV. Conversely, shorter-wavelength irregularities exhibit smaller amplitudes and an insignificant evolution trend, predominantly affecting the safety of HSV. Furthermore, the periodic irregularity induced by the arching of 32 m simply-supported beam bridge should be paid closer attention to, as their evolution rate significantly surpasses that of irregularities at other wavelengths.

### 1049. [Aerodynamic characteristics on a full-scale high-speed train bogie with rotating wheelsets](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aerodynamic-characteristics-on-a-full-scale-high-speed-train-bogie-with-rotating-wheelsets) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6137-6]
Aerodynamic drag is the dominant factor contributing to energy consumption as the operational speed of high-speed trains increases, necessitating effective aerodynamic optimization strategies. This study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics of the bogie region under two bogie fairing configurations: baseline bogie fairing (BBF) and full bogie fairing (FBF). Both stationary and rotating wheelset conditions are considered. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted on a full-scale bogie model equipped with a wheelset drive system to simulate wheelset rotation. Additionally, numerical simulations were employed to analyze flow structures. Results indicate that the FBF configuration promotes a more uniform front-to-rear pressure distribution in the bogie region. The rotation of the wheelset notably affects the airflow near the wheels and extends its influence throughout the entire bogie region. Specifically, wheelset rotation reduces drag by 6.38% in the BBF configuration but increases drag by 3.5% in the FBF configuration. Further analysis reveals that, in the FBF configuration, aerodynamic drag primarily originates from the wheelsets. The rotating wheelset increases the aerodynamic drag by 18.8% for the rear wheelset, which is attributed to the shift in the pressure curve on the wheelset in the rotating direction. Therefore, the impact of wheelset rotation on aerodynamic characteristics should not be overlooked.

### 1050. [Corrosion resistance and modification mechanism of modified anchoring grouting material in carbonaceous mudstone environment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/corrosion-resistance-and-modification-mechanism-of-modified-anchoring-grouting-material-in-carbonaceous-mudstone-environment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6128-7]
In the corrosive environment of carbonaceous mudstone, the mechanical properties of grouting materials in the anchorage section of anchor bolts continue to deteriorate. In response, a cement-based modified anchoring grouting material (MAGM) with high corrosion resistance was developed. The results reveal that compared with those of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) grouting material, the compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear stress peak of the MAGM increased by 85.9%, 44.4% and 45.4%, respectively, after 28 d of corrosion in a carbonaceous mudstone solution. Waterborne epoxy resin and curing agent create a network membrane structure under the action of nano-Al2O3 to protect the cement hydration products. In the corrosive environment of carbonaceous mudstone, corrosion products formed on the surface of the stone body have adsorbed onto the reticular membrane structure, filling the pores of the stone body and slowing the erosion rate of ions. After 365 d of application of MAGM and OPC in the corrosive environment of a carbonaceous mudstone slope, the peak shear stress of MAGM is, on average, 55.3% greater than that of OPC.

### 1051. [Effect of dynamic flexible biomimetic fishtail on the wake characteristics and aerodynamic drag of high-speed trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-dynamic-flexible-biomimetic-fishtail-on-the-wake-characteristics-and-aerodynamic-drag-of-high-speed-trains) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6136-7]
The increase in aerodynamic drag brings high energy consumption, which is a critical issue in the development of high-speed trains. Inspired by the excellent hydrodynamic characteristics of fish movement in nature, a two-dimensional numerical simulation method based on spring-smoothing model and adaptive mesh technology was utilized to explore the effects of different fishtail structures and two flexible motion modes (Eel mode and Lunate-tail mode) on the wake of high-speed trains, and to assess their potential for aerodynamic drag reduction. Results indicate that the biomimetic fishtail successfully suppresses the alternating shedding of vortices in the wake, and induces the aerodynamic drag fluctuation period to align with the fishtail oscillation period. The fishtail length, oscillation mode, and frequency have a significant impact on the wake flow and aerodynamic drag of the train. Among these, a 1850 mm Eel fishtail with parameters of λ=1 and T=8 s achieves the optimal drag reduction effect, with drag reduction rates of 39.12% and 26.00% for the tail car and the entire train, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the design of new low-resistance railway trains, promoting the sustainable development of rail transit towards goals of high-speed and energy-efficient.

### 1052. [Structural damage detection based on model reduction and response reconstruction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-damage-detection-based-on-model-reduction-and-response-reconstruction) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6105-1]
Structural damage detection is hard to conduct in large-scale civil structures due to enormous structural data and insufficient damage features. To improve this situation, a damage detection method based on model reduction and response reconstruction is presented. Based on the framework of two-step model updating including substructure-level localization and element-level detection, the response reconstruction strategy with an improved sensitivity algorithm is presented to conveniently complement modal information and promote the reliability of model updating. In the iteration process, the reconstructed response is involved in the sensitivity algorithm as a reconstruction-related item. Besides, model reduction is applied to reduce computational degrees of freedom (DOFs) in each detection step. A numerical truss bridge is modelled to vindicate the effectiveness and efficiency of the method. The results showed that the presented method reduces the requirement for installed sensors while improving efficiency and ensuring accuracy of damage detection compared to traditional methods.

### 1053. [Temperature influence on fracture behavior in clay-rich mudstone: A comprehensive experimental study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/temperature-influence-on-fracture-behavior-in-clay-rich-mudstone-a-comprehensive-experimental-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6115-z]
This study investigates the fracture behavior of clay-rich mudstone under varying temperature and pressure conditions, which is crucial for the safety of geological structures. It focuses on three fracture types: pure mode I tensile fractures, pure mode II tensile fractures, and shear fractures, examining specimens at room temperature (RT) and after thermal treatments at 250 and 500 ℃. The findings reveal that increasing temperatures makes the mudstone more brittle, enhancing fracture velocity, toughness, load-bearing capacity, roughness, and the fracture process zone (FPZ) radius. Notably, tensile fractures induced under pure mode II displayed the highest velocities, while shear fractures exhibited the lowest velocities, smoothest surfaces, and greatest resistance to failure. The application of a confining pressure of 4 MPa significantly improved shear fracture toughness by 119.7%, 98.5% and 71.9% at RT, 250 ℃ and 500 ℃, respectively, and reduced roughness by 8.2%, 22.4% and 30.4%. This research offers a novel, comprehensive view of how temperature and pressure impact fractures in mudstone sensitive to temperature due to its high clay content and water affinity. The findings provide valuable insights applicable to geothermal energy, oil and gas exploration, and underground construction, thereby enhancing the understanding of fracture mechanics in geological contexts.

### 1054. [Preface: Aerodynamic characteristics of higher-speed trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preface-aerodynamic-characteristics-of-higher-speed-trains) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-026-6170-0]
High-speed railway holds a pivotal position in China’s transportation system, closely intertwined with the production and daily lives of people. It serves as a critical carrier for fostering a new development paradigm, supporting high-quality growth, and building a modernized strong nation. Up to 2025, the high-speed railway operating mileage in China has exceeded 50000 km, ranking the first in the world and surpassing the combined total of high-speed railway operating mileage in all other countries. With the rapid advancement of high-speed railway technology, aerodynamics has emerged as a pivotal scientific challenge that limits the enhancements in the safety, efficiency, and comfort of high-speed trains. As train speeds continue to increase, the interactions between trains and the aerodynamic environment become increasingly complex and intense. This complexity gives rise to critical issues such as significant aerodynamic drag, aerodynamic noise, crosswind stability, and intense pressure fluctuations in tunnels, all of which directly impact the overall sustainability and operational performance of high-speed railway systems, becoming one of hot topics in the world. This special issue focuses on the topic of “Aerodynamic Characteristics of Higher-speed Trains”, showcasing cutting-edge research and technological advances in this field. The included studies are organized around four core thematic areas: aerodynamic performance in open air, mechanism and mitigation of aerodynamic noise, crosswind stability, and train/tunnel coupled aerodynamic effects. Specifically, they address topics such as aerodynamic optimization of train shapes, control of transient pressure waves in tunnels, noise reduction strategies, crosswind stability analysis, and innovative applications of computational and experimental methods in train aerodynamics. The research methodologies integrate high-fidelity numerical simulations, advanced model testing, and field measurements, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of modern aerodynamic research. The contributions in this issue not only deepen the theoretical understanding of high-speed train aerodynamics but also provide practical insights for engineering applications. By exploring novel approaches to aerodynamic design, noise mitigation, and operational safety enhancement, these studies support the development of next-generation high-speed railway systems with improved performance and sustainability. We hope this collection serves as a valuable reference for researchers and engineers engaged in high-speed railway development. It is our aspiration that the findings presented here will stimulate further innovation and contribute to the advancement of safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly high-speed railway transportation worldwide.

### 1055. [Dynamic response characteristics and failure mechanisms of a high-steep bedding rock slope under successive earthquakes in a high-seismic-intensity zone via discrete element method and shaking table tests](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-response-characteristics-and-failure-mechanisms-of-a-high-steep-bedding-rock-slope-under-successive-earthquakes-in-a-high-seismic-intensity-zone-via-discrete-element-method-and-shaking-table-tests) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6130-0]
Steep bedding slopes are widely distributed in Southwestern China’s mountainous regions and have complex seismic responses and instability risks, causing casualties and property losses. Considering the high-seismic-intensity environment, the dynamic failure evolution and instability mechanism of high-steep bedding slopes are simulated via the discrete element method and shaking table test. The dynamic response characteristics and cumulative failure effects of slopes subjected to continuous ground motion are investigated. The results show that the dynamic response characteristics of slopes under continuous earthquakes are influenced by geological and topographic conditions. Elevation has a distinct impact on both the slope interior and surface, with amplification effects more pronounced on the surface. The weak interlayers have different influences on the dynamic amplification effect of slopes. Weak interlayers have dynamic magnification effects on the slope surface at relative elevations of 0 −0.33 and 0.82 −1.0 but have weakening effects between 0.33 and 0.82. Moreover, the weak interlayers also have controlling effects on the dynamic instability mode of slopes. The characteristics of intergranular contact failure, fracture propagation, and displacement distribution are analyzed to reveal the dynamic failure evolution and instability mechanism through the discrete-element model. The dynamic instability process of slopes includes three stages: fracture initiation (0−0.2g), fracture expansion (0.2g−0.3g), and sliding instability (0.3g−0.6g). This work can provide a valuable reference for the seismic stability and reinforcement of complex slopes.

### 1056. [A lithium-ion battery state-of-health prediction model based on physical information constraints and multimodal feature fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-lithium-ion-battery-state-of-health-prediction-model-based-on-physical-information-constraints-and-multimodal-feature-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6129-6]
Accurate estimation of lithium battery state-of-health (SOH) is essential for ensuring safe operation and efficient utilization. To address the challenges of complex degradation factors and unreliable feature extraction, we develop a novel SOH prediction model integrating physical information constraints and multimodal feature fusion. Our approach employs a multi-channel encoder to process heterogeneous data modalities, including health indicators, raw charge/discharge sequences, and incremental capacity data, and uses multi-channel encoders to achieve structured input. A physics-informed loss function, derived from an empirical capacity decay equation, is incorporated to enforce interpretability, while a cross-layer attention mechanism dynamically weights features to handle missing modalities and random noise. Experimental validation on multiple battery types demonstrates that our model reduces mean absolute error (MAE) by at least 51.09% compared to unimodal baselines, maintains robustness under adverse conditions such as partial data loss, and achieves an average MAE of 0.0201 in real-world battery pack applications. This model significantly enhances the accuracy and universality of prediction, enabling accurate prediction of battery SOH under actual engineering conditions.

### 1057. [Investigation of aerodynamic shape optimization of cross-sectional body of high-speed train](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-of-aerodynamic-shape-optimization-of-cross-sectional-body-of-high-speed-train) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6151-8]
A train body's cross-sectional shape has a significant impact on aerodynamic drag and operational safety in high-speed trains (HSTs). This study extracts five design variables from a real-world HST body: height, width, side arc radius, arc radius at the connection between the side and the roof, and arc radius at the connection between the side and the train's bottom. The cross-validated Kriging surrogate model and the genetic algorithm are used to perform two types of aerodynamic optimization, with the cross-sectional area as a constraint. Cross-sectional shapes are optimized in both windless and windy conditions. Numerical results indicate that in a windless environment, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the whole train is reduced by 2.4%; in a windy condition, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the entire vehicle is reduced by 2.4%, and the aerodynamic lateral force of the leading car is reduced by 37.8%. These suggest that a flat and wide shape helps to reduce not only overall aerodynamic drag in a windless environment but also aerodynamic load in a windy environment, which can be accomplished by reducing the area of the side wall and top region, lowering the train body's height, increasing its width, and lowering the radius of the side and top arcs.

### 1058. [Mechanical behavior of train-slab track coupled system under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-behavior-of-train-slab-track-coupled-system-under-subgrade-settlement-and-earthquake-excitation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6109-x]
Subgrade settlement is a common issue in soil ground within earthquake-prone regions, posing a threat to the safe operation of train-slab track coupled system (TSCS) in high-speed railways (HSRs). This study aims to analyze the mechanical behavior evolution of TSCS under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation. The refined numerical model of slab track under subgrade differential settlement is established. The short settlement wavelength of 10 m causes the separation between the base and subgrade. The dynamic model of TSCS under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation is developed. The dynamic response of TSCS exhibits more pronounced fluctuations under the combined effects of subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation than under the effects of settlement or earthquake alone. The evaluation indexes for the running safety of train on slab track under different settlement wavelengths exhibit varying degrees of increase with settlement amplitude and are particularly sensitive to the short settlement wavelength of 10 m. The wheel unloading rate and derailment coefficient of TSCS increase with earthquake intensity. Under the settlement wavelength of 10 m and amplitude of 20 mm, the wheel unloading rate of TSCS exceeds the allowable limit when the earthquake intensity exceeds 0.17g, and the derailment coefficient exceeds the allowable limit when the earthquake intensity surpasses 0.29g.

### 1059. [Influence of steam curing on the pore characteristics of cementitious materials containing molybdenum tailings powder](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-steam-curing-on-the-pore-characteristics-of-cementitious-materials-containing-molybdenum-tailings-powder) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6107-z]
Molybdenum tailings are the solid waste left from ore processing, which damages soil and water resources. To address that, molybdenum tailings (MTs) powder obtained from molybdenum tailings sands was processed as an admixture. Compared with moisture-cured conditions, the influence of MTs on the steam-cured mortar’s mechanical properties, surface and internal pore characteristics, and microscopic morphology was investigated. The results show that steam-cured mortar containing appropriate MTs can still have high early strength. When the content of MTs doesn’t exceed 15%, the mechanical strength of mortar steam-cured for 3 d can reach 85% of that of corresponding mortar moisture-cured for 28 d, and that of mortar steam-cured for 28 d isn’t lower than 90% of that of pure cement mortar. The proportion of harmful pores (HFP) and more harmful pores (MHFP) and most probable pore diameters (MPD) on the mortar surface containing MTs steam-cured for 28 d are significantly decreased. When MTs’ content is 15%, the proportion of HFP and MHFP on the surface of paste is decreased by 71.4% and 72.2%, respectively, with MPS decreasing from 12.7 nm to 10.8 nm. SEM analysis shows that the surfaces of steam-cured paste containing 15% MTs have more hydration products and dense microstructures. The effect of pozzolanic and dense filling of MTs effectively refines the pore structure, reducing the large pore-size pores.

### 1060. [Mechanism of confining pressure-induced failure mode transition in granite: Implications from acoustic emission and numerical simulation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanism-of-confining-pressure-induced-failure-mode-transition-in-granite-implications-from-acoustic-emission-and-numerical-simulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6132-y]
To elucidate the influence of confining pressure on microcrack evolution and macroscopic failure mechanisms in granite, a multi-perspective approach was adopted. This approach combined triaxial compression tests, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, and PFC simulations. The results show that: 1) Confining pressure exhibits a pronounced linear correlation with both yield strength and compressive strength. The enhancement of confining pressure significantly improves the deformability of granite and promotes a progressive shift in failure mechanism from brittle rupture to ductile deformation; 2) Increasing confining pressure elevates the stress threshold for microcrack initiation and suppresses crack propagation. As a result, the proportion of shear cracks increases (based on AE analysis) from 18.71% to 61.2%, marking a transition in the dominant failure mode from tensile to shear; 3) Confining pressure facilitates the development of grain boundary shear cracks (GBSCs), establishing the primary damage pathways. In addition, local stress concentrations under high confinement conditions trigger intragranular cracking. This highlights the regulatory effect of confining pressure on microcrack evolution.

### 1061. [Damage characteristics and energy evolution law of high static load coal-rock combination under the influence of dynamic load parameters](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/damage-characteristics-and-energy-evolution-law-of-high-static-load-coal-rock-combination-under-the-influence-of-dynamic-load-parameters) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6133-x]
Based on MTS Landmark 370.50 rock dynamic and static load fatigue test system and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring method, the damage characteristics and energy evolution law of high static load coal-rock combination (CRC) under the influence of dynamic load parameters were studied. The main results are as follows: 1) Dynamic load increases the rheological properties and damage fracture development of CRC. With the increase of the amplitude and frequency of the dynamic load, the number of dynamic load cycles required for the failure of the CRC decreases, the irreversible strain increases, and the failure of sample accelerates; 2) The AE positioning events during the loading process of the specimen decrease with the increase of the dynamic load amplitude, and increase with the increase of the dynamic load frequency; 3) The fractal dimension, total energy and cumulative elastic energy of the broken particles of the CRC increase with the increase of the amplitude and frequency of the dynamic load. The fractal dimension corresponding to the increase of the dynamic load frequency is larger, and the energy and cumulative elastic energy corresponding to the increase of the dynamic load amplitude are larger.

### 1062. [Stability analysis of inclined bauxite pillar under goaf of coal seam considering principal stress rotation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/stability-analysis-of-inclined-bauxite-pillar-under-goaf-of-coal-seam-considering-principal-stress-rotation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6119-8]
The “upper coal and lower bauxite” resource distribution pattern is widespread in China, where mining of the overlying coal seam significantly alters the stress environment of the underlying bauxite layer. This study investigates the stability of inclined bauxite pillars under the influence of stress redistribution caused by coal seam extraction. A theoretical model is developed to calculate the direction and magnitude of principal stresses in the inclined floor strata, and a pillar stability analysis model is established that considers the effect of principal stress rotation. The research employs a combination of theoretical analysis, physical modeling, numerical simulation, and field observation. Findings indicate that stress rotation is most pronounced at both ends of the coal seam goaf, with the maximum clockwise and counterclockwise rotation angles of 19° and −40°, respectively, observed in the bauxite layer. Inclined bauxite pillars are subjected to combined compressive and shear loading. Under such conditions, clockwise rotation of principal stress increases the shear-to-normal stress ratio, thereby reducing pillar stability. Pillars located beneath the coal wall are the first to fail due to stress concentration and principal stress rotation, which can trigger a cascade of instability among the adjacent pillars. The findings provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for ensuring the safe co-mining of coal seams and bauxite resources.

### 1063. [Tensile mechanical behavior of composite rocks under stress waves: A focus on strength variation between rock layers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tensile-mechanical-behavior-of-composite-rocks-under-stress-waves-a-focus-on-strength-variation-between-rock-layers) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6122-0]
Composite rock layers are widely present in mining and tunnel construction projects, and are prone to dynamic tensile failure along bedding planes under dynamic disturbances. To ensure engineering safety, it is necessary to conduct research on the dynamic tensile characteristics under different working conditions. Considering the difficulty of on-site sampling, composite rock samples were prepared with cement mortar, and dynamic Brazilian splitting tests were carried out using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment, a high-speed camera, and PFC2D numerical software to explore their dynamic tensile properties under dynamic disturbance under different strength ratios and other factors. The results show that the dynamic tensile strength of samples exhibits a rising trend with the strength ratio and strain rate growth. As the incident angle increases from 0° to 90°, the stress contour deflects transform from center-splitting failure to tension-shear combined failure and back again. The influence of the incident order in different lithology rocks on the dynamic tensile strength of composite samples is controlled by strain rate, and when the strain rate increases to 400 s−1, the difference in strength due to the sequence of incident stress waves is within 5%. Based on PFC2D, the strength ratio of composite samples has a certain influence on the distribution of microfractures. With strength ratios equaling 1.5 or 2.0, the cracks are mainly concentrated on the softer material side, while a large number of cracks are distributed on both sides of the bedding plane with a strength ratio equal to 1.2.

### 1064. [Effect of Cu2+ on the cassiterite and calcite flotation using octanohydroxamic acid as collector](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-cu2-on-the-cassiterite-and-calcite-flotation-using-octanohydroxamic-acid-as-collector) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6127-8]
In this study, the effect of Cu2+ on the cassiterite and calcite flotation using octanohydroxamic acid (OHA) as collector was investigated through flotation tests, solution reaction tests and calculation, zeta potential measurements, XPS analysis and residual reagent concentration measurements. Results indicated that Cu2+ played an activation role on cassiterite flotation but a depression role on calcite flotation. The copper cations were adsorbed on the cassiterite surface by forming a Cu―O bond, and the pre-adsorbed copper cations and the OHA-Cu complexes promoted the adsorption of OHA on the cassiterite surface. Thus, cassiterite flotation was activated. The dissolved HCO3− in the calcite pulp underwent a double hydrolysis reaction with copper cations (Cu2+, CuOH+, Cu2(OH)2 2+ and Cu3(OH)4 2+) to form CuCO3. Some copper cations were adsorbed on the calcite surface as well, but some adsorbed Cu2+ on the calcite surface was desorbed by bonding with OHA, and most of OHA was consumed by Cu2+, basic copper carbonate and copper hydroxide. The residual OHA in the pulp was not sufficient for flotation, so calcite flotation was depressed. Finally, a model of the reaction mechanism of Cu2+ and OHA on the cassiterite and calcite surfaces was established.

### 1065. [Transformation pathways and zinc binding mechanisms in magnetite crystallization: Implications for zinc hydrometallurgy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/transformation-pathways-and-zinc-binding-mechanisms-in-magnetite-crystallization-implications-for-zinc-hydrometallurgy) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6106-0]
Iron removal from zinc leachate in hydrometallurgy produces large volumes of low-grade, impurity-laden iron waste, posing significant environmental challenges. Magnetite precipitation offers a novel method for iron removal and resource recycling in zinc hydrometallurgy. However, the chemical similarity between ferrous and zinc ions, along with high zinc concentrations, causes zinc co-precipitation, challenging its application. To address this issue, this study utilized electron microscopy to observe key intermediate products in magnetite crystallization and employed EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) to analyze their evolutionary mechanisms and zinc-binding configurations. The results indicate that the intermediate products during magnetite formation are sequentially green rust, feroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH), and weakly crystalline nanoparticles, and further analysis revealed that their transformation follows the dissolution-recrystallization mechanism. Furthermore, it was found that intermediate products such as green rust exhibit strong binding with zinc (via adsorption and lattice substitution), which was confirmed as a significant reason for the difficulty in separating zinc from magnetite. This study elucidates the transformation process of intermediate products during magnetite formation and, for the first time, reveals the binding configurations of zinc with these key intermediate products. This has significant implications for the development and optimization of new technologies for the efficient separation of iron and zinc during the magnetite precipitation process.

### 1066. [Interaction and mechanism of sub-micron La2Zr2O7 ceramic with calcium-ferrum-alumina-silicate (CFAS) melt at 1673 K](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interaction-and-mechanism-of-sub-micron-la2zr2o7-ceramic-with-calcium-ferrum-alumina-silicate-cfas-melt-at-1673-k) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6104-2]
Herein, a sub-micron lanthanum zirconate ceramic (La2Zr2O7, LZO) with a pyrochlore structure was prepared by the sol-gel and high temperature sintering methods. The corrosion behavior and mechanism of calcium-ferrum-alumina-silicate (CFAS) powder (33CaO: 10FeO1.5: 13AlO1.5: 44SiO2) on the sub-micron LZO ceramic at 1673 K was investigated. The results indicate that the average grain size of sub-micron LZO ceramic was 895 nm. The CFAS melt rapidly diffused into the interior of the LZO ceramic wafer and reacted with it to generate high melting point rod-shaped Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2 apatite and m-ZrO2 phases, which can effectively hinder further diffusion of CFAS melt, resulting in a slow increase in corrosion depth with corrosion time. After 30 h of CFAS corrosion at 1673 K, the corrosion depth of the LZO ceramic wafer was only 160.3 μm, demonstrating its excellent high-temperature resistance to CFAS corrosion.

### 1067. [High-entropy metal sulfide nanoparticles with optimized metal composition as highly efficient electrocatalysts for N2 reduction to NH3](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-entropy-metal-sulfide-nanoparticles-with-optimized-metal-composition-as-highly-efficient-electrocatalysts-for-n2-reduction-to-nh3) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6101-5]
Eco-friendly electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is aimed to replace the traditional polluting industrial process, but NRR needs electrocatalysts with high selectivity and activity to boost desired NH3 yield rate and Faradic efficiency (FE). In this work, high-entropy sulfides (HES) (FeCoNiMoM)Sx (M=Cr, Cu, Mn) were synthesized via a two-step solvothermal method. The optimized composition for HES is (FeCoNiMoCr)Sx, with promising NRR performance that NH3 yield rate reached 47.97 μg/(h·mgcat) at −0.7 V vs RHE and FE was 26.1% at −0.4 V vs RHE. Comprehensive characterization and electrochemical testing were performed to investigate the effects of the metal component on NRR performance. It reveals that (FeCoNiMoCr)Sx shows more intense charge transport, more electrocatalytic active sites, higher selectivity, etc, resulting from the electron transport and element synergy of HES. Also, it is proved to have targeted NRR selectivity and limiting competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. The results offer promising guidance for further improving the NRR electrocatalysts based on transition elements.

### 1068. [Microstructure and wear property of SiCP/AlSi10Mg composites prepared by laser powder bed fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-and-wear-property-of-sicpalsi10mg-composites-prepared-by-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6121-1]
Additive manufacturing (AM) of SiCP/Al composites has shown significant potential for expanding the application of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) due to their outstanding mechanical properties and wear performance. However, conventional mechanically mixed powders for AM are limited due to the possible powder agglomeration and poor fluidity. In this study, the spherical SiCP/AlSi10Mg composite powders prepared by spray granulation were employed to fabricate SiCP-reinforced AlSi10Mg composites using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The impacts of laser power on microstructure evolution and wear properties of composites were systematically investigated. The results indicated that an in-situ reaction between the aluminum matrix and SiCP during the LPBF process, resulted in the formation of particle-like and strip-like strengthening phase Al4SiC4. By adjusting the laser power (from 270 W to 350 W) to change the ratio of SiCP to Al4SiC4, micro-defects could be effectively limited, and wear performance could be improved. Consequently, with an optimized ratio of SiCP to Al4SiC4, the composite exhibited a mixed strengthening mechanism caused by the SiCP and Al4SiC4 reinforcing phases. At a laser power of 310 W, the sample exhibited minimal porosity with a microhardness value reaching 265.38HV, while maintaining relatively low average friction coefficient and wear rate. In addition, compared with other studies, the hardness obtained was superior to that of the AlSi10Mg and other reported SiCP/AlSi10Mg composites with similar volume fractions using the mixed powders.

### 1069. [Friction and corrosion behavior of laser cladding Ti50Nb15V15Zr5Cr5Al10 high-entropy alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/friction-and-corrosion-behavior-of-laser-cladding-ti50nb15v15zr5cr5al10-high-entropy-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6120-2]
This work investigated tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of laser cladding (LC) Ti50Nb15V15Zr5Cr5Al10 high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates. Microstructural characterization illustrated that there was only body centered cubic phase in the HEA coating. Besides, the coatings of different laser power all exhibited obviously higher hardness than the substrate. It is illustrated that the microstructure of the HEA coatings is composed of body centered cubic phase, and the temperature gradient contributes to the distribution difference between the equiaxed and columnar grains. Meanwhile, the relationships between the tribological behavior, corrosion resistance and alloying elements have been illustrated. The HEA coating with 2200 W holds the best wear and corrosion resistance. During the friction process, there are many oxides formed at high temperatures, and adhesive wear contributes most to the wear mechanism of the coatings. The wear volumes of the HEA coatings are only 24.7% to 45.5% of that of the Ti6Al4V substrate. Due to the alloying elements like Cr and Al, there is dense passive film formed during the corrosion process, thereby leading to better corrosion resistance of the coatings. The corrosion rates of the HEA coatings with 2200 W and Ti6Al4V substrate are 5.34×10−3 mm/a and 2.69×10−2 mm/a, respectively.

### 1070. [Improvement of microstructure and microhardness of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet by cross-forging-bending repeated deformation with sharply increasing temperature](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improvement-of-microstructure-and-microhardness-of-az31-mg-alloy-sheet-by-cross-forging-bending-repeated-deformation-with-sharply-increasing-temperature) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6100-6]
In this study, AZ31 Mg alloy sheets were processed by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique called forging-bending repeated deformation (FBRD). The effect on the microstructure and microhardness of AZ31 Mg alloy through FBRD was investigated with increasing temperature treatment and a 90° cross route. The results reveal that the effective strain increases with the number of passes. The flow uniformity is effectively enhanced due to alterations in shear deformation direction. After four passes of deformation, the average grain size is refined by 79.3% compared to the initial specimen. The grain refinement mechanism predominantly originates from the synergistic effects of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), and twinning-induced recrystallization (TDRX). The formation of {1012} extension twins (ET) significantly contributes to coarse grain subdivision and plastic deformation coordinated. Furthermore, pyramidal <c+a> slip activation effectively enhances the plasticity of Mg alloys. By post four-pass processing, the alloy exhibits a microhardness of 81.9HV, primarily governed by fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanisms.

### 1071. [Early-age thermal cracking behavior of high-speed railway bridge piers in plateau regions: Formwork removal recommendations](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/early-age-thermal-cracking-behavior-of-high-speed-railway-bridge-piers-in-plateau-regions-formwork-removal-recommendations) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6069-1]
High-speed railway (HSR) bridge piers in high-altitude areas frequently face the challenge of early-age thermal cracking. This study employed numerical simulation methods to analyze the early-age temperature field, deformation field, and cracking risk of HSR bridge piers, considering three factors: binder content, cement types, and formwork types. The results show that the cracking risk slightly increases with a higher content of cementitious materials. However, this risk can be mitigated by selecting cements with lower heat of hydration and formwork materials with higher thermal conductivity. A variable termed “representative temperature rise for unit concrete” was proposed to integrate these three factors and comprehensively reflect the inherent thermal property of the pier. Subsequently, three linear regression models for predicting the demolding age of HSR bridge piers were established. These models empower engineers to determine the earliest feasible time for formwork removal without the need for complex computational analyses.

### 1072. [Mechanical response and failure mechanism of inclined rough jointed rock under true triaxial compression loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-response-and-failure-mechanism-of-inclined-rough-jointed-rock-under-true-triaxial-compression-loading) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6085-1]
Rock-like specimens containing a joint with different inclination angles and roughness were prepared using 3D printing technology. Then, true triaxial compression loading experiments were conducted on those jointed specimens. The increase in roughness leads to an increase in the axial strength and peak strain. With the increasing inclination angle, the axial strength initially decreases from 30° to 60° and then increases from 60° to 90°. While the peak strain first rises from 30° to 45° and then declines from 45° to 90°. The variation in failure mode results from differences in lateral stress on the joints under different strike directions. Specimens with joint strike parallel to the intermediate principal stress predominantly showed matrix or matrix-joint mixed shear failure, whereas those parallel to the minimum principal stress exhibited matrix shear failure. The analysis results of acoustic emission signals indicate the crack number and shear crack percentage increase with the increasing roughness and first decrease (30° to 60°), then increase (60° to 90°) with the increasing inclination angle. The research results can provide some guidance for the design and support of underground engineering with jointed surrounding rock.

### 1073. [Dynamic fracture mechanism of granite with different shape holes under high strain rates based on HFDEM](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-fracture-mechanism-of-granite-with-different-shape-holes-under-high-strain-rates-based-on-hfdem) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6092-2]
The shape of underground chambers in deep mining varies due to their geological environment and intended use, which results in different failure modes under the influence of mining activities. However, the effect of chamber shape on the mechanism of structural integrity under dynamic load is still unclear. In this paper, granite samples with circular (C), rectangular (R), long ellipse (EL), and short ellipse (ES) holes were prepared. The dynamic mechanical response and cracking mechanism of granite were systematically analyzed using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system and the hybrid finite and discrete element method (HFDEM). The results indicate that the dynamic strengths of granite with EL and ES represent the maximum and minimum values within the range of close strain rates, respectively. When EL granite is subjected to dynamic load, the axial stress concentration (in the load direction) is weak, and the transverse stress shows relative dispersion, which is the primary reason for its highest dynamic strength. The failure of granite with various holes primarily involves a tensile-shear mixed fracture, with relatively few pure type II cracks. The chamber’s transverse span is the primary factor influencing the distribution range of the fracture area.

### 1074. [Thermal compression behavior and microstructural evolution of selective laser melted AlMgScZr high-strength aluminum alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermal-compression-behavior-and-microstructural-evolution-of-selective-laser-melted-almgsczr-high-strength-aluminum-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6114-0]
The AlMgScZr high-strength aluminum alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology exhibits a “bimodal microstructure”, resulting in significant non-uniform deformation during thermal deformation. This study investigates the flow behavior of SLM-processed AlMgScZr aluminum alloy utilizing the Gleeble-1500D thermal simulation machine. The true stress−strain curves were amended based on the friction theory. Through determining the Zener-Hollomon parameters, the correlation between flow stress, deformation temperature, and strain rate during the high-temperature thermoplastic deformation of SLM-processed AlMgScZr aluminum alloy with a “bimodal microstructure” was established. In addition, the microstructural evolution during thermal deformation was analyzed. The results indicated that the predicted flow stress values obtained from the Arrhenius constitutive equation with coupled correction of thermal deformation parameters closely matched the experimental values. The correlation coefficient and the average absolute relative error of the corrected model were 0.999 and 2.766%, respectively, accurately predicting the thermoplastic deformation behavior of SLM-processed high-strength aluminum alloy with a “bimodal microstructure”. Furthermore, hot processing maps at different strains were established, identifying stable and unstable regions under different deformation conditions. Microstructural observations revealed different thermal deformation mechanisms under various deformation temperatures. Specifically, dynamic recrystallization characteristics dominated the microstructure at lower temperatures (300−360 ℃), while dynamic recovery was dominant at higher temperatures (390−500 ℃).

### 1075. [Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 2195 Al-Li alloy with different heat-treatment states via friction stir additive manufacturing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-evolution-and-mechanical-properties-of-2195-al-li-alloy-with-different-heat-treatment-states-via-friction-stir-additive-manufacturing) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6084-2]
Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is an innovative additive manufacturing (AM) method. The various heat treatment conditions of aluminum-lithium alloys using this method have not been widely discussed. In this study, the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of FSAM 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy in different heat treatment conditions (T3 and T8) were investigated. The results demonstrated that the heat treatment state of 2195 Al-Li alloys was minimally influenced by FSAM as the FSAM temperature exceeded the solid solution temperature. After conducting a single-pass FSAM experiment, a notable grain refinement was observed in the nugget zone (NZ) region compared to the base material (BM). The average grain size of the 2195-T3 alloy decreased from 6.1 to 2.9 μm, while the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries increased from 16.5% to 43.9%. Similarly, the average grain size of the 2195-T8 alloy decreased from 8.9 to 2.8 μm, with an increase in high-angle grain boundary from 37.6% to 59.2%. The tensile strength of the 2195-T3 Al-Li alloy reached 466 and 478 MPa in the NZ of single-pass and lap experiments, respectively. In comparison, the tensile strength of the 2195-T8 Al-Li alloy in the NZ could reach 452 and 481 MPa in single-pass and lap experiments, respectively. These results demonstrate the significant improvements in microstructure and mechanical properties were achieved through the FSAM process.

### 1076. [RIME-VMD-BiLSTM: A surrogate model for seismic response prediction of nonlinear vehicle-track-bridge system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rime-vmd-bilstm-a-surrogate-model-for-seismic-response-prediction-of-nonlinear-vehicle-track-bridge-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6079-z]
This paper proposed a RIME-VMD-BiLSTM surrogate model to rapidly and precisely predict the seismic response of a nonlinear vehicle-track-bridge (VTB) system. The surrogate model employs the RIME algorithm to optimize the variational mode decomposition (VMD) parameters (k and α) and the architecture and hyperparameter of the bidirectional long- and short-term memory network (BiLSTM). After comparing different combinations and optimization algorithms, the surrogate model was trained and used to analyze a typical 9-span 32-m high-speed railway simply supported bridge system. A series of numerical examples considering the vehicle speed, bridge damping, seismic intensity, and training strategy on the prediction effect of the surrogate model were conducted on the extended OpenSees platform. The results show that the BiLSTM model performed better than the LSTM model, whereas the prediction effects of the single-LSTM and BiLSTM models were relatively poor. With the introduction of the VMD and RIME optimization techniques, the prediction effect of the proposed RIME-VMD-BiLSTM model was excellent. The abovementioned factors had a significant influence on the seismic response of a VTB system but little impact on the prediction effect of the surrogate model. The proposed surrogate model exhibits notable transferability and robustness for predicting the VTB’s nonlinear seismic response.

### 1077. [Stress field evolution mechanism and regional stress control technology of deep mining roadway](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/stress-field-evolution-mechanism-and-regional-stress-control-technology-of-deep-mining-roadway) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6089-x]
Aiming at the problem that the distance between the main roadway and the working face in Hudi Coal Industry Panel was more than 100 m, which was still affected by mining, high stress concentration of the roadway, and difficulty of supporting overall convergence of the section, the mechanical characteristics of the core bearing strata of the overlying rock caving in the working face were studied. The correlation mechanism between the overlying rock caving and the deformation and failure of the roadway was analyzed, and the quantitative evaluation index was established to comprehensively analyze different influencing factors. Based on the key strata theory, the mechanical difference transfer model of working face mining and panel roadway deformation and failure was established. It was considered that the difference in fracture morphology was the key to the far-field stress disturbance. The regional stress control technology was proposed to block or reduce the stress transfer, so that the peak stress of the panel main roadway was reduced, and the deformation of the surrounding rock was significantly reduced, which provides a reference value for the roadway support with serious influence of mining roadway.

### 1078. [A novel control method of automatically formed roadway by roof cutting and confined concrete column in extremely close-distance coal seam](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-control-method-of-automatically-formed-roadway-by-roof-cutting-and-confined-concrete-column-in-extremely-close-distance-coal-seam) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6080-6]
Under the influence of the upper coal pillars and dynamic pressure of coal mining, the roadway of the lower coal seam is prone to large deformation failure. In this paper, a novel control method and key technologies of automatically formed roadway (AFR) by roof cutting and confined concrete column in extremely close-distance coal seam are proposed. Furthermore, a numerical model is established to analyze the structure characteristics of overlying roof strata. Based on numerical results, the roof structure model of “voussoir beam of upper layer + short cantilever beam of lower layer” of this method is proposed. What’s more, the calculation equation of the roof bending moment and evaluation indexes is established, and the influence of different factors on roof stability control of AFR is studied. Finally, a field test is conducted to verify the effectiveness of this novel method. Field results were as follows: 1) The maximum and average support stress of working face obviously decreased; 2) The confined concrete column can provide high-strength support in dynamic influence zone; 3) The maximum deformation of AFR safety requirement can be met. This study can provide effective guidance for the application of this method in extremely close-distance coal seam.

### 1079. [General analytical solutions for one-dimensional diffusion of degradable organic contaminant in the multi-layered media containing geomembranes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/general-analytical-solutions-for-one-dimensional-diffusion-of-degradable-organic-contaminant-in-the-multi-layered-media-containing-geomembranes) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6088-y]
In practical engineering construction, multi-layered barriers containing geomembranes are extensively applied to retard the migration of pollutants. However, the associated analytical theory on pollutants diffusion still needs to be further improved. In this work, general analytical solutions are derived for one-dimensional diffusion of degradable organic contaminant (DOC) in the multi-layered media containing geomembranes under a time-varying concentration boundary condition, where the variable substitution and separated variable approaches are employed. These analytical solutions with clear expressions can be used not only to study the diffusion behaviors of DOC in bottom and vertical composite barrier systems, but also to verify other complex numerical models. The proposed general analytical solutions are then fully validated via three comparative analyses, including comparisons with the experimental measurements, an existing analytical solution, and a finite-difference solution. Ultimately, the influences of different factors on the composite cutoff wall’s (CCW, which consists of two soil-bentonite layers and a geomembrane) service performance are investigated through a composite vertical barrier system as the application example. The findings obtained from this investigation can provide scientific guidance for the barrier performance evaluation and the engineering design of CCWs. This application example also exhibits the necessity and effectiveness of the developed analytical solutions.

### 1080. [Photocatalytic synthesized low content CeO2-modified rutile heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced wastewater treatment and H2 evolution performances](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/photocatalytic-synthesized-low-content-ceo2-modified-rutile-heterojunction-photocatalysts-with-enhanced-wastewater-treatment-and-h2-evolution-performances) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6094-0]
High performance composite photocatalyst is a hotspot in the photocatalysis researches. In this study, a cutting-edge CeO2/rutile composite photocatalyst with tiny CeO2 concentration of 1.28 wt% was synthesized via a simple photocatalytic method. This as-obtained CeO2/rutile catalyst (CeO2/TiO2-1:1) exhibited an enhanced wastewater degradation and improved water splitting H2 evolution ability, with 95.83 % removal ratio for methylene blue (MB), 72.84% for tetracycline (TC) and 87.57 μmol/g H2 evolution capacity. Light irradiation and 2-coordinated oxygen vacancies (OV2C) on rutile surface promoted the Ce3+ adsorption on the rutile (110) facet as DFT results shown. The CeO2/rutile type-II heterojunction was evidenced to promote the migration of e−/h+ and generation of ·OH/·O2− and H2, which rapidly boosted the whole photocatalytic performance. This as-prepared CeO2/TiO2 photocatalyst can provide useful inspirations and new thoughts about the photosynthesis process, and offer a novel strategy for heterojunction photocatalysts preparation.

### 1081. [FeVO4 nanorods decorated natural sepiolite as highly efficient peroxymonosulfate catalyst for tetracycline degradation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fevo4-nanorods-decorated-natural-sepiolite-as-highly-efficient-peroxymonosulfate-catalyst-for-tetracycline-degradation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6093-1]
Developing a low-cost stable and high-performance peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyst to degrade refractory organic pollutants is still an urgent problem. Herein, this study reported FeVO4 nanorods decorated sepiolite (FeVO4/sepiolite) through simple hydrothermal method as an adsorptive-catalyst for PMS activation to degrade tetracycline (TC). Benefiting from the introduction of sepiolite support, FeVO4 nanorods could be uniformly immobilized onto fibrous sepiolite surface. As a result, FeVO4/sepiolite composite was endowed with excellent adsorption properties, rich surface hydroxyl groups, more reaction active sites, and the stable redox cycle of Fe3+/Fe2+ and V5+/V4+. Therefore, higher TC degradation efficiency (91.19% within 40 min) and larger reaction rate constant (0.1649 min−1) were obtained in FeVO4/sepiolite/PMS system than in FeVO4/PMS system. Besides, the composite presented good stability and reusability, and the effects of application parameters on TC degradation were investigated in detail. Through quenching experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) test, it was found that both radical and non-radical species participates in TC degradation, and 1O2 were the main active species. The PMS activation mechanism was proposed, and the possible degradation pathway was also analyzed according to the high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) results. Overall, this work provides meaningful insights for designing natural mineral based PMS activators to effectively remediate antibiotic wastewater.

### 1082. [Selective inhibition of acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer in the flotation separation of fluorite from dolomite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/selective-inhibition-of-acrylic-acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic-acid-copolymer-in-the-flotation-separation-of-fluorite-from-dolomite) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6097-x]
The efficient recovery of fluorite is paid more and more attention with the increasing application especially in strategic emerging industries. In this study, acrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer (AA-AMPS) was first used as the depressant in fluorite flotation, and its effect on the flotation separation of fluorite and dolomite in sodium oleate (NaOL) system was investigated. The depression mechanism was analyzed by contact angle measurement, zeta potential test, FTIR and XPS analyses. The micro-flotation test results showed that dolomite can be inhibited in fluorite flotation system in the addition of 2 mg/L AA-AMPS and 20 mg/L NaOL at pH 10. The CaF2 grade increased from 49.85% in the artificial mixed mineral to 89.60% in the fluorite concentrate. The depression mechanism indicated that AA-AMPS could adsorb strongly on dolomite surface by the chelation with Ca and Mg active sites. Moreover, the further adsorption of NaOL on dolomite surface was prevented by the AA-AMPS adsorption, but that on fluorite surface was little affected, thereby increasing the difference in the hydrophobicity and floatability of the two minerals.

### 1083. [Ablation enhancing on heterogeneous aluminum/titanium alloy films under femtosecond laser burst irradiation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ablation-enhancing-on-heterogeneous-aluminumtitanium-alloy-films-under-femtosecond-laser-burst-irradiation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6073-5]
The femtosecond laser is commonly used for high-quality micromachining of materials. However, the interaction time between the femtosecond laser and the substrate material is extremely short, making it difficult for quantitative measurements and analysis through experiments. In this work, we use a two-temperature model for simulation to study the ablation process of aluminum alloy and aluminum/titanium alloy under femtosecond laser pulse mode. The temperature changes and ablation process of both alloys under femtosecond laser burst irradiation were studied. The study found that when the separation time of sub-pulses was 1 ps, the surface temperature and ablation depth rised with the increase of sub-pulse numbers. A comparison was made between these two alloy types, and enhanced ablation was observed with the heterogeneous aluminum/titanium alloy, up to 34.7% deeper compared to aluminum alloy. Moreover, the detailed theoretical explanation was also discussed. This work provided a basis for efficient ablation of materials with low laser fluence.

### 1084. [Fabrication and performance of embedded matrix indium thermal interface materials for advanced FCBGA packaging](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fabrication-and-performance-of-embedded-matrix-indium-thermal-interface-materials-for-advanced-fcbga-packaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6052-x]
Indium (In) has been used as a thermal interface material (TIM1) in high-performance central processing unit (CPU) for better heat dissipation. However, leakage or pump-out of liquid indium during the multiple reflow cycles limits its application in advanced flip chip ball gray array (FCBGA) packaging. Former researchers place a seal or dam structure to prevent In leakage, leading to the risk of In explosion, thermal degradation, or require additional keep-out zones. In this work, a copper foam (CF) matrix was embedded in In to absorb the liquid In and eliminate the leakage of In TIM1 during the multiple reflow cycles, as the CF capillary force. Au/Ni/Cu-Au/Ni/Cu joint was fabricated by soldering with the composite solder at 190 ℃ for 2 min. After reflow cycles, good metallurgical bonding was formed at interfaces of joint. Rod-like Cu11In9 formed at the CF and In interface, due to the re-dissolved of Cu11In9 crystal. Small amount of Cu atoms from CF can reduce the activity of In, which inhibits the growth of Ni3In7 intermetallic compound (IMC) at the interface of In and Au/Ni/Cu substrate. The CF matrix also improved the shear strength (22.9%) and thermal conductivity of the solder joints. Besides, the fracture behavior of solder joints without CF matrix was classified to be ductile type while that with CF matrix was changed to be ductile-brittle mixed type.

### 1085. [Advanced mechanisms, innovative designs, and optimized simulations of electron transport channels toward enhance performance in Sb2S3 solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advanced-mechanisms-innovative-designs-and-optimized-simulations-of-electron-transport-channels-toward-enhance-performance-in-sb2s3-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6076-2]
Sb2S3 films are susceptible to the formation of nanogap defects during the crystallization process, leading to their experimental power conversion efficiency (PCE) falling significantly short of the theoretical limit. This investigation presents, a groundbreaking Sb2S3 photovoltaic device model that integrates perovskite within these nanogaps, and systematically examines the mechanisms for enhancing the PCE. Our findings reveal that incorporating perovskite within the nanogaps yields a 10% enhancement in optical absorption performance. Furthermore, perovskite nanogaps function as effective electron transport channels, significantly reducing the recombination of photogenerated carriers within the highly defective Sb2S3. The dimensions and arrangement of the nanochannels play a pivotal role in determining device performance, with optimal measurements of 5 nm in width and 15 nm in spacing. Additionally, this study examines the universality of the nanochannel structure. The projected PCE of this innovative structure is an impressive 25.40%. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for designing high-efficiency Sb2S3 solar cells.

### 1086. [Influence of dynamic recrystallization mechanisms on the texture evolution of GH4706 alloy during hot deformation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-dynamic-recrystallization-mechanisms-on-the-texture-evolution-of-gh4706-alloy-during-hot-deformation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6086-0]
In this study, the hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of the GH4706 alloy under various thermal processing parameters (TPPs) were investigated through hot deformation experiments and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) microstructural characterization. The findings suggest that increasing hot compression temperature (T) and reducing strain rate (ε̇) enhance the degree of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), significantly reducing flow stress and weakening texture intensity. Increasing strain (ε) promotes DRX, with the overall texture strength initially increasing before decreasing. During hot compression at 1000 −1100 ℃, discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), and twin-induced dynamic recrystallization (TDRX) jointly influence texture development. Among these, DDRX plays a dominant role, with numerous DDRX grains exhibiting dispersed orientations, significantly contributing to texture weakening. The CDRX mechanism induces a limited number of randomly oriented grains within the deformed grains, and its contribution to texture weakening is enhanced with increasing ε and decreasing T. The TDRX mechanism generates DRX grains within Σ3 twin boundaries deviating from their theoretical orientation, and these grains inherit the twin orientation, exerting a limited effect on texture weakening. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of DRX behavior and texture evolution in the GH4706 during hot working.

### 1087. [Boosting K+ storage capacity in carbon nanofibers: A synergistic strategy involving amorphous SnO2, ZnO integration, and graphene decoration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/boosting-k-storage-capacity-in-carbon-nanofibers-a-synergistic-strategy-involving-amorphous-sno2-zno-integration-and-graphene-decoration) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6099-8]
Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are rising as a noteworthy contender to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly for large-scale applications, driven by the natural abundance and cost-effectiveness of potassium resource. Yet, lacking anodes which can reversibly accommodate the larger K+ currently poses a critical development hurdle, highlighting an urgent need for innovative solutions. Herein, porous ZnO-SnO2-graphene-carbon (ZTO-G-C) nanofibers are presented, featuring amorphous SnO2 and ZnO nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed within a carbon matrix, with the strategic graphene incorporation for enhanced performance. Employing an adjustable and straightforward electrospinning method, the nanofibers were crafted to achieve a stable fibrous architecture. When evaluated as KIB anodes, the ZTO-G-C nanofibers demonstrated remarkable cycling stability (retaining 230.82 mA·h/g over 100 cycles at 100 mA/g), and rate capability (184.78 mA·h/g at 1 A/g). This outstanding performance is due to the synergistic interaction among all active components, collectively enhancing the structural stability against volume expansion during K+ intercalation, facilitating efficient charge transport, and delivering exceptional cyclability, capacity, and rate performance. Moreover, the intrinsic pseudocapacitive behavior stemming from the porous carbon substrate of ZTO-G-C further boosts its overall K-storage capacity. It is anticipated that the insights gained from this study offer fresh perspectives for developing next-generation high-performance KIB anodes.

### 1088. [Appropriate FeF2 enhancing interface stability of lithium battery with solid-liquid hybrid electrolyte](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/appropriate-fef2-enhancing-interface-stability-of-lithium-battery-with-solid-liquid-hybrid-electrolyte) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6087-z]
Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted much attention due to their high safety and cycling stability for lithium-ion batteries. However, the high interface impedance between the electrode and the solid-state electrolyte hinders their practical application. In this work, the solid-liquid hybrid electrolyte S-Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3-LE05(S-LATP-LE05) (LATP: Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5 (PO4)3) sheet is prepared by dropping liquid electrolyte (LE) with appropriate FeF2 into spark plasma sintering S-LATP (solid-liquid hybrid electrolyte), which shows high-density and high-ionic-conductivity (5.78×10−4 S/cm). When the amount of FeF2 is 0.5 wt% , the interfacial properties between the anode and electrolyte are improved, and the S-LATP is well protected by LiF-rich (solid electrolyte interface) (SEI) interface in cycling process. The Li|S-LATP-LE05|Li symmetric battery and full battery show better electrochemical performance and stability relatively. The overpotential of the Li|S-LATP-LE05|Li symmetric battery is smaller and shows more stable electrochemical performance after cycling for 350 h, revealing good compatibility with a lithium metal anode and can inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites effectively. The Li|S-LATP-LE05|LiFePO4 full battery delivers a specific discharge capacity of 160 mA·h/g at 0.2C for 50 cycles. The corresponding coulombic efficiency is about 99.9% and displays better rate performance compared with the battery without FeF2 LE.

### 1089. [A novel and clean process for selective recovery of lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode material by oxidative roasting-water leaching process](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-and-clean-process-for-selective-recovery-of-lithium-from-spent-lifepo4-cathode-material-by-oxidative-roasting-water-leaching-process) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6098-9]
The recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of great importance in addressing lithium shortages and environmental issues. In this study, a novel and clean process for selective separation of lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode material by low temperature oxidative roasting and water leaching was proposed. The effect of several important factors, such as roasting temperature, roasting time, and molar ratio of ferric chloride (FeCl3∙6H2O) to lithium iron phosphate (LFP), on the leaching efficiency of lithium and iron was systematically investigated by using single factor experimental method. The results show that approximately 97.1% lithium element was recovered by being converted to water-soluble LiCl at a roasting temperature 350 ℃, a roasting time 120 min and a FeCl3∙6H2O/LFP molar ratio of 1:1, and iron element was enriched in the leaching residue in the form of insoluble FePO4. High-purity lithium carbonate products could be prepared from the leching solution by adding Na2CO3 after removing iron. The establishment of new cleaning process can provide a scalable, environmentally friendly and simple way to recover valuable metals from spent LFP batteries.

### 1090. [Corrosion resistance and passive film characteristics of Sc-added Al1.2CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys in sulfuric acid solution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/corrosion-resistance-and-passive-film-characteristics-of-sc-added-al12cocrfeni-high-entropy-alloys-in-sulfuric-acid-solution) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6112-2]
This study investigates the effects of varying Sc content on phase composition, corrosion resistance and passive film characteristic of Al1.2CoCrFeNiScx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) high-entropy alloys in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The addition of Sc causes the alloys to form a Laves phase which is a (Ni, Co)2Sc intermetallic compound with face centred cubic (FCC) structure and lattice parameter of 0.695 nm. During the potentiodynamic polarization process, Laves phase is severely corroded due to its large grain orientation spread value and high electrochemical activity. Sc deteriorates the corrosion resistance of the alloy primarily by significantly accelerating the corrosion rate rather than altering the corrosion tendency. Al1.2CoCrFeNiScx alloys exhibit poorer corrosion resistance in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 than in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, with severe intergranular corrosion observed on the alloy surface. The passive films on Sc-free alloys primarily composed of Al2O3 and Cr2O3, while for Sc-containing alloys, the film mainly contains Al2O3, Cr2O3 and Sc2O3. In addition, the passive films on Sc-free alloys behave as an n-type semiconductor, while the passive films on Sc-containing alloys surface exhibit the electronic characteristics of p-n junctions. As the Sc content rises, the defect density in passive film increases from 1021 cm−3 to 1023 cm−3, which leads to a less compact and less protective passive film, ultimately decreasing the alloy’s corrosion resistance. This work holds significant guiding significance for the engineering application of high-entropy alloys in acidic environments and is conducive to the development of high-performance corrosion-resistant alloys.

### 1091. [Effect of rolling passes on AZ31 Mg alloy subjected to cross-rolling and cryogenic treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-rolling-passes-on-az31-mg-alloy-subjected-to-cross-rolling-and-cryogenic-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6095-z]
In this paper, the multi cross-rolling and cryogenic treatment were adopted to process the AZ31 Mg alloy to study the influence of passes and cryogenic treatment on cross-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy. The tensile properties and hardness were tested. The microstructure was characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to elucidate the influencing mechanism. The results indicate that the treatment method can significantly improve the mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy. The 3-pass sample processed by cryogenic treatment shows the highest strength (351 MPa) and has the highest hardness (76.1HV) and best hardness uniformity (standard deviation=0.9HV). The 2-pass sample has the highest ductility among all the samples but poor hardness evenness. The strengthening mechanism of 3-pass sample can be attributed to the fine grains, bimodal structure, high dislocation density, and precipitation strengthening. Due to repeated heat preservation of 4-pass and 5-pass, their comprehensive performances decrease.

### 1092. [Innovative pillar recovery method integrating gob-side entry driving and directional roof-cutting for thick-hard roof coal seams](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/innovative-pillar-recovery-method-integrating-gob-side-entry-driving-and-directional-roof-cutting-for-thick-hard-roof-coal-seams) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6060-x]
To enhance the recuperation rate of the mine and comply with the stipulations of green mining technology, it is vital to expeditiously recuperate the coal pillar resources in the final stage, thus preventing the considerable squandering of resources. The coal pillar resource of the main roadway and its branch roadway constitutes a significant recovery subject. Its coal pillar shape is regular and possesses a considerable strike distance, facilitating the arrangement of the coal pillar recovery working face (CPRWF) for mining operations. However, for the remaining coal pillars with a thick and hard roof (THF) and multiple tectonic zones, CPRWF encounters challenges in selecting an appropriate layout, managing excessive roof pressure, and predicting mining stress. Aiming at the roadway coal pillar group with THF and multi-structural areas in specific projects, a method of constructing multi-stage CPRWF by one side gob-side entry driving (GSED) and one side roadway reusing is proposed. Through theoretical calculation of roof fracture and numerical simulation verification, combined with field engineering experience and economic analysis, the width of the narrow coal pillar (NCP) in the GSED is determined to be 10 m and the length of the CPRWF is 65 m. Concurrently, the potential safety hazard that the roof will fall asymmetrically and THF is difficult to break during CPRWF mining after GSED is analyzed and verified. Then, a control method involving the pre-cutting of the roof in the reused roadway before mining is proposed. This method has been shown to facilitate the complete collapse of THF, reduce the degree of mine pressure, and facilitate the symmetrical breaking of the roof. Accordingly, a roof-cutting scheme based on a directional drilling rig, bidirectional shaped polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, and emulsion explosive was devised, and the pre-splitting of 8.2 m THF was accomplished. Field observations indicate that directional cracks are evident in the roof, the coal wall is flat during CPRWF mining, and the overall level of mining pressure is within the control range. Therefore, the combined application of GSED and roof-cutting technology for coal pillar recovery has been successfully implemented, thereby providing new insights and engineering references for the construction and pressure relief mining of CPRWF.

### 1093. [Achieving high cycling stability in alkaline zinc-iron flow batteries through synergy of 3D VPCF/nicotinamide and active ZnO species](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-high-cycling-stability-in-alkaline-zinc-iron-flow-batteries-through-synergy-of-3d-vpcfnicotinamide-and-active-zno-species) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6096-y]
This study addresses the enhanced cycling stability of zinc-based flow batteries through a synergistic strategy integrating a vine-derived porous carbon framework (3D VPCF) with nicotinamide (NAM) in alkaline Zn-Fe hybrid liquid-solid flow batteries. By introducing 0.15 mol/L NAM to suppress zinc dendrite growth and regulate deposition behavior, combined with 0.05 mol/L ZnO additives for optimized nucleation and electrolyte conductivity, we achieved enhanced reversibility of zinc deposition/dissolution and interfacial stability. The system exhibits stable charge/discharge plateaus at 5 mA/cm2 (non-normalized to electrode area), demonstrating 99.9 % capacity retention over 1000 cycles. This work provides an innovative pathway for developing stable zinc-based energy storage systems.

### 1094. [Metal extraction and recovery from cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries utilizing an organic acid reagent scheme](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/metal-extraction-and-recovery-from-cathode-material-of-spent-lithium-ion-batteries-utilizing-an-organic-acid-reagent-scheme) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6081-5]
This study focuses on using a green reagent scheme of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and citric acid (CA) to extract valuable metals from the cathodes, aiming to minimize environmental impact during the recycling process. Leaching studies on LiCoO2 identified optimal conditions as follows: 2.4 mol/L MSA, 1.6 mol/L CA, S/L ratio of 80 g/L, leaching temperature of 90oC and leaching time of 6 h. The maximum Co and Li extraction achieved was 92% and 85%, respectively. LiCoO2 dissolution in MSA-CA leaching solution is highly impacted by temperature; Avrami equation showed a good fitting for the leaching data. The experimental activation energy of Co and Li was 50.98 kJ/mol and 50.55 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that it is a chemical reaction-controlled process. Furthermore, cobalt was efficiently recovered from the leachate using oxalic acid, achieving a precipitation efficiency of 99.91% and a high-purity cobalt oxalate product (99.85 wt.%). In the MSA-CA leaching solution, MSA served as a lixiviant, while CA played a key role in reducing Co in LiCoO2. The overall organic acid leaching methodology presents an attractive option due to its reduced environmental impact.

### 1095. [Determination of support mechanical mechanism of pre-stressed expandable props to stope roof in room-and-pillar mining](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/determination-of-support-mechanical-mechanism-of-pre-stressed-expandable-props-to-stope-roof-in-room-and-pillar-mining) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6058-4]
This study is to determine the support mechanism of pre-stressed expandable props for the stope roof in room-and-pillar mining, which is crucial for maintaining stability and preventing roof collapse in mines. Utilizing an engineering case from a gold mine in Dandong, China, a laboratory-based similar test is conducted to extract the actual roof characteristic curve. This test continues until the mining stope collapses due to a U-shaped failure. Concurrently, a semi-theoretical method for obtaining the roof characteristic curve is proposed and verified against the actual curve. The semi-theoretical method calculated that the support force and vertical displacement at the demarcation point between the elastic and plastic zones of the roof characteristic curve are 5.0 MPa and 8.20 mm, respectively, corroborating well with the laboratory-based similar test results of 0.22 MPa and 0.730 mm. The weakening factor for the plastic zone in the roof characteristic curve was semi-theoretically estimated to be 0.75. The intersection between the actual roof characteristic curve and the support characteristic curves of expandable props, natural pillars, and concrete props indicates that the expandable prop is the most effective “yielding support” for the stope roof in room-and-pillar mining. That is, the deformation and failure of the stope roof can be effectively controlled with proper release of roof stress. This study provides practical insights for optimizing support strategies in room-and-pillar mining, enhancing the safety and efficiency of mining operations.

### 1096. [An innovative N00 mining approach for protecting entries and mining panels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-innovative-n00-mining-approach-for-protecting-entries-and-mining-panels) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6074-4]
Addressing the issues of significant entry settlement and severe mining pressure manifestations in the conventional 121 approach, an innovative N00 approach is proposed. By comparing the mining process and entry formation process of different approaches, the characteristics of entry roof settlement evolution under different approaches are obtained. The N00 approach, which incorporates roof cutting and NPR cable support, optimizes the mining and entry formation process to reduce the settlement phase of entry roof, decreases the settlement of entry roof, and enhances the steadiness of entry roof. The N00 approach modifies the entry roof structure through roof cutting and establishes a hydraulic support load mechanics model for the mining panel to derive the theoretical load pressure formula for the N00 approach’s hydraulic support. Compared with the conventional 121 approach, the pressure on the N00 approach’s hydraulic support is reduced. Empirical data obtained through field monitoring demonstrate that the N00 approach has reduced the roof settlement of the entry and weakened the mining pressure manifestation at the mining panel, achieving the goal of protecting the entry and mining panel.

### 1097. [Promotion effect of mechanical activation on the role of pyrite in chalcopyrite bioleaching](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/promotion-effect-of-mechanical-activation-on-the-role-of-pyrite-in-chalcopyrite-bioleaching) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6071-7]
Mechanical activation (MA) is a significant pretreatment technique for enhancing the dissolution of mineral; however, its promotion effect on the role of pyrite during chalcopyrite bioleaching has not been elucidated up to now. In this study, the effect of MA on the role of pyrite on chalcopyrite bioleaching mediated by Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size distribution analysis, and electrochemical measurement. The results showed MA could significantly reduce the minerals particle size, and increase the specific surface area and surface energy of minerals. For example, the d50 of chalcopyrite reduced from 13.40 to 0.31 μm after MA. The copper extraction of mixed MA-chalcopyrite and MA-pyrite system was 63.4%, which exhibited a 51.8% enhancement compared to the non-activated mixed system. Electrochemical experiments identified that the strengthening effect of pyrite on chalcopyrite dissolution was negligible before MA. After MA, the dissolution mechanism of chalcopyrite was not changed, and pyrite could not only provide additional oxidants (acids and iron) but also act as the cathode in the galvanic couple. In this case, the bioleaching of chalcopyrite was accelerated. Therefore, a model of the promotion effect of mechanical activation on the role of pyrite on chalcopyrite bioleaching was proposed.

### 1098. [Machine learning model comparison and ensemble for predicting different morphological fractions of heavy metal elements in tailings and mine waste](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/machine-learning-model-comparison-and-ensemble-for-predicting-different-morphological-fractions-of-heavy-metal-elements-in-tailings-and-mine-waste) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6075-3]
Driven by rapid technological advancements and economic growth, mineral extraction and metal refining have increased dramatically, generating huge volumes of tailings and mine waste (TMWs). Investigating the morphological fractions of heavy metals and metalloids (HMMs) in TMWs is key to evaluating their leaching potential into the environment; however, traditional experiments are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this study, 10 machine learning (ML) algorithms were used and compared for rapidly predicting the morphological fractions of HMMs in TMWs. A dataset comprising 2376 data points was used, with mineral composition, elemental properties, and total concentration used as inputs and concentration of morphological fraction used as output. After grid search optimization, the extra tree model performed the best, achieving coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.946 and 0.942 on the validation and test sets, respectively. Electronegativity was found to have the greatest impact on the morphological fraction. The models’ performance was enhanced by applying an ensemble method to the top three optimal ML models, including gradient boosting decision tree, extra trees and categorical boosting. Overall, the proposed framework can accurately predict the concentrations of different morphological fractions of HMMs in TMWs. This approach can minimize detection time, aid in the safe management and recovery of TMWs.

### 1099. [Ground reaction curves for strain-softening rock masses with ground reinforcement based on unified strength criterion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ground-reaction-curves-for-strain-softening-rock-masses-with-ground-reinforcement-based-on-unified-strength-criterion) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6067-3]
Ground reinforcement is crucial for tunnel construction, especially in soft rock tunnels. Existing analytical models are inadequate for predicting the ground reaction curves (GRCs) for reinforced tunnels in strain-softening (SS) rock masses. This study proposes a novel analytical model to determine the GRCs of SS rock masses, incorporating ground reinforcement and intermediate principal stress (IPS). The SS constitutive model captures the progressive post-peak failure, while the elastic-brittle model simulates reinforced rock masses. Nine combined states are innovatively investigated to analyze plastic zone development in natural and reinforced regions. Each region is analyzed separately, and coupled through boundary conditions at interface. Comparison with three types of existing models indicates that these models overestimate reinforcement effects. The deformation prediction errors of single geological material models may exceed 75%. Furthermore, neglecting softening and residual zones in natural regions could lead to errors over 50%. Considering the IPS can effectively utilize the rock strength to reduce tunnel deformation by at least 30%, thereby saving on reinforcement and support costs. The computational results show a satisfactory agreement with the monitoring data from a model test and two tunnel projects. The proposed model may offer valuable insights into the design and construction of reinforced tunnel engineering.

### 1100. [Undrained cyclic simple shear characteristics of transparent sand manufactured by fused quartz](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/undrained-cyclic-simple-shear-characteristics-of-transparent-sand-manufactured-by-fused-quartz) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6053-9]
Transparent sand is a special material to realize visualization of concealed work in geotechnical engineering. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of transparent sand, a series of undrained cyclic simple shear tests were conducted on the saturated transparent sand composed of fused quartz and refractive index-matched oil mixture. The results reveal that an increase in the initial shear stress ratio significantly affects the shape of the hysteresis loop, particularly resulting in more pronounced asymmetrical accumulation. Factors such as lower relative density, higher cyclic stress ratios and higher initial shear stress ratio have been shown to accelerate cyclic deformation, cyclic pore water pressure and stiffness degradation. The cyclic liquefaction resistance curves decrease as the initial shear stress ratio increases or as relative density decreases. Booker model and power law function model were applied to predict the pore water pressure for transparent sand. Both models yielded excellent fits for their respective condition, indicating a similar dynamic liquefaction pattern to that of natural sands. Finally, transparent sand displays similar dynamic characteristics in terms of cyclic liquefaction resistance and Kα correction factor. These comparisons indicate that transparent sand can serve as an effective means to mimic many natural sands in dynamic model tests.

### 1101. [Creep mechanical properties of sandstones under triaxial compression with different loads and water contents](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/creep-mechanical-properties-of-sandstones-under-triaxial-compression-with-different-loads-and-water-contents) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6078-0]
Water is a critical factor affecting the mechanical properties of rocks, leading to their degradation. Understanding the creep mechanical behavior of deep roadway surrounding rock under the influence of underground water is of great significance. Compression and creep experiments on sandstone with varying water contents were conducted using a deep soft rock five-linked rheological experiment system. The experimental conditions, including water content (0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4% and 3.3%) and confining pressure (0, 6, 9 and 12 MPa), were determined based on pressure-free water absorption tests and in-situ stress measurements. The experimental results show that the compressive strength, creep failure stress, and dilatancy stress of sandstone decrease exponentially with increasing water content, while they increase exponentially with confining pressure. The ratio of lateral to axial instantaneous strain increases nearly linearly with the increase of stress, and the lateral creep strain characteristics of the sample are more significant than the axial ones. The duration of the attenuation creep stage of sandstone decreases with increasing water content and increases with increasing confining pressure. The lateral strain enters the steady-state creep stage before the axial strain, and the onset time of the accelerated creep stage of lateral strain under the failure stress is earlier than that of axial strain. The long-term strength of sandstone was determined based on the lateral steady-state creep rate curve, showing a negative exponential relationship with water content and a positive exponential relationship with confining pressure. A method for determining the long-term strength of rocks based on the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain (μc) is proposed, which is independent of water content. The research results provide a reliable theoretical basis for the analysis of the long-term stability of roadways under the influence of groundwater and the early prediction of creep failure.

### 1102. [Analytic method of skin friction for plum blossom pile foundations considering pile-soil interaction under vertical load](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/analytic-method-of-skin-friction-for-plum-blossom-pile-foundations-considering-pile-soil-interaction-under-vertical-load) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6082-4]
Plum blossom pile is a new type of special-shaped pile, which is proposed based on the principle of maximum perimeter with the same cross-sectional area. To advance this technique, primarily for the design of plum blossom piles, it is important to investigate the skin friction behavior of plum blossom pile foundations precluding any straightforward constitutive model. In this work, an analytic method dependent on the cross-sectional geometry and the vertical shearing effects is proposed by means of equilibrium analysis to calculate the effective vertical stress in the surrounding soil, the skin friction/negative skin friction, and the axial force/dragload of a plum blossom pile. Additionally, the curves of skin friction of piles are investigated with the same conditions. The results show that the curves of skin friction of piles deduced according to the developed analytic method agree well with the FEM results and related literature solution, which validates the solution. The axial force of the pile decreases with the increase of the shear action coefficient in the buried depth direction under the vertical concentrated load when considering the vertical shearing effects on the pile-soil interfaces.

### 1103. [An interfacial contact model for two-dimensional thermal consolidation of multilayered saturated soils subjected to ramp-type heating](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-interfacial-contact-model-for-two-dimensional-thermal-consolidation-of-multilayered-saturated-soils-subjected-to-ramp-type-heating) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6072-6]
When the interface of a multilayered saturated soil is rough with noticeable gaps, heat flow lines converge towards the actual contact points, causing thermal flow contraction. Conversely, in the interface between two layers of soil with different properties, pore water flows slowly along the pore channels, demonstrating laminar flow phenomenon. To predict the thermal contact resistance and flow contact resistance at the interface, this paper constructs general imperfect thermal contact model and general imperfect flow contact model, respectively. Utilizing a thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling model, the thermal consolidation behavior of multilayered saturated soil under two-dimensional conditions is investigated. Fourier and Laplace transformations are applied to decouple the governing equations, yielding expressions for the temperature increment, pore water pressure, and displacement in multilayered saturated soil. The inverse Fourier-Laplace transformation is then used to obtain numerical solutions, which are compared with degeneration solutions to validate the computational accuracy. The differences in the thermal consolidation process under various thermal contact and flow contact resistance models are discussed. Furthermore, the impact of parameters such as the thermal resistance coefficient, partition thermal contact coefficient, flow contact resistance coefficient, and partition flow contact coefficient on thermal consolidation are investigated. Results indicate that thermal contact resistance creates a relative thermal gradient at the interface, leading to increased pore water pressure and reduced displacement nearby. In contrast, flow contact resistance generates a relative pore pressure gradient at the interface, resulting in increased displacement within the saturated soil with minimal effect on temperature increment distribution.

### 1104. [Millisecond laser processing of sapphire assisted by femtosecond laser-induced air filament](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/millisecond-laser-processing-of-sapphire-assisted-by-femtosecond-laser-induced-air-filament) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6061-9]
High-energy continuous wave (CW) lasers are mostly used in laser damage applications, but efficient laser ablation of transparent materials is challenging due to low optical absorption. Considering the potential of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced air filament for high-peak laser transmission over long distances, femtosecond (fs) laser-induced air filaments are combined with a millisecond (ms) laser to form an fs-ms CPL, enhancing the efficiency of sapphire ablation through synchronized spatial-temporal focusing. Experimental results show that ablation efficiency increases with the ms peak power and duty ratio. Excessive thermal stress leads to fragmentation of the sapphire when the ms duty ratio is over 30% at the peak power of 800 W, or when the peak power is over 500 W at a duty ratio of 100%. Also, the mechanism of high-efficiency damage is revealed through in-situ high-speed imaging. According to it, the ablation process went through 4 stages within 1.5 ms: defect-creating, melting and ablation, spattering, and fragmentation. Finally, the equivalent ablation efficiency of the fs-ms CPL is as high as 1.73×107 μm3/J, about 28 times higher compared to the fs laser only. The CPL damage method explored in this paper can provide theoretical guidance for efficient laser damage of transparent materials.

### 1105. [Carbonated water erosion characteristics and mechanism of tunnel lining cement-based materials in karst environment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbonated-water-erosion-characteristics-and-mechanism-of-tunnel-lining-cement-based-materials-in-karst-environment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6045-9]
The study aims to investigate the carbonated water erosion mechanism of lining concrete in tunnels traversing karst environment and enhance its resistance. In this study, dynamic carbonated water erosion was simulated to assess erosion depth, microstructure, phase migrations, and pore structure in various tunnel lining cement-based materials. Additionally, Ca2+ leaching was analyzed, and impact of Ca/Si molar ratio in hydration products on erosion resistance was discussed by thermodynamic calculations. The results indicate that carbonated water erosion caused rough and porous surface on specimens, with reduced portlandite and CaCO3 content, increased porosity, and an enlargement of pore size. The thermodynamic calculations indicate that the erosion is spontaneous, driven by physical dissolution and chemical reactions dominated by Gibbs free energy. And the erosion reactions proceed more spontaneously and extensively when Ca/Si molar ratio in hydration products was higher. Therefore, cement-based materials with higher portlandite content exhibit weaker erosion resistance. Model-building concrete, with C-S-H gel and portlandite as primary hydration products, has greater erosion susceptibility than shotcrete with ettringite as main hydration product. Moreover, adding silicon-rich mineral admixtures can enhance the erosion resistance. This research offers theory and tech insights to boost cement-based material resistance against carbonated water erosion in karst tunnel engineering.

### 1106. [Microstructure evolution and tribological behavior of TiC/Ti2AlC core-shell particle-reinforced composite coatings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-evolution-and-tribological-behavior-of-ticti2alc-core-shell-particle-reinforced-composite-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6055-7]
TiC/Ti2AlC core-shell structure reinforced Ti-based composite coating was prepared by laser cladding technology. The effect of Ti2AlC content on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the coating was studied. The results showed that the reinforced phase was mainly TiC/Ti2AlC MAX phase core-shell structure at 20% Ti2AlC content. According to the synthesis mechanism, Ti2AlC nucleated on TiC through the diffusion of Al atoms to further generate the core-shell structure. The friction and wear test results showed that the wear resistance of the coating was significantly improved under the load distribution effect of the core-shell structure. The friction coefficient decreased to 0.342, and the wear rate reached 8.19×10−5 mm3/(N·m), which was only 47.07% of TC4 substrate.

### 1107. [Strong absorption and high transmission Rasorber with wide-angle enabled by 3D-printing metastructure and three metasurfaces](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/strong-absorption-and-high-transmission-rasorber-with-wide-angle-enabled-by-3d-printing-metastructure-and-three-metasurfaces) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6047-7]
The present investigation introduces a composite frequency selective Rasorber (CFSR) that demonstrates a wide −1 dB transmission band, two high absorption bands with absorptivity higher than 90%, and large oblique incidence angles up to 60°. The CFSR consists of four functional layers separated by three dielectric slabs, which includes lossless metasurface-Ⅰ (MS-Ⅰ), loss metasurface-Ⅱ (MS-Ⅱ), loss metasurface-Ⅲ (MS-Ⅲ), and a three-dimensional metastructure (3D-MS). MS-Ⅰ functions as a reflector for two absorption bands with a minimal insertion loss transmission window. MS-Ⅱ is designed for high-frequency absorption. MS-Ⅲ serves as a low-frequency absorption layer for CFSR and an impedance matching layer for MS-Ⅱ. The design methodologies for the transmission window in MS-III and the introduction of 3D-MS are key to achieving high-performance CFSR. The physical mechanisms of CFSR are explained through equivalent circuit model (ECM) analysis and impedance characterization. Finally, measurement results confirm that the proposed CFSR exhibits a −1 dB transmission band ranging from 8.79 to 10.41 GHz with a minimum insertion loss of 0.44 dB at 9.59 GHz; furthermore, the frequency range where reflection coefficient remains below −10 dB is measured to be between 3.33 and 18.00 GHz, aligning well with simulation outcomes.

### 1108. [Effects of lateral translation on aerodynamic characteristics of superconducting maglev trains](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-lateral-translation-on-aerodynamic-characteristics-of-superconducting-maglev-trains) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6042-z]
Abstract: Irregularities in the track and uneven forces acting on the train can cause shifts in the position of the superconducting magnetic levitation train relative to the track during operation. These shifts lead to asymmetries in the flow field structure on both sides of the narrow suspension gap, resulting in instability and deterioration of the train’s aerodynamic characteristics, significantly impacting its operational safety. In this study, we firstly validate the aerodynamic characteristics of the superconducting magnetic levitation system by developing a numerical simulation method based on wind tunnel test results. We then investigate the influence of lateral translation parameters on the train’s aerodynamic performance under conditions both with and without crosswinds. We aim to clarify the evolution mechanism of the flow field characteristics under the coupling effect between the train and the U-shaped track and to identify the most unfavorable operational parameters contributing to the deterioration of the train’s aerodynamic properties. The findings show that, without crosswinds, a lateral translation of 30 mm causes a synchronous resonance phenomenon at the side and bottom gaps of the train-track coupling, leading to the worst aerodynamic performance. Under crosswind conditions, a lateral translation of 40 mm maximizes peak pressure fluctuations and average turbulent kinetic energy around the train, resulting in the poorest aerodynamic performance. This research provides theoretical support for enhancing the operational stability of superconducting magnetic levitation trains.

### 1109. [Intelligent phase picking of microseismic signals based on ResUNet in underground engineering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-phase-picking-of-microseismic-signals-based-on-resunet-in-underground-engineering) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6077-1]
With the continuous expansion of deep underground engineering and the growing demand for safety monitoring, microseismic monitoring has become a core method for early warning of rock mass fracture and engineering stability assessment. To address problems in existing methods, such as low data processing efficiency and poor phase recognition accuracy under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions in complex geological environments, this study proposes an intelligent phase picking model based on ResUNet. The model integrates the residual learning mechanism of ResNet with the multi-scale feature extraction capability of UNet, effectively mitigating the vanishing gradient problem in deep networks. It also achieves cross-layer fusion of shallow detail features and deep semantic features through skip connections in the encoder-decoder structure. Compared with traditional short-time average/long-time average (STA/LTA) algorithms and advanced neural network models such as PhaseNet and EQTransformer, ResUNet shows superior performance in picking P- and S-wave phases. The model was trained on 400000 labeled microseismic signals from the Stanford earthquake dataset (STEAD) and was successfully applied to the Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine in Hunan Province, China. The results demonstrate that ResUNet achieves high picking accuracy and robustness in complex geological conditions, offering reliable technical support for early warning of disasters such as rockburst in deep underground engineering.

### 1110. [Selective separation of Zn and Cd from arsenic-contained acid polymetallic solution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/selective-separation-of-zn-and-cd-from-arsenic-contained-acid-polymetallic-solution) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6057-5]
Arsenic-contained acid polymetallic solutions (AAPS) are produced from the H2SO4 leaching of dust generated during nonferrous metals pyrometallurgy such as copper, lead, and zinc. It is difficult to selectively remove As and efficiently recover valuable metals simultaneously. In this study, arsenic was removed from an acid polymetallic solution containing As, Cd, and Zn via scorodite formation using a hydrothermal method. First, a thermodynamic analysis of the Cd2+-Zn2+-Fe3+-AsO4 3−-SO4 2−-H2O system showed that the pH range for selective As removal as FeAsO4 was 1.8−3.9, and a higher pH will result in the precipitation of Cd in the form of Cd5H2(AsO4)4. Second, the experimental investigations, including neutralization and hydrothermal processes, showed that 88.96% As was selectively removed as scorodite with a flower cluster morphology in a hydrothermal process after adjusting the pH of AAPS to 1.0 via a neutralization process, while the total loss ratios of Cd and Zn were 2.44% and 1.13%, respectively. This study realized selective separation of Zn and Cd from AAPS by controlling the pH to avoid their loss into scorodite.

### 1111. [Effect of pre-rolling temperature on microstructures, tensile properties and fracture behaviors of Al-5.9Zn-1.9Mg alloy during thermomechanical treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-pre-rolling-temperature-on-microstructures-tensile-properties-and-fracture-behaviors-of-al-59zn-19mg-alloy-during-thermomechanical-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6056-6]
The microstructures, mechanical properties, and fracture behaviors of an Al-5.9Zn-1.9Mg alloy subjected to thermomechanical treatment across different pre-rolling temperatures have been exhaustively investigated in present work. The pre-deformation temperature exerts a modest influence on grain morphology, while it profoundly impacts the dislocation configurations and precipitation behaviors. Elevating the rolling temperature from ambient to 170 ℃ results in a reduction in dislocation density within grains accompanied by a notable enhancement in their distributional uniformity. While advancing the temperature to 320 ℃ prompts the premature formation of precipitates during deformation, which diminishes the precipitation during the subsequent ageing. Tensile results reveal that the thermomechanical treatment incorporating pre-rolling at 170 ℃ confers a substantial strengthening effect on the alloy on the basis of both grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening stemmed from pre-deformation along with the precipitation strengthening generated by ageing. Furthermore, the microstructure exhibits a relatively scarce presence of inhomogeneous features such as dislocation pile-ups and micro shear bands, contributing favorably to enhance the ductility of the alloy that presents the mixture of cleavage fracture and dimple-induced failure.

### 1112. [Efficient recovery of copper, lead and zinc from heavy metal gypsum residue and zinc-containing fume by synergistic sulfidation-acid leaching](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/efficient-recovery-of-copper-lead-and-zinc-from-heavy-metal-gypsum-residue-and-zinc-containing-fume-by-synergistic-sulfidation-acid-leaching) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6044-x]
In this study, a synergistic sulfidation-acid leaching process was proposed to recover valuable metals from gypsum residue and zinc-containing fume. The equilibrium phase composition of the sulfidation reaction and calculations of the thermodynamic stability region show that 89.36% Zn, >99% Pb and >99% Cu of gypsum residue and zinc-containing fume can be sulfured to ZnS, PbS and Cu2S, under sufficient sulfur partial pressure, low oxygen partial pressure and 400 −1000 ℃. Sulfidation roasting experiments show that the sulfidation rate of Cu, Pb and Zn reach 81.43%, 88.25% and 92.31%, respectively, under the roasting conditions of material mass ratio of 30 g:10 g, carbon dosage of 3.75 g, roasting temperature of 800 ℃ for 3 h. E−pH plots show that ZnS, PbS and Cu2S can be enriched in the leaching residue, under leaching conditions at 25 ℃, pH<4 and −0.4 V<φ(E)<0.04 V. The leaching experiments showed that the sulfide is retained in the leaching residue, while the leaching rates of Cu, Pb and Zn are 1.94%, 2.05% and 1.51%, respectively, under the conditions of 25 ℃, CHCl of 0.5 mol/L, L/S of 5 mL/g, stirring rate of 300 r/min, and stirring time of 30 min. This study provides a new approach for the synergistic disposal of gypsum residue and zinc-containing fume.

### 1113. [Phase transformation behavior of galena during oxygen pressure leaching in H2SO4-Fe2(SO4)3 system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/phase-transformation-behavior-of-galena-during-oxygen-pressure-leaching-in-h2so4-fe2so43-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6043-y]
The phase transformation of galena in H2SO4 −Fe2(SO4)3 system under oxygen pressure was investigated. Results indicated that the critical conditions for the phase transformation of galena into lead jarosite (Pb-J) were 130 ℃, 30 g/L H2SO4, 15 g/L Fe3+, and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, increased Fe3+ concentration and oxygen partial pressure did not enhance jarosite formation. Conversely, lowering the temperature and increasing the H2SO4 concentration facilitated PbSO4 formation and inhibited its further conversion to Pb-J. Additionally, the effects of potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and high concentrations of zinc sulfate on the phase transformation of galena were examined through leaching tests, XRD, SEM-EDS, and FT-IR analyses. All three sulfates inhibited the conversion of galena to Pb-J. Among these, potassium sulfate prevented Pb-J formation and converted it more thoroughly into potassium jarosite. However, high concentrations of zinc sulfate facilitated the crystallization of both PbSO4 and Pb-J, which altered the morphology of the product. Zinc ions coprecipitated with Pb-J, thereby integrating into the product.

### 1114. [Failure mechanism and damage constitutive model of cemented tailings backfill with different cement-tailings ratios under uniaxial compression](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/failure-mechanism-and-damage-constitutive-model-of-cemented-tailings-backfill-with-different-cement-tailings-ratios-under-uniaxial-compression) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6046-8]
Cemented tailings backfill (CTB) is a crucial support material for ensuring the long-term stability of underground goafs. A comprehensive understanding of its compressive mechanical behavior is essential for improving engineering safety. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the uniaxial compressive properties of CTB, damage constitutive models that effectively capture its damage evolution process remain underdeveloped, and its failure mechanisms are not yet fully clarified. To address these gaps, this study conducted systematic uniaxial compression tests on CTB specimens prepared with varying cement-tailings ratios. The results revealed distinct compaction and softening phases in the stress −strain curves. A lower cement-tailings ratio significantly reduced the strength and deformation resistance of CTB, along with a decrease in elastic energy accumulation at peak stress and dissipation energy in the post-peak stage. Based on these findings, a modified damage constitutive model was developed by introducing a correction factor, enabling accurate simulation of the entire uniaxial compression process of CTB with different cement-tailings ratios. Comparative analysis with classical constitutive models validated the proposed model’s accuracy and applicability in describing the compressive behavior of CTB. Furthermore, particle size distribution and acoustic emission tests were employed to investigate the influence of cement-tailings ratio on failure mechanisms. The results indicated that a lower cement-tailings ratio leads to coarser particle sizes, which intensify shear-related acoustic emission signals and ultimately result in more pronounced macroscopic shear failure. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the optimal design of CTB mix ratios.

### 1115. [Quantifying influence of single particle shape and loading rate on mechanical properties of steel slag](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quantifying-influence-of-single-particle-shape-and-loading-rate-on-mechanical-properties-of-steel-slag) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6054-8]
As a typical solid waste from the iron and steel, the mechanical properties of steel slag are regarded as the core basis for realizing its resource recycling. To explore the influence of shape and external loading speed on the crushing characteristics of steel slag, single particle crushing tests were carried out. The research focuses on the correlation between parameters such as the load−displacement relationship of single particles, crushing mode, crushing energy, and Weibull modulus, as well as external loading rate and quantified morphological parameters. The results show that the single particle crushing modes of steel slag mainly consist of three modes: through-splitting, complete fragmentation and local cutting; Compared with natural aggregates or recycled materials, steel slag particles are found to potentially exhibit higher compressive strength and the increase in loading rate further accelerates the occurrence of particle crushing behavior; Significant impacts on the crushing mode and characteristic stress of steel slag particles are exerted by their shape differences, and the energy release mode is jointly regulated by shape and loading rate. This research provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the diversified utilization of steel slag single particles, a new type of solid waste resource.

### 1116. [Damage evolution in sandstone under uniaxial cyclic loading and varying water contents: Theoretical and experimental investigation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/damage-evolution-in-sandstone-under-uniaxial-cyclic-loading-and-varying-water-contents-theoretical-and-experimental-investigation) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6040-1]
During underground excavation, the surrounding rock mass is subjected to complex cyclic stress, significantly impacting its long-term stability, especially under varying water content conditions where this effect is amplified. However, research on the mechanical response mechanisms of surrounding rock mass under such conditions remains inadequate. This study utilized acoustic emission (AE) and resistivity testing to monitor rock fracture changes, revealing the rock’s damage state and characterizing the damage evolution process during uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading. First, a damage variable equation was established based on AE and resistivity parameters, leading to the derivation of a corresponding damage constitutive equation. Uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests were then conducted on sandstone samples with varying water contents, continuously monitoring AE signals and resistivity, along with computed tomography scans before and after failure. The predictions from the damage constitutive equation were compared with experimental results. This comparison shows that the proposed damage variable equation effectively characterizes the damage evolution of sandstone during loading and unloading, and that the constitutive equation closely fits the experimental data. This study provides a theoretical basis for monitoring and assessing the responses of surrounding rock mass during underground excavation.

### 1117. [A novel asymptotic linear method for micro-pressure wave mitigation at high-speed maglev tunnel exit: A case study with various open ratios on tunnel hoods](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-asymptotic-linear-method-for-micro-pressure-wave-mitigation-at-high-speed-maglev-tunnel-exit-a-case-study-with-various-open-ratios-on-tunnel-hoods) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-5900-z]
A high-speed train travelling from the open air into a narrow tunnel will cause the “sonic boom” at tunnel exit. When the maglev train’s speed reaches 600 km/h, the train-tunnel aerodynamic effect is intensified, so a new mitigation method is urgently expected to be explored. This study proposed a novel asymptotic linear method (ALM) for micro-pressure wave (MPW) mitigation to achieve a constant gradient of initial compression waves (ICWs), via a study with various open ratios on hoods. The properties of ICWs and MPWs under various open ratios of hoods were analyzed. The results show that as the open ratio increases, the MPW amplitude at the tunnel exit initially decreases before rising. At the open ratio of 2.28%, the slope of the ICW curve is linearly coincident with a supposed straight line in the ALM, which further reduces the MPW amplitude by 26.9% at 20 m and 20.0% at 50 m from the exit, as compared to the unvented hood. Therefore, the proposed method effectively mitigates MPW and quickly determines the upper limit of alleviation for the MPW amplitude at a fixed train-tunnel operation condition. All achievements provide a new potential measure for the adaptive design of tunnel hoods.

### 1118. [Influence of pre-compression and pre-aging on precipitation behavior in casting Mg-9.8Sn-3.0Zn alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-pre-compression-and-pre-aging-on-precipitation-behavior-in-casting-mg-98sn-30zn-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-6041-0]
The effects of pre-compression and pre-aging on the age-hardening response and microstructure of Mg-9.8Sn-3.0Zn (wt.%) alloy have been investigated via hardness test and advanced electron microscopy. The alloy subjected to both pre-compression and pre-aging exhibits the most refined and densest distribution of precipitates upon aging at 200 ℃, leading to the superior age-hardening performance observed in the alloy. Comparatively, the alloy that underwent only pre-aging displayed a greater number density of precipitates than its counterpart that was neither pre-compressed nor pre-aged when both were aged to their peak conditions at 200 ℃, indicating an enhanced age-hardening response in the pre-aged alloy. The precipitates in these three peak-aged alloys consist of Mg2Sn and MgZn2 phases. The reason why the pre-aged alloy has a higher number density of precipitates than the directly aged alloy is that MgZn2 phase formed during pre-aging can serve as heterogeneous nucleation site for the formation of Mg2Sn. The reason why the pre-compression and pre-aged alloy has the highest number density of precipitates is that Mg3Sn and MgZn2 phases formed during pre-aging, alongside lattice defects introduced during pre-compression, collectively act as effective heterogeneous nucleation sites for the formation of Mg2Sn during the subsequent aging at 200 ℃.

### 1119. [Microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured FeCoCrMnNi high-entropy alloy composite after aging](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-additively-manufactured-fecocrmnni-high-entropy-alloy-composite-after-aging) [DOI: 10.1007/s11771-025-5929-z]
High-entropy alloy composites (HEACs) have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and chemical stability. By adjusting the content of reinforcing particles in the high-entropy alloy and by employing advanced additive manufacturing techniques, high-performance HEACs can be fabricated. However, there is still considerable room for improvement in their performance. In this study, CoCrFeMnNi HEA powders were used as the matrix, and NiCoFeAlTi high-entropy intermetallic powders were used as the high-entropy reinforcement (HER). CoCrFeMnNi/NiCoFeAlTi HEACs were fabricated using selective laser melting technology. The study results indicate that after aging, the microstructure of HEACs with HER exhibits Al- and Ti-rich nano-oxide precipitates with an orthorhombic CMCM type structure system. After aging at 873 K for 2 h, HEACs with HER achieved excellent overall mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength of 731 MPa. This is attributed to the combined and synergistic effects of precipitation strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and the high lattice distortion caused by high intragranular defects, which provide a multi-scale strengthening and hardening mechanism for the plastic deformation of HEACs with HER. This study demonstrates that aging plays a crucial role in controlling the precipitate phases in complex multi-element alloys.

### 1120. [Rheological behavior and injectability of PEG/glycerol/bioactive glass-based bone grafts incorporating Denosumab](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rheological-behavior-and-injectability-of-pegglycerolbioactive-glass-based-bone-grafts-incorporating-denosumab) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3263-y]
In this study, injectable bone graft putty samples were developed using fine and coarse melt-quenched 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) incorporated into a carrier system composed of glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different average molecular weights. Selected putty samples were further incorporated with varying amounts of Denosumab (5wt%–10wt%) to investigate its influence on rheological behavior and flow properties using mathematical modeling. All PEG/glycerol/45S5-based putty samples exhibited viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus > loss modulus) and pseudoplastic behavior (n < 1), with viscosity values required for optimal flow remaining below 1000 Pa∙s. Both viscosity and thixotropic area increased proportionally with higher BG content and smaller-sized BG particles. All putty samples showed more than 98% injectability through a 12G cannula, suggesting potential clinical suitability. However, injectability decreased with smaller cannulas, dropping to 34.7%–58.3% with a 19G cannula and further decreasing with a 23G cannula at higher BG contents. Incorporation of Denosumab preserved viscoelasticity and injectability but modified the flow behavior, shifting it from pseudoplastic to more Newtonian with higher Denosumab content, while also reducing viscosity and thixotropic area values. Among all tested samples, putty containing a lower amount of Denosumab and smaller-sized BG exhibited the most suitable combination of injectability and rheological features. All putty samples were well described by both the Power law and Herschel–Bulkley rheological models (coefficient of determination > 0.95). This study highlights the influence of Denosumab on flowability and rheological relationships and suggests potential improvements in bioactivity through a dual synergistic effect of BG and Denosumab in minimally invasive bone graft systems.

### 1121. [Evaluation on the effects of Cu(II) on the properties of blast furnace slag–cement composites with adding Cu-bearing solid wastes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/evaluation-on-the-effects-of-cuii-on-the-properties-of-blast-furnace-slagcement-composites-with-adding-cu-bearing-solid-wastes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3230-7]
The effect of heavy metals on the properties and hydration of blast furnace slag–cement composites (BFS-CC) remain unclear. In this study, two BFS-CC (denoted as DBFS-CC and WBFS-CC) were prepared by dry and wet grinding of BFS, respectively. The effect of Cu(II) on BFS-CC’s properties and hydration was investigated by adding representative copper contaminants (CuO, CuCl2, and CuS) to the composites. Adding 1.0wt% CuO and 0.5wt% CuS increased the 3-d compressive strength of DBFS-CC by 14.9% and 5.7%, respectively, but suppressed the 3-d strength of WBFS-CC. This trend reversed at 28-d curing, where adding 1.5wt% CuO, 2.0wt% CuCl2, and 1.5wt% CuS enhanced the compressive strength of WBFS-CC by 23.4%, 6.2%, and 13.6%, respectively, but adversely affected the strength of DBFS-CC. For 28-d hydration, adding CuCl2 decreased the hydration degree of DBFS-CC but enhanced that of WBFS-CC. Adding CuO promoted the hydration degree of both composites, while adding CuS exhibited inhibitory effects. DBFS-CC immobilized CuCl2 better due to a higher hydration degree, while WBFS-CC immobilized CuO and CuS better due to having finer unhydrated BFS particles and a denser matrix. This study not only focuses on the Cu(II) immobilization effect but also reveals the differential effects of Cu(II) species on the hydration process, providing novel insights into heavy metal interactions in BFS-CC systems and their safe disposal.

### 1122. [Dual-template synthesis of CoNi alloy nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon nanotubes for efficient oxygen reduction reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dual-template-synthesis-of-coni-alloy-nanoparticles-anchored-on-n-doped-carbon-nanotubes-for-efficient-oxygen-reduction-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3190-y]
The fabrication of one-dimensional metal/N-doped carbon materials has shown a promising prospect as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, CoNi alloy nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon nanotubes (CoNi@NCNT) are prepared by a dual-template strategy, using polypyrrole (PPy) tubes and CoNi-based metal–organic framework as the precursors. The as-formed CoNi@NCNT catalyst displays a half-wave potential (0.83 V) as well as good durability under alkaline medium. The excellent electrocatalytic performance is ascribed to a synergistic coupling of hierarchically tubular structure, highly electronic conductivity, and abundantly alloy-type active sites. When the CoNi@NCNT catalyst is applied in zinc–air battery (ZAB), the device displays a stable charge–discharge cycling performance. The present work affords a useful approach to constructing alloy/nitrogen-incorporated carbonaceous materials as bifunctional electrocatalysts for high-performance ZABs.

### 1123. [Effects of direct aging on mechanical properties and microstructure of TiB2/AlSi7Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-direct-aging-on-mechanical-properties-and-microstructure-of-tib2alsi7mg-alloy-fabricated-by-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3225-4]
The effects of direct aging (DA) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2/AlSi7Mg alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) were systematically investigated. DA significantly improves strength while maintaining satisfactory ductility. Optimal performance is obtained through under-aging (UA) at 150°C for 4 h, resulting in a yield strength of 361 MPa, tensile strength of 503 MPa, and elongation of 9.1% in the horizontal direction. DA does not substantially alter the grain size or cellular structure but promotes the formation of nanoprecipitates within the α-Al matrix. Specifically, UA induces dot-like and needle-like Si precipitates, whereas over-aging (OA) additionally generates short rod-like β'-Mg1.8Si phases. The strengthening mechanism is attributed to the Hall–Petch effect associated with grain and cell boundaries, and the Orowan mechanism induced by nanoprecipitates. Work-hardening behavior is governed by interactions between dislocations and nanoprecipitates. The OA sample exhibits rapid saturation of work hardening due to a high initial hardening rate and dynamic recovery of dislocations, resulting in limited uniform elongation. In contrast, the UA sample demonstrates a more balanced work hardening response. These findings provide theoretical and experimental validation of DA as an effective post-processing approach aimed at enhancing the performance of LPBF Al–Si–Mg alloys in engineering applications.

### 1124. [Multifunctional applications of barium zinc vanadate nanoparticles for photocatalytic dye degradation, energy storage and sensing applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multifunctional-applications-of-barium-zinc-vanadate-nanoparticles-for-photocatalytic-dye-degradation-energy-storage-and-sensing-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3160-4]
The multifunctional characteristics of barium zinc vanadate (BaZnV2O7) nanoparticles (BZV NPs) were explored in this study, focusing on their photocatalytic activity, supercapacitor performance, and sensing abilities. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the crystallites were 40.3 nm in size, whereas ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed an energy bandgap of 5.28 eV. Functional groups, elemental composition, and morphology were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiency of the BZV NPs was evaluated at various catalyst dosages, dye concentrations, and pH levels, for the degradation of acid black-52 (AB-52) dye under UV light. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge analyses were performed to determine the energy storage and cyclic stability of the BZV-NP-modified carbon paste electrode. In addition, a novel electrochemical sensor based on BZV was developed to accurately detect the concentration of biomolecules and chemical drugs. BZV nanoparticles exhibited remarkable photocatalytic dye degradation up to 80.4%, indicating their application in waste water treatment. The BZV-NP-modified carbon paste electrode exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 714.15 F·g−1 with excellent cycling stability over 1000 cycles. The electrodes efficiently detected biomolecules such as ascorbic acid and uric acid, chemical drugs including paracetamol and ibuprofen, and heavy metals such as mercury, cobalt, and cadmium in the concentration range of 1–5 mM. The limit of detection (LOD) was measured for all analytes, and the electrode exhibited high sensitivity. These multifunctional properties render BZV promising material for energy storage and environmental monitoring applications.

### 1125. [Pitting corrosion behavior of additively manufactured spherical WC/W2C-reinforced stainless steels in chloride-containing solution](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/pitting-corrosion-behavior-of-additively-manufactured-spherical-wcw2c-reinforced-stainless-steels-in-chloride-containing-solution) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3075-5]
An effective approach to enhance the surface degradation characteristics of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) type 420 stainless steel involves the incorporation of spherical cast WC/W2C to create LPBF metal matrix composites (MMCs). However, the corrosion behavior of stainless steel and cast WC/W2C varies inversely across different pH levels, and the phenomenon of pitting corrosion in LPBF MMCs under varying pH conditions remains insufficiently explored. In LPBF 420 + 5wt% WC/W2C MMCs, pits form adjacent to cast WC/W2C in acidic and neutral environments, attributed to the presence of chromium-rich carbides and galvanic coupling effects. The dissolution of the reinforced particles facilitates pit nucleation in alkaline conditions. Notably, in-situ reaction layers exhibit superior corrosion resistance to the matrix or the reinforced particles across all pH levels. The distinct corrosion mechanisms influence the pitting corrosion behavior, with the corrosion ranking based on critical pitting potential being neutral > alkaline > acidic, contrasting the observed kinetics of pit growth (alkaline > acidic > neutral).

### 1126. [Tailoring the mechanical properties of additively manufactured Custom 465 martensitic stainless steel through heat treatment modification](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tailoring-the-mechanical-properties-of-additively-manufactured-custom-465-martensitic-stainless-steel-through-heat-treatment-modification) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3168-9]
Custom 465 (C465) is a martensitic stainless steel known for its high strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance, widely used in aerospace, automotive, and medical industries. However, limited work has been conducted on its additive manufacturing (AM) and no dedicated heat treatments have been developed for additively manufactured C465 to optimize its strength–ductility trade-off. In this work, the C465 was fabricated via laser powder bed fusion. The effect of hot isostatic pressing, solid solution, cryogenic treatment (−78.5°C), and aging on the composition homogenization, austenite-to-martensite transition, and Ni3Ti precipitation were systemically investigated. The atom probe tomography analysis reveals that Mo atoms accumulate on Ni3Ti precipitate surfaces and inhibits the Ni3Ti growth, contributing to the enhanced strength of C465. The modified heat treatment for additively manufactured C465 reaches comparable tensile strength with the wrought counterpart, yielding an ultimate tensile strength of 1773 MPa, yield strength of 1686 MPa, and elongation of 6.5%. A yield strength calculation model was proposed and validated with measured strength under various heat treatments, providing valuable insight for heat treatment design towards diverse industrial applications.

### 1127. [Influence of Si addition on the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of as-cast Al0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloys and performance enhancement by cold rolling and annealing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-si-addition-on-the-microstructure-mechanical-and-wear-properties-of-as-cast-al043cocrfeni21-high-entropy-alloys-and-performance-enhancement-by-cold-rolling-and-annealing) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3257-9]
A series of as-cast SixAl0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) was successfully fabricated by vacuum-assisted melting. The phase constituents, microstructural features, and mechanical properties (including hardness, tensile behavior, and wear behavior) of alloys with various Si contents were evaluated. The results revealed that the addition of Si promoted the precipitation of a body-centered cubic 1 (BCC1) phase enriched in Al, Ni, and Si with a B2-ordered structure. Furthermore, the secondary BCC2 phase was enriched with Cr, Fe, and Si precipitates within the BCC1 matrix. Ultimately, a multiphase face-centered cubic (FCC)/(BCC1/BCC2) structure was formed. The microstructural evolution driven by Si addition significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the SixAl0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 HEAs. As the Si content increased, the microhardness and tensile strength improved by approximately 42% and 55%, reaching 2.359 GPa and 785 MPa, respectively. The quantitative evaluation of the various strengthening mechanisms indicated that the intrinsic hardness of the FCC matrix and hardening due to BCC1/BCC2 precipitation dominated the overall microhardness. The comparison of the energy barriers indicates that BCC2 primarily strengthens the alloy through a shear mechanism rather than an Orowan bypass mechanism. Furthermore, with increasing Si content, reduced friction and wear, together with smoother worn surfaces, reflect a greatly enhanced wear resistance. After the optimal cold-rolling and 1 h annealing at 800°C, the Si0.3Al0.43CoCrFeNi2.1 alloy showed 56% and 62% increases in microhardness and tensile strength, respectively, compared to the as-cast state, reaching 3.68 GPa and 1270 MPa. The enhanced mechanical properties are attributed to the synergistic effects of residual strain hardening by FCC ordering and L12/BCC precipitation strengthening.

### 1128. [Chelating extraction of critical metals from cathode of end-of-life lithium titanium oxide batteries: Experiments, machine learning and validation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/chelating-extraction-of-critical-metals-from-cathode-of-end-of-life-lithium-titanium-oxide-batteries-experiments-machine-learning-and-validation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3216-5]
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that reached their end-of-life (EoL) require recycling, rather than disposal, to recirculate valuable metals and protect the environment. This led us to investigate the extraction of metals from the cathodes of EoL lithium-titanate batteries using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA-2Na). In this work, an orthogonal array was used to design experiments and signal-to-noise calculations were used to define the optimal conditions, which were 0.50 mol/L EDTA-2Na, pH = 6, 75°C, 180 min, 2% pulp density, and 300 r/min, resulting in 97.96%, 94.79%, 96.45%, and 98.89% leaching efficiencies for Li, Ni, Co, and Mn, respectively. Statistically significant interactions between variables were then identified using Pearson’s correlation at the 95% confidence interval, and the pH and temperature were found to be significant. The extraction efficiency decreased as the pH increased, but increased as the temperature increased. Machine learning fitting using linear regression for multi-output prediction was unsatisfactory, whereas random forest regression (RFR) produced satisfactory results. Permutation importance was computed on the fitted RFR to determine feature importance, and confirmed that the pH and temperature were influential variables; however, the time and pulp density were also noted. As the fitted RFR failed to satisfactorily predict leaching efficiencies in additional validation experiments, we recommend increasing the number of experiments and using additional fitting models. An additional analysis that included the initial oxidation–reduction potential (optimal 33.3 mV) revealed this to be the most important variable, the effect of which largely overshadows those of all the other variables. Finally, an environmental assessment highlighted the benefits of the chelating extraction; however, the economic assessment indicated room for improvement.

### 1129. [Effects of vanadium valences on the solubility in Fe2TiO5 for helping to understand calcification roasting of vanadium slag](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-vanadium-valences-on-the-solubility-in-fe2tio5-for-helping-to-understand-calcification-roasting-of-vanadium-slag) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3184-9]
Vanadium is a strategic metal in many countries, and it is mainly extracted from vanadium slag produced in titanomagnetite metallurgy. The traditional sodium roasting process for vanadium extraction poses environmental threats, and a green calcification process has been proposed. However, the vanadium extraction rate in the calcification process is much lower than in the sodium roasting process, which is related to vanadium solid solubility in Fe2TiO5. Previous studies about vanadium behavior in Fe2TiO5 were conducted in air, with a vanadium oxidation state of V5+. Vanadium with lower oxidation states has been detected in the tailings in the calcification process. The present paper studied the effects of vanadium oxidation states on the solid solubility in Fe2TiO5 through solid-state reaction, X-ray diffraction characterization, transmission electron microscopy characterization, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, and solid solution modeling. The relative interaction values between vanadium oxides and Fe2TiO5 are obtained as |LV2O3| > |LV2O4| > |LV2O5|, indicating that vanadium with lower valence is preferable to be solid dissolved in Fe2TiO5. The results imply that insufficiently oxidized vanadium increases the vanadium content in the Fe2TiO5 phase during vanadium slag’s calcification roasting. Besides, experimental conditions optimization shows that higher experimental temperature, vanadium introduction as V2O3, and a high-purity argon atmosphere would lead to higher vanadium solubility in Fe2TiO5, and high temperature is beneficial for the release of vanadium from vanadium-containing Fe2TiO5 when dissociated in air.

### 1130. [Effect of the cement–tailings ratio on the shear failure mechanism at the cemented tailing backfill–rock interface: Insights from the morphology of stope surrounding rocks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-the-cementtailings-ratio-on-the-shear-failure-mechanism-at-the-cemented-tailing-backfillrock-interface-insights-from-the-morphology-of-stope-surrounding-rocks) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3108-8]
The shear characteristics of the interface formed between a cemented tailings backfill (CTB) and surrounding rocks play a crucial role in the design and stability of underground goafs. To investigate the shear behavior of CTB–rock interfaces, rock samples representing the topography of surrounding rocks were constructed using 3D morphology scanning and engraving techniques. A series of direct shear tests were conducted on the CTB rock samples to examine the influence of the cement–tailings ratio on the interfacial shear behavior. The results showed that the compressive strength of the CTB and shear strength of the CTB–rock interface decreased with decreasing cement proportion. With deceasing cement content, the failure area of the CTB after the test increased, and the roughness of the newly generated interface reduced. A digital image correlation analysis revealed that the compressive stress concentration in the region with an obtuse angle with respect to the shear direction was the primary cause of CTB failure. Moreover, the correlation between the wear area and the silicon-dense area helped confirm that the silicon particles are more prone to failure in these areas than in other regions. Our findings provide new insights into the shear sliding mechanism at CTB–rock interfaces and can aid in the selection of the cement–tailings ratio at engineering sites. For example, if the horizontal principal stress of the surrounding rock mass in a backfilling area is relatively high, the cement content can be reduced for CTB applications.

### 1131. [An in-depth exploration of the performance and influence of rapid dewatering filter aid for red mud slurry](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-in-depth-exploration-of-the-performance-and-influence-of-rapid-dewatering-filter-aid-for-red-mud-slurry) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3096-8]
Red mud is a kind of industrial waste residue produced in the process of alumina production, which has strong suspension and is difficult to precipitate and filter. This study compared the effects of 4 kinds of filter aids, including CaCl2, polymerized ferrous sulfate (PFS), steel slag (SS), and Portland cement (PC), on the filtration rate, filter cake moisture content, and Na2O content of red mud slurry. At a dosage of 10 g·L‒1, the filtration effects were in the following order: PFS > CaCl2 > SS > PC. Under the combination of 5 g·L‒1 SS and 5 g·L‒1 PC, the better filtration effect was achieved with a filtration time of 205.17 s, which was reduced by 58.52% compared to the original red mud. The combined use of SS and PC exhibits better advantages in terms of cost and filtration effect. This study provides a data foundation for the rapid filtration of red mud slurry. The use of SS and PC as filter aids for red mud holds broad application prospects.

### 1132. [Influence of particle size and inherent gangue on hydrogen-based reduction of magnetite iron ores](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-particle-size-and-inherent-gangue-on-hydrogen-based-reduction-of-magnetite-iron-ores) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3232-5]
The steel industry’s transition to hydrogen-based ironmaking necessitates a deeper understanding of magnetite ore reduction, a crucial yet underexplored pathway for decarbonization. This study systematically investigates the combined effects of particle size and gangue composition on hydrogen-based reduction behavior of four industrial magnetite ore concentrates with varying CaO and MgO contents. Thermogravimetric analysis at 973 K, interrupted reduction experiments, and post-reduction characterization steps are used to evaluate reduction extent and phase transformations across different particle size fractions and bulk ores. The finer fractions generally exhibit faster and more complete reduction. However, this trend is overridden by gangue effects in certain ores. Magnetite ores with MgO as gangue tend to form magnesio-wustite solid solution (Mg,Fe)O during reduction, resulting in dense microstructures that impede hydrogen diffusion and limit reduction progress. In contrast, magnetite ores with CaO as gangue facilitate the formation of intermediate calcium ferrites, which promote porous morphology and enhanced reducibility. Notably, even the finer particles of ore containing MgO show a lower reduction degree than the coarser particles of the ore containing CaO as gangue. This highlights the dominant role of gangue composition in governing reduction kinetics, intermediate phase formation and final product morphology. These findings contribute to the growing knowledge necessary to enable fossil-free ironmaking by emphasizing the importance of considering both granulometric characteristics and heterogeneity when evaluating magnetite ores for hydrogen-based reduction.

### 1133. [Application of high-alumina type calcium ferrite: A new strategy of mineral phase regulation instead of chemical composition regulation in iron ore sintering](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/application-of-high-alumina-type-calcium-ferrite-a-new-strategy-of-mineral-phase-regulation-instead-of-chemical-composition-regulation-in-iron-ore-sintering) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3128-4]
High-alumina iron ores (Al2O3 content > 3.0wt%) are widely utilized in sinter production due to their economic benefits, yet their high alumina content challenges the performance of sinter and the stability of blast furnaces. This study focuses on the application of high-alumina composite calcium ferrites (SFCA) in the sintering of high-alumina iron ores. By prefabricating calcium ferrites, we aimed to substitute phase adjustment for compositional tuning, particularly examining its effects on enhancing sinter quality at 30wt%, 50wt%, and 100wt% replacement ratios of Al2O3. Previous work developed two types of high-alumina SFCA (A-type and B-type), with A-type demonstrating superior experimental performance. Our results indicate that increasing the proportion of A-type SFCA in the raw materials leads to higher calcium ferrite and composite calcium ferrite contents, while decreasing the proportions of Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, calcium silicate, and calcium alumino-ferrite (CaAlxFe2–xO4). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineralogical analyses reveal that sinter substituted with A-type SFCA primarily consists of SFCA and calcium ferraluminate (CFA), with increasing calcium ferrite content and decreasing porosity and silicate content as the substitution ratio increases. Complete substitution of Al2O3 with A-type SFCA enhances the compressive strength of the sinters to 22.57 MPa, a 6.76 MPa improvement over traditional methods. With 100wt% substitution, the reducibility reaches 0.85, a 0.33 increase over the baseline (A-type and B-type SFCA are not added). A cost-effective method for SFCA production using high-alumina ores, hazardous waste, and iron-calcium-based solid waste is proposed to lower production costs and promote the recycling of industrial solid waste. A-type SFCA exhibits significant advantages in mechanical properties, reducibility, and melting characteristics, validating its potential in optimizing sinter performance and reducing carbon emissions, thereby laying a theoretical and practical foundation for the industrial application of high-alumina SFCA.

### 1134. [Dynamic compressive strength optimization and stemming performance of self-swelling cartridge for rock blasting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-compressive-strength-optimization-and-stemming-performance-of-self-swelling-cartridge-for-rock-blasting) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3131-9]
During rock drilling and blasting activities, stemming blast holes is to prevent high-pressure explosive gases from the holes, thereby enhancing the overall blasting effectiveness. Hence, it is imperative to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of the stemming materials. In this study, impact compression tests were conducted on self-swelling cartridges (SSCs) using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), aiming to evaluate dynamic performances across strain rate range of 20 to 65 s−1. Test results indicate that the dynamic compressive strength of SSCs exhibits the following trends: it increases with increasing density of SSC, decreases with an increase in insertion gap, and follows an initial rise and subsequent fall trend with an increase in water absorption. The order of significance among these factors is density > water absorption > insertion gaps. SSCs exhibit a pronounced strain-rate strengthening dependence in dynamic compressive strength. Furthermore, both the compressive peak stress and peak strain of SSCs follow a well-defined quadratic upward trend with increasing strain rates. As the strain rate increases, the degree of fragmentation, absorbed energy, and dynamic increase factor exhibit an upward trend. Model experimental results indicate that, compared to cementitious stemming materials, SSCs can prolong the duration of gas explosion action. Therefore, SSCs are more suitable for high strain-rate applications such as blasting stemming and rock burst control.

### 1135. [Comprehensive status evaluation and prediction of blast furnace based on cascade system and combined model](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/comprehensive-status-evaluation-and-prediction-of-blast-furnace-based-on-cascade-system-and-combined-model) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3179-6]
The comprehensive status of blast furnaces was one of the most important factors affecting their economy, quality, and longevity. The blast furnace comprehensive status had the nature of “black box,” and it was “unpredictable.” In this study, a blast furnace comprehensive status score and prediction method based on a cascade system and a combined model were proposed to address this issue. A dual cascade evaluation system was developed by integrating subjective and objective weighting methods. The analytic hierarchy process, coefficient of variation, entropy weight method, and impart combinatorial games were jointly employed to determine the optimal weight distribution across indicators. Categorized statuses (raw material, gas flow, furnace body, furnace cylinder, and iron–slag) were evaluated. Based on the five categories of the status data, the second cascade was applied to upgrade the quantitative evaluation of the comprehensive status. The weights of the different categories were 0.22, 0.15, 0.22, 0.21, and 0.20, respectively. According to the data analysis, the results of the comprehensive status score closely matched the on-site production logs. Based on the blast furnace smelting period, the maximal information coefficient method was applied to the 100 parameters that were most relevant to the comprehensive status. A combined prediction model for a comprehensive status score was designed using bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and categorical boosting (CatBoost). The test results indicated that the combined model reduced the mean absolute error by an average of 0.275 and increased the hit rate by an average of 5.65 percentage points compared to BiLSTM or CatBoost alone. When the error range was ±2.5, the combined model predicted a hit rate of 91.66% for the next hour’s comprehensive status score, and its high accuracy was deemed satisfactory for the field. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and regression fitting were applied to analyze the linear quantitative relationship between the key variables and the comprehensive status score. When the furnace bottom center temperature was increased by 10°C, the comprehensive status score increased by 0.44. This method contributes to a more precise management and control of the comprehensive status of the blast furnace on-site.

### 1136. [Polycarboxylate superplasticizer instead of ultrasonic treatment for dispersing cellulose nanofibers to strengthen cemented rockfill](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/polycarboxylate-superplasticizer-instead-of-ultrasonic-treatment-for-dispersing-cellulose-nanofibers-to-strengthen-cemented-rockfill) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3246-z]
To address the dual challenges of resource utilization of mining solid waste (e.g., coal gangue) and performance enhancement of cemented rockfill, this study systematically investigates the mechanisms of ultrasonic dispersion time and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on the properties of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-modified cemented rockfill. A series of comparative experiments were designed with varying ultrasonic dispersion times (0–60 min) and PCE dosages (0.1wt%–0.4wt%). Through mechanical testing, hydration product analysis, and microstructural characterization, the study revealed the advantages of PCE in promoting CNF dispersion to enhance the engineering applicability of cemented rockfill. The results demonstrate that: (1) Ultrasonic dispersion for 30 min increases the compressive strength by 37.7% compared to the untreated group; however, excessive ultrasonication (60 min) induces hydrolysis of CNF, releasing reducing sugars that retard hydration. (2) PCE facilitates CNF dispersion, achieving a 29.1% increase in compressive strength at a dosage of 0.4wt%, while simultaneously improving hydration products and microstructural development. (3) While ultrasonic dispersion yields slightly higher strength improvements, PCE demonstrates superior cost-effectiveness and operational convenience, rendering it more viable for industrial adoption. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the nano-enhanced modification of cemented rockfill, offering new insights into the recycling of solid waste and the development of high-performance materials.

### 1137. [Model experimental study on the safety characteristics of surrounding rock supports in deep wells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/model-experimental-study-on-the-safety-characteristics-of-surrounding-rock-supports-in-deep-wells) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3132-8]
To study the use of a shaft support for the auxiliary shaft of the Xi’anshan Iron Mine, in high-stress strata at a depth between 900 and 1000 m, a new type of mold was developed using the physical similarity model test method, based on the similarity theory, and an experimental model of the shaft lining and surrounding rock was poured. Two sets of large-scale destructive tests were conducted on the shaft lining and surrounding rock. The deformation and failure laws of the shaft lining and surrounding rock under high ground stress and their ultimate horizontal bearing capacity characteristics were studied, and the safety support characteristics of the shaft lining under the interaction of the shaft lining and surrounding rock were obtained. An experimental study demonstrated that the axial pressure on the shaft wall directly affected its ultimate horizontal bearing capacity of the shaft wall. In designing the shaft wall, the influence of the axial pressure on the stress state of the concrete should be considered, and the vertical pressure should be modified to optimize the utilization of the three-dimensional compressive strength of the concrete. The reliability of the 400-mm C30 concrete shaft wall at a depth of 1000 m in the actual project was verified, and the ultimate horizontal bearing capacity of the shaft wall was obtained for a depth of 1000 m.

### 1138. [Orbital hybridization-engineered electronic structure in multicomponent sulfides boosts the performance of polysulfide/iodide flow batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/orbital-hybridization-engineered-electronic-structure-in-multicomponent-sulfides-boosts-the-performance-of-polysulfideiodide-flow-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3268-6]
Despite their attractive features of high energy density, low cost, and safety, polysulfide/iodide flow batteries (SIFBs) are hampered by the sluggish kinetics of the iodide redox couple, which restricts overall performance. Multicomponent sulfides are demonstrated as promising catalysts for accelerating redox reactions. Concurrently, the enhanced configurational entropy arising from multinary compositions drives synergistic effects among constituent elements, establishing a viable pathway to optimize catalytic performance. Building on these foundations, this work introduces a targeted orbital hybridization-optimized electron density strategy to enhance the catalytic activity. Implementing this concept, we developed an in-situ solvothermal synthesis process for an entropy-enhanced AgCuZnSnS4 loaded graphite felt (ACZTS/GF) electrode. The engineered electrode demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic performance with improved bulk conductivity and interfacial charge transfer kinetics within a SIFB. The cell achieves a high energy efficiency of 88.5% at 20 mA·cm−2 with 10% state-of-charge. Furthermore, the battery delivers a maximum power density of 119.8 mW·cm−2 and exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability. These significant results stem from orbital hybridization-driven electronic state optimization and entropy effect-induced synergistic catalysis.

### 1139. [Properties and performances of high-entropy materials in batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/properties-and-performances-of-high-entropy-materials-in-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3275-7]
High-entropy materials (HEMs), an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry, have recently garnered considerable attention in energy storage applications. While their multi-element compositions (five or more principal elements in nearly equiatomic proportions) confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy, lattice distortion, and synergistic cocktail effects, the fundamental understanding of structure–property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies. This review addresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts. We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’ thermodynamic/kinetic stabilization principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties, integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics. By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassium-ion battery components, we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity. Notably, we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces, demonstrating their unique potential in stabilizing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution. Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven composition screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges, including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation. This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advancing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.

### 1140. [Structural stability, optical and dielectric properties of the (Ba1/5Pb1/5Sr1/5RE1/5K1/5)TiO3 high-entropy ceramic](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-stability-optical-and-dielectric-properties-of-the-ba15pb15sr15re15k15tio3-high-entropy-ceramic) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3169-8]
A high-entropy matrix with highly polarizable elements sharing a rare-earth element at the same crystallographic site was designed using the chemical formula Ba1/5Pb1/5Sr1/5RE1/5K1/5TiO3 (BPSREKTO), where rare-earth (RE) = La, Nb, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, and Lu. Single-phase stability was observed only in the BPSREKTO with RE = La, Nd, and Sm high-entropy compounds. The crystal structure, optical properties, and ferroelectric nature of the single-phase ceramic compounds were investigated. Elemental and structural analyses revealed that all the cations were homogeneously distributed in a global centrosymmetric cubic structure (S.G. Pm¯3m). Optical absorption showed that the RE = Nd compound is more photoactive in the 200–1000 nm wavelength range, unlike the RE = La, Sm high-entropy compounds. The introduction of RE elements in high-entropy ceramic (HEC) systems affects the indirect bandgap of BPSREKTO with RE = La, Nd, and Sm. It was also found that cationic disorder increases the Urbach energy, leading to a decrease in the indirect energy bandgap in the HEC compound compared to the homologue BaTiO3/SrTiO3 single-phase. The dielectric spectra show a broad peak in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss, which are shifted in temperatures with increasing frequencies due to a relaxor ferroelectric transition typical of the diffuse phase transitions. This relaxor behavior was unexpected, because the global crystal structure was centrosymmetric, implying an increase in the number of polar nanoregions (PNRs). These PNRs coexisting with non-polar regions (NPRs) were observed using piezo-force microscopy. Furthermore, the slim polarization loop confirmed the relaxor behavior of BPSREKTO with RE = La, Nd, and Sm. These ferroelectric features make these RE-modified HEC materials good candidates for high-energy storage applications.

### 1141. [Understanding of TiO2/Co3O4-modified configuration strategy for stabilizing O3-type NaNi0.4Fe0.2Mn0.4O2 cathodes with enhanced long-term and rate performance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/understanding-of-tio2co3o4-modified-configuration-strategy-for-stabilizing-o3-type-nani04fe02mn04o2-cathodes-with-enhanced-long-term-and-rate-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3260-1]
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently gained wildly interest due to the abundance of sodium, lower production costs, and better low-temperature performance compared to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among various cathode materials of SIBs, O3-type NaNi0.4Fe0.2Mn0.4O2 (NFM424) demonstrates high capacity and ease of synthesis, yet suffers from structural degradation and sluggish Na+ kinetics caused by large ionic radius and strong electrostatic interactions. To overcome these issues, a configuration strategy combined with TiO2 and Co3O4 by a simple solid-state reaction method was introduced to improve structural and electrochemical stability. XRD, SEM, TEM, and various electrochemical characterizations as well as TGA/DSC tests were conducted. The resulting NaNi0.4Fe0.2Mn0.3Co0.05Ti0.05O2 (NFMCT) cathode mitigated Jahn-Teller distortions and Na+/vacancy ordering while enhancing phase integrity and diffusion pathways. The obtained NFMCT maintained 93.7 mAh·g−1 after 550 cycles at 1 C, with superior rate capabilities at 2 C and 5 C. These findings deepen the understanding of configuration strategy by using multi-element oxide and highlight a practical strategy for designing high-performance SIB cathodes.

### 1142. [Ultrafast laser synthesis of sub-10 nm FeCoNiMnCr high-entropy alloy nanoparticles for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrafast-laser-synthesis-of-sub-10-nm-feconimncr-high-entropy-alloy-nanoparticles-for-enhanced-oxygen-evolution-catalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3276-6]
The development of efficient and robust oxygen non-precious catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a critical scientific hurdle in realizing cost-effective renewable energy conversion systems. Herein, we present a rapid laser irradiation synthesis strategy for the successful fabrication of sub-10 nm FeCoNiMnCr high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) on multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) paper, serving as highly efficient OER electrocatalysts. The synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles with precise control was accomplished through systematic optimization of laser processing parameters. Structural characterization via X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy collectively verified the formation of a phase-pure face-centered cubic crystal structure with homogeneous elemental mixing at the atomic scale. Furthermore, COMSOL Multiphysics simulations confirm that this rapid and discontinuous laser irradiation approach enables the precursor material to undergo ultrafast heating and quenching processes, effectively suppressing Ostwald ripening phenomena, which is conducive to the formation of ultrafine (sub-10 nm) high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. The synthesized HEA-NPs catalyst demonstrates exceptional oxygen evolution activity in alkaline electrolyte (1 M KOH), achieving a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 at a low overpotential of 255 mV while maintaining remarkable stability with negligible activity decay during prolonged operation (>100 h), representing state-of-the-art performance among non-precious metal catalysts. This study provides perspectives on the rapid preparation and performance regulation of HEA-NPs catalysts.

### 1143. [Amorphous scaly high-entropy borides with electron traps for efficient catalysis in solid-state hydrogen storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/amorphous-scaly-high-entropy-borides-with-electron-traps-for-efficient-catalysis-in-solid-state-hydrogen-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3033-2]
Owing to the orbital hybridization between the transition metal and the B element and the electron-trapping effect of the B element, transition metal borides are considered very promising materials for energy catalysis. In this work, an amorphous scaly high-entropy boride (HEB) with electron traps was designed and fabricated via a facile reduction method to improve the hydrogen storage properties of magnesium hydride (MgH2). For dehydrogenation, the onset temperature of MgH2 + 10wt% HEB was dropped to 187.4°C; besides, the composite exhibited superior isothermal kinetics and the activation energy of the composite was reduced from (212.78 ± 3.93) to (65.04 ± 2.81) kJ/mol. In addition, MgH2 + 10wt% HEB could absorb hydrogen at 21.5°C, and 5.02wt% H2 was charged in 50 min at 75°C. For reversible hydrogen storage capacity tests, the composite maintained a retention rate of 97% with 6.47wt% hydrogen capacity after 30 cycles. Combining microstructure evidence with hydrogen storage performance, the catalytic mechanism was proposed. During ball milling, scaly high-entropy borides riveted a large number of heterogeneous active sites on the surface of MgH2. Driven by the cocktail effect as well as the orbital hybridization of metal borides, numerous active sites steadily enhanced the hydrogen storage reactions in MgH2.

### 1144. [Ultrathin two-dimensional medium-entropy alloy as a highly efficient and stable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrathin-two-dimensional-medium-entropy-alloy-as-a-highly-efficient-and-stable-electrocatalyst-for-oxygen-evolution-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3226-3]
The development of highly active, durable, and low-cost electrocatalysts is crucial for electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have extremely large specific surface areas, making them highly desirable electrocatalyst morphologies. Medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) exhibit compositional tunability and entropy-driven structural stability, making them ideal electrocatalyst candidates. In this study, MoCoNi MEA with ultrathin 2D morphology was successfully developed using a facile ionic layer epitaxial method. The ultrathin 2D MoCoNi MEA showed an excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalytic performance, with a low overpotential of 167 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and small Tafel slope of 33.2 mV/dec. At the overpotential of 167 mV, the ultrathin 2D MoCoNi MEA exhibited ultrahigh mass activity of 3359.6 A/g, which is three orders of magnitude higher than that of the commercial noble metal oxide RuO2 (1.15 A/g). This excellent electrocatalytic performance was attributed to the synergy of multiple active metal-induced medium entropies, as well as the ultrathin thickness, which considerably shortened the charge-transfer distance and thus significantly promoted charge transfer. Owing to the natural entropy-stabilizing effect, the ultrathin 2D MoCoNi MEA maintained 90% of the initial current after a continuous OER electrocatalytic test for 134 h, showing impressive electrocatalytic stability. This study opens new avenues for the development of high-performance and low-cost electrocatalyst materials by creating MEAs with ultrathin 2D morphology.

### 1145. [Machine learning-accelerated density functional theory optimization of PtPd-based high-entropy alloys for hydrogen evolution catalysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/machine-learning-accelerated-density-functional-theory-optimization-of-ptpd-based-high-entropy-alloys-for-hydrogen-evolution-catalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3173-z]
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their compositional diversity and synergistic effects. In this study, machine learning-accelerated density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to assess the catalytic performance of PtPd-based HEAs with the formula PtPdXYZ (X, Y, Z = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Ag, Au; X ≠ Y ≠ Z). Among 56 screened HEA(111) surfaces, PtPdRuCoNi(111) was identified as the most promising, with adsorption energies (Eads) between −0.50 and −0.60 eV and high d-band center of −1.85 eV, indicating enhanced activity. This surface showed the hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*) of −0.03 eV for hydrogen adsorption, outperforming Pt(111) by achieving a better balance between adsorption and desorption. Machine learning models, particularly extreme gradient boosting regression (XGBR), significantly reduced computational costs while maintaining high accuracy (root-mean-square error, RMSE = 0.128 eV). These results demonstrate the potential of HEAs for efficient and sustainable hydrogen production.

### 1146. [Unraveling the poisoning mechanism of impurity gases on TiFe hydrogen storage alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/unraveling-the-poisoning-mechanism-of-impurity-gases-on-tife-hydrogen-storage-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3138-2]
TiFe alloys are AB-based hydrogen storage materials with unique characteristics and a wide range of applications. However, the presence of impurity gases (such as O2, CO, CO2, and CH4) has a considerable impact on the hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics of TiFe alloys, drastically limiting their practical application in hydrogen storage. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the hydrogen absorption kinetics and cycling performance of the TiFe0.9 alloy in the presence of common impurity gases (including CH4, CO, CO2, and O2) and determined the corresponding poisoning mechanisms. Specifically, we found that CH4 did not react with the alloy but acted through physical coverage. In contrast, CO and CO2 occupy the active sites for H2, significantly impeding the dissociation and absorption of H2. In addition, O2 reacts directly with the alloy to form a passivating layer that prevents hydrogen absorption. These findings were further corroborated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT). The relationship between the adsorption energies of the impurity gases and hydrogen obtained through DFT calculations complements the experimental results. Understanding these poisoning behaviors is crucial for designing Ti-based high-entropy hydrogen storage alloy alloys with enhanced resistance to poisoning.

### 1147. [Impact of Ce doping and cold rolling on the activation performance of V70Ti10Cr20 alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/impact-of-ce-doping-and-cold-rolling-on-the-activation-performance-of-v70ti10cr20-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3175-x]
The study investigated the influence of Ce alloying and cold rolling on the activation behavior of V70Ti10Cr20-based alloys. The activation conditions of single cold rolled (V70Ti10Cr20-0.3) and single Ce replaced (V70Ti10Cr20Ce1) samples were reduced from the original two heat treatments to one heat treatment, and the incubation time was about 105 min. Unexpectedly, the two modification methods produce excellent synergistic effects that the co-modified sample (V70Ti10Cr20Ce1-0.5) was activated at room temperature (25°C) without incubation period, and reached saturation capacity (4wt%) within 12 min. Further studies show that CeO2 formed through Ce doping, serves as an active site for hydrogen absorption, facilitating the passage of hydrogen atoms through the dense oxide layer on the surface of vanadium-based alloys. Upon the foundation of Ce doping, cold rolling leads to the aggregation of dislocations around CeO2 sites, thereby further establishing a hydrogen diffusion pathway from the surface into the bulk phase, thus significantly improving the activation performance of the alloy. This work establishes a robust basis for the practical engineering use of vanadium-based hydrogen storage alloys.

### 1148. [Enhancing performance and stability of Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9-decorated La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ composite cathode in flat-tube solid oxide fuel cell](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-performance-and-stability-of-sm02ce08o19-decorated-la06sr04coo3-composite-cathode-in-flat-tube-solid-oxide-fuel-cell) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3277-5]
The commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells depends on the cathode, which possesses both high catalytic activity and a thermal-expansion coefficient (TEC) that aligns with the electrolyte. Although the cobalt-based cathode La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC) offers excellent catalytic performance, its TEC is significantly larger than that of the electrolyte. In this study, we mechanically mix Sm0.2Ce0.8O2−δ (SDC) with LSC to create a composite cathode. By incorporating 50wt% SDC, the TEC decreases significantly from 18.29 × 10−6 to 13.90 × 10−6 K−1. Under thermal-shock conditions ranging from room temperature to 800°C, the growth rate of polarization resistance is only 0.658% per cycle, i.e., merely 49% that of pure LSC. The button cell comprising the LSC-SDC composite cathode operates stably for over 900 h without Sr segregation, with a voltage growth rate of 1.11%/kh. A commercial flat-tube cell (active area: 70 cm2) comprising the LSC-SDC composite cathode delivers 54.8 W at 750°C. The distribution of relaxation-time shows that the non-electrode portion is the main rate-limiting step. This study demonstrates that the LSC-SDC mixture strategy effectively improves the compatibility with the electrolyte while maintaining a high output, thus rendering it a promising commercial cathode material.

### 1149. [Notable hydrogen storage properties in nanocrystalline Al–Cr–Cu–Fe–Ni high entropy alloy](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/notable-hydrogen-storage-properties-in-nanocrystalline-alcrcufeni-high-entropy-alloy) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3266-8]
The hydrogen storage mechanism of a single-phase nanocrystalline mechanically alloyed Al–Cr–Cu–Fe–Ni high-entropy alloy (HEA) was investigated in this study. The alloys were synthesized from the elemental powders using high-energy attritor ball mill with hexane as the process control agent. The material obtained after 40 h of milling was nanocrystalline and exhibited body-centered cubic (BCC) phase with a lattice parameter of 0.289 nm. The nanocrystalline Al–Cr–Cu–Fe–Ni HEA demonstrated remarkable hydrogen storage capacity at 300°C and 50 atm hydrogen pressure, absorbing 2.1wt% of hydrogen within 3 min and desorbing approximately 1.6wt% of hydrogen in 6 min. These rapid absorption and desorption processes highlighted the efficiency of the alloy for hydrogen uptake and release. Additionally, the alloy exhibited good cyclic stability, with a loss of only 0.2wt% of its hydrogen capacity across 25 cycles. The exceptional cycle stability and rapid kinetics of hydrogen storage and release make the nanocrystalline Al–Cr–Cu–Fe–Ni HEA a viable choice for hydrogen storage applications.

### 1150. [High-entropy oxide ceramics for detecting the ionic conductivity component in electron conductors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-entropy-oxide-ceramics-for-detecting-the-ionic-conductivity-component-in-electron-conductors) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3206-7]
A series of solid solutions with high content of Tb2O3–(TbxTi1−x)4O8−2x (x = 0.667–0.830) are synthesized in the Tb2O3–TiO2 system via co-precipitation and/or mechanical activation. This is followed by high-temperature annealing for 4–22 h. The X-ray diffraction method showed that the fluorite structure was realized for (TbxTi1−x)4O8−2x (x = 0.75–0.817). The solid solution Tb3.12Ti0.88O6.44 (64mol% Tb2O3 (x = 0.78)) with a fluorite structure exhibited a maximum hole conductivity of ~22 S/cm at 600°C. To separate the ionic component of the conductivity in the electronic conductor Tb3.12Ti0.88O6.44, its high entropy analogue, (La0.2Gd0.2Tm0.2Lu0.2Y0.2)3.12Ti0.88O6.44, was synthesized in which all rare-earth elements (REE) cations exhibited valency of +3. Consequently, the contribution of ionic (proton) conductivity (~7 × 10−6 S/cm at 600°C) was revealed with respect to the background of dominant hole conductivity. The proton conductivity of high-entropy oxide (HEО) (La0.2Gd0.2Tm0.2Lu0.2Y0.2)3.12Ti0.88O6.44 was confirmed by the detection of the isotope effect, where the mobility of the heavier O–D ions was lower than that of the O–H hydroxyls, resulting in lower conductivity in D2O vapors when compared to H2O.

### 1151. [Optimization of Mg-based hydrogen storage materials with multicomponent and high-entropy catalysts](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-of-mg-based-hydrogen-storage-materials-with-multicomponent-and-high-entropy-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3149-z]
Novel hydrogen storage materials have propelled progress in hydrogen storage technologies. Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is a highly promising candidate. Nevertheless, several drawbacks, including the need for elevated thermal conditions, sluggish dehydrogenation kinetics, and high thermodynamic stability, limit its practical application. One effective method of addressing these challenges is catalyst doping, which effectively boosts the hydrogen storage capability of Mg-based materials. Herein, we review recent advancements in catalyst-doped MgH2 composites, with particular focus on multicomponent and high-entropy catalysts. Structure–property relationships and catalytic mechanisms in these doping strategies are also summarized. Finally, based on existing challenges, we discuss future research directions for the development of Mg-based hydrogen storage systems.

### 1152. [Tuning negative thermal expansion in Sm0.85Zn0.15MnO3−δ via synthesis optimization for enhancing the stability of heterostructured solid oxide fuel cell cathodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tuning-negative-thermal-expansion-in-sm085zn015mno3-via-synthesis-optimization-for-enhancing-the-stability-of-heterostructured-solid-oxide-fuel-cell-cathodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3274-8]
Minimizing the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) mismatch between the cathode and electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells is crucial for achieving stable, durable operation and high performance. Recently, materials with negative thermal expansion (NTE) have attracted significant attention as effective additives for tailoring the thermomechanical properties of electrodes and enhancing cell durability. In this work, for the first time, single-phase NTE perovskite Sm0.85Zn0.15MnO3−δ (SZM15) was successfully synthesized via the sol–gel method, eliminating the unwanted ZnO phase typically observed in materials obtained through the conventional solid-state reaction route. The sol–gel approach proved highly advantageous, offering low cost, robustness, excellent chemical homogeneity, precise compositional control, and high phase purity. After optimization of synthesis parameters, a negative TEC of approximately −6.5 × 10−6 K−1 was achieved in the 400–850°C range. SZM15 was then incorporated as an additive (10wt%–50wt%) into a SmBa0.5Sr0.5CoCuO5+δ (SBSCCO) cathode to tune the thermomechanical properties with a La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ (LSGM) electrolyte, achieving a minimal TEC mismatch of only 1%. Notably, the SBSCCO + 10wt% SZM15 composite cathode exhibited the lowest polarization resistance of 0.019 Ω·cm2 at 900°C, showing approximately 70% lower than that of the pristine cathode. Excellent long-term stability after 100 h of operation was achieved. In addition, a high peak power density of 680 mW·cm−2 was achieved in a Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia)|YSZ|Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ (GDC10)|SBSCCO + 10wt% SZM15 anode-supported fuel cell at 850°C, highlighting the effectiveness of incorporating NTE materials as a promising strategy for regulating the thermomechanical properties and improving the long-term stability of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs).

### 1153. [Synergistic multielement effect at the B-site of high entropy double perovskite oxide: A promising fuel electrode for efficient co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synergistic-multielement-effect-at-the-b-site-of-high-entropy-double-perovskite-oxide-a-promising-fuel-electrode-for-efficient-co-electrolysis-of-h2o-and-co2) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3201-z]
The performance of the fuel electrode in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is crucial to facilitating fuel gas electrolysis and is the key determinant of overall electrolysis efficiency. Nevertheless, the commercialization of integrated CO2–H2O electrolysis in SOEC remains constrained by suboptimal catalytic efficiency and long-term stability limitations inherent to conventional fuel electrode architectures. A novel high-entropy Sr2FeTi0.2Cr0.2Mn0.2Mo0.2Co0.2O6−δ (SFTCMMC) was proposed as a prospective electrode material of co-electrolysis in this work. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance in the co-electrolysis reaction were investigated. Full cell is capable of electrolyzing H2O and CO2 effectively with an applied voltage. The effects of temperature, H2O and CO2 concentrations, and applied voltage on the electrochemical performance of Sc0.18Zr0.82O2−δ (SSZ)-electrolyte supported SOEC were investigated by varying the operating conditions. The SOEC obtains a favorable electrolysis current density of 1.47 A·cm−2 under co-electrolysis condition at 850°C with 1.5 V. Furthermore, the cell maintains stable performance for 150 h at 1.3 V, and throughout this period, no carbon deposition is detected. The promising findings suggest that the high-entropy SFTCMMC perovskite is a viable fuel electrode candidate for efficient H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis.

### 1154. [High-entropy materials for solid oxide cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-entropy-materials-for-solid-oxide-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3172-0]
Solid oxide cells (SOCs), which include solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), symmetrical solid oxide cells (S-SOCs), and reversible solid oxide cells (R-SOCs), are considered key technologies for driving low-carbon and green revolution in the energy sector. Because of their clean, low-cost, and high-efficiency characteristics, SOCs have great potential for energy conversion and storage. However, the further development of SOC technologies faces challenges, such as a lack of long-term operational stability of the cell system, high material cost under high-temperature operating conditions, and limited catalytic effects at low temperatures. Recently, high-entropy materials (HEMs) have demonstrated excellent performance and wide application prospects in catalytic reactions, energy storage, supercapacitors, and other fields owing to their unique atomic arrangement and the four core effects (high mixed entropy stabilization effect, sluggish diffusion effect, lattice distortion effect, and “cocktail” effect). HEMs provide a new perspective for solving the aforementioned problems in the field of SOCs. This comprehensive review summarizes the applications of HEMs in the three fundamental components of SOCs: electrodes, electrolytes, and interconnects, focusing on the role of HEMs in enhancing catalytic activity and conductivity while mitigating harmful gas poisoning. In addition, this review proposes possible development directions for HEMs in SOCs based on the current research progress, providing valuable reference for high-entropy designs aimed at further enhancing the performance of SOCs.

### 1155. [Structure and electrical conductivity of compositionally complex double perovskite cobaltites](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structure-and-electrical-conductivity-of-compositionally-complex-double-perovskite-cobaltites) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3158-y]
In this study, compositionally complex cobaltites with the general formula BaLnCo2O6−δ with three to eight different lanthanides at the Ln-site were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method and studied. Analysis of entropy metrics and configurational entropy calculations indicated that these compounds are medium entropy oxides. All of these crystallize as tetragonal double perovskites from the space group P4/mmm. The unit cell parameters are controlled by the average ionic radius, not the configurational entropy. On the other hand, the oxygen non-stoichiometry is consistently higher than in the case of low entropy double perovskite cobaltites. The total electrical conductivity of all materials in studied conditions is well above 50 S/cm, peaking at 1487 S/cm for BaLa1/3Nd1/3Gd1/3Co2O6−δ at 300°C. The electrical conductivity decreases with the number of substituents.

### 1156. [Multicomponent Gd1−xSmxBa0.5Sr0.5CoCuO5+δ double perovskites as oxygen electrodes for solid oxide cells: Effect of chemical composition and electrospun morphology](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multicomponent-gd1xsmxba05sr05cocuo5-double-perovskites-as-oxygen-electrodes-for-solid-oxide-cells-effect-of-chemical-composition-and-electrospun-morphology) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3262-z]
Multicomponent Gd1−xSmxBa0.5Sr0.5CoCuO5+δ double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composition and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells. Structural studies of other physicochemical properties are conducted on a series of materials obtained by the sol–gel method with different ratios of Gd and Sm cations. It is documented that changing the x value, and the resulting adjustment of the average ionic radius, have a significant impact on the crystal structure, stability, as well as on the total conductivity and thermomechanical properties of the materials, with the best results obtained for the Gd0.75Sm0.25Ba0.5Sr0.5CoCuO5+δ composition. Oxygen electrodes are prepared using the selected compound, allowing to obtain low polarization resistance values, such as 0.086 Ω·cm2 at 800°C. Systematic studies of electrocatalytic activity are conducted using La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ as the electrolyte for all electrodes, and Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ electrolyte for the best performing Gd0.75Sm0.25Ba0.5Sr0.5CoCuO5+δ electrodes. The electrochemical data are analyzed using the distribution of relaxation times method. Also, the influence of the preparation method of the electrode material is investigated using the electrospinning technique. Finally, the performance of the Gd0.75Sm0.25Ba0.5Sr0.5CoCuO5+δ electrodes is tested in a Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) anode-supported cell with a Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ buffer layer, in the fuel cell and electrolyzer operating modes. With the electrospun electrode, a power density of 462 mW·cm−2 is obtained at 700°C, with a current density of ca. 0.2 A·cm−2 at 1.3 V for the electrolysis at the same temperature, indicating better performance compared to the sol–gel-based electrode.

### 1157. [Application of Sr2FeMoO6−δ-based medium entropy oxide as an anode internal reforming catalyst in solid oxide fuel cells fueled by low-concentration coal mine methane](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/application-of-sr2femoo6-based-medium-entropy-oxide-as-an-anode-internal-reforming-catalyst-in-solid-oxide-fuel-cells-fueled-by-low-concentration-coal-mine-methane) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3269-5]
Low-concentration coal mine methane (LC-CMM), which is predominantly composed of methane, serves as a clean and low-carbon energy resource with significant potential for utilization. Utilizing LC-CMM as fuel for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represents an efficient and promising strategy for its effective utilization. However, direct application in Ni-based anodes induces carbon deposition, which severely degrades cell performance. Herein, a medium-entropy oxide Sr2FeNi0.1Cr0.3Mn0.3Mo0.3O6−δ (SFNCMM) was developed as an anode internal reforming catalyst. Following reduction treatment, FeNi3 nano-alloy particles precipitate on the surface of the material, thereby significantly enhancing its catalytic activity for LC-CMM reforming process. The catalyst achieved a methane conversion rate of 53.3%, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance. Electrochemical evaluations revealed that SFNCMM-Gd0.1Ce0.9O2−δ (GDC) with a weight ratio of 7:3 exhibited superior electrochemical performance when employed as the anodic catalytic layer. With H2 and LC-CMM as fuels, the single cell achieved maximum power densities of 1467.32 and 1116.97 mW·cm−2 at 800°C, respectively, with corresponding polarization impedances of 0.17 and 1.35 Ω·cm2. Furthermore, the single cell maintained stable operation for over 100 h under LC-CMM fueling without significant carbon deposition, confirming its robust resistance to carbon formation. These results underscore the potential of medium-entropy oxides as highly effective catalytic layers for mitigating carbon deposition in SOFCs.

### 1158. [Optimization of Eu-doped lanthanum tungstate nanophosphors via surface modification for superior red luminescence and photonic applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-of-eu-doped-lanthanum-tungstate-nanophosphors-via-surface-modification-for-superior-red-luminescence-and-photonic-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3212-9]
The luminescence behavior of Eu3+-activated lanthanum tungstate nanophosphors exhibiting intense red emission was systematically explored by modifying their surfaces using various agents, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), trisodium citrate (TC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and ethylene glycol (EG). These nanophosphors were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal-assisted solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of all the prepared samples. Morphological and size analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size distribution profiling. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) complemented by elemental mapping was used to evaluate the particle dimensions and interplanar spacing of the optimized sample. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify functional groups and assign corresponding vibrational bands. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights into the elemental composition and binding energies of the optimized nanophosphors. Notably, the PVA-modified sample doped with 14mol% Eu3+ exhibited pronounced red emission at 616 nm, attributed to the 5D0→7F2 electric dipole transition of Eu3+ ions under ultraviolet (UV) excitation. Detailed excitation and emission spectral analyses were performed, with band assignments corresponding to the relevant electronic transitions. Among the surface-treated variants, the PVA-modified nanophosphors demonstrated exceptional color purity of 99.6%, international commission on illumination (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of (0.6351, 0.3644), and a correlated color temperature of 1147 K. These superior optical features are ascribed to the enhanced surface passivation and suppression of nonradiative recombination, facilitated effectively by the PVA surface layer. Lifetime decay analysis across all samples revealed a significantly extended lifetime for the optimized composition, further supporting its superior luminescence efficiency. In addition, evaluation of the biocompatibility of the nanophosphors highlighted their potential for biomedical applications. Overall, these findings emphasize the efficacy of PVA-modified Eu3+-doped lanthanum tungstate nanophosphors as highly efficient red emitters, suitable for application in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) and latent fingerprint detection while offering valuable insights into the role of surface modification in tuning the optical properties of nanophosphors.

### 1159. [An environmentally friendly synthesis route: Low-temperature preparation of vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) via ionic liquid](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-environmentally-friendly-synthesis-route-low-temperature-preparation-of-vacancy-ordered-double-perovskites-cs2snx6-x-cl-br-i-via-ionic-liquid) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3177-8]
Lead-free vacancy-ordered double perovskites have emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their environmentally friendly characteristics and exceptional properties. However, conventional synthesis methods often depend on toxic reagents and stringent conditions, limiting their large-scale synthesis and practical application. In this work, an environmentally friendly synthesis route was proposed for preparing vacancy-ordered double perovskites Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) with high crystallinity under low-temperature and ambient-pressure conditions. This method utilizes ion liquid (i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([Bmim]I)) in combination with saturated aqueous solutions of ammonium halides as solvents, replacing traditional hydrogen halide acid or polar organic solvents. Experimental and characterization results demonstrate that the Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, and I) possess high crystallinity, well-defined morphology, and improved thermal stability. These improvements are attributed to the hydrogen bonding interactions between ionic liquids and the perovskite precursors. Additionally, the halogen-rich environment provided by ionic liquids and ammonium halide salts facilitates defect passivation. Furthermore, this method is applicable to the synthesis of doped perovskite crystals, demonstrated by the successful synthesis of Bi-doped Cs2SnCl6 crystals with a photoluminescence quantum efficiency of 12.73%. This study presents a novel strategy for synthesizing high-quality vacancy-ordered double perovskites and their doping or alloyed compounds.

### 1160. [Effect of low Zn content on corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of biodegradable Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-low-zn-content-on-corrosion-resistance-and-biocompatibility-of-biodegradable-mgznyzr-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3092-z]
Although the degradability and biosafety of magnesium alloys make them advantageous for biological applications, medical implants made of magnesium alloys often fail prematurely due to corrosion. Therefore, improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys has become an urgent problem in the alloy design process. In this study, we designed and prepared Mg–xZn–0.5Y–0.5Zr (x = 1, 2, and 3, wt%) alloys in a hot extruded state and analyzed their surface structure through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. It was found that increasing the Zn content refined the recrystallized grains in the alloy. Particularly in Mg–3Zn–0.5Y–0.5Zr, the I phase became finer, forming both granular and nanoscale needle-like particles. Surface characterization after the immersion experiment showed that the corrosion product layer was mainly composed of Mg(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, CaCO3, and hydroxyapatite. The degradation rate of ZW305K was the lowest, measured as 4.1 and 6.0 mm·a−1 with the hydrogen precipitation method and weight loss method respectively. Electrochemical experiments further explained the corrosion circuit model of the alloy in solution and confirmed the earlier results. The maximum polarization resistance of ZW305K was 874.5 Ω·cm2, and the lowest corrosion current density was 0.104 mA·cm−2. As a biomedical alloy, it must exhibit good biocompatibility, so the alloy was also tested through cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and staining experiments. The cell viability of each group after 48 h was greater than 80%, showing that the addition of zinc enhances the alloy’s biocompatibility. In summary, the prepared alloys have the potential to be used as biodegradable implant materials.

### 1161. [Densification, microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of high-strength Ti-modified Al–Si–Mg–Zr aluminum alloy fabricated by laser-powder bed fusion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/densification-microstructure-mechanical-properties-and-thermal-stability-of-high-strength-ti-modified-alsimgzr-aluminum-alloy-fabricated-by-laser-powder-bed-fusion) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3111-0]
Micrometer-sized, irregularly shaped Ti particles (0.5wt% and 1.0wt%) were mixed with an Al–Si–Mg–Zr matrix powder, and a novel Ti-modified Al–Si–Mg–Zr aluminum alloy was subsequently fabricated via laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF). The results demonstrated that the introduction of Ti particles promoted the formation of near-fully equiaxed grains in the alloy owing to the strong grain refinement of the primary (Al,Si)3(Ti,Zr) nanoparticles. Furthermore, the presence of (Al,Si)3(Ti,Zr) nanoparticles inhibited the decomposition of Si-rich cell boundaries and the precipitation of Si nanoparticles in the α-Al cells. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation of the as-built 0.5wt% Ti (0.5Ti) alloy were (468 ± 11), (350 ± 1) MPa, and (10.0 ± 1.4)%, respectively, which are comparable to those of the L-PBF Al−Si−Mg−Zr matrix alloy and significantly higher than those of traditional L-PBF Al−Si−Mg alloys. After direct aging treatment at 150°C, the precipitation of secondary nanoparticles notably enhanced the strength of the 0.5Ti alloy. Specifically, the 0.5Ti alloy achieved a maximum UTS of (479 ± 11) MPa and YS of (376 ± 10) MPa. At 250°C, the YS of the L-PBF Ti/Al−Si−Mg−Zr alloy was higher than that of the L-PBF Al−Si−Mg−Zr matrix alloy due to the retention of Si-rich cell boundaries, indicating a higher thermal stability. As the aging temperature was increased to 300°C, the dissolution of Si-rich cell boundaries, desolvation of solid-solution elements, and coarsening of nanoprecipitates led to a decrease in the UTS and YS of the alloy to below 300 and 200 MPa, respectively. However, the elongation increased significantly.

### 1162. [Multiphysics modeling of dendritic thermomechanical deformation during the directional solidification of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiphysics-modeling-of-dendritic-thermomechanical-deformation-during-the-directional-solidification-of-nickel-based-single-crystal-superalloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3088-8]
Nickel-based single-crystal (SX) superalloys are the key metallic materials of aeroengines. However, thermomechanical deformation always occurs during the directional solidification of SX superalloys, negatively influencing the SX structure. Casting deformation is simulated in most of the previous studies, whereas the direct simulation of dendritic thermomechanical deformation has been largely ignored, resulting in a lack of comprehensive understanding of this process. In this study, we systematically investigate dendritic thermomechanical deformation with a model coupled with dendrite growth, fluid flow, and thermomechanical deformation behavior. Results reveal that the dendritic thermomechanical deformation-induced dendrite bending is not randomly distributed but is mainly concentrated on the casting surface. The dendritic thermal stress increases as dendrite grows and accumulates after dendrite bridging. Transverse thermal contraction mainly occurs at the edge of casting in the corner, and axial thermal contraction is larger than transverse contraction. The high-stress region of the primary dendrite trunk is mainly distributed below the dendrite bridging near the solidified part, and the stress along the transverse direction reaches its maximum value on the casting surface. Stress concentrated on the casting surface is mainly attributed to variations in transverse temperature gradients caused by heat dissipation on the lateral mold wall, and inconsistent constraints in the lateral mold walls.

### 1163. [Extreme removal of fine inclusions from 304 stainless steel via high-temperature supergravity fields](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/extreme-removal-of-fine-inclusions-from-304-stainless-steel-via-high-temperature-supergravity-fields) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3127-5]
The extreme removal of SiO2 and MnO inclusions in 304 stainless steel in supergravity fields was investigated using an in-house high-temperature supergravity equipment. The influences of the gravity coefficient and separation time on the removal efficiency of the inclusions were studied. After supergravity treatment, the inclusions migrated to the top of the sample and formed large aggregates. Meanwhile, the lower part of the sample was purified considerably and appeared significantly cleaner than the raw material. At the gravity coefficient of 500 and separation time of 600 s, the total oxygen content at the bottom of the sample (position E) decreased from 240 to 28 ppm. This corresponded to a total oxygen removal rate of 88.33%. The volume fraction and number density of inclusions exhibited a gradient distribution along the supergravity direction, with values of 8.5% and 106 mm–2 at the top of the sample (position A) and 0.06% and 22 mm–2 at its bottom.

### 1164. [Dynamic mechanical behavior of ultra-high strength steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing: Influence of energy density](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-mechanical-behavior-of-ultra-high-strength-steel-fabricated-by-laser-additive-manufacturing-influence-of-energy-density) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3202-y]
Ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) fabricated via laser additive manufacturing (LAM) holds significant promise for applications in defense, aerospace, and other high-performance sectors. However, its response to high-impact loading remains insufficiently understood, particularly regarding the influence of energy density on its dynamic mechanical behavior. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and image recognition techniques were employed to investigate the microstructural variations of LAM-fabricated UHSS under different energy density conditions. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the material was characterized using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system in combination with high-speed digital image correlation. The study reveals the spatiotemporal evolution of surface strain and crack formation, as well as the underlying dynamic fracture mechanisms. A clear correlation was established between the microstructures formed under varying energy densities and the resulting dynamic mechanical strength of the material. Results demonstrate that optimal material density is achieved at energy densities of 292 and 333 J/mm3. In contrast, energy densities exceeding 333 J/mm3 induce keyhole defects, compromising structural integrity. Dynamic performance is strongly dependent on material density, with peak impact resistance observed at 292 J/mm3—where strength is 8.4% to 17.6% higher than that at 500 J/mm3. At strain rates ≥ 2000 s−1, the material reaches its strength limit at approximately 110 μs, with the initial crack appearing within 12 μs, followed by rapid failure. Conversely, at strain rates ≤ 1500 s−1, only microcracks and adiabatic shear bands are detected. A transition in fracture surface morphology from ductile to brittle is observed with increasing strain rate. These findings offer critical insights into optimizing the dynamic mechanical properties of LAM-fabricated UHSS and provide a valuable foundation for its deployment in high-impact environments.

### 1165. [High-alumina type calcium ferrite: A new mineral phase for low-carbon ironmaking in the future](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-alumina-type-calcium-ferrite-a-new-mineral-phase-for-low-carbon-ironmaking-in-the-future) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3083-5]
With the gradual reduction in high-quality iron ore resources, the global steel industry faces long-term challenges. For example, the continuous increase in the Al2O3 content of iron ore has led to a decrease in the metallurgical performance of sinter and fluctuations in slag properties. Considering calcium ferrite (CF) and composite CF (silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum, SFCA) play a crucial role as a binding phase in high-alkalinity sinter and exhibit excellent physical strength and metallurgical performance, we propose incorporating excess Al2O3 into SFCA to form a new binding phase with excellent properties for high-quality sinter preparation. In the synthesis of high-Al2O3 SFCA, two high-Al2O3 phases were identified as types A (Al1.2Ca2.8Fe8.7O20Si0.8) and B (Ca4Al4.18Fe1.82Si6O26). Results show that type A SFCA sample had a higher cell density (4.13 g/cm3) and longer Fe–O bond length (2.2193 Å) than type B (3.46 g/cm3 and 1.9415 Å), with a significantly greater lattice oxygen concentration (7.86% vs. 1.85%), which demonstrates advantages in strength and reducibility. Type A SFCA sample contained a lower proportion of silicates, was predominantly composed of SFCA, and exhibited minimal porosity. Melting point and viscosity simulation tests indicate that type A SFCA sample formed a liquid phase at 880°C with a viscosity range of 0–0.35 Pa·s, which is notably lower than that of type B SFCA sample (1220°C and 0–20 Pa·s). This finding suggests that type A SFCA sample has a low initial melting temperature and viscosity, which facilitates increasing liquid-phase generation and improving flow properties. Such a condition enhances the adhesion to surrounding ore particles. Compressive strength tests reveal that type A SFCA sample (36.83–42.48 MPa) considerably outperformed type B SFCA sample (5.98–12.79 MPa) and traditional sinter (5.02–13.68 MPa). In addition, at 900°C, type A SFCA sample achieved a final reducibility of 0.89, which surpassed that of type B SFCA sample (0.83). In summary, type A SFCA sample demonstrates superior structural, thermophysical, and metallurgical properties, which highlights its promising potential for industrial applications.

### 1166. [Factor analysis and machine learning for predicting endpoint carbon content in converter steelmaking](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/factor-analysis-and-machine-learning-for-predicting-endpoint-carbon-content-in-converter-steelmaking) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3145-3]
The endpoint carbon content in the converter is critical for the quality of steel products, and accurately predicting this parameter is an effective way to reduce alloy consumption and improve smelting efficiency. However, most scholars currently focus on modifying methods to enhance model accuracy, while overlooking the extent to which input parameters influence accuracy. To address this issue, in this study, a prediction model for the endpoint carbon content in the converter was developed using factor analysis (FA) and support vector machine (SVM) optimized by improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO). Analysis of the factors influencing the endpoint carbon content during the converter smelting process led to the identification of 21 input parameters. Subsequently, FA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and applied to the prediction model. The results demonstrate that the performance of the FA–IPSO–SVM model surpasses several existing methods, such as twin support vector regression and support vector machine. The model achieves hit rates of 89.59%, 96.21%, and 98.74% within error ranges of ±0.01%, ±0.015%, and ±0.02%, respectively. Finally, based on the prediction results obtained by sequentially removing input parameters, the parameters were classified into high influence (5%–7%), medium influence (2%–5%), and low influence (0–2%) categories according to their varying degrees of impact on prediction accuracy. This classification provides a reference for selecting input parameters in future prediction models for endpoint carbon content.

### 1167. [Coupling effect of TiO2 and Al2O3 on the structure of CaO–SiO2–MgO–xwt%Al2O3–ywt%TiO2 slag systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coupling-effect-of-tio2-and-al2o3-on-the-structure-of-caosio2mgoxwtal2o3ywttio2-slag-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3104-z]
This study analyzes the influence of TiO2 and Al2O3 contents on the microstructure of CaO–SiO2–MgO–xwt%Al2O3–ywt%TiO2 (14 ≤ x ≤ 22, 0 ≤ y ≤ 10) blast furnace slag systems based on the change of slag viscosity, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics. The Raman spectroscopy results indicate that an increase in TiO2 content leads to the gradual depolymerization of complex silicate structures ( and ) into simpler structures ( and ) in the slag. At the same time, the Al–O–Al bonds in the aluminate structures of the slag also depolymerize into simpler Al–O− forms, resulting in a decrease in the degree of polymerization of both silicates and aluminates. In contrast, an increase in Al2O3 content generally results in an increased degree of polymerization for the silicates and aluminates. Molecular dynamics simulations of the polymerization and depolymerization processes in the microstructure of the blast furnace slag reveal that Si and Al mainly exist in tetrahedral [SiO4]4− and [AlO4]4−, while Ti mainly exists in the form of simple pentacoordinate [TiO5]6− and hexacoordinate [TiO6]8−. TiO2 exhibits basic properties in this system, whereas Al2O3 demonstrates acidic behavior. The addition of TiO2 introduces free oxide ions into the system, causing the bridging oxygens to break into non-bridging oxygens, leading to the depolymerization of complex structures and , which simplifies the slag structure. On the other hand, an increase in Al2O3 content tends to capture or share the oxide ions within the system to form [AlO4]4−, resulting in the polymerization of free oxygens into non-bridging oxygens, which further polymerize into bridging oxygens and lead to the consolidation of simple structures and , resulting in a more complex slag structure. Both Raman spectroscopy analysis and molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that the degree of polymerization of [SiO4]4− and [AlO4]4− in the slag network structure is a crucial factor determining the fluidity of the slag.

### 1168. [Na2SO4-assisted reductive roasting for enhanced Ni and Co recovery from limonitic laterite: Mechanism and pilot-scale rotary kiln validation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/na2so4-assisted-reductive-roasting-for-enhanced-ni-and-co-recovery-from-limonitic-laterite-mechanism-and-pilot-scale-rotary-kiln-validation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3116-8]
The growing demand for Ni and Co in the new energy sector necessitates efficient extraction methods for limonitic laterite ores. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as an additive for enhancing the co-enrichment of Ni and Co during solid-state reduction. Na2SO4 promoted the formation of two distinct liquid phases, low-melting-point FeS–FeO–Fe and NaAlSiO4–NaFeSiO4, facilitating the migration and aggregation of Ni–Co–Fe alloy particles, leading to a high-grade alloy powder with 11.98wt% Ni and 0.88wt% Co and recoveries of 94.03% and 80.16%, respectively. Ni–Co–Fe particle growth was mainly driven by the FeS–FeO–Fe eutectic melt, aligned with a liquid-phase sintering mechanism. Pilot-scale rotary kiln experiments validated the industrial feasibility of this approach, which offers a promising solution for the sustainable extraction of these critical metals.

### 1169. [Hydrogen-assisted mineral phase transformation for iron recovery and sulfur removal from laterite nickel ore tailings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogen-assisted-mineral-phase-transformation-for-iron-recovery-and-sulfur-removal-from-laterite-nickel-ore-tailings) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3121-y]
This study explores a hydrogen-assisted mineral phase transformation process with synergistic desulfurization for the efficient recovery of iron from the high-pressure acid leach (HPAL) tailings of laterite nickel ore. HPAL tailings containing 51.50wt% iron and 2.09wt% sulfur present environmental challenges due to their sulfur content. Pre-treatment at 950°C for 15 min successfully reduced the sulfur content to 0.295wt% and increased the iron grade to 57.66wt%. Further hydrogen-assisted mineral phase transformation at 520°C for 30 min, using 40vol% hydrogen and a gas flow rate of 600 mL·min–1, resulted in a product with an iron grade of 61.00wt% and 90.11% iron recovery. The overall desulfurization rate reached 85.83% when wet scrubbing and limestone were used to capture the sulfur. This study demonstrates the efficiency of this hydrogen-assisted process for sustainable iron recovery and sulfur removal from laterite nickel ore tailings, with potential for industrial applications.

### 1170. [Influence of unloading orifice size on the production of microsized ore particles by gas rapid unloading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-unloading-orifice-size-on-the-production-of-microsized-ore-particles-by-gas-rapid-unloading) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3085-3]
Gas rapid unloading (GRU) is an innovative technology for ore comminution. Increasing the production of fine powder in each ore grinding cycle is vital for scaling up the GRU method to industrial applications. This study utilizes laboratory experiments to demonstrate that moderately reducing the orifice size significantly enhances pulverization and increases fine particle yield. Numerical simulations suggest that smaller orifices improve pulverization by increasing jet speed, reducing pressure drop, and creating a larger pressure difference inside and outside the unloading orifice. The orifice size should be optimized based on feed size to ensure efficient ore discharge. Reducing the unloading orifice size improves GRU grinding efficiency and energy use, offering guidance for the design of ore discharge ports in future industrial-scale equipment.

### 1171. [Mechanical properties, deformation response, energy evolution and failure pattern of stratified cemented tailings backfill under triaxial compression](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-properties-deformation-response-energy-evolution-and-failure-pattern-of-stratified-cemented-tailings-backfill-under-triaxial-compression) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3102-1]
The backfill should keep stable in the primary stope when mining an adjacent secondary stope in subsequent open stoping mining methods, and the large-size mined-out area is usually backfilled by multiple backfilling before the recovery of a secondary stope, resulting in a layered structure of backfill in stope. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the deformation responses and mechanical properties of stratified cemented tailings backfill (SCTB) with different layer structures to remain self-standing as an artificial pillar in the primary stope. The current work examined the effects of enhance layer position (1/3, 1/2, and 2/3) and thickness ratio (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) on the mechanical properties, deformation, energy evolution, microstructures, and failure modes of SCTB. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of an enhance layer significantly strengthens the deformation and strength of SCTB. Under a confining pressure of 50 kPa, the peak deviatoric stress rises from 525.6 to 560.3, 597.1, and 790.5 kPa as the thickness ratio of enhance layer is increased from 0 to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, representing a significant increase of 6.6%, 13.6%, and 50.4%. As the confining pressure increases, the slopes of the curves in the elastic stage become steep, and the plastic phase is extended accordingly. Additionally, the incorporation of the enhance layer significantly improves the energy storage limit of SCTB specimen. As the thickness ratio of the enhance layer increases from 0 to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, the elastic energy rises from 0.54 to 0.67, 0.84, and 1.00 MJ·m−3, representing a significant increase of 24.1%, 55.6%, and 85.2%. The internal friction angles and cohesions of the SCTB specimens are higher than those of the CTB specimens, however, the cohesion is more susceptible to enhance layer position and thickness ratio than the internal friction angle. The failure style of the SCTB specimen changes from shear failure to splitting bulging failure and shear bulging failure with the presence of an enhance layer. The crack propagation path is significantly blocked by the enhance layer. The findings are of great significance to the application and stability of the SCTB in subsequent stoping backfilling mines.

### 1172. [Enhanced prediction of occurrence forms of heavy metals in tailings: A systematic comparison of machine learning methods and model integration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhanced-prediction-of-occurrence-forms-of-heavy-metals-in-tailings-a-systematic-comparison-of-machine-learning-methods-and-model-integration) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3136-4]
Tailings produced by mining and ore smelting are a major source of soil pollution. Understanding the speciation of heavy metals (HMs) in tailings is essential for soil remediation and sustainable development. Given the complex and time-consuming nature of traditional sequential laboratory extraction methods for determining the forms of HMs in tailings, a rapid and precise identification approach is urgently required. To address this issue, a general empirical prediction method for HM occurrence was developed using machine learning (ML). The compositional information of the tailings, properties of the HMs, and sequential extraction steps were used as inputs to calculate the percentages of the seven forms of HMs. After the models were tuned and compared, extreme gradient boosting, gradient boosting decision tree, and categorical boosting methods were found to be the top three performing ML models, with the coefficient of determination (R2) values on the testing set exceeding 0.859. Feature importance analysis for these three optimal models indicated that electronegativity was the most important factor affecting the occurrence of HMs, with an average feature importance of 0.4522. The subsequent use of stacking as a model integration method enabled the ability of the ML models to predict HM occurrence forms to be further improved, and resulting in an increase of R2 to 0.879. Overall, this study developed a robust technique for predicting the occurrence forms in tailings and provides an important reference for the environmental assessment and recycling of tailings.

### 1173. [Impact of aggregate segregation on mechanical property and failure mechanism of cemented coarse aggregate backfill](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/impact-of-aggregate-segregation-on-mechanical-property-and-failure-mechanism-of-cemented-coarse-aggregate-backfill) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3109-7]
Utilizing coarse aggregates containing mining waste rock for backfilling addresses the strength requirements and reduces the expenses associated with binder and solid waste treatment. However, this type of material is prone to aggregate segregation, which can lead to uneven deformation and damage to the backfill. We employed an image-segmentation method that incorporated machine learning to analyze the distribution information of the aggregates on the splitting surface of the test blocks. The results revealed a nonlinear relationship between aggregate segregation and variations in solid concentration (SC) and cement/aggregate ratio (C/A). The SC of 81wt%–82wt% and C/A of 10.00wt%–12.50wt% reflect surges in fluid dynamics, friction effects, and shifts in their dominance. A uniaxial compression experiment, supplemented with additional strain gauges and digital image correlation technology, enabled us to analyze the mechanical properties and failure mechanism under the influence of aggregate segregation. It was found that the uniaxial compressive strength, ranging from 1.75 MPa to 12.65 MPa, is linearly related to both the SC and C/A, and exhibits no significant relationship with the degree of segregation in numerical terms. However, the degree of segregation affects the development trend of the elastic modulus to a certain extent, and a standard deviation of the aggregate area ratio of less than 1.63 clearly indicates a higher elastic modulus. In the pouring direction, the top area of the test block tended to form a macroscopic fracture surface earlier. By contrast, the compressibility of the bottom area was greater than that of the top area. The intensification of aggregate segregation widened the differences in the deformation and failure characteristics between the different areas. For samples with different uniformities, significant differences in local deformation ranging from 515.00 με to 1693.70 με were observed during the stable deformation stage. The extreme unevenness of the aggregate leads to rapid crack penetration in the sample, causing macroscopic tensile failure and resulting in premature structural failure.

### 1174. [Hand-printed paper-based devices: Toward green flexible electronics and sensing applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hand-printed-paper-based-devices-toward-green-flexible-electronics-and-sensing-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3220-9]
The rapid advancement of modern electronics has led to a surge in solid electronic waste, which poses significant environmental and health challenges. This review focuses on recent developments in paper-based electronic devices fabricated through low-cost, hand-printing techniques, with particular emphasis on their applications in energy harvesting, storage, and sensing. Unlike conventional plastic-based substrates, cellulose paper offers several advantages, including biodegradability, recyclability, and low fabrication cost. By integrating functional nanomaterials such as two-dimensional chalcogenides, metal oxides, conductive polymers, and carbon-based structures onto paper, researchers have achieved high-performance devices such as broadband photodetectors (responsivity up to 52 mA/W), supercapacitors (energy density ~15.1 mWh/cm2), and pressure sensors (sensitivity ~18.42 kPa−1). The hand-printing approach, which eliminates the need for sophisticated equipment and toxic solvents, offers a promising route for scalable, sustainable, and disposable electronics. This review outlines fabrication methods and key performance metrics, and discusses the current challenges and future directions for realizing robust, flexible devices aligned with green technology and the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals.

### 1175. [Advancements in production planning and scheduling within steel manufacturing: A review and its intelligent development](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advancements-in-production-planning-and-scheduling-within-steel-manufacturing-a-review-and-its-intelligent-development) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3188-5]
In the context of reducing its carbon emissions, the Chinese steel industry is currently undergoing an intelligent transformation to enhance its profitability and sustainability. The optimization of production planning and scheduling plays a pivotal role in realizing these objectives such as improving production efficiency, saving energy, reducing carbon emissions, and enhancing quality. However, current practices in steel enterprises are largely dependent on experience-driven manual decision approaches supported by information systems, which are inadequate to meet the complex requirements of the industry. This study explores the current situation in production planning and scheduling, analyzes the characteristics and limitations of existing methods, and emphasizes the necessity and trends of intelligent systems. It surveys the current literature on production planning and scheduling in steel enterprises and analyzes the theoretical advancements and practical challenges associated with combinatorial and sequential optimization in this field. A key focus is on the limitations of current models and algorithms in effectively addressing the multi-objective and multiconstraint characteristics of steel production. To overcome these challenges, a novel framework for intelligent production planning and scheduling is proposed. This framework leverages data- and knowledge-driven decision-making and scenario adaptability, enabling the system to respond dynamically to real-time production conditions and market fluctuations. By integrating artificial intelligence and advanced optimization methodologies, the proposed framework improves the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of steel manufacturing.

### 1176. [Sustainable utilization of fluorite flotation tailings resources: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sustainable-utilization-of-fluorite-flotation-tailings-resources-a-review) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3208-5]
The rapid development of novel energy materials has led to a sustained surge in the global demand for fluorine. Fluorite is the primary source of fluorine globally and is increasingly being exploited. The estimated annual production of fluorite worldwide is approximately 8 million tons, with an additional 5 million tons of fluorite tailings. This accumulation not only consumes land resources, but also contributes to dust generation and F– percolation, leading to water and air contamination. This paper comprehensively reviews the utilization methods of fluorite tailings, including the flotation recovery of quartz and fluorite, the preparation of cement mineralizing agents, and the preparation of concrete mineral additives, autoclaved lime sand brick, and glass-ceramics. Furthermore, potential future applications and research directions are proposed, including the comprehensive recovery of valuable minerals, auxiliary cementitious materials preparation, and the functionalization of glass-ceramics. This study can serve as a reference for expediting the utilization of fluorite tailings, promoting the development of tailing-free mines, and establishing sustainable development strategies.

### 1177. [A broadband metamaterial wave absorber based on carbonyl iron powder modified dielectric layer](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-broadband-metamaterial-wave-absorber-based-on-carbonyl-iron-powder-modified-dielectric-layer) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3044-z]
In the field of broadband metamaterial absorbers, most research efforts have focused on optimizing the resonant layers and designing multi-layer structures, but relatively little attention has been paid to the dielectric layers themselves. This paper proposed a method using carbonyl iron powder to modify the dielectric layer. This method significantly enhances the electromagnetic wave attenuation capability of the dielectric layer with the X-band range for metamaterial absorbers. A broadband absorber with a reflection loss (RL) of less than –10 dB within the frequency range of 4.98–18 GHz and covering the C, X, and Ku band was designed. This work analyzed the surface current distribution and the power loss distribution to elucidate the absorption mechanism of the absorber. It was found that the modified dielectric layer accounted for more than 30% of the total loss in the 2–18 GHz frequency band, and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ –10 dB) was almost twice that of the unmodified dielectric layer. This enhancement in absorption bandwidth is attributed to the introduction of a new electromagnetic wave loss mechanism by carbonyl iron powder. Meanwhile, the absorber exhibited good angular stability, maintaining at least 80% absorption (RL ≤ –7 dB) in the 7.0–18.0 GHz range even when the incident angle was increased to 60°. The experimental results showed that the measured results matched the simulation results well. Furthermore, compared with other methods for broadening the absorption bandwidth, the metamaterial absorber obtained by this method offers several advantages, including wideband absorption, thin profile, and a simple manufacturing process. This approach provides a new and promising direction for the design of broadband absorbers.

### 1178. [Enhanced nitrite and phosphate detection through Ag-doped TiO2 sensing material](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhanced-nitrite-and-phosphate-detection-through-ag-doped-tio2-sensing-material) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3119-5]
To prevent bacterial growth and ensure food safety, common practice involves the use of nitrite and phosphate salts. Nevertheless, elevated nitrite levels in the body can contribute to the development of stomach and esophageal cancers, while excessive phosphate levels may increase the risk of kidney dysfunction and the onset of osteoporosis. Electrochemical sensing has emerged as a reliable technique for detecting nitrites and phosphates. This study specifically focuses on the use of TiO2-based sensing materials for such detection. The synthesis of nanoparticulate TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 was successfully achieved through a solution combustion technique. The composition of the materials was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) methods, revealing a predominant anatase composition. Doping resulted in particle refinement, contributing to an increased specific surface area and enhanced electron transfer efficiency, as indicated in the examination by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) assessed the electrochemical behavior, demonstrating that in nitrite detection, a significant oxidation reaction occurred at an applied voltage of approximately 1.372 V, while in phosphate detection, the main reduction peak occurred at a voltage close to –0.48 V. High sensitivity (2 µA·µM–1·mm–2 for sodium nitrite and 2.1 µA·µM–1·mm–2 for potassium phosphate) and low limits of detection (0.0052 mM for sodium nitrite and 0.0045 mM for potassium phosphate) were observed. Experimental results support the potential use of Ag-doped TiO2 as a sensing device for nitrites and phosphates.

### 1179. [Aqueous route to α-FAPbI3 microcrystals for efficient perovskite solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/aqueous-route-to-fapbi3-microcrystals-for-efficient-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3191-x]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on α-phase FAPbI3 (α-FAPbI3) microcrystals precursor outperform those with δ-phase microcrystals due to their superior crystallinity and fewer defects, making α-phase microcrystals precursor more advantageous for high-performance PSCs. However, most reported synthesis methods of perovskite microcrystals, especially for aqueous synthesis, fail to reach the energy threshold required for α-phase transformation and therefore exhibit the δ phase. In this study, we introduce a novel aqueous synthesis method to fabricate α-FAPbI3 microcrystals. Our approach overcomes the energy barrier by properly heating the reaction system, enabling the direct formation of α-FAPbI3 in water. This direct one-step aqueous synthesis route yields α-FAPbI3 microcrystals with superior phase purity, crystallinity, and minimal defect density. Combined with green anti-solvent, the high-quality α-FAPbI3 microcrystals serving as exceptional precursors endow perovskite films with reduced nonradiative recombination. The PSC achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.43%, which is one of the highest PCE reports for using the green anti-solvent in ambient air condition. This aqueous synthesis approach shows a significant potential for scalable production of high-performance PSCs.

### 1180. [Ferro-alloys as high temperature phase change materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ferro-alloys-as-high-temperature-phase-change-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3187-6]
Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is an attractive method for enhancing the functionality and availability of renewable energy sources, and it is extensively used to support concentrated solar power technologies. The main feature of every LHTES system is a phase change material (PCM), i.e., a substance used to absorb/release energy upon cyclic melting/solidification. This study investigates the potential of ferro-alloys as high-performance PCM candidates, targeting energy storage capacities exceeding 1 MWh·m−3, and operational temperatures above 1000°C. A thermodynamic assessment of binary and ternary Fe-based systems, alloyed with Si, B, Cr, V, and Ti, was conducted to identify compositions with optimal phase transition characteristics and heat storage potential. The results highlight the significant potential of the Fe–Si–B system, where boron’s exceptionally high latent heat enhances energy storage capacity despite challenges posed by its high melting point and cost. The Fe–Si–Cr system revealed promising alloys, such as Fe–34Si–38Cr and Fe–34Si–43Cr, offering excellent energy storage density and favorable phase transition temperatures. In the Fe–Si–V system, vanadium additions produced alloys like Fe–36Si–14V and Fe–34Si–10V, which meet energy storage criteria, although the high melting points of some Si–V phases may restrict their practical applicability. The Fe–Si–Ti system showed standout compositions, including Fe–38Si–20Ti and Si–48Ti, achieving energy storage capacities of approximately 1.5 MWh·m−3. This study compares ferro-alloy PCMs against state-of-the-art metallic PCMs, highlighting the performance of certain ferro-alloys.

### 1181. [Nitrogen doped single-walled carbon nanohorns as Pt catalyst carrier: Balance of strong durability and high activity of ORR](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nitrogen-doped-single-walled-carbon-nanohorns-as-pt-catalyst-carrier-balance-of-strong-durability-and-high-activity-of-orr) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3113-y]
Nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanohorns (N-SWCNHs) can serve as an effective carrier for platinum (Pt) catalysts, which has the potential to improve the electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the operation life of the catalyst. In this work, dahlia-like SWCNHs with N contents ranging from 2.1at% to 4.3at% are controllably synthesized via arc discharge and applied as a carrier of Pt nanoparticles (NPs), denoted as Pt/N-SWCNHs. Pt/N-SWCNHs-2:1 (graphite and melamine with the mass ratio of 2:1) exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity (onset potential = 0.95 V). The half-wave potential of Pt/N-SWCNHs-2:1 is only reduced by 2 mV after 3000 cyclic voltammetry cycles. This can be attributed to the enhanced dispersion of Pt NPs and the strong electronic interaction between the N-SWCNHs and Pt, facilitated by the optimal nitrogen doping level. The results of this work offer important perspectives on the design and enhancement of Pt-based electrocatalysts for ORR applications, highlighting the critical role of the nitrogen doping level in balancing the electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability.

### 1182. [Sodium storage properties of Fe, Ni-bimetallic doped carbon-modified NaTi2(PO4)3](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sodium-storage-properties-of-fe-ni-bimetallic-doped-carbon-modified-nati2po43) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3087-9]
NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) is a material with a NASICON structure, a three-dimensional open type skeleton, and suitable negative voltage window, which is widely regarded as a magnetic anode material for aqueous sodium ion batteries (ASIBs). However, NTP’s intrinsically poor conductivity hampers their use in ASIBs. Herein, bimetallic doped carbon material was designed and combined with the sol–gel method to prepare NaTi2(PO4)3–C–FeNi (NTP–C–FeNi) composite materials. This bimetallic doped carbon composite NTP material not only has a large specific surface area, but also effectively improves conductivity and promotes rapid migration of Na+. Following the rate performance test, NTP–C–FeNi retained a reversible capacity of 116.75 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1, representing 95.9% of the first cycle capacity. After 500 cycles at 1.5 A·g−1, the cycle fixity was 85.3%. The enhancement of electrochemical performance may owe to the widening of pathways and acceleration of Na+ insertion/extraction facilitated by FeNi–C doping, while the carbon coating effectively promotes electrode charge transfer. The results indicate that the bimetallic doped carbon composite NaTi2(PO4)3 holds potential for practical applications in novel aqueous sodium ion battery systems.

### 1183. [Smelting stage recognition for converter steelmaking based on the convolutional recurrent neural network](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/smelting-stage-recognition-for-converter-steelmaking-based-on-the-convolutional-recurrent-neural-network) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3086-2]
The converter steelmaking process represents a pivotal aspect of steel metallurgical production, with the characteristics of the flame at the furnace mouth serving as an indirect indicator of the internal smelting stage. Effectively identifying and predicting the smelting stage poses a significant challenge within industrial production. Traditional image-based methodologies, which rely on a single static flame image as input, demonstrate low recognition accuracy and inadequately extract the dynamic changes in smelting stage. To address this issue, the present study introduces an innovative recognition model that preprocesses flame video sequences from the furnace mouth and then employs a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) to extract spatiotemporal features and derive recognition outputs. Additionally, we adopt feature layer visualization techniques to verify the model’s effectiveness and further enhance model performance by integrating the Bayesian optimization algorithm. The results indicate that the ResNet18 with convolutional block attention module (CBAM) in the convolutional layer demonstrates superior image feature extraction capabilities, achieving an accuracy of 90.70% and an area under the curve of 98.05%. The constructed Bayesian optimization-CRNN (BO-CRNN) model exhibits a significant improvement in comprehensive performance, with an accuracy of 97.01% and an area under the curve of 99.85%. Furthermore, statistics on the model’s average recognition time, computational complexity, and parameter quantity (Average recognition time: 5.49 ms, floating-point operations per second: 18260.21 M (1 M = 1 × 106), parameters: 11.58 M) demonstrate superior performance. Through extensive repeated experiments on real-world datasets, the proposed CRNN model is capable of rapidly and accurately identifying smelting stages, offering a novel approach for converter smelting endpoint control.

### 1184. [Size effect and damage mechanisms in cementitious tungsten tailing backfill materials with varying hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose dosages](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/size-effect-and-damage-mechanisms-in-cementitious-tungsten-tailing-backfill-materials-with-varying-hydroxypropyl-methyl-cellulose-dosages) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3178-7]
The problems of tailings storage and high-stress conditions in deep mining have emerged as critical factors that limit the security, efficiency, and sustainability of such mines. This study explores the potential to utilize tungsten tailings to create cementitious backfill (CTB) materials and investigates the macroscopic strength features and microscopic damage evolution mechanisms of different-sized CTBs with varying dosages of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). Specimens with bottom diameters of 50, 75, and 100 mm are combined with HPMC dosages of 0, 0.15wt%, 0.25wt%, and 0.35wt%. A diameter/height ratio of 1:2 is maintained for all CTB specimens. The experimental results show that as the HPMC dosage is increased from 0 to 0.35wt%, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the CTBs decreases significantly in a linear manner. The 75 mm × 150 mm CTB specimen exhibits relatively high plasticity and toughness, with good plastic deformation and energy absorption capabilities, indicating significant size effects. HPMC introduces connected bubbles during the CTB pouring process, but it exhibits anti-segregation and anti-bleeding characteristics, thus reducing tailing settling. The hydration reaction of the CTB doped with HPMC is more uniform, and the Ca/Si atomic ratio dispersion at different sites is smaller. The three CTB sizes all exhibit combined tensile and shear failure, with the 75 mm × 150 mm specimen exhibiting macroscopic tensile cracks and relatively few shear cracks. At the micro-scale, excessive ettringite and hydrated calcium silicate are interwoven and fuse, and the tungsten tailings are tightly wrapped. These results provide valuable data and notional insights for optimizing the fluidity of the backfill, and elucidate the strength and damage evolution of solidified materials during filling and extraction. This study contributes to the advancement of green, economical, safe, and sustainable mining practices.

### 1185. [Effect of catalyst ink preparation on formate production from CO2 electroreduction using Sn as electrocatalyst](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-catalyst-ink-preparation-on-formate-production-from-co2-electroreduction-using-sn-as-electrocatalyst) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3133-7]
Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a sustainable method for producing fuels and chemicals using renewable energy sources. Sn is a widely employed catalyst for formate production, with its performance closely influenced by the catalyst ink formulations and reaction conditions. The present study explores the influence of catalyst loading, current density, and binder choice on Sn-based CO2 reduction systems. Decreasing catalyst loading from 10 to 1.685 mg·cm−2 and increasing current density in highly concentrated bicarbonate solutions significantly enhances formate selectivity, achieving 88% faradaic efficiency (FE) at a current density of −30 mA·cm−2 with a cathodic potential of −1.22 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a catalyst loading of 1.685 mg·cm−2. This low-loading strategy not only reduces catalyst costs but also enhances surface utilization and suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nafion enhances formate production when applied as a surface coating rather than pre-mixed in the ink, as evidenced by improved faradaic efficiency and lower cathodic potentials. However, this performance still does not match that of binder-free systems because Sn-based catalysts intrinsically exhibit high catalytic activity, making the binder contribution less significant. Although modifying the electrode surface with binders leads to blocked active sites and increased resistance, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) remains promising because of its stability, strength, and conductivity, achieving up to 72% FE to formate at −30 mA·cm−2 and −1.66 V vs. RHE. The findings of this research reveal methodologies for optimizing the catalyst ink formulations and binder utilization to enhance the conversion of CO2 to formate, thereby offering crucial insights for the development of a cost-efficient catalyst for high-current-density operations.

### 1186. [Elevated temperature tensile properties of wire arc additively manufactured 308L austenitic stainless steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/elevated-temperature-tensile-properties-of-wire-arc-additively-manufactured-308l-austenitic-stainless-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3166-y]
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a promising approach for fabricating medium-to-large austenitic stainless steel components, which are essential in industries like aerospace, pressure vessels, and heat exchangers. This research examines the microstructural characteristics and tensile behaviour of SS308L manufactured via the gas metal arc welding-based WAAM (WAAM 308L) process. Tensile tests were conducted at room temperature (RT, 25°C), 300°C, and 600°C in as-built conditions. The microstructure consists primarily of austenite grains with retained δ-ferrite phases distributed within the austenitic matrix. The ferrite fraction, in terms of ferrite number (FN), ranged between 2.30 and 4.80 along the build direction from top to bottom. The ferrite fraction in the middle region is 3.60 FN. Tensile strength was higher in the horizontal oriented samples (WAAM 308L-H), while ductility was higher in the vertical ones. Tensile results show a gradual reduction in strength with increasing test temperature, in which significant dynamic strain aging (DSA) is observed at 600°C. The variation in serration behavior between the vertical and horizontal specimens may be attributed to microstructural differences arising from the build orientation. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (EL) of WAAM 308L at 600°C were (240 ± 10) MPa, (442 ± 16) MPa, and (54 ± 2.00)%, respectively, in the horizontal orientation (WAAM 308L-H), and (248 ± 9) MPa, (412 ± 19) MPa, and (75 ± 2.80)%, respectively, in the vertical orientation (WAAM 308L-V). Fracture surfaces revealed a transition from ductile dimple fracture at RT and 300°C to a mixed ductile–brittle failure with intergranular facets at 600°C. The research explores the applicability and constraints of WAAM-produced 308L stainless steel in high-temperature conditions, offering crucial insights for its use in thermally resistant structural and industrial components.

### 1187. [Mechanical properties of mullite/5wt% nano-fly ash feedstock powders produced using mechanical alloying methods for plasma spraying: Towards sustainable coating solutions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-properties-of-mullite5wt-nano-fly-ash-feedstock-powders-produced-using-mechanical-alloying-methods-for-plasma-spraying-towards-sustainable-coating-solutions) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3137-3]
This study examines how ball milling parameters, specifically rotational speeds (20, 40, and 60 r/min) in dry and wet conditions, affect the development of mullite/5wt% nano-fly ash coatings on AISI 410 steel, focusing on their impact on feedstock powders and plasma-sprayed coatings. Optimized milling parameters at 60 r/min under wet conditions yielded high-quality feedstock powders with a particle size of 14 µm and limited size distribution. Coatings produced from wet-milled powders demonstrated a higher deposition efficiency (35%) due to their smaller, uniformly distributed particles, which enhanced melting during the spraying process. These coatings also exhibited significantly lower porosity (7.9%), resulting in denser structures with superior mechanical properties, including a hardness of HV1 647, fracture toughness of 1.41 MPa·m0.5, and a smoother surface finish with a roughness (Ra) of 6.1 µm. Residual stress analysis showed that wet-milled coatings had higher residual stresses, reaching up to 165.95 MPa, compared to dry-milled coatings. This increase is attributed to finer particle sizes and rapid thermal cycling during deposition, which intensified tensile stresses within the coating. These results highlight the importance of optimizing milling parameters to enhance coating performance and process efficiency.

### 1188. [Improvement in workability of new green hemihydrate phosphogypsum-based filling materials: Methods, mechanism and practice](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/improvement-in-workability-of-new-green-hemihydrate-phosphogypsum-based-filling-materials-methods-mechanism-and-practice) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3082-6]
Hemihydrate phosphogypsum (HPG)-based filling materials have become a new low-cost green alternative for early strength filling materials. They also provide a promising solution for the large-scale utilization of phosphogypsum. However, pipe plugging, which is caused by the poor workability of HPG-based filling materials, has become a major safety hazard in the filling process. Determining an economical and practicable method is urgently needed to improve the workability of HPG slurry work. First, this work found that grinding treatment was much more effective than increasing concentration (59wt%–65wt%) and adding tailings (20wt%–100wt%) in enhancing the workability of HPG slurry based on a comprehensive analysis of water retention, fluidity, and flow stability. Then, the combined effects of particle size, particle morphology, water film, and interparticle interactions on the workability of HPG slurry were quantitatively described through a microanalysis. Moreover, the first direct evidence for the transformation from robust embedded structures to soft stacking structures was presented. In practice, the filling materials should be prepared by grinding HPG for 20 min and mixing with 0–200wt% phosphorus tailings to achieve satisfactory workability and mechanical performance. The results of this study provide practical and feasible methods for addressing the stable transportation problem of HPG slurry.

### 1189. [Numerical analysis of carrier gas characteristic effects on flow dynamics and combustion efficiency in natural gas and pulverized coal injection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-analysis-of-carrier-gas-characteristic-effects-on-flow-dynamics-and-combustion-efficiency-in-natural-gas-and-pulverized-coal-injection) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3124-8]
The mixing injection of natural gas and pulverized coal into the blast furnaces shows a promising technological approach in the context of global carbon reduction initiatives. Carrier gas and coal pass through the air inlet of coal lance, and the characteristics of carrier gas affect the flow in the air inlet and the combustion efficiency of coal, so it is very important to study the change of carrier gas characteristics in the lower part of blast furnace. By means of numerical simulation, the influence of carrier gas characteristics (injection rate, composition, and temperature) on the mixed combustion of natural gas (NG) and pulverized coal in the tuyere raceway of Russian blast furnace was analyzed. When N2 is used as carrier gas, the injection rate of carrier gas is reduced from 4000 to 2000 m3/h, the average tuyere temperature is increased (1947.42 to 1963.30 K), the mole fractions of CO and H2 are increased, and the burnout rate of pulverized coal is decreased. Increasing the carrier gas temperature is helpful to improve the burnout of pulverized coal. For every 20 K increase of carrier gas temperature, the average temperature in the raceway increases by 20.6 K, which promotes the release and combustion of volatiles, but the increase of carrier gas temperature from 373 to 393 K only leads to 1.16% burnout change. Considering the transportation characteristics of pulverized coal, it is suggested that the carrier gas temperature should be kept at about 373 K to obtain the best performance. It is worth noting that when air is used as carrier gas, the burnout rate of pulverized coal is increased by 2.69% compared with N2.

### 1190. [Digital model for rapid prediction and autonomous control of die forging force for aluminum alloy aviation components](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/digital-model-for-rapid-prediction-and-autonomous-control-of-die-forging-force-for-aluminum-alloy-aviation-components) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3114-x]
Digital modeling and autonomous control of the die forging process are significant challenges in realizing high-quality intelligent forging of components. Using the die forging of AA2014 aluminum alloy as a case study, a machine-learning-assisted method for digital modeling of the forging force and autonomous control in response to forging parameter disturbances was proposed. First, finite element simulations of the forging processes were conducted under varying friction factors, die temperatures, billet temperatures, and forging velocities, and the sample data, including process parameters and forging force under different forging strokes, were gathered. Prediction models for the forging force were established using the support vector regression algorithm. The prediction error of Ff, that is, the forging force required to fill the die cavity fully, was as low as 4.1%. To further improve the prediction accuracy of the model for the actual Ff, two rounds of iterative forging experiments were conducted using the Bayesian optimization algorithm, and the prediction error of Ff in the forging experiments was reduced from 6.0% to 1.5%. Finally, the prediction model of Ff combined with a genetic algorithm was used to establish an autonomous optimization strategy for the forging velocity at each stage of the forging stroke, when the billet and die temperatures were disturbed, which realized the autonomous control in response to disturbances. In cases of −20 or −40°C reductions in the die and billet temperatures, forging experiments conducted with the autonomous optimization strategy maintained the measured Ff around the target value of 180 t, with the relative error ranging from −1.3% to +3.1%. This work provides a reference for the study of digital modeling and autonomous optimization control of quality factors in the forging process.

### 1191. [Dynamic mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms of a bolt–resin–rock anchoring system subjected to cyclic shear loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-mechanical-responses-and-debonding-failure-mechanisms-of-a-boltresinrock-anchoring-system-subjected-to-cyclic-shear-loading) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3161-3]
This study investigated the mechanical responses and debonding mechanisms of a bolt–resin–rock composite anchoring system subjected to cyclic shear loading. A systematic analysis was conducted on the effects of the initial normal load (Fsd), cyclic shear displacement amplitude (ud), frequency (f), and rock type on the shear load, normal displacement, shear wear characteristics, and strain field evolution. The experimental results showed that as Fsd increased from 7.5 to 120 kN, both the peak and residual shear loads exhibited increasing trends, with increments ranging from 1.98% to 35.25% and from 32.09% to 86.74%, respectively. The maximum shear load of each cycle declined over the cyclic shear cycles, with the rate of decrease slowing and stabilizing, indicating that shear wear primarily occurred at the initial cyclic shear stage. During cyclic shearing, the normal displacement decreased spirally with the shear displacement, implying continuous shear contraction. The spiral curves display sparse upwards and dense downward trends, with later cycles dominated by dynamic sliding along the pre-existing shear rupture surface, which is particularly evident in coal. The bearing capacity of the anchoring system varies with the rock type and is governed by the coal strength in coal, resin–rock bonding in sandstone#1 and sandstone#2, combined resin strength and resin–rock bonding in sandstone#3 (sandstone#1, sandstone#2 and sandstone#3, increasing strength order), and resin strength and bolt–resin bonding in limestone. Cyclic shear loading induces anisotropic interfacial degradation, characterized by escalating strain concentrations and predominant resin–rock interface debonding, with the damage severity modulated by the rock type.

### 1192. [Insights into the dissolution kinetics of copper–nickel tailings for CO2 mineral sequestration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/insights-into-the-dissolution-kinetics-of-coppernickel-tailings-for-co2-mineral-sequestration) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3081-7]
Copper–nickel tailings (CNTs), consisting of more than 80wt% magnesium-bearing silicate minerals, show great potential for CO2 mineral sequestration. The dissolution kinetics of CNTs in HCl solution was investigated through a leaching experiment and kinetic modeling, and the effects of reaction time, HCl concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, and reaction temperature on the leaching rate of magnesium were comprehensively studied. Results show that the suitable leaching conditions for magnesium in CNTs are 2 M HCl, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 50 g·L−1, and 90°C, at which the maximum leaching rate of magnesium is as high as 83.88%. A modified shrinking core model can well describe the leaching kinetics of magnesium. The dissolution of magnesium was dominated by a combination of chemical reaction and product layer diffusion, with a calculated apparent activation energy of 77.51 kJ·mol−1. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using CNTs as a media for CO2 mineral sequestration.

### 1193. [CO2 adsorption behaviour on β-C2S(111) and (100) surfaces: Implications for carbon sequestration in cementitious materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/co2-adsorption-behaviour-on-c2s111-and-100-surfaces-implications-for-carbon-sequestration-in-cementitious-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3039-9]
Understanding the differences in CO2 adsorption in cementitious material is critical in mitigating the carbon footprint of the construction industry. This study chose the most common β-C2S phase in the industry as the cementitious material, selecting the β-C2S(111) and β-C2S(100) surfaces for CO2 adsorption. First-principles calculations were employed to systematically compare the CO2 adsorption behaviors on both surfaces focusing on adsorption energy, adsorption configurations, and surface reconstruction. The comparison of CO2 and H2O adsorption behaviors on the β-C2S(111) surface was also conducted to shed light on the influence of CO2 on cement hydration. The adsorption energies of CO2 on the β-C2S(111) and β-C2S(100) surfaces were determined as –0.647 and –0.423 eV, respectively, suggesting that CO2 adsorption is more energetically favorable on the β-C2S(111) surface than on the β-C2S(100) surface. The adsorption energy of H2O on the β-C2S(111) surface was –1.588 eV, which is 0.941 eV more negative than that of CO2, implying that β-C2S tends to become hydrated before reacting with CO2. Bader charges, charge density differences, and the partial density of states were applied to characterize the electronic properties of CO2 and H2O molecules and those of the surface atoms. The initial Ca/O sites on the β-C2S(111) surface exhibited higher chemical reactivity due to the greater change in the average number of valence electrons in the CO2 adsorption. Specifically, after CO2 adsorption, the average number of valence electrons for both the Ca and O atoms increased by 0.002 on the β-C2S(111) surface, while both decreased by 0.001 on the β-C2S(100) surface. In addition, due to the lower valence electron number of O atoms, the chemical reactivity of O atoms on the β-C2S(111) surface after H2O adsorption was higher than the case of CO2 adsorption, which favors the occurrence of further reactions. Overall, this work assessed the adsorption capacity of the β-C2S surface for CO2 molecules, offering a strong theoretical foundation for the design of novel cementitious materials for CO2 capture and storage.

### 1194. [Synthesis of various morphologies of CoFe bimetallic hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-of-various-morphologies-of-cofe-bimetallic-hydroxides-for-enhanced-oxygen-evolution-reaction-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3076-4]
CoFe bimetallic hydroxides (CoFe BMHs) find wide applications as excellent catalysts in the field of water splitting. However, no study has systematically investigated the influence of the morphologies of CoFe BMHs on catalyst performance. In this study, CoFe BMH nanoflowers (CoFe BMH NFs), CoFe BMH nanosheets (CoFe BMH NSHs), CoFe BMH nanorods (CoFe BMH NRs), and CoFe BMH nanospheres (CoFe BMH NSPs) were prepared on nickel foam via a hydrothermal method. CoFe BMH NSHs exhibited the most beneficial catalytic activity. At a current density of 100 mA·cm−2, its overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was 282 mV, and the overall water splitting voltage was 2.05 V. The double-layer charging capacitance (Cdl) value of CoFe BMH NSHs was the largest in CoFe BMHs, which proves that CoFe BMH NSHs have the largest active area. Furthermore, the active site in the OER process was metal oxyhydroxide (MOOH) through in situ Raman characterization, and the generation of the active substance was an irreversible process. This work provides important insights into the design of catalyst morphologies and offers valuable guidelines for the enhancement of the performance of other catalysts.

### 1195. [Adaptable liquid metal putty for high electromagnetic shielding](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/adaptable-liquid-metal-putty-for-high-electromagnetic-shielding) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3050-1]
The development of stretchable conductors with high deformation, conductivity, and thermal conductivity using liquid metal (LM) has sparked widespread interest in the fields of flexible electronics, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and multifunctional materials. However, fabricating desirable shielding materials by directly coating LMs on soft polymer substrates remains a challenge because of the huge surface tension and weak wettability of LMs. In this study, Ga-based composite paste is prepared from a mixture of Ga and diamond nonmetallic particles through ultrasonic fragmentation. At various temperatures, the resulting LM composite putty (LMP) exhibits soft and hard properties and can thus be molded into specific shapes according to application needs. In addition, the composite can be easily coated onto polymer substrates, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer. The fabricated LMP–TPU exhibits an impressive shape deformation capacity of 1100%, demonstrating exceptional tensile properties and achieving electromagnetic interference–shielding effectiveness of up to 52 dB. Furthermore, it retains an ultrahigh conductivity of 20000 S/m, even under a strain of 600%. This feature further makes it a highly competitive multifunctional material.

### 1196. [Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of Co–Fe–Ni–Zn–P multicomponent metallic nanoglasses: Some insight into the entropy-stabilized glass–glass interfaces](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermodynamic-and-mechanical-properties-of-cofeniznp-multicomponent-metallic-nanoglasses-some-insight-into-the-entropy-stabilized-glassglass-interfaces) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3079-1]
Although the existence of glass–glass interfaces (GGIs) enables improved ductility of metallic nanoglasses (NGs), the excess free volumes at GGIs would cause the NGs to have a much-reduced mechanical strength. Herein, entropy-stabilized GGIs have been investigated in Co–Fe–Ni–Zn–P NGs, which have a large entropy of mixing (1.32R, where R is the gas constant) and could be in a new glass phase, different from that of glassy grain interiors. Through quantitatively determining the activation energy of glass transition separately for the GGIs and glassy grain interiors, the excess free volumes at GGIs are found to be reduced in comparison with those in the glassy grain interiors. The thermodynamically stable GGIs could be associated with increasing entropy of mixing in the GGI regions, which stabilizes the atomic structures of GGIs and enhances the glass forming ability of Co–Fe–Ni–Zn–P NGs. The influences of entropy-stabilized GGIs on the mechanical properties of Co–Fe–Ni–Zn–P NGs are further investigated by nanoindentation and creep tests under tensile deformation, demonstrating that there are notable enhancements in the ductility and mechanical strength for Co–Fe–Ni–Zn–P NGs. This work contributes to an in-depth understanding on the GGI phase in NGs and offers an alternative method for strengthening NGs through GGI engineering.

### 1197. [Characterization and properties of soft magnetic (Fe0.5Co0.5)75B21Nb4 metallic glasses subjected to cryogenic treatment and relaxation annealing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/characterization-and-properties-of-soft-magnetic-fe05co0575b21nb4-metallic-glasses-subjected-to-cryogenic-treatment-and-relaxation-annealing) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3084-4]
The effect of cryogenic treatment (CT) and relaxation annealing on the average nearest neighboring distance of atom (dm), thermodynamic stability, soft magnetic properties, microhardness (Hv), and corrosion resistance of as-spun (Fe0.5Co0.5)75B21Nb4 metallic glasses (MGs) is studied. On the premise of maintaining a fully amorphous phase, appropriate CT and relaxation annealing are conducive to achieving the synergistic effect of increasing saturation magnetization (Ms) and reducing coercivity (Hc). Shallow CT at 213 K optimally enhances the soft magnetic properties of MGs. Given its low activation energy of nucleation and increased activation energy of growth, appropriate CT is beneficial for achieving uniform annealed nanocrystals in amorphous phases. The correlation between free volumes (FVs) and potential energy suggests that the variation in Hc depends on the expansion and contraction behavior of amorphous phases after different CT processes. The fitting formulas of Hc–dm and Ms–Hv correlations demonstrate that soft magnetic parameters have a solid linear relationship with the contents of FVs and degree of dense random packing. Moreover, pitting resistance is improved by appropriate CT and relaxation annealing. This improvement is characterized by the promotion of the stability of the Nb-rich passive film formed during electrochemical corrosion in 3.5wt% NaCl solution.

### 1198. [Hybrid CoMoO3/CoMoO4 nanorods for enhanced lithium-ion battery performance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hybrid-comoo3comoo4-nanorods-for-enhanced-lithium-ion-battery-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3051-0]
Electrode materials that rely on conversion reactions for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) possess high energy densities. However, a key issue in their design is bolstering their stability and minimizing volume variations during lithiation and delithiation. Herein, an effective strategy was devised to fulfill the fully reversible conversion reaction for lithium storage in CoMoO4 through the hybridization of CoMoO3. CoMoO3/CoMoO4 with a nanorod structure was synthesized via one-step annealing treatment after a solvothermal process. In such a structure, the CoMoO3/CoMoO4 nanorod can considerably boost mechanical robustness and offer ample space to counteract volume fluctuations throughout successive cycles owing to the cooperative interaction between CoMoO3 and CoMoO4. CoMoO3/CoMoO4 exhibited superior lithium-storage capacity (919.6 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 200 cycles) and cycling stability (683.4 mAh/g at 1 A/g after 600 cycles). CoMoO3/CoMoO4 showed a high potential as an anode material for LIBs.

### 1199. [Red phosphorus/Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposite and flexible free-standing electrode for sodium-ion storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/red-phosphorusti3c2-mxene-nanocomposite-and-flexible-free-standing-electrode-for-sodium-ion-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3091-0]
Red phosphorus (RP) has been recognized as a promising anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and natural abundance. However, the electrochemical performance of RP is restricted by the critical issues of the large volume variation upon cycling and the low intrinsic electronic conductivity. Herein, a nanocomposite with the structure of well-dispersed RP nanoparticles intimately attached to the surface of two-dimensional Ti3C2 nanosheets (NRP/Ti3C2) is prepared by a facile chemical precipitation method. The introduction of Ti3C2 nanosheets can effectively prevent the RP nano-grains/clusters from agglomeration and growth in the synthesis process. Besides, the flexible Ti3C2 sheets can not only function as the mechanical support for accommodating the volume change of RP upon Na+ uptake/release process, but also provide an efficient conductive network for electron transportation. Moreover, the shortened ions diffusion distance enabled by the nano feature of RP further favors the electrode reaction kinetics. When employed as anode for SIBs, the synthesized NRP/Ti3C2 composite exhibits a reversible capacity of ~862 and 576 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g−1, respectively, as well as a maintained capacity of 525.2 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A·g−1. In addition, the fabricated free-standing NRP/Ti3C2 electrode with a capacity of ~2.21 mAh·cm−2 and stable electrochemical cycling provides a valid guide toward high-performance RP-based anodes for realizing SIBs with high energy density.

### 1200. [Temperature-stabilized novel high-entropy microwave dielectric (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/temperature-stabilized-novel-high-entropy-microwave-dielectric-mg05zn0504xli04ca05sr0504xtio3-ceramics) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3021-6]
A series of high-entropy ceramics with the nominal composition (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) has been successfully synthesized using the conventional solid-phase method. The (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics are confirmed to be composed of the main phase (Zn,Mg,Li)TiO3 and the secondary phase Ca0.5Sr0.5TiO3 by X-ray diffractometer, Rietveld refinement, and X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The quality factor (Q×f) of the samples is inversely proportional to the content of the Ca0.5Sr0.5TiO3 phase, and it is influenced by the density. The secondary phase and molecular polarizability (αT) have a significant impact on the dielectric constant (εr) of the samples. Moreover, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of the samples is determined by the distortion of [TiO6] octahedra and the secondary phase. The results indicate that (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics achieve ideal microwave dielectric properties (εr = 17.6, Q×f = 40900 GHz, τf = −8.6 ppm/°C) when x = 0.35. (Mg0.5Zn0.5)0.4+xLi0.4(Ca0.5Sr0.5)0.4−xTiO3 ceramics possess the potential for application in wireless communication, and a new approach has been provided to enhance the performance of microwave dielectric ceramics.

### 1201. [Exploring corrosion protection evolution of rust layer on high-Cr-content weathering bridge steel in simulated tropical marine atmosphere](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/exploring-corrosion-protection-evolution-of-rust-layer-on-high-cr-content-weathering-bridge-steel-in-simulated-tropical-marine-atmosphere) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3069-3]
The rust layer is a critical factor in determining the corrosion resistance performance of weathering bridge steel. Understanding the evolution mechanism of this rust layer is fundamental for the design and optimization of such steel. This study investigates the evolution of the rust layer on high-Cr-content weathering bridge steel, using an atmospheric corrosion monitoring (ACM) sensor and big data mining techniques in a simulated tropical marine atmosphere. Results reveal that the protective properties of the rust layer follow a periodic pattern of “ascending–constant” rather than a continuous ascending. Correlation analysis indicates that this phenomenon is attributed to the introduction of Cr, which promotes the formation of FeCr2O4 in the rust layer. FeCr2O4 helps prevent chloride ions from penetrating the rust layer, exerting a protective effect. These findings provide a strong scientific foundation for the design and improvement of new high-Cr-content weathering bridge steels.

### 1202. [Effect of aging precipitation on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of Ni(Fe,Al)-maraging steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-aging-precipitation-on-the-stress-corrosion-cracking-behavior-of-nifeal-maraging-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3062-x]
The effect of aging precipitation on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism of Ni(Fe,Al)-maraging steel was studied through the comparative characterization and analyses of the microstructures and fracture features of solid–solution and peak-aged steels. Aging precipitation exerts a chain of impacts on the deformative compatibility and electrochemical difference between the matrix and other phases or interfaces. The strength of the martensite matrix is enhanced by abundant and evenly dispersed Ni(Fe,Al) precipitates, thereby reducing the possibility of splitting across martensite laths. Meanwhile, the Volta potential difference (VPD) between the matrix and primary NbC particles increases from 11.43 to 18.60 mV. Given that most of the primary NbC particles tend to be distributed along high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), anodic dissolution along HAGBs accelerates. Therefore, mechanical and electrochemical factors triggered by aging precipitation are involved in the variation in SCC behavior and mechanism. The SCC susceptibility of the steel increases along with the increasing tendency for intergranular cracking.

### 1203. [Direct and sustainable stainless steelmaking from nickel and chromite ores by hydrogen plasma smelting reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/direct-and-sustainable-stainless-steelmaking-from-nickel-and-chromite-ores-by-hydrogen-plasma-smelting-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3068-4]
Stainless steel, known for its exceptional properties and diverse applications, conventionally requires a multistage process that generates considerable CO2 emissions by using fossil-based carbon reductants. This study investigated hydrogen plasma smelting reduction as a novel, sustainable, and efficient method for producing stainless steel directly from lateritic nickel and chromite ores. The research aimed to examine the effect of ore proportion on AISI 300 series stainless steel production and assess the reduction process over time through thermochemical calculations and experimental studies. Results showed that increasing the proportion of chromite ore in the feed raises Cr content and reduces Ni content in metals while increasing Cr2O3 and Al2O3 content in oxides. A briquette comprising 30wt% chromite ore and 70wt% calcined nickel ore yields better results for AISI 300 stainless steel, with Fe, Cr, Ni, and Si content of 62.95wt%, 19.37wt%, 11.83wt%, and 0.72wt%, respectively, after 180 s of hydrogen plasma exposure. Nearly all NiO compounds are converted into Ni after 60 s of smelting reduction, whereas FeO compounds are almost fully converted into Fe after 120 s of smelting reduction. AISI 300 series stainless steel is successfully produced after 120 s of reduction, achieving Fe, Cr, Ni, and Si content of 64.36wt%, 21.92wt%, 10.08wt%, and 0.61wt%, respectively. Process optimization remains promising because the Cr2O3 content in the slag is still relatively high at 15.52wt%. This ultrafast and direct production method holds considerable potential to transform stainless steel production by reducing environmental impact and enhancing process efficiency. Specifically, the method eliminates the use of an argon oxygen decarburization converter and vacuum oxygen decarburization in stainless steelmaking.

### 1204. [Effect of Si content and tempering temperature on microstructure and precipitation behavior of graphite particles in Fe–0.58C–1.0Al steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-si-content-and-tempering-temperature-on-microstructure-and-precipitation-behavior-of-graphite-particles-in-fe058c10al-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3115-9]
In order to avoid poor machinability caused by excessive hardness under high-silicon conditions in the traditional free-cutting graphited steel, it is important to develop a suitable silicon-saving, aluminum-containing free-cutting steel. This study investigated the microstructure and graphite precipitation behavior of Fe–0.58C–1.0Al (wt%) steels with varying silicon contents (0.55wt%–2.67wt%) after tempering at different temperatures (680°C, 715°C). The tempering structure and the precipitation behavior of graphite and Fe3C in Fe–0.58C–1.0Al steels were systematically studied by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and electron microprobe analyzer (EPMA). The results showed that, at both tempering temperatures, the microstructure of 0.55wt% Si steel is ferrite + granular Fe3C, and the microstructures of 1.38wt%–2.67wt% Si steels are ferrite + petaloid graphite + granular Fe3C. With increasing Si content from 1.38wt% to 2.67wt% at constant tempering temperature, the number density of graphite particles increases, though their average size decreases. Meanwhile, the number density and average size of Fe3C in experimental steels continuously decrease with the increase of Si content. For 0.55wt% Si steel without graphite precipitation, increasing tempering temperature promotes the accumulation and growth of Fe3C. For 1.38wt%–2.67wt% Si steels with graphite precipitation, higher tempering temperature promotes graphite particles growth while accelerating the decomposition and refinement of Fe3C. Furthermore, compared with the experimental steels containing 0.55wt% Si, 1.38wt% Si, and 2.67wt% Si, the 1.89wt% Si steel exhibits significantly lower hardness. Especially, when tempered at 715°C, Fe–0.58C–1.0Al steel with 1.89wt% Si exhibits enhanced graphitization behavior and reduced hardness, which is nearly HV 20 lower than previously reported Fe–0.55C–2.33Si steel.

### 1205. [Interpretable machine learning-based stretch formability prediction of magnesium alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/interpretable-machine-learning-based-stretch-formability-prediction-of-magnesium-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3002-9]
This study involved the development of an interpretable prediction framework to access the stretch formability of AZ31 magnesium alloys through the combination of the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model with the sparrow search algorithm (SSA). Eleven features were extracted from the microstructures (e.g., grain size (GS), maximum pole intensity (Imax), degree of texture dispersion (μ), radius of maximum pole position (r), and angle of maximum pole position (A)), mechanical properties (e.g., tensile yield strength (TYS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation-to-failure (EL), and strength difference (∆S)) and test conditions (e.g., sheet thickness (t) and punch speed (v)) in the data collected from the literature and experiments. Pearson correlation coefficient and exhaustive screening methods identified ten key features (not including UTS) as the final inputs, and they enhanced the prediction accuracy of Index Erichsen (IE), which served as the model’s output. The newly developed SSA-XGBoost model exhibited an improved prediction performance, with a goodness of fit (R2) of 0.91 compared with traditional machine learning models. A new dataset (four samples) was prepared to validate the reliability and generalization capacity of this model, and below 5% errors were observed between predicted and experimental IE values. Based on this result, the quantitative relationship between the key features and IE values was established via Shapley additive explanation method and XGBoost feature importance analysis. Imax, TYS, EL, r, GS, and ΔS showed a crucial influence on the IE of 10 input features. This work offers a reliable and accurate tool for the prediction of the stretch formability of AZ31 magnesium alloys and provides insights into the development of high-formable magnesium alloys.

### 1206. [Hydrogen reduction of lumpy Nchwaning ore in a fixed-bed reactor](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogen-reduction-of-lumpy-nchwaning-ore-in-a-fixed-bed-reactor) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3125-7]
The application of hydrogen gas in the pre-reduction of manganese ore may replace fossil carbon consumption and reduce CO2 emissions in manganese ferroalloy production. The pre-reduction behavior of Nchwaning manganese ore was investigated using a fixed-bed reactor. The reduction rates at different temperatures and temperature programs were investigated, and the particles were sieved after reduction to measure the decrepitation. The reduction rate was measured by adding a tracer gas to the reducing gas and quantifying the off-gas. Samples with different particle-size distributions of the input material were reduced to investigate the effect of particle size on the reduction rate. Chemical analyses and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the raw and reduced materials. The effects of particle size distribution and temperature on the oxygen removal rate were investigated. Manganese oxides were mostly reduced to MnO in the samples, whereas some iron oxides and carbonates remained. The degree of reduction was improved by using smaller particles and increasing the temperature.

### 1207. [Enhancement of lithium extraction from coal gangue based on the deep dissociation of coal components and acid leaching](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancement-of-lithium-extraction-from-coal-gangue-based-on-the-deep-dissociation-of-coal-components-and-acid-leaching) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3067-5]
Extracting lithium from coal measures can alleviate the shortage of strategic metal resources. However, the lattice substitution characteristics of lithium in carrier minerals and its extremely fine intercalation and entrainment behavior are the challenges that constrain the extraction efficiency of lithium from coal series. This study focuses on improving the separation efficiency between lithium-containing minerals and other minerals and the release behavior of lithium in the liquid phase. First, the feasibility of extracting lithium from carrier minerals is confirmed based on the occurrence state and the process mineralogy characterized by Bgrimm process mineralogy analyzing system (BPMA) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The optimal selective grinding behavior is achieved within 15 min, allowing Li carrier minerals, including chlorite, kaolinite, and halloysite, to deliver the best dispersion effect with other minerals. Thus, the enriched lithium carrier minerals have been preenriched through screening. The leaching efficiency of Li has reached 97.43% under 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 15 g/L pulp density, 70°C, and 20 min. Leaching kinetics studies indicate that the decrease in apparent energy validates the impact of grinding on metal leaching, aligning with the rate-controlling step of a chemical reaction. The process proposed in this study achieves the coordinated control of size and components in coal gangue and actualizes the effective selective enrichment of lithium through its low energy consumption and environmentally friendly nature.

### 1208. [In-situ research on tensile deformation and microvoid formation in a nuclear pressure vessel steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-research-on-tensile-deformation-and-microvoid-formation-in-a-nuclear-pressure-vessel-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3043-0]
Tensile deformation and microvoid formation of quenched and tempered SA508 Gr.3 steel were studied using an in-situ digital image correlation technique and in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements. The quenched steel with a mixture of upper bainite and granular bainite exhibited a high ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of ~795 MPa and an elongation of ~25%. After tempering, long-rod carbides and accumulated carbide particles were formed at the interface of bainite–ferrite subunits and prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs), respectively. The UTS of the tempered steel decreased to ~607 MPa, whereas the total elongation increased to 33.0% with a local strain of 191.0% at the necked area. In-situ EBSD results showed that strain localization in the bainite–ferrite produced lattice rotation and dislocation pileup, thus leading to stress concentration at the discontinuities (e.g., martensite–austenite islands and carbides). Consequently, the decohesion of PAGBs dotted with martensite–austenite islands was the dominant microvoid initiation mechanism in the quenched steel, whereas microvoids primarily initiated through the fracturing of long-rod carbides and the decohesion of PAGBs with carbides aggregation in the tempered steel. The fracture surfaces for both the quenched and tempered specimens featured dimples, indicating the ductile failure mechanism caused by microvoid coalescence.

### 1209. [Nanobubble-enhanced flotation of auriferous pyrite in gold ore: Behavior and mechanisms](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/nanobubble-enhanced-flotation-of-auriferous-pyrite-in-gold-ore-behavior-and-mechanisms) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3097-7]
Gold ores in the Jiaozhou region of China are characterized by their abundant reserves, low grade, fine dissemination, and challenges in upgrading. Froth flotation, with xanthate as the collector, is a commonly employed method for enriching auriferous pyrite from these ores. This study aimed to develop a more efficient flotation process by utilizing cavitation nanobubbles for a low-grade gold ore. Batch flotation tests demonstrated that nanobubbles significantly enhanced the flotation performance of auriferous pyrite, as evidenced by improved concentrate S and Au grades and their recoveries. The mechanisms underlying this enhancement were explored by investigating surface nanobubble (SNB) formation, bulk nanobubble (BNB) attachment to hydrophobic pyrite surfaces, and nanobubble-induced agglomeration using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM). The results revealed that nanobubble coverage on the pyrite surface is a critical factor influencing surface hydrophobicity and agglomeration. SNBs exhibited higher coverage on pyrite surfaces with increased surface hydrophobicity, flow rate, and cavitation time. Similarly, BNB attachment on pyrite surfaces was significantly increased with surface hydrophobicity and cavitation time. Enhanced surface hydrophobicity, along with higher flow rates and cavitation times, promoted pyrite particle agglomeration owing to the increased nanobubble coverage, ultimately leading to improved flotation performance.

### 1210. [Differential adsorption of gum Arabic as an eco-friendly depressant for the selective flotation of chalcopyrite from molybdenite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/differential-adsorption-of-gum-arabic-as-an-eco-friendly-depressant-for-the-selective-flotation-of-chalcopyrite-from-molybdenite) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2979-4]
The environment-friendly and efficient selective separation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite poses a challenge in mineral processing. In this study, gum Arabic (GA) was initially proposed as a novel depressant for the selective separation of molybdenite from chalcopyrite during flotation. Microflotation results indicated that the inhibitory capacity of GA was stronger toward molybdenite than chalcopyrite. At pH 8.0 with 20 mg/L GA addition, the recovery rate of chalcopyrite in the concentrate obtained from mixed mineral flotation was 67.49% higher than that of molybdenite. Furthermore, the mechanism of GA was systematically investigated by various surface characterization techniques. Contact angle tests indicated that after GA treatment, the hydrophobicity of the molybdenite surface significantly decreased, but that of the chalcopyrite surface showed no apparent change. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a weak interaction force between GA and chalcopyrite. By contrast, GA was primarily adsorbed onto the molybdenite surface through chemical chelation, with possible contributions from hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Pre-adsorbed GA could prevent butyl xanthate from being adsorbed onto molybdenite. Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry further indicated that GA was primarily adsorbed onto the “face” of molybdenite rather than the “edge.” Therefore, GA could be a promising molybdenite depressant for the flotation separation of Cu–Mo.

### 1211. [Two new amino acid derivatives as green corrosion inhibitors against Q235 steel in HCl solution: Experimental and theoretical investigations](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/two-new-amino-acid-derivatives-as-green-corrosion-inhibitors-against-q235-steel-in-hcl-solution-experimental-and-theoretical-investigations) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3011-8]
Amino acids have emerged as promising green alternatives to replace toxic inhibitors in corrosion protection applications. In this study, we present a one-step synthetic approach to get 4-(tert-butyl)benzoyl)methionine (P-Meth) and 4-(tert-butyl)benzoyl)cysteine (P-Cys) through the acylation reactions between methionine or cysteine and p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, respectively, which exhibit a super protective performance toward metals against corrosion. The corrosion rates of Q235 steel in 1 M HCl were reduced from 4.542 to 0.202 and 0.312 mg·h−1·cm−2 in the presence of 100 mg·L−1 P-Meth and P-Cys, respectively. The surface structures of Q235 steel remained unbroken after 12 h in 1 M HCl medium. The charge transfer resistances of corrosion reactions were enhanced by 12 and 9 times in the presence of P-Meth and P-Cys, respectively. P-Meth and P-Cys were adsorbed onto the Q235 steel via chemical actions, which were accompanied by minimal physical action. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrate the higher binding energy of P-Meth onto Q235 steel than P-Cys. The study contributes to the corrosion protection of metals with green and environmentally friendly methods.

### 1212. [Design of PbS quantum dots–PbMoO4–MoS2 ternary nanocomposites for highly selective NO2 sensing at room temperature](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/design-of-pbs-quantum-dotspbmoo4mos2-ternary-nanocomposites-for-highly-selective-no2-sensing-at-room-temperature) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3027-0]
Traditional resistive semiconductor gas sensors suffer from high operating temperatures and poor selectivity. Thus, to address these issues, a highly selective nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensor based on lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs)–lead molybdate (PbMoO4)–molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) ternary nanocomposites operating at room temperature was fabricated herein. The ternary nanocomposites were synthesized using an in situ method, yielding PbS QDs with an average size of ~10 nm and PbMoO4 nanoparticles in the 10- to 20-nm range, uniformly distributed on ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets with an average thickness of ~7 nm. The optimized sensor demonstrated a significant improvement in response to 1 ppm NO2 at 25°C, achieving a response of 44.5%, which was approximately five times higher than that of the pure MoS2-based sensor (8.5%). The sensor also achieved relatively short response/recovery times and full recovery properties. Notably, the optimal sensor displayed extraordinary selectivity toward NO2, showing negligible responses to different interfering gases. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to elucidate the underlying sensing mechanism, which was attributed to the enhanced specific surface area, the receptor function of both PbS QDs and PbMoO4 nanoparticles, and the transducer function of MoS2 nanosheets.

### 1213. [Effect of composite alkali activator proportion on macroscopic and microscopic properties of gangue cemented rockfill: Experiments and molecular dynamic modelling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-composite-alkali-activator-proportion-on-macroscopic-and-microscopic-properties-of-gangue-cemented-rockfill-experiments-and-molecular-dynamic-modelling) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3140-8]
Using cemented rockfill to replace coal pillars offers an effective solution for reducing solid waste while ensuring the safety of gob-side entries. However, achieving the balance among low cost, high waste recycling rates, and adequate strength remains a significant challenge for cemented rockfill. This study used a composite alkali activator to activate gangue cemented rockfill. The compressive strength, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric tests were carried out to investigate the effect of the composite alkali activator proportion on the compressive strength, microstructure, and composition of the cemented rockfill. The calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) molecular model of cemented rockfill was constructed to explore the fracture evolution of the nucleated molecular structure under tension. The results show that compressive strength initially increased and then decreased with the activator proportion, the optimal activator proportion of 1:2 resulted in a 31.25% increase in strength at 3 d. This reasonable activator proportion strengthens the pozzolanic effect of gangue, and consumes more calcium hydroxide to inhibit its agglomeration, ultimately achieving the densification of microstructure. The activator proportion inevitably substitutes calcium ions with sodium ions in the C–S–H molecular model. The 12% substitution of calcium ions increases the adhesion between silicon chain layers, which is beneficial to the interlayer stress transfer. This work proposes a method for preparing low-cost cemented rockfill from alkali-activated gangue, which can be used for solid waste recycling and reducing cement consumption to achieve low-carbon goals.

### 1214. [Evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of WE43 magnesium alloy during multipass hot rolling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/evolution-of-the-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-we43-magnesium-alloy-during-multipass-hot-rolling) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2983-8]
The evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of WE43 magnesium alloy during multipass hot rolling was investigated. Results revealed that multipass hot rolling promoted the formation of small second phases, which was conducive to multiple dynamic recrystallization, consequently improving the microstructure homogeneity and refining the average grain size from 34.3 μm in the initial material to 8.83 μm. Meanwhile, the rolling deformation rotated abundant c-axis of the grains in the normal direction, resulting in a strong fiber texture. The yield strength in the rolling direction (RD) was improved from 164 MPa in the initial material to 324 MPa in the Pass 3 sheet due to fine-grained strengthening, second-phase strengthening, and texture modification. In addition, the distribution maps of the deformation mechanism indicated that the yield strength anisotropy between the RD and the transverse direction (TD) can be attributed to the effects of the texture component on the dominant mechanism. The dominant deformation mechanism during the tensile test was the prismatic slip caused by the strong basal texture of the RD, whereas it had a lesser proportion of prismatic slip under the influence of the weak basal texture of the TD. Compared to the basal slip, the higher critical resolved shear stress of the prismatic slip resulted in a higher increase in yield strength along the RD at approximately 51 MPa than that along the TD (RD: increase of 160 MPa; TD: increase of 109 MPa).

### 1215. [Structural engineering of MXenes towards high electrochemical performance in supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-engineering-of-mxenes-towards-high-electrochemical-performance-in-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3146-2]
Supercapacitors (SCs) stand out among various energy storage devices owing to their high power density and long-term cycling stability. As new two-dimensional material, MXenes have become a research hotspot in recent years owing to their unique structure and rich surface functional groups. Compared with other materials, MXenes are more promising for SCs owing to their tunable precursors, structural stability, and excellent electrical conductivity. However, the rate performance and electrochemical reaction activity of MXene materials are poor, and stacking severely limits their application. Therefore, various modification strategies are employed to improve the electrochemical performance of MXene materials. As the modification strategy of MXene electrode materials often involves increasing the number of ion transport channels to expose more active sites, the packing density is also affected to different degrees. Therefore, achieving a balance between high volumetric capacitance and rapid ion transport has become a key issue for the application of MXene-based SCs in wearable devices and microdevices. In this paper, the latest progress in the preparation methods and modification strategies of MXenes in recent years is reviewed with the aim of achieving both high volumetric capacitance and high ion transport for expanding the application of MXene-based SCs in microdevices and wearable devices.

### 1216. [Optimizing microstructure of medium Ni-bearing steel to ensure high resistance to corrosion and corrosion-assisted mechanical degradation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimizing-microstructure-of-medium-ni-bearing-steel-to-ensure-high-resistance-to-corrosion-and-corrosion-assisted-mechanical-degradation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3077-3]
Through quenching and tempering (QT) and quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processes, this study aimed to investigate the effects of microstructural modifications on the corrosion behavior and corrosion-assisted mechanical degradation of medium Ni-bearing steel. The primary objective was the identification of strategies for the enhancement of the long-term lifespan and reliability of these alloys in neutral aqueous environments. Various electrochemical evaluations and microstructural characterizations were conducted to elucidate the relationship between heat treatment processes and corrosion behavior. The findings reveal that the conventional Q&P process formed partitioned austenite with a coarse size within the martensitic matrix, which led to an uneven distribution of Ni and high kernel average misorientation and resulted in an increased susceptibility to corrosion and corrosion-induced mechanical degradation. In addition, the corroded QT sample displayed preferential attacks around cementite clusters due to selective dissolution. By contrast, a slightly higher partitioning temperature, just above the martensite transformation start temperature, provided finely distributed austenite within bainite in the microstructure, which exhibited lower corrosion kinetics and reduced susceptibility to mechanical degradation in the corrosive environment. This study highlights the potential of microstructural optimization through the Q&P process with a high partitioning temperature as an effective technical strategy for achieving the superior durability and reliability of medium Ni-bearing steel alloys in neutral aqueous environments.

### 1217. [Strain-enhanced liquid-metal-coated carbonyl-iron-powder-embedded polydimethylsiloxane composites for effective electromagnetic wave absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/strain-enhanced-liquid-metal-coated-carbonyl-iron-powder-embedded-polydimethylsiloxane-composites-for-effective-electromagnetic-wave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3055-9]
The advancement of wireless technologies has increased the global demand for ubiquitous connectivity. However, this surge has increased electromagnetic pollution. This study introduces a composite comprising a polymer matrix (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) and a magnetic filler (carbonyl iron powder, CIP) to effectively absorb electromagnetic waves (EMW) and suppress electromagnetic noise, while exhibiting good mechanical properties. Eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) liquid metal (LM) was introduced to improve the insulating properties of magnetic fillers. A core–shell structure was obtained by coating the CIP particles with EGaIn, thereby combining magnetic and dielectric materials to enhance EMW absorption. The fluid characteristics of the LM improved the mechanical properties, whereas its electrical conductivity enhanced interfacial polarization loss, thereby augmenting the dielectric loss value of the composites. Moreover, the application of mechanical strain enhanced the EMW absorption of the LM/CIP/PDMS composites due to the formation of a conductive LM network.

### 1218. [Hook formation and control mechanisms in continuously cast slabs of ultra-low carbon steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hook-formation-and-control-mechanisms-in-continuously-cast-slabs-of-ultra-low-carbon-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3112-z]
The hook formation mechanism in continuously cast slabs of ultra-low carbon steel was analyzed in detail through numerical calculations and experimental observations using optical microscopy, and its distribution characteristics were determined. Numerical simulations confirmed that the freezing–overflow mechanism is the primary cause of hook formation. They also revealed that the freezing event occurs unpredictably, while the overflow event takes place during the positive strip time. The average pitch of oscillation marks (OMs) on the slab surface was 8.693 mm, while the theoretical pitch was 8.889 mm, with a difference of approximately 2%. This discrepancy primarily results from varying degrees of overflow, which affects the morphology of the OMs and the positions of their deepest points. Notably, this result further confirmed that the freezing and overflow in the meniscus were indeed caused by the periodic oscillation of the mold. Higher superheat hindered hook formation, leading to a negative correlation between the hook depth distribution around the slab and the temperature distribution within the mold. Therefore, the depth of the corner hook was greater than that of other positions, which was caused by the intensified cooling effect of the corner. Moreover, key factors influencing hook development were analyzed, providing insights into transient fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics within the mold. Transient fluid flow and heat transfer contributed to the randomness and tendency of hook formation. This randomness was reflected in the varying angles of the hooks, whereas the tendency was evident in the negative correlation between superheat and hook length. Based on the randomness and tendency of hook formation and its profile characteristics, a new method for controlling hook depth based on “sine law” is proposed.

### 1219. [Development of constitutive models and hot-working processing map for Al–12Ce–0.4Sc alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/development-of-constitutive-models-and-hot-working-processing-map-for-al12ce04sc-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3049-7]
The current study investigates the hot deformation behavior of Al–12Ce–0.4Sc alloy with an isothermal hot compression test at 300–450°C/0.001–1 s−1. Results show that the flow curves exhibit typical dynamic recovery (DRV) and slight flow-softening behavior. Additionally, the flow curves overlap owing to the dynamic strain aging (DSA) phenomenon at 400–450°C/0.01–0.1 s−1. Two different constitutive models were developed using the experimental data for hot deformation: (i) strain-compensated Arrhenius model (Method I) and (ii) logistic regression model (Method II). The average stress exponent (n) and apparent activation energy (Q) are 14.25 and 209.58 kJ·mol–1, respectively. The hot-working processing map shows that the optimal processing condition is 400°C/1 s−1, and the maximum power dissipation efficiency is 22%. Stable and unstable domains indicated by the processing map were correlated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization techniques. The unstable domains are primarily associated with pro-eutectic Al11Ce3 intermetallic fracture and interfacial cracks between α-Al and pro-eutectic Al11Ce3.

### 1220. [Zincophilic Cu/flexible polymer heterogeneous interfaces ensuring the stability of zinc metal anodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/zincophilic-cuflexible-polymer-heterogeneous-interfaces-ensuring-the-stability-of-zinc-metal-anodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3020-7]
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are regarded as promising electrochemical energy-storage systems for various applications because of their high safety, low costs, and high capacities. However, dendrite formation and side reactions during zinc plating or stripping greatly reduce the capacity and cycle life of a battery and subsequently limit its practical application. To address these issues, we modified the surface of a zinc anode with a functional bilayer composed of zincophilic Cu and flexible polymer layers. The zincophilic Cu interfacial layer was prepared through CuSO4 solution pretreatment to serve as a nucleation site to facilitate uniform Zn deposition. Meanwhile, the polymer layer was coated onto the Cu interface layer to serve as a protective layer that would prevent side reactions between zinc and electrolytes. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the zincophilic Cu and protective polymer layers, the symmetric battery exhibits an impressive cycle life, lasting over 2900 h at a current density of 1 mA·cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mA·h·cm−2. Moreover, a full battery paired with a vanadium oxide cathode achieves a remarkable capacity retention of 72% even after 500 cycles.

### 1221. [Preparation and fluorescence properties of SiO2-coated CsPb1−xZnxBr3 nanocrystals with enhanced efficiency and stability](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-and-fluorescence-properties-of-sio2-coated-cspb1xznxbr3-nanocrystals-with-enhanced-efficiency-and-stability) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3148-0]
All-inorganic perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as promising candidates for light-emitting diode (LED) displays due to their outstanding photophysical properties. However, their practical application remains hindered by poor stability and the inherent toxicity of Pb2+. In this study, we present a two-step heating method to synthesize CsPb1−xZnxBr3 NCs with enhanced optoelectronic performance and uniform dispersion. The optimized Zn2+-doped NCs achieve a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 86%, with a reduction in lattice spacing from 0.384 to 0.365 nm, attributed to increased perovskite lattice formation energy and effective surface passivation. To further improve stability, a silica (SiO2) shell is introduced via surface modification with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), forming CsPb0.7Zn0.3Br3@SiO2 core–shell NCs. At an optimal APTES/B-site metal ion molar ratio of 1.8, the PLQY increases to 96%. The SiO2 encapsulation significantly enhances environmental stability, with coated NCs retaining 43% of their initial photoluminescence (PL) intensity after immersion in water for 36 h, compared to only 5% for uncoated NCs. Furthermore, after ethanol treatment for 210 min, the coated NCs retain 39% of their initial PL intensity, while the uncoated counterparts retain merely 7%. The enhanced stability and luminescence performance of CsPb0.7Zn0.3Br3@SiO2 NCs make them highly promising for LED applications. White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) fabricated using these NCs exhibit a color rendering index (CRI) of 78.2, a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 5470 K, and a luminous efficiency (LE) of 54.2 lm/W, demonstrating significant potential for next-generation display and lighting technologies.

### 1222. [Fabrication and performance of carbon-sol-reinforced Cu composite coatings](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fabrication-and-performance-of-carbon-sol-reinforced-cu-composite-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3030-5]
This study successfully developed a series of carbon-sol-reinforced copper (Cu-CS) composite coatings by electrodeposition employing a superiorly dispersed carbon sol (CS) to avoid nanoparticle aggregation. The CS, characterized using transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential analysis, consisted of carbon particles with an approximate diameter of 300 nm uniformly distributed in the electrolytes. The characteristics of the composite coatings were examined via scanning electron microscopy to observe its microstructures, X-ray diffraction to detect its phase constituents, and durability testing to determine the wear and corrosion resistance. Results indicated a significant improvement in coating thickness, density, and uniformity achieved for the Cu-CS composite coating with the addition of 20 mL/L CS. Moreover, the Cu-CS composite coating exhibited a low wear volume (1.15 × 10−3 mm3), a high hardness (HV0.5 137.1), and a low corrosion rate (0.191 mm/a). The significant contribution of carbon particles to the improvement of coating performance is mainly influenced by two factors, namely, the strengthening and lubricating effects resulting from the incorporated carbon particles. Nevertheless, overdosage of CS can compromise the microstructure of the Cu-CS composite coating, creating defects and undermining its functionality.

### 1223. [Novel non-equilibrium partitioning model and a developed strong and ductile Al–7.5Mg–0.5Sc–0.3Zr–0.6Si alloy for selective laser melting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/novel-non-equilibrium-partitioning-model-and-a-developed-strong-and-ductile-al75mg05sc03zr06si-alloy-for-selective-laser-melting) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3041-2]
Strong and ductile Al alloys and their suitable design strategy have long been desired in selective laser melting (SLM). This work reports a non-equilibrium partitioning model and a correspondingly designed Al–7.5Mg–0.5Sc–0.3Zr–0.6Si alloy. This model effectively quantifies the influence of Mg and Si on hot cracking in aluminum alloy by considering the non-equilibrium partitioning under high cooling rates in SLM. The designed Al–7.5Mg–0.5Sc–0.3Zr–0.6Si alloy exhibits no hot cracks and achieves a remarkably enhanced strength–ductility synergy (a yield strength of (412 ± 8) MPa and a uniform elongation of (15.6 ± 0.6)%), superior to previously reported Al–Mg–Sc–Zr and Al–Mn alloys. A tensile cracking model is proposed to explore the origin of the improved ductility. Both the non-equilibrium partitioning model and the novel Al–7.5Mg–0.5Sc–0.3Zr–0.6Si alloy offers a promising opportunity for producing highly reliable aluminum parts through SLM.

### 1224. [Development of strong Goss texture in ultra-thin high silicon steel with excellent magnetic properties fabricated by two-stage rolling](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/development-of-strong-goss-texture-in-ultra-thin-high-silicon-steel-with-excellent-magnetic-properties-fabricated-by-two-stage-rolling) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2988-3]
The <001> orientation of the Goss texture aligned with the rolling direction is the most easily magnetized direction, effectively enhancing the magnetic properties of non-oriented silicon steel. In the present study, an ultra-thin high-silicon sheet of 0.2 mm with a strong Goss texture was successfully fabricated using a two-stage rolling method, achieving superior magnetic properties. The combination of suitable primary rolling reduction and intermediate annealing proved beneficial in promoting the formation of Goss texture. Electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize micro-shear bands within deformed grains of secondary rolled sheets. Observations revealed that the recrystallized Goss nucleus originated from the Goss substructure of shear bands within deformed {111}<112> grains during the initial stages of recrystallization. The influence of stored energy and grain size on texture evolution was thoroughly investigated using quasi-in situ EBSD during recrystallization. In the initial stages, large deformed {111}<112> and near {111}<112> grains with high stored energy facilitated nucleation and growth of Goss and near-Goss grains within shear bands and reduced grain boundary nucleation. In the later stages, large deformed grains with low stored energy underwent a strain-induced grain boundary migration mechanism to nucleate. During the recrystallization, many recrystallized Goss and near-Goss grains clustered together, with Goss grains rotating towards near-Goss orientation. The resulting annealed ultra-thin 0.2 mm sheet with a pronounced Goss texture exhibited superior magnetic properties.

### 1225. [Identification of suitable conventional cooling methods for direct aqueous carbonation of blast furnace slags and their mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/identification-of-suitable-conventional-cooling-methods-for-direct-aqueous-carbonation-of-blast-furnace-slags-and-their-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3054-x]
The iron and steel industries generate large amounts of unavoidable CO2 emissions as well as considerable quantities of slags. More than one-half of the emitted CO2 is produced in blast furnaces during ironmaking, and thus it is meaningful to use blast furnace slags to capture CO2 while addressing the byproducts and flue gas of ironmaking. Mineral carbonation of slags is a promising route to achieve carbon neutrality and effective slag utilization. To exploit slag more effectively and capture CO2 in flue gas, an in-depth investigation into the carbonation of blast furnace slags generated with different cooling methods was conducted. The effects of the solid–liquid ratio and introduced CO2 concentration on carbonation were determined. The CO2 uptake capacity of air-cooled slag (0.04 g/g) was greater than that of water-quenched slag. The CO2 uptake capacities of the two slags were comparable with those of slags in previous works, indicating the potential of the two slags for CO2 sequestration and utilization even with low-energy input and this fact suggests that this process is feasible.

### 1226. [Effects of gangue particle-size gradation on damage and failure behavior of cemented backfill under uniaxial compression](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-gangue-particle-size-gradation-on-damage-and-failure-behavior-of-cemented-backfill-under-uniaxial-compression) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3042-1]
Investigation techniques, such as uniaxial compression tests, acoustic emission, digital image correlation monitoring, and scanning electron microscopy, were used from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives to investigate the effects of gangue particle-size gradation on the damage characteristics of cemented backfill. The peak strength, acoustic emission characteristics, and failure modes of cemented backfills with different gangue size gradations were examined. Test results indicated that with an increase in the gradation coefficient, the compressive strength of the gangue-cemented backfill first increased and then decreased. When the gradation coefficient is 0.5, the maximum compressive strength of the backfill is 4.28 MPa. The acoustic emission counts during the loading of gangue-cemented fills with different gradation coefficients passed through three phases: rising, active, and significantly active. The number of internal pores and cracks, as well as the uneven distribution of their locations, cause differences in acoustic emission characteristics at the same stage and variations in the strength of the backfill due to the different gangue particle-size gradations in the filler sample.

### 1227. [Effects of Nb content on the solidification characteristics and hot deformation behavior of Alloy 625 Plus](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-nb-content-on-the-solidification-characteristics-and-hot-deformation-behavior-of-alloy-625-plus) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3060-z]
Through thermodynamic calculations and microstructural characterization, the effect of niobium (Nb) content on the solidification characteristics of Alloy 625 Plus was systematically investigated. Subsequently, the effect of Nb content on hot deformation behavior was examined through hot compression experiments. The results indicated that increasing the Nb content lowers the liquidus temperature of the alloy by 51°C, producing a denser solidification microstructure. The secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of the alloy decreases from 39.09 to 22.61 µm. Increasing the Nb content alleviates element segregation but increases interdendritic precipitates, increasing their area fraction from 0.15% to 5.82%. These precipitates are primarily composed of large Laves, δ, η, and γ″ phases, and trace amounts of NbC. The shapes of these precipitates change from small chunks to large elongated forms. No significant change in the type or amount of inclusions within the alloy is detected. The inclusions are predominantly individual Al2O3 and TiN, as well as Al2O3/TiN composite inclusions. Samples with varying Nb contents underwent hot compression deformation at a true strain of 0.69, a strain rate of 0.5 s−1, and a deformation temperature of 1150°C. Increasing the Nb content also elevates the peak stress observed in the flow curves. However, alloys with higher Nb content exhibit more pronounced recrystallization softening effects. The Laves phase precipitates do not completely redissolve during hot deformation and are stretched to elongated shapes. The high-strain energy storage increases the recrystallization fraction from 32.4% to 95.5%, significantly enhancing the degree of recrystallization and producing a more uniform deformation microstructure. This effect is primarily attributed to the addition of Nb, which refines the initial grains of the alloy, enhances the solid solution strengthening of the matrix, and improves the induction of particle-stimulated nucleation.

### 1228. [Multiphase field modeling of austenite to pearlite–ferrite transformation in hypoeutectoid steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiphase-field-modeling-of-austenite-to-pearliteferrite-transformation-in-hypoeutectoid-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2993-6]
Hypoeutectoid steel, a crucial metal structural material, is characterized by the coexisting microstructure of ferrite and pearlite. Driven by multiphase competition and multicomponent characteristics, the intricate interplay among its composition, processing conditions, and microstructure substantially complicates the understanding of austenite decomposition kinetics and elemental diffusion mechanisms during phase transformations. The present study explores the effects of cooling rate, prior austenite grain size, and C content on the component distribution and microstructure evolution during the austenite decomposition of hypoeutectoid steels to address the aforementioned complexities. Results of a multiphase field model reveal that an increase in the cooling rate from 1.0 to 7.0°C/s leads to a reduction in the ferrite proportion and fine pearlite lamellae spacing from 52vol% to 22vol% at 400°C and from 1.01 to 0.67 μm at 660°C, respectively. Concurrently, a decreased prior austenite grain size from 25.23 to 8.92 μm enhances the phase transformation driving force, resulting in small average grain sizes of pearlite clusters and proeutectoid ferrite. Moreover, increasing the C content from 0.22wt% to 0.37wt% decreases the phase transition temperature from 795 to 750°C and enhances the proportion of pearlite phases from 27vol% to 61vol% at 500°C, concurrently refining the spacing of pearlite layers from 1.25 to 0.87 μm at 600°C. Overall, this work aims to elucidate the complex dynamics governing the microstructural transformations of hypoeutectoid steels, thereby facilitating their wide application across different industrial scenes.

### 1229. [Microwave fluidization magnetization roasting of limonite ores: Phase transformation, microstructure and kinetics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microwave-fluidization-magnetization-roasting-of-limonite-ores-phase-transformation-microstructure-and-kinetics) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3018-1]
As a refractory iron ore, the clean and efficient beneficiation of limonite is crucial for ensuring a sustainable long-term supply of iron metal. In this study, the microwave fluidization magnetization roasting of limonite was explored. The micromorphology, microstructure, and mineral phase transformation of the roasted products were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, an automatic surface area and porosity analyzer, an X-ray diffractometer, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. Kinetic analysis was also conducted to identify the factors limiting the roasting reaction rate. Microwave fluidization roasting significantly increased the specific surface area of limonite, increased the opportunity of contact between CO and limonite, and accelerated the transformation from FeO(OH) to α-Fe2O3 and then to Fe3O4. In addition, the water in the limonite ore and the newly formed magnetite exhibited a strong microwave absorption capacity, which has a certain activation effect on the reduction roasting of limonite. The saturation magnetization and maximum specific magnetization coefficient increased to 23.08 A·m2·kg−1 and 2.50 × 10−4 m3·kg−1, respectively. The subsequent magnetic separation of the reconstructed limonite yielded an iron concentrate with an Fe grade of 59.26wt% and a recovery of 90.07wt%. Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction mechanism function model was consistent with the diffusion model (G(α) = α2), with the mechanism function described as k = 0.08208exp[−20.3441/(RgT)]. Therefore, microwave fluidization roasting shows significant potential in the beneficiation of limonite, offering a promising approach for the exploitation of refractory iron ores.

### 1230. [High efficiency reduction leaching of iron phosphate residue from the recycling of spent LiFePO4 battery](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-efficiency-reduction-leaching-of-iron-phosphate-residue-from-the-recycling-of-spent-lifepo4-battery) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3004-7]
The effective reuse of iron phosphate residue (IPR) is the key issue in the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries. Therefore, in this study, the reduction leaching of IPR in H2SO4 solution by adding iron powder as reducing agent was investigated and compared with direct leaching. The results show that the leaching rate of IPR reached 97% under the optimum reduction leaching conditions. Kinetic studies show that the activation energy for reduction leaching is 12.71 kJ/mol, while that of direct leaching is 21.57 kJ/mol. Moreover, the reduction leaching time is reduced by half and the acid consumption is reduced by 30% compared to direct leaching with the same leaching rate. This work provides a scientific guidance to the treatment of iron phosphate residue from the recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries.

### 1231. [Carbon sequestration potential and mechanisms of shotcrete for tunnel support in underground metal mines through cement hydration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-sequestration-potential-and-mechanisms-of-shotcrete-for-tunnel-support-in-underground-metal-mines-through-cement-hydration) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3036-z]
Growing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from underground mining have intensified the need for carbon reduction strategies at every stage. Shotcrete used in tunnel support presents a promising opportunity for carbon emission reduction. This study investigates the carbon absorption capacity, mechanical strength, and underlying mechanisms of shotcrete when exposed to varying CO2 concentrations during the mine support process. Findings reveal that higher CO2 concentrations during the initial stages of carbonation curing enhance early strength but may impede long-term strength development. Shotcrete samples exposed to 2vol% CO2 for 14 d exhibited a carbonation degree approximately three times higher than those exposed to 0.03vol% CO2. A carbonation layer formed in the shotcrete, sequestering CO2 as solid carbonates. In practical terms, shotcrete in an underground return-air tunnel absorbed 1.1 kg·m2 of CO2 over 14 d, equivalent to treating 33 m3 of contaminated air. Thus, using shotcrete for CO2 curing in return-air tunnels can significantly reduce carbon emissions, contributing to greener and more sustainable mining practices.

### 1232. [In-situ observation on bubble evolution during laser powder bed fusion of oxide ceramic](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-observation-on-bubble-evolution-during-laser-powder-bed-fusion-of-oxide-ceramic) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3170-2]
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is used to fabricate complex-shaped, dense, and high-performance oxide ceramics. During LPBF, bubbles form and evolve in the melt pool and ultimately remain in the printed ceramics as pores, which significantly degrade the mechanical properties. Therefore, it is essential to understand the bubble behaviors during LPBF. Herein, we conducted an in-situ investigation of the bubble dynamics in the melt pool of homogeneously mixed Al2O3–Y2O3 powders using synchrotron high-speed X-ray imaging. The formation, growth, motion, and evolution of bubbles, as well as the relationship between the instability of melt flow and bubble rupture during LPBF, were elucidated. The findings reveal that bubbles from the interstices within the powder bed grow following three distinct modes, i.e., uplift growth, gas channel attachment, and bubble coalescence. Furthermore, melt flow oscillations caused by the bursting of large bubbles can lead to local instability of the melt pool. Results from this study enhance the understanding of bubble dynamics during LPBF and may provide valuable insights for pore elimination in LPBF-processed oxide ceramics.

### 1233. [Numerical analysis of the stability and minimum required strength of sill mats considering creep behavior of rock mass](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-analysis-of-the-stability-and-minimum-required-strength-of-sill-mats-considering-creep-behavior-of-rock-mass) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3029-y]
The underhand cut-and-fill mining method is widely employed in underground mines, especially when the quality of surrounding rock mass or ore body is inferior or subjected to high stresses. Such a method typically requires the construction of sill mats with cemented backfill to provide operators with safe artificial roofs. Accurate estimation of the minimum required strength of the sill mat is crucial to minimize binder consumption and ensure its stability upon base exposure. Over the years, only a few publications were devoted to determining the minimum required cohesion (cmin) of sill mats. None of them considered rock wall closure to be associated with the creep of surrounding rock mass. Moreover, the effect of rock wall closure associated with rock creep on the cmin of the sill mat remains unknown. Thus, a series of numerical simulations was performed to fill this gap. The influence of rock creep on the cmin of base-exposed sill mat was investigated for the first time. The numerical results indicate that Mitchell’s models could be suitable for sill mats subjected to negligible wall closure. However, this scenario is rare, especially when mine depth is large. In general, the cmin of sill mats increases as mine depth increases. Neglecting rock creep would significantly underestimate the cmin of sill mats. When mine depth is large and the rock mass exhibits severe creep, cemented backfill with ductile behavior (i.e., with low stiffness but enough strength) should be considered to reduce binder consumption and prevent crushing failure. In all cases, promptly filling the mined-out stope below the sill mat can improve its stability and reduce its cmin value.

### 1234. [Intelligent identification of acoustic emission Kaiser effect points and its application in efficiently acquiring in-situ stress](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-identification-of-acoustic-emission-kaiser-effect-points-and-its-application-in-efficiently-acquiring-in-situ-stress) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2977-6]
Large-scale underground projects need accurate in-situ stress information, and the acoustic emission (AE) Kaiser effect method currently offers lower costs and streamlined procedures. In this method, the accuracy and speed of Kaiser point identification are important. Thus, this study aims to integrate chaos theory and machine learning for accurately and quickly identifying Kaiser points. An intelligent model of the identification of AE partitioned areas was established by phase space reconstruction (PSR), genetic algorithm (GA), and support vector machine (SVM). Then, the plots of model classification results were made to identify Kaiser points. We refer to this method of identifying Kaiser points as the partitioning plot method based on PSR–GA–SVM (PPPGS). The PSR–GA–SVM model demonstrated outstanding performance, which achieved a 94.37% accuracy rate on the test set, with other evaluation metrics also indicating exceptional performance. The PPPGS identified Kaiser points similar to the tangent-intersection method with greater accuracy. Furthermore, in the feature importance score of the classification model, the fractal dimension extracted by PSR ranked second after accumulated AE count, which confirmed its importance and reliability as a classification feature. The PPPGS was applied to in-situ stress measurement at a phosphate mine in Guizhou Weng’an, China, to validate its practicability, where it demonstrated good performance.

### 1235. [Waste asphalt derived hierarchically porous carbon for high-performance electrocatalytic hydrogen gas capacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/waste-asphalt-derived-hierarchically-porous-carbon-for-high-performance-electrocatalytic-hydrogen-gas-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3098-6]
Along with the surging demand for energy storage devices, the cost and availability of the materials remain dominant factors in slowing down their industrial application. The repurposing of waste asphalt into high-performance electrode materials is of significant interest, as it holds the potential to circumvent energy and environmental issues. Here, we report the controllable synthesis of asphalt-derived mesoporous carbon as an active material for electrocatalytic hydrogen gas capacitor (EHGC). The hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) with a high surface area of 1943.4 m2·g−1 can operate in pH universal aqueous electrolytes in EHGC. It displays a specific energy and power density of 57 Wh·kg−1 and 554 W·kg−1 in neutral electrolyte as well as 52 Wh·kg−1 and 657 W·kg−1 in acidic electrolyte. Additionally, the charge storage mechanism of HPC–EHGC is studied with the help of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the assembled HPC–EHGC device displays a discharge capacitance of 170 F·g−1 with an excellent capacitance retention rate of 100% up to 20000 cycles at 10 A·g−1 in acidic electrolyte. This work introduces a novel approach to converting waste asphalt into high-performance carbon for EHGC, achieving superior performance over commercial materials. By simultaneously addressing environmental waste issues and advancing energy storage technology, this study makes a significant contribution to sustainable materials science and next-generation battery development.

### 1236. [Grain growth kinetics model of high-temperature ferrite and austenite in Ti microalloyed steel during continuous casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/grain-growth-kinetics-model-of-high-temperature-ferrite-and-austenite-in-ti-microalloyed-steel-during-continuous-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2991-8]
The microstructural characteristics of austenite in Ti microalloyed steel during continuous casting significantly influence the thermoplasticity, thereby affecting the quality of the slab. In this work, a prediction model for two-stage austenite growth under varying cooling rates was established by incorporating the effect of second-phase pinning and high-temperature ferrite–austenite phase transformation and growth theory. The results indicate that with 0.02wt% Ti, the high-temperature ferrite growth exhibits typical parabolic growth characteristics. When the Ti content increases to 0.04wt%, the high-temperature ferrite grain boundary migration rate significantly slows during the initial solidification stage. The predicted austenite grain sizes for 0.02wt% Ti microalloyed steel at the center, quarter, and surface of the slab are 5592, 3529, and 1524 μm, respectively. For 0.04wt% Ti microalloyed steel, the austenite grain sizes are 4074, 2942, and 1179 μm at the same positions. The average error is within 5%. As the Ti content increases from 0.02wt% to 0.04wt%, the austenite grain refinement at the center is most significant, with an average grain size reduction of 27.14%.

### 1237. [Utilization of red mud and coal gangue for underground backfill material: Hydration and environmental characteristics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/utilization-of-red-mud-and-coal-gangue-for-underground-backfill-material-hydration-and-environmental-characteristics) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3144-4]
The large-scale accumulation of industrial solid waste, including red mud and coal gangue, coupled with goafs left by underground mining activities, poses significant challenges to sustainable human development. In this study, red mud, coal gangue, and other solid wastes were used to prepare underground backfilling materials. The utilization rate of the total solid waste reached 95%, with red mud accounting for approximately 40wt% of the total. The unconfined compressive strength, setting time, and slump tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. At the optimal ratio, the 7- and 28-d strengths reach 4.4 and 6.9 MPa, respectively. The initial and final setting times were 200 and 250 min, respectively, whereas the initial and 1-h slump exceed 250 and 210 mm, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to explore the microstructure, phase composition, and chemical bonding within the material. Needle-like, clustered, and granular hydration products were observed, and the primary crystalline structures were identified as ettringite, gmelinite, C–A–S–H, and C–S–H. In addition, a thorough environmental risk assessment was conducted, complemented by detailed economic cost and carbon emission calculations. During the creation of backfill material, hazardous elements from solid waste are immobilized through adsorption, precipitation, and incorporation into the crystal lattice. The immobilization efficiencies for Ni, Al, Cr6+, and As were 97.03%, 94.32%, 86.43%, and 84.22%, respectively, at a pH of 8.49. Moreover, the use of solid waste as a raw material results in considerable cost savings and marked reduction in carbon emissions. This study innovatively promotes the green cycle of alumina production in the bauxite mining industry.

### 1238. [Mechanisms and interactions in the reduction of Fe2O3 by H2/CO mixed gas: Atomic insights from ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations and experiments](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanisms-and-interactions-in-the-reduction-of-fe2o3-by-h2co-mixed-gas-atomic-insights-from-reaxff-molecular-dynamics-simulations-and-experiments) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3061-y]
The experiment explored the Fe2O3 reduction process with H2/CO mixed gas and confirmed a promoting effect from CO when its volume proportion in mixed gas is 20% at 850°C. The ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method was used to observe the reduction process and provide an atomic-level explanation. The accuracy of the parameters used in the simulation was verified by the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The simulation shows that the initial reduction rate of H2 is much faster than that of CO (from 800 to 950°C). As the reduction proceeds, cementite, obtained after CO participates in the reduction at 850°C, will appear on the iron surface. Due to the active properties of C atoms in cementite, they are easy to further react with the O atoms in Fe2O3. The generation of internal CO may destroy the dense structure of the surface layer, thereby affecting the overall reduction swelling of Fe2O3. However, excess CO is detrimental to the reaction rate, mainly because of the poor thermodynamic conditions of CO in the temperature range and the molecular diffusion capacity is not as good as that of H2. Furthermore, the surface structures obtained after H2 and CO reduction have been compared, and it was found that the structure obtained by CO reduction has a larger surface area, thus promoting the subsequent reaction of H2.

### 1239. [Exploring the optoelectronic properties of calcium vanadate semiconductors: A combined experimental and DFT study](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/exploring-the-optoelectronic-properties-of-calcium-vanadate-semiconductors-a-combined-experimental-and-dft-study) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3095-9]
Metal vanadates garner significant interest because of their exceptional potential for use in diverse practical applications, which stems from their unique framework structures, bond strength heterogeneities, and strong O2−–V5+ charge-transfer bands. However, their optoelectronic properties have not yet been sufficiently explored. In this study, we synthesized three high-purity calcium vanadate compounds (CaV2O6, Ca2V2O7, and Ca3V2O8) and comprehensively investigated their optoelectronic properties via first-principles calculations and experimental characterizations. CaV2O6, Ca2V2O7, and Ca3V2O8 are indirect band gap semiconductors with band gaps of 2.5–3.4 eV. A comparative analysis between density functional theory (DFT) and DFT + U (local Coulomb interaction, U) calculations revealed that standard DFT was sufficient to accurately describe the lattice parameters and band gaps of these vanadates. Further luminescence studies revealed significant photo- and electro-luminescence properties within the visible light spectrum. Notably, the luminescence intensity of CaV2O6 exhibited a remarkable 10-fold enhancement under a modest pressure of only 0.88 GPa, underscoring its exceptional potential for use in pressure-tunable optical applications. These findings provide deeper insight into the electronic structures and optical behaviors of vanadates and highlight their potential as strong candidates for application in phosphor materials and optoelectronic devices.

### 1240. [Optimization and mechanism analysis of multi-solid wastes-based geopolymer using response surface methodology](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimization-and-mechanism-analysis-of-multi-solid-wastes-based-geopolymer-using-response-surface-methodology) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3072-8]
The escalating production of industrial solid waste, combined with the dwindling availability of natural resources, has intensified the focus on waste recycling. However, the heterogeneity and complexity of waste pose significant challenges to determining process parameters. In this study, burnt coal cinder (BCC), granite powder (GP), and high-calcium fly ash (Class-C FA) were used as raw materials, and the response surface methodology (RSM) and single-factor experiments were applied to optimize the process parameters for geopolymer preparation. The optimized precursor powder composition was determined to be a mass ratio of 1.6:0.9:7.3 for BCC, GP, and Class-C FA. The NaOH-precursor powder ratio and liquid–solid ratio were adjusted to 0.084 and 0.222, respectively. The curing condition was set at 80°C for 24 h. The resulting 28 d-aged multi-solid wastes-based geopolymer exhibited a high compressive strength of 61.34 MPa. The microstructure, mineral phase, and atomic bonding of geopolymers were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Findings indicate that the compressive strength of geopolymer is most significantly influenced by the Class-C FA, followed by BCC. Furthermore, a minor addition of GP can optimize the structural density of the geopolymer. The Ca present in the Class-C FA participates in the geopolymerization, forming a hybrid N–(C)–A–S–H gel. RSM optimization facilitates the synergistic utilization of multi-solid wastes, ensuring an even distribution of gel and filler. This research establishes a theoretical framework for optimizing the preparation parameters of multi-solid wastes-based geopolymer and its subsequent applications; it holds significant scientific implications for the circular economy, resource transformation, and environmental conservation.

### 1241. [Intelligent perception of kinematic information for a flip-flow screening system based on non-invasive measurement](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/intelligent-perception-of-kinematic-information-for-a-flip-flow-screening-system-based-on-non-invasive-measurement) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3147-1]
Flip-flow screens offer unique advantages in grading fine-grained materials. To address inaccuracies caused by sensor vibrations in traditional contact measurement methods, we constructed a non-invasive measurement system based on electrical and optical signals. A trajectory tracking algorithm for the screen-body was developed to visually measure the kinematics. Employing the principle of laser reflection for distance measurement, optical techniques were performed to capture the kinematic information of the screen-plate. Additionally, by using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth transmission of electrical signals, tracer particle tracking technology was implemented to electrically measure the kinematic information of mineral particles. Consequently, intelligent fusion and perception of the kinematic information for the screen-body, screen-plate, and particles in the screening system have been achieved.

### 1242. [Mineralogical characterization and flotation properties of rare earths in refractory iron tailings subjected to hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mineralogical-characterization-and-flotation-properties-of-rare-earths-in-refractory-iron-tailings-subjected-to-hydrogen-based-mineral-phase-transformation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3053-y]
Hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT) technology has demonstrated its effectiveness in separating iron and enriching rare earths from Bayan Obo refractory ores. However, further research is needed to clarify the phase composition and floatability of rare earths obtained after HMPT owing to the associated phase transformations. This study explored the mineralogical characteristics and separation behavior of rare earths in HMPT-treated iron tailings. Process mineralogy studies conducted via BGRIMM process mineralogy analysis and X-ray diffraction revealed that the main valuable minerals in the tailings included rare-earth oxides (9.15wt%), monazite (5.31wt%), and fluorite (23.52wt%). The study also examined the impact of mineral liberation and gangue mineral intergrowth on flotation performance. Flotation tests achieved a rare-earth oxide (REO) grade of 74.12wt% with a recovery of 34.17% in open-circuit flotation, whereas closed-circuit flotation resulted in a REO grade of 60.27wt% with a recovery of 73%. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed that monazite remained stable during the HMPT process, while bastnaesite was transformed into Ce7O12 and CeF3, leading to increased collector consumption. Nonetheless, the HMPT process did not significantly affect the flotation performance of rare earths. The enrichment of fluorite in the tailings highlighted its further recovery potential. The integration of HMPT with magnetic separation and flotation presents an efficient strategy for recovering rare earths, iron, and fluorite from Bayan Obo ores.

### 1243. [Structural characteristics, surface properties and methylene blue adsorption application of halloysite nanotubes regulated with controllable treatment processes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-characteristics-surface-properties-and-methylene-blue-adsorption-application-of-halloysite-nanotubes-regulated-with-controllable-treatment-processes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3057-7]
To advance the precise regulation and high-value utilization of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), this work systematically investigated five treatment strategies, including calcination, acid treatment, alkali treatment, acid treatment of calcined HNTs, and alkali treatment of calcined HNTs, to modulate their structural and application properties. The structural characteristics, surface properties, and methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity of HNTs under multiple treatments were systematically analyzed. Calcination at varying temperatures modified the crystal structure, morphology, and surface properties of HNTs, with higher calcination temperatures reducing their reactivity towards MB. Moderate acid treatment expanded the lumen and decreased the surface potential of HNTs, significantly enhancing MB adsorption capacity. In contrast, alkali treatment dispersed the multilayered walls of HNTs and raised surface potential, reducing MB affinity. Acid treatment of calcined HNTs effectively increased their specific surface areas by leaching most of Al while maintaining the tubular structure, thereby maximizing MB adsorption. Alkali treatment of calcined HNTs destroyed the tubular structure and resulted in poor MB adsorption. HNTs pre-calcined at 600°C for 3 h and acid-treated at 60°C for 8 h exhibited an optimal specific surface area of 443 m2·g−1 and an MB adsorption capacity of 190 mg·g−1. Kinetic and Arrhenius equation fittings indicated that chemical reactions control interactions of acids and alkalis with HNTs. This study provides a comprehensive comparison and analysis of five treatment methods, offering insights into regulating the structures and surface properties of HNTs by controlling the treatment condition, thereby laying a foundation for their efficient utilization in practical applications.

### 1244. [Highly efficient desorption and reuse of fatty acid collectors adsorbed on mineral surface: A case study of scheelite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/highly-efficient-desorption-and-reuse-of-fatty-acid-collectors-adsorbed-on-mineral-surface-a-case-study-of-scheelite) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3059-5]
Flotation is the most common method to recover valuable minerals by selective adsorption of collectors on target mineral surfaces. However, in subsequent hydrometallurgy of mineral flotation concentrates, the adsorbed collectors must be desorbed since it can adversely affect the efficiency of metallurgical process and produce wastewater. ZL, as a fatty acid mixture, is a typical industrially used collector for scheelite flotation in China. Sodium oleate (NaOL) has similar fatty acid group as ZL. In this study, the desorption behavior of NaOL/ZL from scheelite surface by a physical method of stirring at a low temperature was investigated. NaOL desorption tests of single mineral showed that a desorption rate of 77.75% for NaOL from scheelite surface into pulp was achieved in a stirring speed of 2500 r/min at 5°C in a neutral environment. Under the above desorption condition, in the pulp containing desorbed collector by adding extra 30% normal NaOL dosage, the scheelite recovery reached about 95% in the single mineral flotation test. Desorption and reuse of ZL collector for the flotation of real scheelite ore showed only a 75% normal dosage of ZL could produce a qualified rough concentrate. The atomic force microscope (AFM) tests showed that after desorption treatment of low temperature and strong stirring, the dense strip-like structure of NaOL on the scheelite surface was destroyed to be speck-like. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) demonstrated that the adsorption energy between NaOL and scheelite surface was more negative at 25°C (−13.39 kcal/mol) than at 5°C (−11.50 kcal/mol) in a neutral pH, indicating that a low temperature was beneficial for the desorption of collector from mineral surface. Due to its simplicity and economy, the method we proposed of desorption of collector from mineral surface and its reuse for flotation has a great potential for industrial application.

### 1245. [Innovative scheme for hemimorphite flotation: Synergistic activation performance and mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/innovative-scheme-for-hemimorphite-flotation-synergistic-activation-performance-and-mechanism) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3016-3]
Hemimorphite exhibits poor floatability during sulfidization flotation. Cu2+ and Pb2+ addition enhances the reactivity of the hemimorphite surface and subsequently improves its flotation behavior. In this study, the mechanisms of Cu2+ + Pb2+ adsorption onto a hemimorphite surface were investigated. We examined the interaction mechanism of xanthate with the hemimorphite surface and observed the changes in the mineral surface hydrophobicity after the synergistic activation with Cu2+ + Pb2+. Microflotation tests indicated that individual activation with Cu2+ or Pb2+ increased the flotation recovery of hemimorphite, with Pb2+ showing greater effectiveness than Cu2+. Meanwhile, synergistic activation with Cu2+ + Pb2+ considerably boosted the flotation recovery of hemimorphite. Cu2+ and Pb2+ were both adsorbed onto the hemimorphite surface, forming an adsorption layer containing Cu or Pb. Following the synergistic activation with Cu2+ + Pb2+, the activated layer on the hemimorphite surface consisted of Cu and Pb and a larger amount of the active product compared with the surface activated by Cu2+ or Pb2+ alone. In addition, xanthate adsorption on the hemimorphite surface increased noticeably after synergistic activation with Cu2+ + Pb2+, suggesting a vigorous reaction between xanthate and the activated minerals. Therefore, synergistic activation with Cu2+ + Pb2+ effectively increased the content of active products on the hemimorphite surface, thereby enhancing mineral surface reactivity, promoting collector adsorption, and improving surface hydrophobicity.

### 1246. [Editorial for Innovative Young Scientist Special Issue](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/editorial-for-innovative-young-scientist-special-issue) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3155-1]
This editorial introduces the Special Issue highlighting the latest innovative research conducted by young scientists who have received the 2023 or 2024 Innovative Young Scientist Awards. Established in 2023 by the University of Science and Technology Beijing, the award recognizes exceptional young scientists under 45 who have demonstrated sustained engagement in frontier research across mineral science, metallurgy, and materials science. The Special Issue showcases the boundless creativity and pioneering spirit of the award recipients, who are actively pursuing groundbreaking advancements in these fields. In mineral science, novel methodologies with high potential for industrial applications are being explored; within metallurgy, innovative insights into fundamental principles are being uncovered; concurrently, materials with superior properties are under investigation; and cutting-edge strategies for recycling and repurposing waste materials are being proposed. The editorial invites readers to delve into these discoveries and draw inspiration from the ingenuity and vision of these emerging scientific leaders.

### 1247. [Synthesis and characterization of high-purity SiO2 nanoparticles utilizing greater club rush: Exploring a promising natural source](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/synthesis-and-characterization-of-high-purity-sio2-nanoparticles-utilizing-greater-club-rush-exploring-a-promising-natural-source) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3065-7]
High-purity SiO2 nanoparticles (SNPs) play a crucial role in various electronic applications, such as semiconductors, solar cells, optical fibers, lenses, and insulating layers, given their purity and particle size, which significantly impact device efficiency. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of pure SNPs through the chemical etching of greater club rush. White powder SNPs were prepared using HCl etching, and their thermal behaviors were analyzed via thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry. Structural properties were investigated using X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray absorption near-edge structure was employed to assess the oxidation state of the SNPs. The morphology of the SNPs after the first etching was amorphous, with sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm, which increased to 50–200 nm after the second etching. Despite this size variation, the SNPs maintained a high purity level of 99.8wt% SiO2, comparable with industry standards. Notably, the second etching with 0.1-M HCl significantly enhanced the purity level, achieving 99.8wt% SiO2 mass. Furthermore, HCl etching facilitated the formation of SiO2 in the Si4+ oxidation state, akin to industrial SNPs. These findings underscore the critical role of HCl etching in synthesizing high-purity SNPs, with potential applications in advanced electronic devices.

### 1248. [Beneficial role of Sn in rapid rust stabilization of weathering steel in marine environments](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/beneficial-role-of-sn-in-rapid-rust-stabilization-of-weathering-steel-in-marine-environments) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2975-8]
Weathering steel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and is widely used in bridges, towers, railways, highways, and other engineering projects that are exposed to the atmosphere for long periods of time. However, before the formation of stable rust layers, weathering steel is prone to liquid rust sagging and spattering, leading to environmental pollution and city appearance concerns. These factors limit the application and development of weathering steel. In this study, a rapid and environmentally friendly method was developed by introducing alloying elements, specifically investigating the role of Sn in the rapid stabilization of rust layers in marine atmospheric environments. The rust layer formed on weathering low-alloy steel exposed to prolonged outdoor conditions and laboratory immersion experiments was explored using electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), micro-Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical measurements. Results showed an optimal synergistic effect between Sn and Cr, which facilitated the accelerated densification of the rust layer. This beneficial effect enhanced the capability of the rust layer to resist Cl− erosion and improved the protection performance of the rust layer.

### 1249. [Numerical simulation of the deformation risk in thin slab continuous casting process with liquid core reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-the-deformation-risk-in-thin-slab-continuous-casting-process-with-liquid-core-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3009-2]
The application of liquid core reduction (LCR) technology in thin slab continuous casting can refine the internal microstructures of slabs and improve their production efficiency. To avoid crack risks caused by large deformation during the LCR process and to minimize the thickness of the slab in bending segments, the maximum theoretical reduction amount and the corresponding reduction scheme for the LCR process must be determined. With SPA-H weathering steel as a specific research steel grade, the distributions of temperature and deformation fields of a slab with the LCR process were analyzed using a three-dimensional thermal–mechanical finite element model. High-temperature tensile tests were designed to determine the critical strain of corner crack propagation and intermediate crack initiation with various strain rates and temperatures, and a prediction model of the critical strain for two typical cracks, combining the effects of strain rate and temperature, was proposed by incorporating the Zener–Hollomon parameter. The crack risks with different LCR schemes were calculated using the crack risk prediction model, and the maximum theoretical reduction amount for the SPA-H slab with a transverse section of 145 mm × 1600 mm was 41.8 mm, with corresponding reduction amounts for Segment 0 to Segment 4 of 15.8, 7.3, 6.5, 6.4, and 5.8 mm, respectively.

### 1250. [Insights into the effects of Mn substitution in CoFe2O4 nanoferrites involving high-frequency storage device applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/insights-into-the-effects-of-mn-substitution-in-cofe2o4-nanoferrites-involving-high-frequency-storage-device-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3040-3]
Nanoferrites of the CoMnxFe(2−x)O4 series (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) were synthesized in this study using the sol–gel auto-combustion approach. The lattice constants were computed within the range of 8.312–8.406 Å, while crystallite sizes were estimated to range between 55.20 and 31.40 nm using the Scherrer method. The different functional groups were found to correlate with various absorption bands using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Five active modes were identified by Raman spectroscopy, revealing vibration modes of O2− ions at tetrahedral and octahedral locations. The ferromagnetic hysteresis loop was observed in all the synthesized samples, which can be explained by Neel’s model. The results showed that AC conductivity decreased with increasing Mn2+ content at the Fe2+ site, while the dielectric constant and dielectric loss increased with increasing frequency. Furthermore, the saturation magnetization (Ms), remnant magnetization (Mr), and coercivity (Hc) all showed declining trends with the increase in Mn2+ doping. Finally, the CoMn0.20Fe1.8O4 samples showed Ms and Mr values ranging from 73.12 to 66.84 emu/g and from 37.77 to 51.89 emu/g, respectively, while Hc values ranged from 1939 to 1312 Oe, after which coercivity increased. Thus, the CoMn0.20Fe1.8O4 sample can be considered a promising candidate for magnetic applications.

### 1251. [In-situ deposition and comparative study of electromagnetic absorption performance of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)@nano-Fe1Co0.8Ni1 composites with different compositions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-deposition-and-comparative-study-of-electromagnetic-absorption-performance-of-mxene-ti3c2txnano-fe1co08ni1-composites-with-different-compositions) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2922-8]
Three sets of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)@nano-Fe1Co0.8Ni1 composites with 15, 45, and 90 mg MXene were prepared by in-situ liquid-phase deposition to effectively investigate the impact of the relationship between MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and nano-Fe1Co0.8Ni1 magnetic particles on the electromagnetic absorption properties of the composites. The microstructure, static magnetic properties, and electromagnetic absorption performance of these composites were studied. Results indicate that the MXene@nano-Fe1Co0.8Ni1 composites were primarily composed of face-centered cubic crystal structure particles and MXene, with spherical Fe1Co0.8Ni1 particles uniformly distributed on the surface of the multilayered MXene. The alloy particles had an average particle size of approximately 100 nm and exhibited good dispersion without noticeable particle aggregation. With the increase in MXene content, the specific saturation magnetic and coercivity of the composite initially decreased and then increased, displaying typical soft magnetic properties. Compared with those of the Fe1Co0.8Ni1 magnetic alloy particles alone, MXene addition caused an increasing trend in the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of the composite. Meanwhile, the real and imaginary parts of the magnetic permeability exhibit decreasing trend. With the increase in MXene addition, the material attenuation constant increased and the impedance matching decreased. The minimum reflection loss increased, and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth decreased. When the MXene addition was 90 mg, the composite exhibited a minimum reflection loss of −46.9 dB with a sample thickness of 1.1 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 3.60 GHz with a sample thickness of 1.0 mm. The effective absorption bandwidth of the composites and their corresponding thicknesses showed a decreasing trend with the increase in MXene addition, reducing by 50% from 1.5 mm without MXene addition to 1 mm with 90 mg of MXene addition.

### 1252. [Microstructure–property relationship of a high strength–toughness Cr–Mo–V steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructureproperty-relationship-of-a-high-strengthtoughness-crmov-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2974-9]
The demand for oil casing steel with ultra-high strength and excellent impact toughness for safe application in ultra-deep wells is pressing. In improving the combination of strength, ductility, and impact toughness, the designed Cr–Mo–V micro-alloyed oil casing steel was quenched at 800, 900, and 1000°C, followed by tempering at 600, 680, and 760°C, respectively, to obtain distinct microstructures. The results showed that the microstructure of the samples quenched at 800°C followed by tempering comprised untransformed ferrite and large undissolved carbides, which considerably deteriorated tensile strength and impact toughness. For other conditions, the nucleated carbides and the boundaries are key factors that balance the tensile strength from 1226 to 971 MPa and the impact toughness from 65 to 236 J. From the perspective of carbide, optimal precipitation strengthening is achieved with a smaller carbide size obtained by a low tempering temperature of 600°C, while larger-sized carbides would remarkably soften the matrix to improve the toughness but deteriorate the tensile strength. Additionally, an increase in prior austenite grain size with the corresponding enlarged sub-boundaries obtained by high quenching temperatures substantially diminishes grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and the energy absorbed in the crack propagation process, which is unfavorable to strength and toughness.

### 1253. [Achieving the excellent intermediate-temperature strength–ductility synergy in a fine-grained FeCrNi-based medium entropy alloy with heterogeneous precipitation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-the-excellent-intermediate-temperature-strengthductility-synergy-in-a-fine-grained-fecrni-based-medium-entropy-alloy-with-heterogeneous-precipitation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3034-1]
Fe–Cr–Ni austenitic alloys are extensively utilized in the hot-end components of nuclear light water reactors, turbine disks, and gas compressors. However, their low strength at elevated temperatures limits their engineering applications. In this study, a novel precipitation-strengthened alloy system is developed by incorporating Al and Si elements into a FeCrNi equiatomic alloy. The results indicate that the FeCrNiAlxSix (at%, x = 0.1, 0.2) alloys possess heterogeneous precipitation structures that feature a micron-scale σ phase at the grain boundaries and a nanoscale ordered body-centered cube (B2) phase within the grains. An exceptional strength–ductility synergy across a wide temperature range is achieved in FeCrNiAl0.1Si0.1 alloys due to grain refinement and precipitation strengthening. Notably, a yield strength of 693.83 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 817.55 MPa, and a uniform elongation of 18.27% are attained at 873 K. The dislocation shearing mechanism for B2 phases and the Orowan bypass mechanism for σ phase, coupled with a high density of nano-twins and stacking faults in the matrix, contribute to the excellent mechanical properties at cryogenic and ambient temperatures. Moreover, the emergence of serrated σ phase and micro-twins in the matrix plays a crucial role in the strengthening and toughening mechanisms at intermediate temperatures. This study offers a novel perspective and strategy for the development of precipitation-hardened Fe–Cr–Ni austenitic alloys with exceptional strength–ductility synergy over a broad temperature range.

### 1254. [Effect of nitrogen addition on the structural, mechanical and corrosion properties of FeCoCrMnNiNx high-entropy nitride ceramic thin films](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-nitrogen-addition-on-the-structural-mechanical-and-corrosion-properties-of-fecocrmnninx-high-entropy-nitride-ceramic-thin-films) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3037-y]
FeCoCrMnNiNx high entropy nitride ceramics thin films were prepared using the magnetron sputtering method, and the effects of nitrogen content on the thin films’ properties were later examined. The addition of N2 affected the microstructures of the thin films and their mechanical and corrosion properties. Compared with the FeCoCrMnNi thin films with 1-sccm N2, the addition of 2 and 3 sccm of N2 by as much as 5.45at% and 6.34at% changed the solid solution’s crystalline structure into an amorphous structure. The addition of nitrogen caused drastic changes to the surface morphology, creating a smoother and more uniform surface without cauliflower units. The atomic force microscopy image analysis indicated that the addition of nitrogen reduced the surface roughness from 5.58 to 1.82 nm. Adding N2 to the CoCrFeMnNi thin film helped increase its mechanical properties, such as hardness and strength, while the Young’s modulus decreased. The hardness of (8.75 ± 0.5) GPa and the reduced Young’s modulus of (257.37 ± 11.4) GPa of the FeCoCrMnNi thin film reached (12.67 ± 1.2) and (194.39 ± 12.4) GPa, respectively, with 1 sccm N2. The applied coating of the CoCrFeMnNi thin film on 304SUS increased the corrosion resistance, whereas the addition of nitrogen to the CoCrFeMnNi thin film also improved its corrosion resistance compared with that of the CoCrFeMnNi thin film without nitrogen.

### 1255. [Texture, residual stress and mechanical properties of 7039-T6 thick plate Al alloy with MIG-welded laminar tearing](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/texture-residual-stress-and-mechanical-properties-of-7039-t6-thick-plate-al-alloy-with-mig-welded-laminar-tearing) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3032-3]
7039 Al alloys are widely used in armor vehicles, given the material’s high specific strength and fracture toughness. However, laminar tearing in the thickness plane of the base metal (BM), specifically in the normal direction (ND) and rolling direction (RD) plane, was occasionally observed after the welding of thick plates, resulting in premature material failure. A vertically metal-inert gas (MIG)-welded laminar tearing component of a 30 mm thick plate was analyzed to determine the factors associated with this phenomenon. The texture, residual stress, microhardness, and tensile properties were also investigated. The results indicated that the crack extended along the RD as a transcrystalline fracture and terminated at the BM. The grains near the crack grew preferentially in the (001) crystal direction. Furthermore, the tensile strength (83 MPa) and elongation (6.8%) in the RD were relatively higher than those in the ND. In particular, the primary factors for crack initiation include stronger texture, higher dislocation density, increased Al7Cu2Fe phases, lower proportion of small-angle grain boundaries, and varying grain sizes in different regions, leading to the fragile microstructure. The higher residual stress of the BM promotes the formation and extension of cracks. The restraining force due to fixation and welding shrinkage force transformed the crack into laminar tearing. Preventive measures of laminar tearing were also proposed.

### 1256. [Effects of high-entropy alloy binders on the microstructure and mechanical/thermal properties of cemented carbides](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-high-entropy-alloy-binders-on-the-microstructure-and-mechanicalthermal-properties-of-cemented-carbides) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2942-4]
The binder phase performs critically on the comprehensive properties of cemented carbides, especially the hardness (HV) and fracture toughness (KIC) relationship. There are strong motivations in both research community and industry for developing alternative binders to Co in cemented carbide system, due to the reasons such as price instability, property degeneration, and toxicity. Herein, six kinds of high entropy alloys (HEA) including CoCrFeNiMn, CoCrFeMnAl, CoCrFeNiAl, CoCrNiMnAl, CoFeNiMnAl, and CrFeNiMnAl were employed as the alternative binder for the preparation of WC–HEA cemented carbides through mechanical alloying and two-step spark plasma sintering. The impacts of HEA on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity of WC–HEA hardmetals were determined and discussed. WC–HEA hardmetals exhibited both superior HV and KIC to WC–metal or WC–intermetallic cemented carbides, indicating that HEA alloys were not only harder but also tougher in comparison with traditional metal or intermetallic binders. The HEA bonded hardmetals yielded thermal conductivities much lower than that of traditional WC–Co cemented carbide. The excellent HV–KIC relationship of WC–HEA facilitated the potential engineering structural application of cemented carbides.

### 1257. [Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of Mg–Gd–Sm(–Zn)–Zr alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hot-deformation-behavior-and-microstructure-evolution-of-mggdsmznzr-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2982-9]
The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and dynamic precipitation of Mg–5Gd–3Sm(–1Zn)–0.5Zr alloys after hot compression deformation were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Furthermore, the DRX mechanisms were investigated by calculating the deformation activation energy, establishing the constitutive equation, and creating a critical strain model. The results indicate that the presence of Zn element enhanced the production of DRX, considerably reduced the strength of {0001} plane texture, and boosted the Schmidt factor of nonbasal plane slip. The Mg–5Gd–3Sm–0.5Zr alloy had a low degree of DRX, manifested as a monolayer of DRX grains at the grain boundaries, and dominated by the discontinuous DRX mechanism. However, the Mg–5Gd–3Sm–1Zn–0.5Zr alloy had a high degree of DRX, which occurred in the form of multilayered DRX grains by the main mechanism of continuous DRX. Compared with the Mg–5Gd–3Sm–0.5Zr alloy, in addition to the Mg5(Gd,Sm) phase, the Mg–5Gd–3Sm–1Zn–0.5Zr alloy also introduced a new dynamic precipitation phase called (Mg,Zn)3(Gd,Sm) phase. The dynamic precipitation phase prevented grain boundary migration and dislocation motion, which promoted DRX nucleation and prevented the growth of recrystallized grains.

### 1258. [Towards understanding and prediction of corrosion degradation of organic coatings under tropical marine atmospheric environment via a data-driven approach](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/towards-understanding-and-prediction-of-corrosion-degradation-of-organic-coatings-under-tropical-marine-atmospheric-environment-via-a-data-driven-approach) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3045-y]
The corrosion degradation of organic coatings in tropical marine atmospheric environments results in substantial economic losses across various industries. The complexity of a dynamic environment, combined with high costs, extended experimental periods, and limited data, places a limit on the comprehension of this process. This study addresses this challenge by investigating the corrosion degradation of damaged organic coatings in a tropical marine environment using an atmospheric corrosion monitoring sensor and a random forest (RF) model. For damage simulation, a polyurethane coating applied to a Fe/graphite corrosion sensor was intentionally scratched and exposed to the marine atmosphere for over one year. Pearson correlation analysis was performed for the collection and filtering of environmental and corrosion current data. According to the RF model, the following specific conditions contributed to accelerated degradation: relative humidity (RH) above 80% and temperatures below 22.5°C, with the risk increasing significantly when RH exceeded 90%. High RH and temperature exhibited a cumulative effect on coating degradation. A high risk of corrosion occurred in the nighttime. The RF model was also used to predict the coating degradation process using environmental data as input parameters, with the accuracy showing improvement when the duration of influential environmental ranges was considered.

### 1259. [Structural characteristics and viscous behaviors of Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–Fe2O3 slags](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/structural-characteristics-and-viscous-behaviors-of-al2o3caosio2fe2o3-slags) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3078-2]
The high-temperature properties of the Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–Fe2O3 basic slag had significant influences on steelmaking operations and waste slag utilization. To further clarify the structural characteristics and properties of Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–Fe2O3 slags, the structures and viscosities of the slags were researched. The slag liquidus temperature was determined, which decreased from 1365 to 1287°C after 4.16wt%–8.52wt% Al2O3 was added to the slags and then increased to 1356°C after 17.07wt% Al2O3 was added. Structure analysis indicated that increasing temperature depolymerized the structure of the 4.16wt%Al2O3–CaO–SiO2–Fe2O3 slag by decreasing the amount of complex AlO4 units and promoting the formation of simplified silicate monomers. The addition of Al2O3 to slags could promote the polymerization of the slag structure by increasing the quantities of complex AlO4 tetrahedral and complicated Si–O units. Variations in the degree of structure polymerization showed similar trends at the same superheat degree and the same quenching temperature, and both samples could be used for analyzing the impact of Al2O3 on slag structures. Finally, the viscous behavior of the present slag system was evaluated. Increasing Al2O3 content could increase slag viscosity, and the apparent activation energy increased from 132.13 to 174.83 kJ/mol as the content of Al2O3 increased from 4.16wt% to 17.07wt%.

### 1260. [Study on the ion behavior of solid-phase reaction synthesis of iron chromite at 1473 K](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-on-the-ion-behavior-of-solid-phase-reaction-synthesis-of-iron-chromite-at-1473-k) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3007-4]
The enrichment of chromium in the magnetic iron chromite (Fe(CrxFe1−x)2O4) phase is crucial for the recovery and recycling of chromium in stainless-steel pickling sludge. The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the solid-phase reaction between Fe3O4 and Cr2O3 were investigated using the diffusion couple method at 1473 K. Not only the diffusion behavior of Fe2+ ions and Cr3+ ions was elucidated, but also the solid solution behavior of Fe3+ ions was discussed clearly. The microscopic morphology of the diffusion couple and the change in the concentrations of Fe and Cr cations across the diffusion layers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The self-diffusion coefficients of cations were calculated based on the concentration profiles of Fe and Cr, with the results indicating that the self-diffusion coefficient of the Fe ions was consistently higher than that of the Cr ions. Additionally, a mixture of Fe3O4 and Cr2O3 was annealed at 1373–1473 K for 1–5 h, and the kinetic parameters were calculated by studying the phase content of the product. The phase content of Fe(CrxFe1−x)2O4 in the product was determined by Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data, revealing that an activation energy (E) of 177.20 kJ·mol−1 and a pre-exponential factor (B) of 610.78 min−1 of the solid-phase reaction that produced the Fe(CrxFe1−x)2O4 spinel.

### 1261. [Kinetics study on the H2 reduction of Nchwaning manganese ore at elevated temperatures](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/kinetics-study-on-the-h2-reduction-of-nchwaning-manganese-ore-at-elevated-temperatures) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3094-x]
Replacing solid carbon with hydrogen gas in ferromanganese production presents a forward-thinking, sustainable solution to reducing the ferro-alloy industry’s carbon emissions. The HAlMan process, a groundbreaking and eco-friendly method, has been meticulously researched and scaled up from laboratory experiments to pilot tests, aiming to drastically cut CO2 emissions associated with ferromanganese production. This innovative process could potentially reduce CO2 emissions by about 1.5 tonnes for every tonne of ferromanganese produced. In this study, a lab-scale vertical thermogravimetric furnace was used to carry out the pre-reduction of Nchwaning manganese ore, where direct reduction occurred with H2 gas under controlled isothermal conditions at 700, 800, and 900°C. The results indicated that higher pre-reduction temperatures (800 and 900°C) effectively converted Fe2O3 to metallic iron and Mn2O3 to MnO. By continuously monitoring the mass changes during the reduction, both the rate and extent of reduction were assessed. A second-order reaction model was applied to validate the experimental outcomes of H2 reduction at various temperatures, showing apparent activation energies of 29.79 kJ/mol for dried ore and 61.71 kJ/mol for pre-calcined ore. The reduction kinetics displayed a strong dependence on temperature, with higher temperatures leading to quicker and more complete reductions. The kinetics analysis suggested that the chemical reaction at the gas–solid interface between hydrogen and the manganese ore is likely the rate-limiting step in this process.

### 1262. [Brief review of external physical field-boosted low-temperature electrodeposition for metals and alloys](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/brief-review-of-external-physical-field-boosted-low-temperature-electrodeposition-for-metals-and-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3035-0]
Electrochemical metallurgy at low temperature (<473 K) shows promise for the extraction and refinement of metals and alloys in a green and sustainable manner. However, the kinetics of the electrodeposition process is generally slow at low temperature, resulting in large overpotential and low current efficiency. Thus, the application of external physical fields has emerged as an effective strategy for improving the mass and charge transfer processes during electrochemical reactions. This review highlights the challenges associated with low-temperature electrochemical processes and briefly discusses recent achievements in optimizing electrodeposition processes through the use of external physical fields. The regulating effects on the optimization of the electrodeposition process and the strategies for selecting various external physical fields, including magnetic, supergravity, and ultrasonic fields are summarized from the perspectives of equipment and mechanisms. Finally, advanced methods for in-situ characterization of external physical field-assisted electrodeposition processes are reviewed to gain a deeper understanding of metallic electrodeposition. An in-depth exploration of the mechanism by which external physical fields affect the electrode process is essential for enhancing the efficiency of metal extraction at low temperatures.

### 1263. [Bacterial-mediated recovery of copper from low-grade copper sulfide using fly ash and bacterial community dynamics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bacterial-mediated-recovery-of-copper-from-low-grade-copper-sulfide-using-fly-ash-and-bacterial-community-dynamics) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2976-7]
Bioleaching is confronted with problems, such as low efficiency, long production cycle length, and vegetation destruction. In order to solve problems above, fly ash and low-grade copper sulfide ores were used to investigate bioleaching behaviors and bacterial community succession. Results showed that copper recovery, bacterial concentration, total proportion of main leaching bacteria including Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidibacillus ferrooxidans, and Leptospirillum ferriphilum, were improved through using appropriate dosage of fly ash. The maximum copper recovery of 79.87% and bacterial concentration of 7.08 × 107 cells·mL−1 were obtained after using 0.8 g·L−1 fly ash. Exclusive precipitation including Zn(Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6)2 and Mg(Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6)2 was found in sample added 0.8 g·L−1 fly ash, which reduced the effect of hazardous ions on bacteria and thus contributing to bacterial proliferation. Bacterial community structure was differentiated, which indicated difference between original inoculation and sample used 0.8 g·L−1 fly ash was less than others. Total proportion of the three microorganism above accounted for more than 95% in all tests, especially in sample with 0.8 g·L−1 fly ash up to 99.81%. Cl− and Ag+ contained in fly ash can act as catalytic agent, which contributed to conversion from smooth and dense passivation layer to sparse and scattered one, and therefore improving contact between ores, lixiviant, and bacteria. Using appropriate dosage of fly ash showed prospects in bioleaching.

### 1264. [Electrochemical extraction of strontium from molten salts using reactive zinc and aluminum electrodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/electrochemical-extraction-of-strontium-from-molten-salts-using-reactive-zinc-and-aluminum-electrodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2939-z]
Herein, the electrochemical behaviors of Sr on inert W electrode and reactive Zn/Al electrodes were systematically investigated in LiCl–KCl–SrCl2 molten salts at 773 K using various electrochemical methods. The chemical reaction potentials of Li and Sr on reactive Zn/Al electrodes were determined. We observed that Sr could be extracted by decreasing the activity of the deposited metal Sr on the reactive electrode, although the standard reduction potential of Sr(II)/Sr was more negative than that of Li(I)/Li. The electrochemical extraction products of Sr on reactive Zn and Al electrodes were Zn13Sr and Al4Sr, respectively, with no codeposition of Li observed. Based on the density functional theory calculations, both Zn13Sr and Al4Sr were identified as stable intermetallic compounds with Zn-/Al-rich phases. In LiCl–KCl molten salt containing 3wt% SrCl2, the coulombic efficiency of Sr in the Zn electrode was ~54%. The depolarization values for Sr on Zn and Al electrodes were 0.864 and 0.485 V, respectively, exhibiting a stronger chemical interaction between Zn and Sr than between Al and Sr. This study suggests that using reactive electrodes can facilitate extraction of Sr accumulated while electrorefining molten salts, thereby enabling the purification and reuse of the salt and decreasing the volume of the nuclear waste.

### 1265. [Efficient AlN decomposition and Al species transformation in secondary aluminum dross through co-sintering with waste sodium acetate](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/efficient-aln-decomposition-and-al-species-transformation-in-secondary-aluminum-dross-through-co-sintering-with-waste-sodium-acetate) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2990-9]
Secondary aluminum dross (SAD) is a rich source of recyclable aluminum but poses considerable risk due to its high AlN content. Therefore, thoroughly removing AlN is essential, but intricate aluminum components and expensive additives pose challenges to the process. In this study, waste sodium acetate is proposed as an environmentally friendly additive for completely removing AlN and enhancing the extraction of aluminum from SAD. Through the exothermic decomposition of NaAc, reactions can occur at 850°C. AlN removal efficiency reached 93.19% after sintering, whereas Al leaching efficiency in the subsequent leaching process reached 90.49%, which were 37.86% and 375.26% higher than the removal efficiency of the control, respectively. These favorable results were attributed to the comprehensive transformation of aluminum species. The formation of soluble phase Na1.95Al1.95Si0.05O4 occurred during the destruction of the Al2O3 layer surrounding AlN and the transformation of other aluminum components. AlN decomposed upon contact with NaAc. Therefore, this study utilizes the decomposition properties of NaAc to provide an efficient and environmentally friendly route for removing AlN and extracting Al from SAD.

### 1266. [Flotation separation of scheelite and calcite using the biopolymer konjac glucomannan: A novel and eco-friendly depressant](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/flotation-separation-of-scheelite-and-calcite-using-the-biopolymer-konjac-glucomannan-a-novel-and-eco-friendly-depressant) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2964-y]
This study investigated the effect of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the flotation separation of calcite and scheelite. Micro-flotation tests showed that under the action of 50 mg/L KGM, the floatability of calcite notably decreased, while the impact on scheelite was negligible, resulting in a recovery difference of 82.53%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses indicated the selective adsorption of KGM on the calcite surface. Test results of the zeta potential and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy revealed that KGM prevented the adsorption of sodium oleate on the calcite surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further confirmed the chemical adsorption of KGM on the calcite surface and the formation of Ca(OH)2. The density functional theory (DFT) simulation results were consistent with the flotation tests, demonstrating the strong adsorption performance of KGM on the calcite surface. This study offers a pathway for highly sustainable and cost-effective mineral processing by utilizing the unique properties of biopolymers such as KGM to separate valuable minerals from gangue minerals.

### 1267. [NO2 gas sensor with high selectivity and fast response based on Pt-loaded nanoporous GaN](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/no2-gas-sensor-with-high-selectivity-and-fast-response-based-on-pt-loaded-nanoporous-gan) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2959-8]
In this work, we realized a room-temperature nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensor based on a platinum (Pt)-loaded nanoporous gallium nitride (NP-GaN) sensing material using the thermal reduction method and coreduction with the catalysis of polyols. The gas sensor gained excellent sensitivity to NO2 at a concentration range of 200 ppm to 100 ppb, benefiting from the loading of Pt nanoparticles, and exhibited a short response time (22 s) and recovery time (170 s) to 100 ppm of NO2 at room temperature with excellent selectivity to NO2 compared with other gases. This phenomenon was attributed to the spillover effect and the synergic electronic interaction with semiconductor materials of Pt, which not only provided more electrons for the adsorption of NO2 molecules but also occupied effective sites, causing poor sites for other gases. The low detection limit of Pt/NP-GaN was 100 ppb, and the gas sensor still had a fast response 70 d after fabrication. Besides, the gas-sensing mechanism of the gas sensor was further elaborated to determine the reason leading to its improved properties. The significant spillover impact and oxygen dissociation of Pt provided advantages to its synergic electronic interaction with semiconductor materials, leading to the improvement of the gas properties of gas sensors.

### 1268. [Multiple impacts of trace Tb addition on the secondary recrystallization and magnetostriction of Fe–Ga thin sheet](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multiple-impacts-of-trace-tb-addition-on-the-secondary-recrystallization-and-magnetostriction-of-fega-thin-sheet) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2943-3]
Fe–Ga sheets with large magnetostriction are required for improving the conversion efficiency under the ultra-high frequency magnetic field. Trace Tb element doping can simultaneously improve the magnetostriction and ductility of Fe–Ga alloy. However, the impact of trace Tb doping on the microstructure and magnetostriction of Fe–Ga thin sheets is an open question. In this paper, the effects of trace Tb addition on the secondary recrystallization and magnetostriction of Fe–Ga thin sheets are systematically studied by comparing the characteristics evolution of precipitation, texture, and nanoinclusions. The results indicate that trace Tb addition accelerates the secondary recrystallization of Goss texture due to the combined action of the bimodal size distributed precipitates, smaller grains, and more HEGBs in primary recrystallization. After quenching at 900°C, the magnetostriction value in 0.07at%Tb-doped Fe81Ga19 thin sheets increases by 30% to that of Fe81Ga19 thin sheets. The increase in magnetostriction is attributed to the decrease in the number of Tb-rich precipitates and the higher density of the nanometer-sized modified-D03 inclusions induced by the dissolving of trace Tb elements after quenching. These results demonstrate a simple and efficient approach for preparing Fe–Ga thin sheets with a large magnetostrictive coefficient by a combination of trace RE element addition and conventional rolling method.

### 1269. [Optimizing the overall performance of Cu–Ni–Si alloy via controlling nanometer-lamellar discontinuous precipitation structure](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/optimizing-the-overall-performance-of-cunisi-alloy-via-controlling-nanometer-lamellar-discontinuous-precipitation-structure) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2969-6]
Simultaneously achieving high strength and high electrical conductivity in Cu–Ni–Si alloys pose a significant challenge, which greatly constrains its applications in the electronics industry. This paper offers a new pathway to improve properties, by preparation of nanometer lamellar discontinuous precipitates (DPs) arranged with the approximate same direction through a combination of deformation-aging and cold rolling process. The strengthening effect is primarily attributed to nanometer-lamellar DPs strengthening and dislocation strengthening mechanism. The accumulation of dislocations at the interface between nanometer lamellar DPs and matrix during cold deformation process can results in the decrease of dislocation density inside the matrix grains, leading to the acceptably slight reduction of electrical conductivity during cold rolling. The alloy exhibits an electrical conductivity of 45.32%IACS (international annealed copper standard, IACS), a tensile strength of 882.67 MPa, and a yield strength of 811.33 MPa by this method. This study can provide a guidance for the composition and microstructure design of a Cu–Ni–Si alloy in the future, by controlling the morphology and distribution of DPs.

### 1270. [In-situ observation of nonmetallic inclusions in steel using confocal scanning laser microscopy: A review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/in-situ-observation-of-nonmetallic-inclusions-in-steel-using-confocal-scanning-laser-microscopy-a-review) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3103-0]
The characteristics of nonmetallic inclusions formed during steel production have a significant influence on steel performance. In this paper, studies on inclusions using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) are reviewed and summarized, particularly the collision of various inclusions, dissolution of inclusions in liquid slag, and reactions between inclusions and steel. Solid inclusions exhibited a high collision tendency, whereas pure liquid inclusions exhibited minimal collisions because of the small attraction force induced by their <90° contact angle with molten steel. The collision of complex inclusions in molten steel was not included in the scope of this study and should be evaluated in future studies. Higher CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 ratios in liquid slag promoted the dissolution of Al2O3-based inclusions. The formation of solid phases in the slag should be prevented to improve dissolution of inclusions. To accurately simulate the dissolution of inclusions in liquid slag, in-situ observation of the dissolution of inclusions at the steel–slag interface is necessary. Using a combination of CSLM and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy, the composition and morphological evolution of the inclusions during their modification by the dissolved elements in steel were observed and analyzed. Although the in-situ observation of MnS and TiN precipitations has been widely studied, the in-situ observation of the evolution of oxide inclusions in steel during solidification and heating processes has rarely been reported. The effects of temperature, heating and cooling rates, and inclusion characteristics on the formation of acicular ferrites (AFs) have been widely studied. At a cooling rate of 3–5 K/s, the order of AF growth rate induced by different inclusions, as reported in literature, is Ti–O < Ti–Ca–Zr–Al–O < Mg–O < Ti–Zr–Al–O < Mn–Ti–Al–O < Ti–Al–O < Zr–Ti–Al–O. Further comprehensive experiments are required to investigate the quantitative relationship between the formation of AFs and inclusions.

### 1271. [Kinetics of isothermal reduction of carbon-containing silicomanganese dust](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/kinetics-of-isothermal-reduction-of-carbon-containing-silicomanganese-dust) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3064-8]
Silicomanganese dust contains large amounts of valuables, such as Si and Mn, which can be used as raw materials for the smelting of silicomanganese. However, the direct addition of dust to the submerged arc furnace can influence the permeability of burden due to the fine particle size of dust, which results in incomplete reduction reactions during the smelting process. In this paper, silicomanganese dust, graphite powder, and other additives were pressed to form carbon-containing dust briquettes, and the self-reduction process of the dust briquettes was investigated through the isothermal thermogravimetric method with different carbon–oxygen (C/O) molar ratios, contents of fluxing agents, and reduction temperatures. Various reduction kinetic models for dust briquettes at different temperatures were established. The results show that the reaction fraction of the dust briquettes was about 90% at a C/O molar ratio of 1.2 with optimal reduction efficiency. The addition of CaF2 contributed to the decrease in the melting point and viscosity of dust briquettes, which increased their reduction rate. As the reduction temperature increased, the reduction rate of dust briquettes increased. The reduction reaction rate of dust briquettes was controlled through gas-phase diffusion. Meanwhile, their reduction process was analyzed kinetically, with the reaction time of 5 min as the dividing line. The apparent activation energies for the two diffusion stages were 56.10 and 100.52 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetic equations are expressed as [1 − (1 − ƒ)1/3]2 = 0.69e−56100/(RT)t and [1 − (1 − ƒ)1/3]2 = 2.06e−100520/(RT)t.

### 1272. [MOFs-derived flower-like cobalt@carbon multiscale hierarchical composites with effective microwave absorption in the low frequency range](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mofs-derived-flower-like-cobaltcarbon-multiscale-hierarchical-composites-with-effective-microwave-absorption-in-the-low-frequency-range) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2962-0]
The wave-absorbing materials are kinds of special electromagnetic functional materials and have been widely used in electromagnetic pollution control and military fields. In-situ integrated hierarchical structure construction is thought as a promising route to improve the microwave absorption performance of the materials. In the present work, layer-structured Co-metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOFs) precursors were grown in-situ on the surface of carbon fibers with the hydrothermal method. After annealed at 500°C under Ar atmosphere, a novel multiscale hierarchical composite (Co@C/CF) was obtained with the support of carbon fibers, keeping the flower-like structure. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were performed to analyze the microstructure and composition of the hierarchical structure, and the microwave absorption performance of the Co@C/CF composites were investigated. The results showed that the growth of the flower-like structure on the surface of carbon fiber was closely related to the metal-to-ligand ratio. The optimized Co@C/CF flower-like composites achieved the best reflection loss of −55.7 dB in the low frequency band of 6–8 GHz at the thickness of 2.8 mm, with the corresponding effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 2.1 GHz. The EAB of 3.24 GHz was achieved in the high frequency range of 12–16 GHz when the thickness was 1.5 mm. The excellent microwave absorption performance was ascribed to the introduction of magnetic components and the construction of the unique structure. The flower-like structure not only balanced the impedance of the fibers themselves, but also extended the propagation path of the microwave and then increased the multiple reflection losses. This work provides a convenient method for the design and development of wave-absorbing composites with in-situ integrated structure.

### 1273. [Strength prediction and cuttability identification of rock based on monitoring while cutting (MWC) using a conical pick](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/strength-prediction-and-cuttability-identification-of-rock-based-on-monitoring-while-cutting-mwc-using-a-conical-pick) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-025-3110-1]
Real-time identification of rock strength and cuttability based on monitoring while cutting during excavation is essential for key procedures such as the precise adjustment of excavation parameters and the in-situ modification of hard rocks. This study proposes an intelligent approach for predicting rock strength and cuttability. A database comprising 132 data sets is established, containing cutting parameters (such as cutting depth and pick angle), cutting responses (such as specific energy and instantaneous cutting rate), and rock mechanical parameters collected from conical pick-cutting experiments. These parameters serve as input features for predicting the uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of rocks using regression fitting and machine learning methodologies. In addition, rock cuttability is classified using a combination of the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and subsequently identified through machine learning approaches. Various models are compared to determine the optimal predictive and classification models. The results indicate that the optimal model for uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength prediction is the genetic algorithm-optimized backpropagation neural network model, and the optimal model for rock cuttability classification is the radial basis neural network model.

### 1274. [Two-dimensional ultrathin nanosheets over mackinawite FeS for efficient electrochemical N2 reduction](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/two-dimensional-ultrathin-nanosheets-over-mackinawite-fes-for-efficient-electrochemical-n2-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3031-4]
Electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) has been considered as a promising and alternative strategy for the synthesis of NH3, which will contribute to the goal of carbon neutrality and sustainability. However, this process often suffers from the barrier for N2 activation and competitive reactions, resulting in poor NH3 yield and low Faraday efficiency (FE). Here, we report a two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin FeS nanosheets with high conductivity through a facile and scalable method under mild condition. The synthesized FeS catalysts can be used as the work electrode in the electrochemical NRR cell with N2-saturated Na2SO4 electrolyte. Such a catalyst shows a NH3 yield of 9.0 μg·h−1·mg−1 (corresponding to 1.47 × 10−4 μmol·s−1·cm−2) and a high FE of 12.4%, which significantly outperformed the other most NRR catalysts. The high catalytic performance of FeS can be attributed to the 2D mackinawite structure, which provides a new insight to explore low-cost and high-performance Fe-based electrocatalysts, as well as accelerates the practical application of the NRR.

### 1275. [High-yield carbon nanofibers derived from nanoporous Cu catalyst alloyed with Ni for sodium storage with high cycling stability](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-yield-carbon-nanofibers-derived-from-nanoporous-cu-catalyst-alloyed-with-ni-for-sodium-storage-with-high-cycling-stability) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2987-4]
High-performance and low-cost anode materials are critical for superior sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, high-yield porous carbon nanofiber (CNF) anode materials (named CNFs@Cu–Ni) are prepared by chemical vapor deposition using a specialized nanoporous Cu–Ni alloy catalyst. Density functional theory calculations indicate that Ni incorporation results in a shift of the d-band center of the catalyst from −2.34157 to −1.93682 eV. This phenomenon elucidates the remarkable adsorption capacity of the Cu–Ni catalyst toward C2H2, thereby facilitating the catalytic growth of high-performance CNFs. With this approach, a superior yield of 258.6% for deposited carbon is reached after growth for 1 h. The CNFs@Cu–Ni anode presents an outstanding discharge capacity of 193.6 mAh·g−1 at 1.0 A·g−1 over 1000 cycles and an exceptional rate capability by maintaining a capacity of 158.9 mAh·g−1 even at 5.0 A·g−1 in an ether-based electrolyte. It also exhibits excellent performance in the CNFs@Cu–Ni//NVP full battery attributed to the presence of abundant Na+ adsorption sites on its surface. This study presents a new concept for the advancement of high-performance carbonaceous electrodes for SIBs.

### 1276. [Enhancing electrochemical performance and magnetic properties of FeVO4 nanoparticles by Ni-doping: The role of Ni contents](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/enhancing-electrochemical-performance-and-magnetic-properties-of-fevo4-nanoparticles-by-ni-doping-the-role-of-ni-contents) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3019-0]
The Fe1−xNixVO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) nanoparticles in this work were successfully synthesized via a co-precipitation method. The structural, magnetic and electrochemical properties of the prepared Fe1−xNixVO4 nanoparticles were studied as a function of Ni content. The experimental results show that the prepared Ni-doped FeVO4 samples have a triclinic structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal a decrease in average nanoparticle size with increasing Ni content, leading to an enhancement in both specific surface area and magnetization values. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis confirms the substitution of Ni2+ ions into Fe3+ sites. The magnetic investigation reveals that Ni-doped FeVO4 exhibits weak ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature, in contrast to the antiferromagnetic behavior observed in the undoped FeVO4. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that the Fe0.95Ni0.05VO4 electrode achieves the highest specific capacitance of 334.05 F·g−1 at a current density of 1 A·g−1, which is attributed to its smallest average pore diameter. In addition, the enhanced specific surface of the Fe0.8Ni0.2VO4 electrode is responsible for its outstanding cyclic stability. Overall, our results suggest that the magnetic and electrochemical properties of FeVO4 nanoparticles could be effectively tuned by varying Ni doping contents.

### 1277. [Effect of Al content on nanoprecipitates, austenite grain growth and toughness in coarse-grained heat-affected zones of Al–Ti–Ca deoxidized shipbuilding steels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-al-content-on-nanoprecipitates-austenite-grain-growth-and-toughness-in-coarse-grained-heat-affected-zones-of-altica-deoxidized-shipbuilding-steels) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2967-8]
This work focuses on the influence of Al content on the precipitation of nanoprecipitates, growth of prior austenite grains (PAGs), and impact toughness in simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zones (CGHAZs) of two experimental shipbuilding steels after being subjected to high-heat input welding at 400 kJ·cm−1. The base metals (BMs) of both steels contained three types of precipitates: Type I: cubic (Ti,Nb)(C,N), Type II: precipitate with cubic (Ti,Nb)(C,N) core and Nb-rich cap, and Type III: ellipsoidal Nb-rich precipitate. In the BM of 60Al and 160Al steels, the number densities of the precipitates were 11.37 × 105 and 13.88 × 105 mm−2, respectively. The 60Al and 160Al steel contained 38.12% and 6.39% Type III precipitates, respectively. The difference in the content of Type III precipitates in the 60Al steel reduced the pinning effect at the elevated temperature of the CGHAZ, which facilitated the growth of PAGs. The average PAG sizes in the CGHAZ of the 60Al and 160Al steels were 189.73 and 174.7 µm, respectively. In the 60Al steel, the low lattice mismatch among Cu2S, TiN, and γ-Al2O3 facilitated the precipitation of Cu2S and TiN onto γ-Al2O3 during welding, which decreased the number density of independently precipitated (Ti,Nb)(C,N) particles but increased that of γ-Al2O3–TiN–Cu2S particles. Thus, abnormally large PAGs formed in the CGHAZ of the 60Al steel, and they reached a maximum size of 1 mm. These PAGs greatly reduced the microstructural homogeneity and consequently decreased the impact toughness from 134 (0.016wt% Al) to 54 J (0.006wt% Al) at −40°C.

### 1278. [Slag Formation in Si and FeSi Production: Reactions Between SiO2 and Limestone or Iron Sources](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/slag-formation-in-si-and-fesi-production-reactions-between-sio2-and-limestone-or-iron-sources) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3052-z]
In Si and FeSi production, slag formation is traditionally considered minimal, but industrial furnace excavations reveal substantial slag accumulation. This study investigates slag formation from reactions between SiO2 and sources of limestone or iron. Experimental analysis focused on slag formation at grain boundaries and interfaces, composition gradients, slag composition within quartz cracks, effects on element dissolution, role of minor elements, wettability, and slag viscosity. The work uses industrial quartz, limestone, lime, iron source, and pure FeO to isolate effects. Findings indicate that slag forms when other oxides react with quartz, and its composition is influenced by equilibrium or kinetic factors. Trace elements like K2O lower slag viscosity and liquidus temperature, enhancing slag formation. The study provides insights into reaction mechanisms, equilibrium conditions, and kinetics, aiding in better understanding of slag formation in industrial furnaces.

### 1279. [Multi-layer multi-pass friction rolling additive manufacturing of Al alloy: Toward complex large-scale high-performance components](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/multi-layer-multi-pass-friction-rolling-additive-manufacturing-of-al-alloy-toward-complex-large-scale-high-performance-components) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2945-1]
At present, the emerging solid-phase friction-based additive manufacturing technology, including friction rolling additive manufacturing (FRAM), can only manufacture simple single-pass components. In this study, multi-layer multi-pass FRAM-deposited aluminum alloy samples were successfully prepared using a non-shoulder tool head. The material flow behavior and microstructure of the overlapped zone between adjacent layers and passes during multi-layer multi-pass FRAM deposition were studied using the hybrid 6061 and 5052 aluminum alloys. The results showed that a mechanical interlocking structure was formed between the adjacent layers and the adjacent passes in the overlapped center area. Repeated friction and rolling of the tool head led to different degrees of lateral flow and plastic deformation of the materials in the overlapped zone, which made the recrystallization degree in the left and right edge zones of the overlapped zone the highest, followed by the overlapped center zone and the non-overlapped zone. The tensile strength of the overlapped zone exceeded 90% of that of the single-pass deposition sample. It is proved that although there are uneven grooves on the surface of the overlapping area during multi-layer and multi-pass deposition, they can be filled by the flow of materials during the deposition of the next layer, thus ensuring the dense microstructure and excellent mechanical properties of the overlapping area. The multi-layer multi-pass FRAM deposition overcomes the limitation of deposition width and lays the foundation for the future deposition of large-scale high-performance components.

### 1280. [Superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant siloxane-modified MgAl–LDHs coatings on magnesium alloy prepared under mild conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/superhydrophobic-and-corrosion-resistant-siloxane-modified-mgalldhs-coatings-on-magnesium-alloy-prepared-under-mild-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2927-3]
We have developed a superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant LDH-W/PFDTMS composite coating on the surface of Mg alloy. This composite comprised a tungstate-intercalated (LDH-W) underlayer that was grown at low temperature (relative to hydrothermal reaction conditions) under atmospheric pressure and an outer polysiloxane layer created from a solution containing perfluorodecyltri-methoxysilane (PFDTMS) using a simple immersion method. The successful intercalation of tungstate into the LDH phase and the following formation of the polysiloxane layer were confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion resistance of the LDH-W film, both before and after the PFDTMS modification, was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel curves, and immersion experiments. The results showed that Mg coated with LDH-W/PFDTMS exhibited significantly enhanced corrosion protection compared to the unmodified LDH-W film, with no apparent signs of corrosion after exposure to 3.5wt% NaCl solution for 15 d. Furthermore, the LDH-W/PFDTMS coating demonstrated superior superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties against water and several common beverages, as confirmed by static contact angle and water-repellency tests. These results offer valuable insights into preparing superhydrophobic and corrosion-resistant LDH-based composite coatings on Mg alloy surfaces under relatively mild reaction conditions.

### 1281. [Mechanism of iron ore blasting fracture using axial uncoupled charges](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanism-of-iron-ore-blasting-fracture-using-axial-uncoupled-charges) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3038-x]
The axial uncoupling coefficient and air deck effect in blasting significantly influence the effectiveness of rock fragmentation. This study employs a passive confinement device to conduct continuous charge and five different axial uncoupling coefficient blasting experiments on cylindrical iron ore samples to explain the rock-breaking mechanisms associated with various axial uncoupling coefficients and air deck effects. It utilizes advanced techniques such as computer tomography (CT) scanning, deep learning, and three dimensional (3D) model reconstruction, to generate a 3D reconstruction model of “rock explosion cracks” under varying axial uncoupling coefficients. This model illustrates the spatial distribution and configurations of explosion cracks. Integrating box-counting dimension and fractal dimension theories enables the quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional fracture field and the extent of damage in rocks subjected to explosive forces. Laboratory 3D experimental results indicate that continuous charging produces the most extensive damage, while a uncoupling coefficient of 1.50 (case 1) results in the least. A moderate air deck length enhances blasting effectiveness and rock fragmentation. For identical charge quantities. In contrast, increasing the charge amount with a constant air deck length further augments rock fragmentation. A rock blasting calculation model was developed using LS-DYNA numerical simulation software under various axial uncoupling coefficients. This model depicts the dynamic damage evolution characteristics of the rocks and variations in hole wall pressure. The numerical simulation results of cumulative rock damage align with the laboratory findings. In addition, increasing the air deck length reduces the peak of the explosion shock wave, decreasing the peak pressure in the charge and air sections by 37.8% to 66.3%. These research outcomes provide valuable theoretical support for designing and optimizing axial uncoupling coefficients in practical applications.

### 1282. [From waste to wealth: Coal tar residue derived carbon materials as low-cost anodes for potassium-ion batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/from-waste-to-wealth-coal-tar-residue-derived-carbon-materials-as-low-cost-anodes-for-potassium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2930-8]
Carbon materials are widely recognized as highly promising electrode materials for various energy storage system applications. Coal tar residues (CTR), as a type of carbon-rich solid waste with high value-added utilization, are crucially important for the development of a more sustainable world. In this study, we employed a straightforward direct carbonization method within the temperature range of 700–1000°C to convert the worthless solid waste CTR into economically valuable carbon materials as anodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). The effect of carbonization temperature on the microstructure and the potassium ions storage properties of CTR-derived carbons (CTRCs) were systematically explored by structural and morphological characterization, alongside electrochemical performances assessment. Based on the co-regulation between the turbine layers, crystal structure, pore structure, functional groups, and electrical conductivity of CTR-derived carbon carbonized at 900°C (CTRC-900H), the electrode material with high reversible capacity of 265.6 mAh·g−1 at 50 mA·g−1, a desirable cycling stability with 93.8% capacity retention even after 100 cycles, and the remarkable rate performance for PIBs were obtained. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different scan rates and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) have been employed to explore the potassium ions storage mechanism and electrochemical kinetics of CTRCs. Results indicate that the electrode behavior is predominantly governed by surface-induced capacitive processes, particularly under high current densities, with the potassium storage mechanism characterized by an “adsorption–weak intercalation” mechanism. This work highlights the potential of CTR-based carbon as a promising electrode material category suitable for high-performance PIBs electrodes, while also provides valuable insights into the new avenues for the high value-added utilization of CTR.

### 1283. [Understanding the local structure and thermophysical behavior of Mg–La liquid alloys via machine learning potential](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/understanding-the-local-structure-and-thermophysical-behavior-of-mgla-liquid-alloys-via-machine-learning-potential) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2928-2]
The local structure and thermophysical behavior of Mg–La liquid alloys were in-depth understood using deep potential molecular dynamic (DPMD) simulation driven via machine learning to promote the development of Mg–La alloys. The robustness of the trained deep potential (DP) model was thoroughly evaluated through several aspects, including root-mean-square errors (RMSEs), energy and force data, and structural information comparison results; the results indicate the carefully trained DP model is reliable. The component and temperature dependence of the local structure in the Mg–La liquid alloy was analyzed. The effect of Mg content in the system on the first coordination shell of the atomic pairs is the same as that of temperature. The pre-peak demonstrated in the structure factor indicates the presence of a medium-range ordered structure in the Mg–La liquid alloy, which is particularly pronounced in the 80at% Mg system and disappears at elevated temperatures. The density, self-diffusion coefficient, and shear viscosity for the Mg–La liquid alloy were predicted via DPMD simulation, the evolution patterns with Mg content and temperature were subsequently discussed, and a database was established accordingly. Finally, the mixing enthalpy and elemental activity of the Mg–La liquid alloy at 1200 K were reliably evaluated, which provides new guidance for related studies.

### 1284. [Microstructural evolution during the progressive transformation-induced plasticity effect in a Fe–0.1C–5Mn medium manganese steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/microstructural-evolution-during-the-progressive-transformation-induced-plasticity-effect-in-a-fe01c5mn-medium-manganese-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2963-z]
The microstructural evolution of a cold-rolled and intercritical annealed medium-Mn steel (Fe–0.10C–5Mn) was investigated during uniaxial tensile testing. In-situ observations under scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted to characterize the progressive transformation-induced plasticity process and associated fracture initiation mechanisms. These findings were discussed with the local strain measurements via digital image correlation. The results indicated that Lüders band formation in the steel was limited to 1.5% strain, which was mainly due to the early-stage martensitic phase transformation of a very small amount of the less stable large-sized retained austenite (RA), which led to localized stress concentrations and strain hardening and further retardation of yielding. The small-sized RA exhibited high stability and progressively transformed into martensite and contributed to a stably extended Portevin–Le Chatelier effect. The volume fraction of RA gradually decreased from 26.8% to 8.2% prior to fracture. In the late deformation stage, fracture initiation primarily occurred at the austenite/martensite and ferrite/martensite interfaces and the ferrite phase.

### 1285. [Effect of lamellarization on the microstructure and mechanical properties of marine 10Ni5CrMoV steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effect-of-lamellarization-on-the-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-marine-10ni5crmov-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2897-5]
Multistage heat treatment involving quenching (Q), lamellarizing (L), and tempering (T) is applied to marine 10Ni5CrMoV steel. The microstructure and mechanical properties were studied by multiscale characterizations, and the kinetics of reverse austenite transformation, strain hardening behavior, and toughening mechanism were further investigated. The lamellarized specimens possess low yield strength but high toughness, especially cryogenic toughness. Lamellarization leads to the development of film-like reversed austenite at the martensite block and lath boundaries, refining the martensite structure and lowering the equivalent grain size. Kinetic analysis of austenite reversion based on the JMAK model shows that the isothermal transformation is dominated by the growth of reversed austenite, and the maximum transformation of reversed austenite is reached at the peak temperature (750°C). The strain hardening behavior based on the modified Crussard–Jaoul analysis indicates that the reversed austenite obtained from lamellarization reduces the proportion of martensite, significantly hindering crack propagation via martensitic transformation during the deformation. As a consequence, the QLT specimens exhibit high machinability and low yield strength. Compared with the QT specimen, the ductile–brittle transition temperature of the QLT specimens decreases from −116 to −130°C due to the low equivalent grain size and reversed austenite, which increases the cleavage force required for crack propagation and absorbs the energy of external load, respectively. This work provides an idea to improve the cryogenic toughness of marine 10Ni5CrMoV steel and lays a theoretical foundation for its industrial application and comprehensive performance improvement.

### 1286. [Oxidative acid leaching behavior of Fe–Ni–Co alloy powder derived from a laterite ore](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/oxidative-acid-leaching-behavior-of-fenico-alloy-powder-derived-from-a-laterite-ore) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3000-y]
The demand for Ni and Co has surged due to the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle industry. Thus, developing efficient and eco-friendly metallurgical routes for extracting these metals has become imperative. This study introduces a sustainable and effective method for extracting Ni and Co from Ni–Co–Fe alloy powder obtained from limonitic laterite ores through selective reduction and magnetic separation. The leaching efficiency for Ni, Co, and Fe was 89.4%, 94.8%, and 96.5%, respectively, under the following conditions for leaching: 3 mol/L H2SO4, 85°C, 10 mL/g liquid–solid ratio, and 90 min leaching time. The incorporation of H2O2 enhanced the leaching efficiency for Ni, Co, and Fe. The redox potential of the solution plays a crucial role in acid dissolution, and H2O2 enhances Ni and Co dissolution. Phosphate precipitation facilitated the removal of Fe from the leachate, affording a 96.1% Fe removal ratio and 2.29% Ni loss.

### 1287. [Mechanical properties of sandstone under in-situ high-temperature and confinement conditions](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanical-properties-of-sandstone-under-in-situ-high-temperature-and-confinement-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3047-9]
Low- to medium-maturity oil shale resources display substantial reserves, offering promising prospects for in-situ conversion in China. Investigating the evolution of the mechanical properties of the reservoir and caprock under in-situ high-temperature and confinement conditions is of considerable importance. Compared to conventional mechanical experiments on rock samples after high-temperature treatment, in-situ high-temperature experiments can more accurately characterize the behavior of rocks in practical engineering, thereby providing a more realistic reflection of their mechanical properties. In this study, an in-situ high-temperature triaxial compression testing machine is developed to conduct in-situ compression tests on sandstone at different temperatures (25, 200, 400, 500, and 650°C) and confining pressures (0, 10, and 20 MPa). Based on the experimental results, the temperature-dependent changes in compressive strength, peak strain, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, cohesion, and internal friction angle are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. Results indicate that the mass of sandstone gradually decreases as the temperature increases. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of sandstone exhibit a linear relationship with temperature. Peak stress decreases as the temperature rises, while it increases with higher confining pressures. Notably, the influence of confining pressure on peak stress diminishes at higher temperatures. Additionally, as the temperature rises, the Poisson’s ratio of sandstone decreases. The internal friction angle also decreases with increasing temperature, with 400°C acting as the threshold temperature. Interestingly, under uniaxial conditions, the damage stress of sandstone is less affected by temperature. However, when the confining pressure is 10 or 20 MPa, the damage stress decreases as the temperature increases. This study enhances our understanding of the influence of in-situ high-temperature and confinement conditions on the mechanical properties of sandstone strata. The study also provides valuable references and experimental data that support the development of low- to medium-maturity oil shale resources.

### 1288. [Unraveling the significance of cobalt on transformation kinetics, crystallography and impact toughness in high-strength steels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/unraveling-the-significance-of-cobalt-on-transformation-kinetics-crystallography-and-impact-toughness-in-high-strength-steels) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2935-3]
This work reveals the significant effects of cobalt (Co) on the microstructure and impact toughness of as-quenched high-strength steels by experimental characterizations and thermo-kinetic analyses. The results show that the Co-bearing steel exhibits finer blocks and a lower ductile–brittle transition temperature than the steel without Co. Moreover, the Co-bearing steel reveals higher transformation rates at the intermediate stage with bainite volume fraction ranging from around 0.1 to 0.6. The improved impact toughness of the Co-bearing steel results from the higher dense block boundaries dominated by the V1/V2 variant pair. Furthermore, the addition of Co induces a larger transformation driving force and a lower bainite start temperature (BS), thereby contributing to the refinement of blocks and the increase of the V1/V2 variant pair. These findings would be instructive for the composition, microstructure design, and property optimization of high-strength steels.

### 1289. [Mechanisms of nanobubble-enhanced flotation of galena from pyrite](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mechanisms-of-nanobubble-enhanced-flotation-of-galena-from-pyrite) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2984-7]
To investigate the mechanisms of how nanobubbles enhance the flotation separation performance of galena from pyrite, the effects of nanobubbles on the surface properties of galena and pyrite and the interactions between mineral particles and air bubbles were examined in this study. Various analytical techniques, including focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), three-phase contact line (TPCL) analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurement, were employed. It has been demonstrated that nanobubbles significantly enhanced the flotation recovery of galena and its flotation selectivity from pyrite, as compared to the conventional flotation process. The preferential formation of nanobubbles on the galena surface, which is more hydrophobic than pyrite surface, further increased the surface hydrophobicity and agglomeration of galena particles. The introduction of nanobubbles into the flotation system also increased in the maximum TPCL length and detachment length between the galena surface and bubbles, contributing to the enhanced flotation efficiency.

### 1290. [Recent progress on transition metal-based amorphous ribbons as electrocatalysts for water splitting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-progress-on-transition-metal-based-amorphous-ribbons-as-electrocatalysts-for-water-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3015-4]
Recent advancements in electrocatalysis have highlighted the exceptional application value of amorphous electrocatalysts. With their unique atomic configurations, these electrocatalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance compared to that of their crystalline counterparts. Transition metal (TM) amorphous ribbon-shaped electrocatalysts have recently emerged as a new frontier in the catalysis field. Dealloying is widely considered a fascinating method for enhancing the electrocatalyst performance. In this review, we comprehensively examine the principles of water electrolysis, discuss the prevalent methods for fabricating ribbon-configured electrocatalysts, and provide an overview of amorphous alloys. Furthermore, we discuss binary, ternary, and high-entropy amorphous TM-based electrocatalysts, which satisfy the requirements necessary for effective water electrolysis. We also propose strategies to enhance the activity of amorphous TM-based ribbons, including morphology control, defect engineering, composition optimization, and heterostructure creation in different electrolytes. Our focus extends to the latest developments in the design of heterogeneous micro/nanostructures, management of preparation techniques, and synthesis of different compositions. Finally, we address the ongoing challenges and provide a perspective on the future development of broadly applicable, self-supporting TM ribbon-shaped electrocatalysts.

### 1291. [Hydrogen bond-induced conduction loss for enhanced electromagnetic attenuation in deep eutectic gel absorbers](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hydrogen-bond-induced-conduction-loss-for-enhanced-electromagnetic-attenuation-in-deep-eutectic-gel-absorbers) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2938-0]
Gels and conductive polymer composites, including hydrogen bonds (HBs), have emerged as promising materials for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption across various applications. However, the relationship between conduction loss in EMW-absorbing materials and charge transfer in HB remains to be fully understood. In this study, we developed a series of deep eutectic gels to fine-tune the quantity of HB by adjusting the molar ratio of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Owing to the unique properties of deep eutectic gels, the effects of magnetic loss and polarization loss on EMW attenuation can be disregarded. Our results indicate that the quantity of HB initially increases and then decreases with the introduction of EG, with HB-induced conductive loss following similar patterns. At a ChCl and EG molar ratio of 2.4, the gel labeled G22-CE2.4 exhibited the best EMW absorption performance, characterized by an effective absorption bandwidth of 8.50 GHz and a thickness of 2.54 mm. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of excellent conductive loss and impedance matching generated by the optimal number of HB. This work elucidates the role of HB in dielectric loss for the first time and provides valuable insights into the optimal design of supramolecular polymer absorbers.

### 1292. [Development of a gold leaching reagent as an alternative to cyanide: Synthesis and performance evaluation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/development-of-a-gold-leaching-reagent-as-an-alternative-to-cyanide-synthesis-and-performance-evaluation) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2957-x]
Cyanide is the most widely used reagent in gold production processes. However, cyanide is highly toxic and poses safety hazards during transportation and use. Therefore, it is necessary to develop gold leaching reagents that can replace cyanide. This paper introduces a method for synthesizing a gold leaching reagent. Sodium cyanate is used as the main raw material, with sodium hydroxide and sodium ferrocyanide used as additives. The gold leaching reagent can be obtained under the conditions of a mass ratio of sodium cyanate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium ferrocyanide of 15:3:1, synthesis temperature of 600°C, and synthesis time of 1 h. This reagent has a good recovery effect on gold concentrate and gold-containing electronic waste. The gold leaching rate of roasted desulfurized gold concentrate can reach 87.56%. For the extraction experiments of three types of gold-containing electronic waste, the gold leaching rate can reach over 90% after 2 h. Furthermore, the reagent exhibits good selectivity towards gold. Component analysis indicates that the effective component in the reagent could be sodium isocyanate.

### 1293. [Effects of carbon content on the microstructure and tensile properties of a low-density steel](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/effects-of-carbon-content-on-the-microstructure-and-tensile-properties-of-a-low-density-steel) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2937-1]
Carbon can change the phase components of low-density steels and influence the mechanical properties. In this study, a new method to control the carbon content and avoid the formation of δ-ferrite by decarburization treatment was proposed. The microstructural changes and mechanical characteristics with carbon content induced by decarburization were systematically examined. Crussard–Jaoul (C–J) analysis was employed to examine the work hardening characteristics during the tensile test. During decarburization by heat treatments, the carbon content within the austenite phase decreased, while Mn and Al were almost unchanged; this made the steel with full austenite transform into the austenite and ferrite dual phase. Meanwhile, (Ti,V)C carbides existed in both matrix phase and the mole fraction almost the same. In addition, the formation of other carbides restrained. Carbon loss induced a decrease in strength due to the weakening of the carbon solid solution. For the steel with the single austinite, the deformation mode of austenite was the dislocation planar glide, resulting in the formation of microbands. For the dual-phase steel, the deformation occurred by the dislocation planar glide of austenite first, with the increase in strain, the cross slip of ferrite took place, forming dislocation cells in ferrite. At the late stage of deformation, the work hardening of austinite increased rapidly, while that of ferrite increased slightly.

### 1294. [A novel solution treatment and aging for powder bed fusion–laser beam Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–6Mo alloy: Microstructural and mechanical characterization](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-novel-solution-treatment-and-aging-for-powder-bed-fusionlaser-beam-ti6al2sn4zr6mo-alloy-microstructural-and-mechanical-characterization) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3006-5]
Ti–6Al–4Zr–2Sn–6Mo alloy is one of the most recent titanium alloys processed using powder bed fusion–laser beam (PBF–LB) technology. This alloy has the potential to replace Ti–6Al–4V in automotive and aerospace applications, given its superior mechanical properties, which are approximately 10% higher in terms of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength after appropriate heat treatment. In as-built conditions, the alloy is characterized by the presence of soft orthorhombic α″ martensite, necessitating a postprocessing heat treatment to decompose this phase and enhance the mechanical properties of the alloy. Usually, PBFed Ti6246 components undergo an annealing process that transforms the α″ martensite into an α–β lamellar microstructure. The primary objective of this research was to develop a solution treatment and aging (STA) heat treatment tailored to the unique microstructure produced by the additive manufacturing process to achieve an ultrafine bilamellar microstructure reinforced by precipitation hardening. This study investigated the effects of various solution temperatures in the α–β field (ranging from 800 to 875°C), cooling media (air and water), and aging time to determine the optimal heat treatment parameters for achieving the desired bilamellar microstructure. For each heat treatment condition, different α–β microstructures were found, varying in terms of the α/β ratio and the size of the primary α-phase lamellae. Particular attention was given to how these factors were influenced by increases in solution temperature and how microhardness correlated with the percentage of the metastable β phase present after quenching. Tensile tests were performed on samples subjected to the most promising heat treatment parameters. A comparison with literature data revealed that the optimized STA treatment enhanced hardness and UTS by 13% and 23%, respectively, compared with those of the annealed alloy. Fracture surface analyses were conducted to investigate fracture mechanisms.

### 1295. [High toughness and strong electromagnetic shielding properties of PAM/PEG dual network hydrogels](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/high-toughness-and-strong-electromagnetic-shielding-properties-of-pampeg-dual-network-hydrogels) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-3012-7]
With the wide application of electromagnetic wave, a high performance electromagnetic shielding material is urgently needed to solve the harm caused by electromagnetic wave. Complete cross-linking strategy is adopted in this paper. Polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) monomer. The obtained PAM was blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prepare PAM/PEG hydrogels and form rigid support structures. Subsequently, the modified carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) were incorporated into sodium alginate (SA) and PAM/PEG. Finally, Na+ was used to trigger SA self-assembly, which significantly improved the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogels, and prepared PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels with high toughness and strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE). The results showed that the compressive strength of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogel was 19.05 MPa, which was 7.69% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogel (17.69 MPa). More encouraging, the average EMI SE of PAM/PEG/SA/S-CNTs-Na hydrogels at a thickness of only 3 mm and a CNTs content of 16.53wt% was 32.92 dB, which is 113.21% higher than that of PAM/PEG hydrogels (15.44 dB).

### 1296. [Co/Co7Fe3 heterostructures with controllable alloying degree on carbon spheres as bifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/coco7fe3-heterostructures-with-controllable-alloying-degree-on-carbon-spheres-as-bifunctional-electrocatalyst-for-rechargeable-zincair-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2958-9]
Exploring efficient and nonprecious metal electrocatalysts of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for developing rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, an alloying-degree control strategy was employed to fabricate nitrogen-doped carbon sphere (NCS) decorated with dual-phase Co/Co7Fe3 heterojunctions (CoFe@NCS). The phase composition of materials has been adjusted by controlling the alloying degree. The optimal CoFe0.08@NCS electrocatalyst displays a half-wave potential of 0.80 V for ORR and an overpotential of 283 mV at 10 mA·cm−2 for OER in an alkaline electrolyte. The intriguing bifunctional electrocatalytic activity and durability is attributed to the hierarchically porous structure and interfacial electron coupling of highly-active Co7Fe3 alloy and metallic Co species. When the CoFe0.08@NCS material is used as air–cathode catalyst of rechargeable liquid-state zinc–air battery (ZAB), the device shows a high peak power-density (157 mW·cm−2) and maintains a stable voltage gap over 150 h, outperforming those of the benchmark (Pt/C+RuO2)-based device. In particular, the as-fabricated solid-state flexible ZAB delivers a reliable compatibility under different bending conditions. Our work provides a promising strategy to develop metal/alloy-based electrocatalysts for the application in renewable energy conversion technologies.

### 1297. [Investigation of bubbles escape behavior from low basicity mold flux for high-Mn high-Al steels using 3D X-ray microscope](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-of-bubbles-escape-behavior-from-low-basicity-mold-flux-for-high-mn-high-al-steels-using-3d-x-ray-microscope) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2896-6]
During the continuous casting process of high-Mn high-Al steels, various types of gases such as Ar need to escape through the top of the mold. In which, the behavior of bubbles traversing the liquid slag serves as a restrictive link, closely associated with viscosity and the thickness of liquid slag. In contrast to two-dimensional surface observation, three-dimensional (3D) analysis method can offer a more intuitive, accurate, and comprehensive information. Therefore, this study employs a 3D X-ray microscope (3D-XRM) to obtained spatial distribution and 3D morphological characteristics of residual bubbles in mold flux under different basicity of liquid slag, different temperatures, and different holding times. The results indicate that as basicity of slag increases from 0.52 to 1.03, temperature increases from 1423 to 1573 K, the viscosity of slag decreases, the floating rate of bubbles increases. In addition, when holding time increases from 10 to 30 s, the bubbles floating distance increases, and the volume fraction and average equivalent sphere diameter of the bubbles solidified in the mold flux gradually decreases. In one word, increasing the basicity, temperature, and holding time leading to an increase in the removal rate of bubbles especially for the large. These findings of bubbles escape behavior provide valuable insights into optimizing low basicity mold flux for high-Mn high-Al steels.

### 1298. [Preparation of FeCoNi medium entropy alloy from Fe3+–Co2+–Ni2+ solution system](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preparation-of-feconi-medium-entropy-alloy-from-fe3co2ni2-solution-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2888-6]
In recent years, medium entropy alloys have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physical and chemical performances. By controlling reasonable elemental composition and processing parameters, the medium entropy alloys can exhibit similar properties to high entropy alloys and have lower costs. In this paper, a FeCoNi medium entropy alloy precursor was prepared via sol–gel and co-precipitation methods, respectively, and FeCoNi medium entropy alloys were prepared by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction. The phases and magnetic properties of FeCoNi medium entropy alloy were investigated. Results showed that FeCoNi medium entropy alloy was produced by carbothermal and hydrogen reduction at 1500°C. Some carbon was detected in the FeCoNi medium entropy alloy prepared by carbothermal reduction. The alloy prepared by hydrogen reduction was uniform and showed a relatively high purity. Moreover, the hydrogen reduction product exhibited better saturation magnetization and lower coercivity.

### 1299. [Novel CO2 Adsorbent Prepared with ZSM-5/MCM-48 as Support: High Adsorption Property and Its Mechanism](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/novel-co2-adsorbent-prepared-with-zsm-5mcm-48-as-support-high-adsorption-property-and-its-mechanism) [DOI: 10.15541/jim20240403]
Adsorption by solid amine adsorbent is a promising technology for decarbonization of flue gas. However, adsorption properties of many solid amine adsorbents need to be enhanced, and it is necessary to further study the CO2 adsorption mechanism. A novel CO2 adsorbent with high capacity was obtained by grafting 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) on a micro-mesoporous composite molecular sieve ZSM-5/MCM-48 as the support, and then impregnated with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) or polyethyleneimine (PEI). The maximum adsorption capacity of APTES-ZSM-5/MCM-48-TEPA-60 (A-ZM-T60), loaded with 60% (in mass) TEPA, for CO2 reaches 5.82 mmol·g–1 at 60 ℃ in 15% (in volume) CO2. Carbamate, alkyl ammonium carbamate and carbonate are generated during the chemical adsorption, which is dominant for CO2 adsorption because of the reaction between CO2 and amino groups on the adsorbent, simultaneously accompanied by weak physical adsorption. All above data confirm that these composites display an outstanding adsorption performance with a bright future for CO2 capture from flue gas after desulfurization.

### 1300. [Viscosity and structure relationship with equimolar substitution of CaO with MgO in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag melts](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/viscosity-and-structure-relationship-with-equimolar-substitution-of-cao-with-mgo-in-the-caomgoal2o3sio2-slag-melts) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2913-9]
Currently, the Al2O3 content in the high-alumina slag systems within blast furnaces is generally limited to 16wt%–18.5wt%, making it challenging to overcome this limitation. Unlike most studies that concentrated on managing the MgO/Al2O3 ratio or basicity, this paper explored the effect of equimolar substitution of MgO for CaO on the viscosity and structure of a high-alumina CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag system, providing theoretical guidance and data to facilitate the application of high-alumina ores. The results revealed that the viscosity first decreased and then increased with higher MgO substitution, reaching a minimum at 15mol% MgO concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results found that the depths of the troughs representing [SiO4] tetrahedra, [AlO4] tetrahedra, and Si–O–Al bending became progressively deeper with increased MgO substitution. Deconvolution of the Raman spectra showed that the average number of bridging oxygens per Si atom and the (Q_i) ratio increased from 2.30 and 1.02 to 2.52 and 2.14, respectively, indicating a progressive polymerization of the silicate structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results highlighted that non-bridging oxygen content decreased from 77.97mol% to 63.41mol% with increasing MgO concentration, whereas bridging oxygen and free oxygen contents increased. Structural analysis demonstrated a gradual increase in the polymerization degree of the tetrahedral structure with the increase in MgO substitution. However, bond strength is another important factor affecting the slag viscosity. The occurrence of a viscosity minimum can be attributed to the complex evolution of bond strengths of non-bridging oxygens generated during depolymerization of the [SiO4] and [AlO4] tetrahedral structures by CaO and MgO.

### 1301. [Low-temperature chlorination roasting technology for the simultaneous recovery of valuable metals from spent LiCoO2 cathode material](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/low-temperature-chlorination-roasting-technology-for-the-simultaneous-recovery-of-valuable-metals-from-spent-licoo2-cathode-material) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2898-4]
With the continuous increase in the disposal volume of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), properly recycling spent LIBs has become essential for the advancement of the circular economy. This study presents a systematic analysis of the chlorination roasting kinetics and proposes a new two-step chlorination roasting process that integrates thermodynamics for the recycling of LIB cathode materials. The activation energy for the chloride reaction was 88.41 kJ/mol according to thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetry data obtained by using model-free, model-fitting, and Z(α) function (α is conversion rate). Results indicated that the reaction was dominated by the first-order (F1) model when the conversion rate was less than or equal to 0.5 and shifted to the second-order (F2) model when the conversion rate exceeded 0.5. Optimal conditions were determined by thoroughly investigating the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, and the mass ratio of NH4Cl to LiCoO2. Under the optimal conditions, namely 400°C, 20 min, and NH4Cl/LiCoO2 mass ratio of 3:1, the leaching efficiency of Li and Co reached 99.43% and 99.05%, respectively. Analysis of the roasted products revealed that valuable metals in LiCoO2 transformed into CoCl2 and LiCl. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was elucidated, providing insights for the establishment of a novel low-temperature chlorination roasting technology based on a crystal structure perspective. This technology can guide the development of LIB recycling processes with low energy consumption, low secondary pollution, high recovery efficiency, and high added value.

### 1302. [Role of iron ore in enhancing gasification of iron coke: Structural evolution, influence mechanism and kinetic analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/role-of-iron-ore-in-enhancing-gasification-of-iron-coke-structural-evolution-influence-mechanism-and-kinetic-analysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s12613-024-2873-0]
The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking. To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification, the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated. Furthermore, a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method. The findings indicate that compared to coke, iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area, and the micropores further extend and interconnect. This provides more adsorption sites for CO2 molecules during the gasification process, resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke. Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke. The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix, reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure, which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms. The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure. Moreover, as the proportion of iron ore increases, the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases, from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.

### 1303. [Tuning Isomerism Effect in Organic Bulk Additives Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tuning-isomerism-effect-in-organic-bulk-additives-enables-efficient-and-stable-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01613-z]
Organic additives with multiple functional groups have shown great promise in improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. The functional groups can passivate undercoordinated ions to reduce nonradiative recombination losses. However, how these groups synergistically affect the enhancement beyond passivation is still unclear. Specifically, isomeric molecules with different substitution patterns or molecular shapes remain elusive in designing new organic additives. Here, we report two isomeric carbazolyl bisphosphonate additives, 2,7-CzBP and 3,6-CzBP. The isomerism effect on passivation and charge transport process was studied. The two molecules have similar passivation effects through multiple interactions, e.g., P=O···Pb, P=O···H–N and N–H···I. 2,7-CzBP can further bridge the perovskite crystallites to facilitates charge transport. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.88% and 21.04% were achieved for 0.09 cm2 devices and 14 cm2 modules after 2,7-CzBP treatment, respectively. The devices exhibited enhanced operational stability maintaining 95% of initial PCE after 1000 h of continuous maximum power point tracking. This study of isomerism effect hints at the importance of tuning substitution positions and molecular shapes for organic additives, which paves the way for innovation of next-generation multifunctional aromatic additives.

### 1304. [Advancements in Passive Wireless Sensing Systems in Monitoring Harsh Environment and Healthcare Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advancements-in-passive-wireless-sensing-systems-in-monitoring-harsh-environment-and-healthcare-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01599-8]
Recent advancements in passive wireless sensor technology have significantly extended the application scope of sensing, particularly in challenging environments for monitoring industry and healthcare applications. These systems are equipped with battery-free operation, wireless connectivity, and are designed to be both miniaturized and lightweight. Such features enable the safe, real-time monitoring of industrial environments and support high-precision physiological measurements in confined internal body spaces and on wearable epidermal devices. Despite the exploration into diverse application environments, the development of a systematic and comprehensive research framework for system architecture remains elusive, which hampers further optimization of these systems. This review, therefore, begins with an examination of application scenarios, progresses to evaluate current system architectures, and discusses the function of each component—specifically, the passive sensor module, the wireless communication model, and the readout module—within the context of key implementations in target sensing systems. Furthermore, we present case studies that demonstrate the feasibility of proposed classified components for sensing scenarios, derived from this systematic approach. By outlining a research trajectory for the application of passive wireless systems in sensing technologies, this paper aims to establish a foundation for more advanced, user-friendly applications.

### 1305. [Plant Cell Wall-Like Soft Materials: Micro- and Nanoengineering, Properties, and Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/plant-cell-wall-like-soft-materials-micro-and-nanoengineering-properties-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01569-0]
Plant cell wall (CW)-like soft materials, referred to as artificial CWs, are composites of assembled polymers containing micro-/nanoparticles or fibers/fibrils that are designed to mimic the composition, structure, and mechanics of plant CWs. CW-like materials have recently emerged to test hypotheses pertaining to the intricate structure–property relationships of native plant CWs or to fabricate functional materials. Here, research on plant CWs and CW-like materials is reviewed by distilling key studies on biomimetic composites primarily composed of plant polysaccharides, including cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose, as well as organic polymers like lignin. Micro- and nanofabrication of plant CW-like composites, characterization techniques, and in silico studies are reviewed, with a brief overview of current and potential applications. Micro-/nanofabrication approaches include bacterial growth and impregnation, layer-by-layer assembly, film casting, 3-dimensional templating microcapsules, and particle coating. Various characterization techniques are necessary for the comprehensive mechanical, chemical, morphological, and structural analyses of plant CWs and CW-like materials. CW-like materials demonstrate versatility in real-life applications, including biomass conversion, pulp and paper, food science, construction, catalysis, and reaction engineering. This review seeks to facilitate the rational design and thorough characterization of plant CW-mimetic materials, with the goal of advancing the development of innovative soft materials and elucidating the complex structure–property relationships inherent in native CWs.

### 1306. [Local Strain Engineering of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Towards Quantum Emitters](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/local-strain-engineering-of-two-dimensional-transition-metal-dichalcogenides-towards-quantum-emitters) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01611-1]
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) have received considerable attention in local strain engineering due to their extraordinary mechanical flexibility, electronic structure, and optical properties. The strain-induced out-of-plane deformations in 2D TMDCs lead to diverse excitonic behaviors and versatile modulations in optical properties, paving the way for the development of advanced quantum technologies, flexible optoelectronic materials, and straintronic devices. Research on local strain engineering on 2D TMDCs has been delved into fabrication techniques, electronic state variations, and quantum optical applications. This review begins by summarizing the state-of-the-art methods for introducing local strain into 2D TMDCs, followed by an exploration of the impact of local strain engineering on optical properties. The intriguing phenomena resulting from local strain, such as exciton funnelling and anti-funnelling, are also discussed. We then shift the focus to the application of locally strained 2D TMDCs as quantum emitters, with various strategies outlined for modulating the properties of TMDC-based quantum emitters. Finally, we discuss the remaining questions in this field and provide an outlook on the future of local strain engineering on 2D TMDCs.

### 1307. [Photolithographic Microfabrication of Microbatteries for On-Chip Energy Storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/photolithographic-microfabrication-of-microbatteries-for-on-chip-energy-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01625-9]
Microbatteries (MBs) are crucial to power miniaturized devices for the Internet of Things. In the evolutionary journey of MBs, fabrication technology emerges as the cornerstone, guiding the intricacies of their configuration designs, ensuring precision, and facilitating scalability for mass production. Photolithography stands out as an ideal technology, leveraging its unparalleled resolution, exceptional design flexibility, and entrenched position within the mature semiconductor industry. However, comprehensive reviews on its application in MB development remain scarce. This review aims to bridge that gap by thoroughly assessing the recent status and promising prospects of photolithographic microfabrication for MBs. Firstly, we delve into the fundamental principles and step-by-step procedures of photolithography, offering a nuanced understanding of its operational mechanisms and the criteria for photoresist selection. Subsequently, we highlighted the specific roles of photolithography in the fabrication of MBs, including its utilization as a template for creating miniaturized micropatterns, a protective layer during the etching process, a mold for soft lithography, a constituent of MB active component, and a sacrificial layer in the construction of micro-Swiss-roll structure. Finally, the review concludes with a summary of the key challenges and future perspectives of MBs fabricated by photolithography, providing comprehensive insights and sparking research inspiration in this field.

### 1308. [Biomimetic Micro-Nanostructured Evaporator with Dual-Transition-Metal MXene for Efficient Solar Steam Generation and Multifunctional Salt Harvesting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/biomimetic-micro-nanostructured-evaporator-with-dual-transition-metal-mxene-for-efficient-solar-steam-generation-and-multifunctional-salt-harvesting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01612-0]
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is one of the most attractive approaches to addressing the global freshwater shortage. However, achieving an integrated high evaporation rate, salt harvesting, and multifunctionality in evaporator is still a crucial challenge. Here, a novel composite membrane with biomimetic micro-nanostructured superhydrophobic surface is designed via ultrafast laser etching technology. Attractively, the double-transition-metal (V1/2Mo1/2)2CTx MXene nanomaterials as a photothermal layer, exhibiting the enhanced photothermal conversion performance due to elevated joint densities of states, which enables high populations of photoexcited carrier relaxation and heat release, provides a new insight into the photothermal conversion mechanism for multiple principal element MXene. Hence, the (V1/2Mo1/2)2CTx MXene-200 composite membrane can achieve a high evaporation rate of 2.23 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun, owing to the enhanced “light trap” effect, photothermal conversion, and high-throughput water transfer. Synergetically, the membrane can induce the directed precipitation of salt at the membrane edge, thus enabling salt harvesting for recycling and zero-emission of brine water. Moreover, the composite membrane is endowed with excellent multifunctionality of anti-/de-icing, anti-fouling, and antibacterial, overcoming the disadvantage that versatility is difficult to be compatible. Therefore, the evaporator and the promising strategy hold great potential for the practical application of solar evaporation.

### 1309. [Influence of surface layer slurry temperature on surface cracks and holes of ZTC4 titanium alloy by investment casting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/influence-of-surface-layer-slurry-temperature-on-surface-cracks-and-holes-of-ztc4-titanium-alloy-by-investment-casting) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-025-3157-7]
In this work, the influences of surface layer slurry at different temperatures (10 °C, 14 °C, 18 °C, 22 °C) on wax patterns deformation, shrinkage, slurry coating characteristics, and the surface quality of the casting were investigated by using a single factor variable method. The surface morphologies of the shell molds produced by different temperatures of the surface (first) layer slurries were observed via electron microscopy. Furthermore, the microscopic composition of these shell molds was obtained by EDS, and the osmotic effect of the slurry on the wax patterns at different temperatures was also assessed by the PZ-200 Contact Angle detector. The forming reasons for the surface cracks and holes of thick and large ZTC4 titanium alloy by investment casting were analyzed. The experimental results show that the surface of the shell molds prepared by the surface layer slurry with a low temperature exhibits noticeable damage, which is mainly due to the poor coating performance and the serious expansion and contraction of wax pattern at low temperatures. The second layer shell material (SiO2, Al2O3) immerses into the crack area of the surface layer, contacts and reacts with the molten titanium to form surface cracks and holes in the castings. With the increase of the temperature of surface layer slurry, the damage to the shell surface tends to weaken, and the composition of the shell molds’ surface becomes more uniform with less impurities. The results show that the surface layer slurry at 22 °C is evenly coated on the surface of the wax patterns with appropriate thickness, and there is no surface shell mold rupture caused by sliding slurry after sand leaching. The surface layer slurry temperature is consistent with the wax pattern temperature and the workshop temperature, so there is no damage of the surface layer shell caused by expansion and contraction. Therefore, the shell mold prepared by the surface layer slurry at this temperature has good integrity, isolating the contact between the low inert shell material and the titanium liquid effectively, and the ZTC4 titanium alloy cylinder casting prepared by this shell mold is smooth, without cracks and holes.

### 1310. [Achieving further refinement of grain structure and improvement of mechanical properties in Al-12Si-4Cu-2Ni-1Mg alloy by Al-Ti-C-B master alloy addition and deep cryogenic treatment](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/achieving-further-refinement-of-grain-structure-and-improvement-of-mechanical-properties-in-al-12si-4cu-2ni-1mg-alloy-by-al-ti-c-b-master-alloy-addition-and-deep-cryogenic-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-4124-4]
Near-eutectic Al-Si alloys are widely used in automotive manufacturing due to their superior wear resistance and high temperature performance. Because of high Si content, the grain refinement of near-eutectic Al-Si alloy has been a problem for many years. In this study, the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-12Si-4Cu-2Ni-Mg alloy with addition of Al-Ti-C-B master alloy was fully investigated. Results show that the average grain size of the alloy is greatly reduced from 0.92 mm to 0.50 mm, and the eutectic Si and Al7Cu4Ni precipitates are spheroidized and refined in Al-12Si-4Cu-2Ni-Mg after DCT for 24 h and aging treatment. Thereby these changes of microstructures result in a significant increment of about 22.5% in elongation and a slight enhancement of about 6.8% in tensile strength. Moreover, the refinement of microstructure also significantly improves the fatigue life of the alloy.

### 1311. [Lessons from Nature: Advances and Perspectives in Bionic Microwave Absorption Materials](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/lessons-from-nature-advances-and-perspectives-in-bionic-microwave-absorption-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01591-2]
Inspired by the remarkable electromagnetic response capabilities of the complex morphologies and subtle microstructures evolved by natural organisms, this paper delves into the research advancements and future application potential of bionic microwave-absorbing materials (BMAMs). It outlines the significance of achieving high-performance microwave-absorbing materials through ingenious microstructural design and judicious composition selection, while emphasizing the innovative strategies offered by bionic manufacturing. Furthermore, this work meticulously analyzes how inspiration can be drawn from the intricate structures of marine organisms, plants, animals, and non-metallic minerals in nature to devise and develop BMAMs with superior electromagnetic wave absorption properties. Additionally, the paper provides an in-depth exploration of the theoretical underpinnings of BMAMs, particularly the latest breakthroughs in broadband absorption. By incorporating advanced methodologies such as simulation modeling and bionic gradient design, we unravel the scientific principles governing the microwave absorption mechanisms of BMAMs, thereby furnishing a solid theoretical foundation for understanding and optimizing their performance. Ultimately, this review aims to offer valuable insights and inspiration to researchers in related fields, fostering the collective advancement of research on BMAMs.

### 1312. [Recent Advances in Wide-Range Temperature Metal-CO2 Batteries: A Mini Review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-advances-in-wide-range-temperature-metal-co2-batteries-a-mini-review) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01607-x]
The metal–carbon dioxide batteries, emerging as high-energy–density energy storage devices, enable direct CO2 utilization, offering promising prospects for CO2 capture and utilization, energy conversion, and storage. However, the electrochemical performance of M-CO2 batteries faces significant challenges, particularly at extreme temperatures. Issues such as high overpotential, poor charge reversibility, and cycling capacity decay arise from complex reaction interfaces, sluggish oxidation kinetics, inefficient catalysts, dendrite growth, and unstable electrolytes. Despite significant advancements at room temperature, limited research has focused on the performance of M-CO2 batteries across a wide-temperature range. This review examines the effects of low and high temperatures on M-CO2 battery components and their reaction mechanism, as well as the advancements made in extending operational ranges from room temperature to extremely low and high temperatures. It discusses strategies to enhance electrochemical performance at extreme temperatures and outlines opportunities, challenges, and future directions for the development of M-CO2 batteries.

### 1313. [Ti3C2Tx Composite Aerogels Enable Pressure Sensors for Dialect Speech Recognition Assisted by Deep Learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ti3c2tx-composite-aerogels-enable-pressure-sensors-for-dialect-speech-recognition-assisted-by-deep-learning) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01605-z]
Wearable pressure sensors capable of adhering comfortably to the skin hold great promise in sound detection. However, current intelligent speech assistants based on pressure sensors can only recognize standard languages, which hampers effective communication for non-standard language people. Here, we prepare an ultralight Ti3C2Tx MXene/chitosan/polyvinylidene difluoride composite aerogel with a detection range of 6.25 Pa-1200 kPa, rapid response/recovery time, and low hysteresis (13.69%). The wearable aerogel pressure sensor can detect speech information through the throat muscle vibrations without any interference, allowing for accurate recognition of six dialects (96.2% accuracy) and seven different words (96.6% accuracy) with the assistance of convolutional neural networks. This work represents a significant step forward in silent speech recognition for human–machine interaction and physiological signal monitoring.

### 1314. [An Efficient and Flexible Bifunctional Dual-Band Electrochromic Device Integrating with Energy Storage](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-efficient-and-flexible-bifunctional-dual-band-electrochromic-device-integrating-with-energy-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01604-0]
Dual-band electrochromic devices capable of the spectral-selective modulation of visible (VIS) light and near-infrared (NIR) can notably reduce the energy consumption of buildings and improve the occupants’ visual and thermal comfort. However, the low optical modulation and poor durability of these devices severely limit its practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient and flexible bifunctional dual-band electrochromic device which not only shows excellent spectral-selective electrochromic performance with a high optical modulation and a long cycle life, but also displays a high capacitance and a high energy recycling efficiency of 51.4%, integrating energy-saving with energy-storage. The nanowires structure and abundant oxygen-vacancies of oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanowires endows it high flexibility and a high optical modulation of 73.1% and 85.3% at 633 and 1200 nm respectively. The prototype device assembled can modulate the VIS light and NIR independently and effectively through three distinct modes with a long cycle life (3.3% capacity loss after 10,000 cycles) and a high energy-saving performance (8.8 °C lower than the common glass). Furthermore, simulations also demonstrate that our device outperforms the commercial low-emissivity glass in terms of energy-saving in most climatic zones around the world. Such windows represent an intriguing potential technology to improve the building energy efficiency.

### 1315. [Breaking Solvation Dominance Effect Enabled by Ion–Dipole Interaction Toward Long-Spanlife Silicon Oxide Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/breaking-solvation-dominance-effect-enabled-by-iondipole-interaction-toward-long-spanlife-silicon-oxide-anodes-in-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01592-1]
Micrometer-sized silicon oxide (SiO) anodes encounter challenges in large-scale applications due to significant volume expansion during the alloy/de-alloy process. Herein, an innovative deep eutectic electrolyte derived from succinonitrile is introduced to enhance the cycling stability of SiO anodes. Density functional theory calculations validate a robust ion–dipole interaction between lithium ions (Li+) and succinonitrile (SN). The cosolvent fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) optimizes the Li+ solvation structure in the SN-based electrolyte with its weakly solvating ability. Molecular dynamics simulations investigate the regulating mechanism of ion–dipole and cation–anion interaction. The unique Li+ solvation structure, enriched with FEC and TFSI−, facilitates the formation of an inorganic–organic composite solid electrolyte interphase on SiO anodes. Micro-CT further detects the inhibiting effect on the SiO volume expansion. As a result, the SiO|LiCoO2 full cells exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in deep eutectic-based electrolytes. This work presents an effective strategy for extending the cycle life of SiO anodes by designing a new SN-based deep eutectic electrolyte.

### 1316. [Carbon Dots-Modified Hollow Mesoporous Photonic Crystal Materials for Sensitivity- and Selectivity-Enhanced Sensing of Chloroform Vapor](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-dots-modified-hollow-mesoporous-photonic-crystal-materials-for-sensitivity-and-selectivity-enhanced-sensing-of-chloroform-vapor) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01598-9]
Chloroform and other volatile organic pollutants have garnered widespread attention from the public and researchers, because of their potential harm to the respiratory system, nervous system, skin, and eyes. However, research on chloroform vapor sensing is still in its early stages, primarily due to the lack of specific recognition motif. Here we report a mesoporous photonic crystal sensor incorporating carbon dots-based nanoreceptor (HMSS@CDs-PCs) for enhanced chloroform sensing. The colloidal PC packed with hollow mesoporous silica spheres provides an interconnected ordered macro-meso-hierarchical porous structure, ideal for rapid gas sensing utilizing the photonic bandgap shift as the readout signal. The as-synthesized CDs with pyridinic-N-oxide functional groups adsorbed in the hollow mesoporous silica spheres are found to not only serve as the chloroform adsorption sites, but also a molecular glue that prevents crack formation in the colloidal PC. The sensitivity of HMSS@CDs-PCs sensor is 0.79 nm ppm−1 and an impressively low limit of detection is 3.22 ppm, which are the best reported values in fast-response chloroform vapor sensor without multi-signal assistance. The positive response time is 7.5 s and the negative response time 9 s. Furthermore, relatively stable sensing can be maintained within a relative humidity of 20%–85%RH and temperature of 25–55 °C. This study demonstrates that HMSS@CDs-PCs sensors have practical application potential in indoor and outdoor chloroform vapor detection.

### 1317. [Hierarchically Porous Polypyrrole Foams Contained Ordered Polypyrrole Nanowire Arrays for Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Dynamic Infrared Stealth](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hierarchically-porous-polypyrrole-foams-contained-ordered-polypyrrole-nanowire-arrays-for-multifunctional-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-and-dynamic-infrared-stealth) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01588-x]
As modern communication and detection technologies advance at a swift pace, multifunctional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with active/positive infrared stealth, hydrophobicity, and electric-thermal conversion ability have received extensive attention. Meeting the aforesaid requirements simultaneously remains a huge challenge. In this research, the melamine foam (MF)/polypyrrole (PPy) nanowire arrays (MF@PPy) were fabricated via one-step electrochemical polymerization. The hierarchical MF@PPy foam was composed of three-dimensional PPy micro-skeleton and ordered PPy nanowire arrays. Due to the upwardly grown PPy nanowire arrays, the MF@PPy foam possessed good hydrophobicity ability with a water contact angle of 142.00° and outstanding stability under various harsh environments. Meanwhile, the MF@PPy foam showed excellent thermal insulation property on account of the low thermal conductivity and elongated ligament characteristic of PPy nanowire arrays. Furthermore, taking advantage of the high conductivity (128.2 S m−1), the MF@PPy foam exhibited rapid Joule heating under 3 V, resulting in dynamic infrared stealth and thermal camouflage effects. More importantly, the MF@PPy foam exhibited remarkable EMI shielding effectiveness values of 55.77 dB and 19,928.57 dB cm2 g−1. Strong EMI shielding was put down to the hierarchically porous PPy structure, which offered outstanding impedance matching, conduction loss, and multiple attenuations. This innovative approach provides significant insights to the development of advanced multifunctional EMI shielding foams by constructing PPy nanowire arrays, showing great applications in both military and civilian fields.

### 1318. [NiNC Catalysts in CO2-to-CO Electrolysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ninc-catalysts-in-co2-to-co-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01595-y]
CO2-to-CO electrolyzer technology converts carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide using electrochemical methods, offering significant environmental and energy benefits by aiding in greenhouse gas mitigation and promoting a carbon circular economy. Recent study by Strasser et al. in Nature Chemical Engineering presents a high-performance CO2-to-CO electrolyzer utilizing a NiNC catalyst with nearly 100% faradaic efficiency, employing innovative diagnostic tools like the carbon crossover coefficient (CCC) to address transport-related failures and optimize overall efficiency. Strasser’s research demonstrates the potential of NiNC catalysts, particularly NiNC-IMI, for efficient CO production in CO2-to-CO electrolyzers, highlighting their high selectivity and performance. However, challenges such as localized CO2 depletion and mass transport limitations underscore the need for further optimization and development of diagnostic tools like CCC. Strategies for optimizing catalyst structure and operational parameters offer avenues for enhancing the performance and reliability of electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysts.

### 1319. [Thermoelectric Modulation of Neat Ti3C2Tx MXenes by Finely Regulating the Stacking of Nanosheets](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/thermoelectric-modulation-of-neat-ti3c2tx-mxenes-by-finely-regulating-the-stacking-of-nanosheets) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01594-z]
Emerging two-dimensional MXenes have been extensively studied in a wide range of fields thanks to their superior electrical and hydrophilic attributes as well as excellent chemical stability and mechanical flexibility. Among them, the ultrahigh electrical conductivity (σ) and tunable band structures of benchmark Ti3C2Tx MXene demonstrate its good potential as thermoelectric (TE) materials. However, both the large variation of σ reported in the literature and the intrinsically low Seebeck coefficient (S) hinder the practical applications. Herein, this study has for the first time systematically investigated the TE properties of neat Ti3C2Tx films, which are finely modulated by exploiting different dispersing solvents, controlling nanosheet sizes and constructing composites. First, deionized water is found to be superior for obtaining closely packed MXene sheets relative to other polar solvents. Second, a simultaneous increase in both S and σ is realized via elevating centrifugal speed on MXene aqueous suspensions to obtain small-sized nanosheets, thus yielding an ultrahigh power factor up to ~156 μW m−1 K−2. Third, S is significantly enhanced yet accompanied by a reduction in σ when constructing MXene-based nanocomposites, the latter of which is originated from the damage to the intimate stackings of MXene nanosheets. Together, a correlation between the TE properties of neat Ti3C2Tx films and the stacking of nanosheets is elucidated, which would stimulate further exploration of MXene TEs.

### 1320. [Ammonium Sensing Patch with Ultrawide Linear Range and Eliminated Interference for Universal Body Fluids Analysis](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ammonium-sensing-patch-with-ultrawide-linear-range-and-eliminated-interference-for-universal-body-fluids-analysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01602-2]
Ammonium level in body fluids serves as one of the critical biomarkers for healthcare, especially those relative to liver diseases. The continuous and real-time monitoring in both invasive and non-invasive manners is highly desired, while the ammonium concentrations vary largely in different body fluids. Besides, the sensing reliability based on ion-selective biosensors can be significantly interfered by potassium ions. To tackle these challenges, a flexible and biocompatible sensing patch for wireless ammonium level sensing was reported with an ultrawide linear range for universal body fluids including blood, tears, saliva, sweat and urine. The as-prepared biocompatible sensors deliver a reliable sensitivity of 58.7 mV decade−1 in the range of 1–100 mM and a desirable selectivity coefficient of 0.11 in the interference of potassium ions, attributed to the cross-calibration within the sensors array. The sensor’s biocompatibility was validated by the cell growth on the sensor surface (>80%), hemolysis rates (<5%), negligible cellular inflammatory responses and weight changes of the mice with implanted sensors. Such biocompatible sensors with ultrawide linear range and desirable selectivity open up new possibility of highly compatible biomarker analysis via different body fluids in versatile approaches.

### 1321. [Next-Generation Desalination Membranes Empowered by Novel Materials: Where Are We Now?](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/next-generation-desalination-membranes-empowered-by-novel-materials-where-are-we-now) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01606-y]
Membrane desalination is an economical and energy-efficient method to meet the current worldwide water scarcity. However, state-of-the-art reverse osmosis membranes are gradually being replaced by novel membrane materials as a result of ongoing technological advancements. These novel materials possess intrinsic pore structures or can be assembled to form lamellar membrane channels for selective transport of water or solutes (e.g., NaCl). Still, in real applications, the results fall below the theoretical predictions, and a few properties, including large-scale fabrication, mechanical strength, and chemical stability, also have an impact on the overall effectiveness of those materials. In view of this, we develop a new evaluation framework in the form of radar charts with five dimensions (i.e., water permeance, water/NaCl selectivity, membrane cost, scale of development, and stability) to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and potential of state-of-the-art and newly developed desalination membranes. In this framework, the reported thin film nanocomposite membranes and membranes developed from novel materials were compared with the state-of-the-art thin film composite membranes. This review will demonstrate the current advancements in novel membrane materials and bridge the gap between different desalination membranes. In this review, we also point out the prospects and challenges of next-generation membranes for desalination applications. We believe that this comprehensive framework may be used as a future reference for designing next-generation desalination membranes and will encourage further research and development in the field of membrane technology, leading to new insights and advancements.

### 1322. [Skin-Friendly Large Matrix Iontronic Sensing Meta-Fabric for Spasticity Visualization and Rehabilitation Training via Piezo-Ionic Dynamics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/skin-friendly-large-matrix-iontronic-sensing-meta-fabric-for-spasticity-visualization-and-rehabilitation-training-via-piezo-ionic-dynamics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01566-3]
Rehabilitation training is believed to be an effectual strategy that can reduce the risk of dysfunction caused by spasticity. However, achieving visualization rehabilitation training for patients remains clinically challenging. Herein, we propose visual rehabilitation training system including iontronic meta-fabrics with skin-friendly and large matrix features, as well as high-resolution image modules for distribution of human muscle tension. Attributed to the dynamic connection and dissociation of the meta-fabric, the fabric exhibits outstanding tactile sensing properties, such as wide tactile sensing range (0~300 kPa) and high-resolution tactile perception (50 Pa or 0.058%). Meanwhile, thanks to the differential capillary effect, the meta-fabric exhibits a "hitting three birds with one stone" property (dryness wearing experience, long working time and cooling sensing). Based on this, the fabrics can be integrated with garments and advanced data analysis systems to manufacture a series of large matrix structure (40×40, 1600 sensing units) training devices. Significantly, the tunability of piezo-ionic dynamics of the meta-fabric and the programmability of high-resolution imaging modules allow this visualization training strategy extendable to various common disease monitoring. Therefore, we believe that our study overcomes the constraint of standard spasticity rehabilitation training devices in terms of visual display and paves the way for future smart healthcare.

### 1323. [Concurrently Boosting Activity and Stability of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts via Judiciously Crafting Fe–Mn Dual Atoms for Fuel Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/concurrently-boosting-activity-and-stability-of-oxygen-reduction-reaction-catalysts-via-judiciously-crafting-femn-dual-atoms-for-fuel-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01580-5]
The ability to unlock the interplay between the activity and stability of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) represents an important endeavor toward creating robust ORR catalysts for efficient fuel cells. Herein, we report an effective strategy to concurrent enhance the activity and stability of ORR catalysts via constructing atomically dispersed Fe–Mn dual-metal sites on N-doped carbon (denoted (FeMn-DA)–N–C) for both anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The (FeMn-DA)–N–C catalysts possess ample dual-metal atoms consisting of adjacent Fe-N4 and Mn-N4 sites on the carbon surface, yielded via a facile doping-adsorption-pyrolysis route. The introduction of Mn carries several advantageous attributes: increasing the number of active sites, effectively anchoring Fe due to effective electron transfer to Mn (revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density-functional theory (DFT), thus preventing the aggregation of Fe), and effectively circumventing the occurrence of Fenton reaction, thus reducing the consumption of Fe. The (FeMn-DA)–N–C catalysts showcase half-wave potentials of 0.92 and 0.82 V in 0.1 M KOH and 0.1 M HClO4, respectively, as well as outstanding stability. As manifested by DFT calculations, the introduction of Mn affects the electronic structure of Fe, down-shifts the d-band Fe active center, accelerates the desorption of OH groups, and creates higher limiting potentials. The AEMFC and PEMFC with (FeMn-DA)–N–C as the cathode catalyst display high power densities of 1060 and 746 mW cm−2, respectively, underscoring their promising potential for practical applications. Our study highlights the robustness of designing Fe-containing dual-atom ORR catalysts to promote both activity and stability for energy conversion and storage materials and devices.

### 1324. [Precision-Engineered Construction of Proton-Conducting Metal–Organic Frameworks](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/precision-engineered-construction-of-proton-conducting-metalorganic-frameworks) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01558-3]
Proton-conducting materials have attracted considerable interest because of their extensive application in energy storage and conversion devices. Among them, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) present tremendous development potential and possibilities for constructing novel advanced proton conductors due to their special advantages in crystallinity, designability, and porosity. In particular, several special design strategies for the structure of MOFs have opened new doors for the advancement of MOF proton conductors, such as charged network construction, ligand functionalization, metal-center manipulation, defective engineering, guest molecule incorporation, and pore-space manipulation. With the implementation of these strategies, proton-conducting MOFs have developed significantly and profoundly within the last decade. Therefore, in this review, we critically discuss and analyze the fundamental principles, design strategies, and implementation methods targeted at improving the proton conductivity of MOFs through representative examples. Besides, the structural features, the proton conduction mechanism and the behavior of MOFs are discussed thoroughly and meticulously. Future endeavors are also proposed to address the challenges of proton-conducting MOFs in practical research. We sincerely expect that this review will bring guidance and inspiration for the design of proton-conducting MOFs and further motivate the research enthusiasm for novel proton-conducting materials.

### 1325. [Unlocking Novel Functionality: Pseudocapacitive Sensing in MXene-Based Flexible Supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/unlocking-novel-functionality-pseudocapacitive-sensing-in-mxene-based-flexible-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01567-2]
Extensively explored for their distinctive pseudocapacitance characteristics, MXenes, a distinguished group of 2D materials, have led to remarkable achievements, particularly in the realm of energy storage devices. This work presents an innovative Pseudocapacitive Sensor. The key lies in switching the energy storage kinetics from pseudocapacitor to electrical double layer capacitor by employing the change of local pH (-log[H+]) in MXene-based flexible supercapacitors during bending. Pseudocapacitive sensing is observed in acidic electrolyte but absent in neutral electrolyte. Applied shearing during bending causes liquid-crystalline MXene sheets to increase in their degree of anisotropic alignment. With blocking of H+ mobility due to the higher diffusion barrier, local pH increases. The electrochemical energy storage kinetics transits from Faradaic chemical protonation (intercalation) to non-Faradaic physical adsorption. We utilize the phenomenon of capacitance change due to shifting energy storage kinetics for strain sensing purposes. The developed highly sensitive Pseudocapacitive Sensors feature a remarkable gauge factor (GF) of approximately 1200, far surpassing conventional strain sensors (GF: ~1 for dielectric-cap sensor). The introduction of the Pseudocapacitive Sensor represents a paradigm shift, expanding the application of pseudocapacitance from being solely confined to energy devices to the realm of multifunctional electronics. This technological leap enriches our understanding of the pseudocapacitance mechanism of MXenes, and will drive innovation in cutting-edge technology areas, including advanced robotics, implantable biomedical devices, and health monitoring systems.

### 1326. [Tailoring Cathode–Electrolyte Interface for High-Power and Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tailoring-cathodeelectrolyte-interface-for-high-power-and-stable-lithiumsulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01573-4]
Global interest in lithium–sulfur batteries as one of the most promising energy storage technologies has been sparked by their low sulfur cathode cost, high gravimetric, volumetric energy densities, abundant resources, and environmental friendliness. However, their practical application is significantly impeded by several serious issues that arise at the cathode–electrolyte interface, such as interface structure degradation including the uneven deposition of Li2S, unstable cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer and intermediate polysulfide shuttle effect. Thus, an optimized cathode–electrolyte interface along with optimized electrodes is required for overall improvement. Herein, we comprehensively outline the challenges and corresponding strategies, including electrolyte optimization to create a dense CEI layer, regulating the Li2S deposition pattern, and inhibiting the shuttle effect with regard to the solid–liquid–solid pathway, the transformation from solid–liquid–solid to solid–solid pathway, and solid–solid pathway at the cathode–electrolyte interface. In order to spur more perceptive research and hasten the widespread use of lithium–sulfur batteries, viewpoints on designing a stable interface with a deep comprehension are also put forth.

### 1327. [Anti-Swelling Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel with Submillimeter Lateral Confinement for Osmotic Energy Conversion](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/anti-swelling-polyelectrolyte-hydrogel-with-submillimeter-lateral-confinement-for-osmotic-energy-conversion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01577-0]
Harvesting the immense and renewable osmotic energy with reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology shows great promise in dealing with the ever-growing energy crisis. One key challenge is to improve the output power density with improved trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity. Herein, polyelectrolyte hydrogels (channel width, 2.2 nm) with inherent high ion conductivity have been demonstrated to enable excellent selective ion transfer when confined in cylindrical anodized aluminum pore with lateral size even up to the submillimeter scale (radius, 0.1 mm). The membrane permeability of the anti-swelling hydrogel can also be further increased with cellulose nanofibers. With real seawater and river water, the output power density of a three-chamber cell on behalf of repeat unit of RED system can reach up to 8.99 W m−2 (per unit total membrane area), much better than state-of-the-art membranes. This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ion-selective membranes, owning broad application prospects in the fields of osmotic energy collection, electrodialysis, flow battery and so on.

### 1328. [Hierarchical Polyimide Nonwoven Fabric with Ultralow-Reflectivity Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and High-Temperature Resistant Infrared Stealth Performance](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/hierarchical-polyimide-nonwoven-fabric-with-ultralow-reflectivity-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-and-high-temperature-resistant-infrared-stealth-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01590-3]
Designing and fabricating a compatible low-reflectivity electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding/high-temperature resistant infrared stealth material possesses a critical significance in the field of military. Hence, a hierarchical polyimide (PI) nonwoven fabric is fabricated by alkali treatment, in-situ growth of magnetic particles and "self-activated" electroless Ag plating process. Especially, the hierarchical impedance matching can be constructed by systematically assembling Fe3O4/Ag-loaded PI nonwoven fabric (PFA) and pure Ag-coated PI nonwoven fabric (PA), endowing it with an ultralow-reflectivity EMI shielding performance. In addition, thermal insulation of fluffy three-dimensional (3D) space structure in PFA and low infrared emissivity of PA originated from Ag plating bring an excellent infrared stealth performance. More importantly, the strong bonding interaction between Fe3O4, Ag, and PI fiber improves thermal stability in EMI shielding and high-temperature resistant infrared stealth performance. Such excellent comprehensive performance makes it promising for military tents to protect internal equipment from electromagnetic interference stemmed from adjacent equipment and/or enemy, and inhibit external infrared detection.

### 1329. [Revealing the Role of Hydrogen in Highly Efficient Ag-Substituted CZTSSe Photovoltaic Devices: Photoelectric Properties Modulation and Defect Passivation](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/revealing-the-role-of-hydrogen-in-highly-efficient-ag-substituted-cztsse-photovoltaic-devices-photoelectric-properties-modulation-and-defect-passivation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01574-3]
The presence of SnZn-related defects in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) absorber results in large irreversible energy loss and extra irreversible electron–hole non-radiative recombination, thus hindering the efficiency enhancement of CZTSSe devices. Although the incorporation of Ag in CZTSSe can effectively suppress the SnZn-related defects and significantly improve the resulting cell performance, an excellent efficiency has not been achieved to date primarily owing to the poor electrical-conductivity and the low carrier density of the CZTSSe film induced by Ag substitution. Herein, this study exquisitely devises an Ag/H co-doping strategy in CZTSSe absorber via Ag substitution programs followed by hydrogen-plasma treatment procedure to suppress SnZn defects for achieving efficient CZTSSe devices. In-depth investigation results demonstrate that the incorporation of H in Ag-based CZTSSe absorber is expected to improve the poor electrical-conductivity and the low carrier density caused by Ag substitution. Importantly, the C=O and O–H functional groups induced by hydrogen incorporation, serving as an electron donor, can interact with under-coordinated cations in CZTSSe material, effectively passivating the SnZn-related defects. Consequently, the incorporation of an appropriate amount of Ag/H in CZTSSe mitigates carrier non-radiative recombination, prolongs minority carrier lifetime, and thus yields a champion efficiency of 14.74%, showing its promising application in kesterite-based CZTSSe devices.

### 1330. [Atomically Precise Cu Nanoclusters: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in Synthesis and Catalytic Applications](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/atomically-precise-cu-nanoclusters-recent-advances-challenges-and-perspectives-in-synthesis-and-catalytic-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01555-6]
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters are an emerging type of nanomaterial which has diverse interfacial metal–ligand coordination motifs that can significantly affect their physicochemical properties and functionalities. Among that, Cu nanoclusters have been gaining continuous increasing research attentions, thanks to the low cost, diversified structures, and superior catalytic performance for various reactions. In this review, we first summarize the recent progress regarding the synthetic methods of atomically precise Cu nanoclusters and the coordination modes between Cu and several typical ligands and then discuss the catalytic applications of these Cu nanoclusters with some explicit examples to explain the atomical-level structure–performance relationship. Finally, the current challenges and future research perspectives with some critical thoughts are elaborated. We hope this review can not only provide a whole picture of the current advances regarding the synthesis and catalytic applications of atomically precise Cu nanoclusters, but also points out some future research visions in this rapidly booming field.

### 1331. [Carbon Nanofiber/Polyaniline Composite Aerogel with Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Low Thermal Conductivity, and Extremely Low Heat Release](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/carbon-nanofiberpolyaniline-composite-aerogel-with-excellent-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-low-thermal-conductivity-and-extremely-low-heat-release) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01583-2]
The rapid development of communication technology and high-frequency electronic devices has created a need for more advanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. In response to this demand, a study has been conducted to develop multifunctional carbon nanofibers (CNFs)/polyaniline (PANI) aerogels with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding, flame retardancy, and thermal insulation performance. The process involved freeze-drying of electrospun CNFs and PANI nanoparticles followed by in situ growth PANI to coat the CNFs, creating the core–shell structured CNFs/PANI composite fiber and its hybrid aerogels (CP-3@PANI). The interaction between PANI and aniline (ANI) provides attachment sites, allowing additional ANI adsorption into the aerogel for in situ polymerization. This results in PANI uniformly covering the surface of the CNFs, creating a core–shell composite fiber with a flexible CNF core and PANI shell. This process enhances the utilization rate of the ANI monomer and increases the PANI content loaded onto the aerogel. Additionally, effective connections are established between the CNFs, forming a stable, conductive three-dimensional network structure. The prepared CP-3@PANI aerogels exhibit excellent EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of 85.4 dB and specific EMI SE (SE d−1) of 791.2 dB cm3 g⁻1 in the X-band. Due to the synergistic flame-retardant effect of CNFs, PANI, and the dopant (phytic acid), the CP-3@PANI aerogels demonstrate outstanding flame-retardant and thermal insulation properties, with a peak heat release rate (PHRR) as low as 7.8 W g⁻1 and a total heat release of only 0.58 kJ g⁻1. This study provides an effective strategy for preparing multifunctional integrated EMI shielding materials.

### 1332. [RGB Color-Discriminable Photonic Synapse for Neuromorphic Vision System](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/rgb-color-discriminable-photonic-synapse-for-neuromorphic-vision-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01579-y]
To emulate the functionality of the human retina and achieve a neuromorphic visual system, the development of a photonic synapse capable of multispectral color discrimination is of paramount importance. However, attaining robust color discrimination across a wide intensity range, even irrespective of medium limitations in the channel layer, poses a significant challenge. Here, we propose an approach that can bestow the color-discriminating synaptic functionality upon a three-terminal transistor flash memory even with enhanced discriminating capabilities. By incorporating the strong induced dipole moment effect at the excitation, modulated by the wavelength of the incident light, into the floating gate, we achieve outstanding RGB color-discriminating synaptic functionality within a remarkable intensity range spanning from 0.05 to 40 mW cm−2. This approach is not restricted to a specific medium in the channel layer, thereby enhancing its applicability. The effectiveness of this color-discriminating synaptic functionality is demonstrated through visual pre-processing of a photonic synapse array, involving the differentiation of RGB channels and the enhancement of image contrast with noise reduction. Consequently, a convolutional neural network can achieve an impressive inference accuracy of over 94% for Canadian-Institute-For-Advanced-Research-10 colorful image recognition task after the pre-processing. Our proposed approach offers a promising solution for achieving robust and versatile RGB color discrimination in photonic synapses, enabling significant advancements in artificial visual systems.

### 1333. [Ultrahigh Energy and Power Density in Ni–Zn Aqueous Battery via Superoxide-Activated Three-Electron Transfer](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultrahigh-energy-and-power-density-in-nizn-aqueous-battery-via-superoxide-activated-three-electron-transfer) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01586-z]
Aqueous Ni–Zn microbatteries are safe, reliable and inexpensive but notoriously suffer from inadequate energy and power densities. Herein, we present a novel mechanism of superoxide-activated Ni substrate that realizes the redox reaction featuring three-electron transfers (Ni ↔ Ni3+). The superoxide activates the direct redox reaction between Ni substrate and KNiO2 by lowering the reaction Gibbs free energy, supported by in-situ Raman and density functional theory simulations. The prepared chronopotentiostatic superoxidation-activated Ni (CPS-Ni) electrodes exhibit an ultrahigh capacity of 3.21 mAh cm−2 at the current density of 5 mA cm−2, nearly 8 times that of traditional one-electron processes electrodes. Even under the ultrahigh 200 mA cm−2 current density, the CPS-Ni electrodes show 86.4% capacity retention with a Columbic efficiency of 99.2% after 10,000 cycles. The CPS-Ni||Zn microbattery achieves an exceptional energy density of 6.88 mWh cm−2 and power density of 339.56 mW cm−2. Device demonstration shows that the power source can continuously operate for more than 7 days in powering the sensing and computation intensive practical application of photoplethysmographic waveform monitoring. This work paves the way to the development of multi-electron transfer mechanisms for advanced aqueous Ni–Zn batteries with high capacity and long lifetime.

### 1334. [Ligand Engineering Achieves Suppression of Temperature Quenching in Pure Green Perovskite Nanocrystals for Efficient and Thermostable Electroluminescence](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ligand-engineering-achieves-suppression-of-temperature-quenching-in-pure-green-perovskite-nanocrystals-for-efficient-and-thermostable-electroluminescence) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01564-5]
Formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are promising for display and lighting due to their ultra-pure green emission. However, the thermal quenching will exacerbate their performance degradation in practical applications, which is a common issue for halide perovskites. Here, we reported the heat-resistant FAPbBr3 NCs prepared by a ligand-engineered room-temperature synthesis strategy. An aromatic amine, specifically β-phenylethylamine (PEA) or 3-fluorophenylethylamine (3-F-PEA), was incorporated as the short-chain ligand to expedite the crystallization rate and control the size distribution of FAPbBr3 NCs. Employing this ligand engineering approach, we synthesized high quality FAPbBr3 NCs with uniform grain size and reduced long-chain alkyl ligands, resulting in substantially suppressed thermal quenching and enhanced carrier transportation in the perovskite NCs films. Most notably, more than 90% of the room temperature PL intensity in the 3-F-PEA modified FAPbBr3 NCs film was preserved at 380 K. Consequently, we fabricated ultra-pure green EL devices with a room temperature external quantum efficiency (EQE) as high as 21.9% at the luminance of above 1,000 cd m−2, and demonstrated less than 10% loss in EQE at 343 K. This study introduces a novel room temperature method to synthesize efficient FAPbBr3 NCs with exceptional thermal stability, paving the way for advanced optoelectronic device applications.

### 1335. [A Multifunctional Hydrogel with Multimodal Self-Powered Sensing Capability and Stable Direct Current Output for Outdoor Plant Monitoring Systems](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-multifunctional-hydrogel-with-multimodal-self-powered-sensing-capability-and-stable-direct-current-output-for-outdoor-plant-monitoring-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01587-y]
Smart farming with outdoor monitoring systems is critical to address food shortages and sustainability challenges. These systems facilitate informed decisions that enhance efficiency in broader environmental management. Existing outdoor systems equipped with energy harvesters and self-powered sensors often struggle with fluctuating energy sources, low durability under harsh conditions, non-transparent or non-biocompatible materials, and complex structures. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel is developed, which can fulfill all the above requirements and build self-sustainable outdoor monitoring systems solely by it. It can serve as a stable energy harvester that continuously generates direct current output with an average power density of 1.9 W m−3 for nearly 60 days of operation in normal environments (24 °C, 60% RH), with an energy density of around 1.36 × 10^7 J m−3. It also shows good self-recoverability in severe environments (45 °C, 30% RH) in nearly 40 days of continuous operation. Moreover, this hydrogel enables noninvasive and self-powered monitoring of leaf relative water content, providing critical data on evaluating plant health, previously obtainable only through invasive or high-power consumption methods. Its potential extends to acting as other self-powered environmental sensors. This multifunctional hydrogel enables self-sustainable outdoor systems with scalable and low-cost production, paving the way for future agriculture.

### 1336. [Dual-Donor-Induced Crystallinity Modulation Enables 19.23% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dual-donor-induced-crystallinity-modulation-enables-1923-efficiency-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01576-1]
Trap-assisted charge recombination is one of the primary limitations of restricting the performance of organic solar cells. However, effectively reducing the presence of traps in the photoactive layer remains challenging. Herein, wide bandgap polymer donor PTzBI-dF is demonstrated as an effective modulator for enhancing the crystallinity of the bulk heterojunction active layers composed of D18 derivatives blended with Y6, leading to dense and ordered molecular packings, and thus, improves photoluminescence quenching properties. As a result, the photovoltaic devices exhibit reduced trap-assisted charge recombination losses, achieving an optimized power conversion efficiency of over 19%. Besides the efficiency enhancement, the devices comprised of PTzBI-dF as a third component simultaneously attain decreased current leakage, improved charge carrier mobilities, and suppressed bimolecular charge recombination, leading to reduced energy losses. The advanced crystalline structures induced by PTzBI-dF and its characteristics, such as well-aligned energy level, and complementary absorption spectra, are ascribed to the promising performance improvements. Our findings suggest that donor phase engineering is a feasible approach to tuning the molecular packings in the active layer, providing guidelines for designing effective morphology modulators for high-performance organic solar cells.

### 1337. [Advances in the Development of Gradient Scaffolds Made of Nano-Micromaterials for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advances-in-the-development-of-gradient-scaffolds-made-of-nano-micromaterials-for-musculoskeletal-tissue-regeneration) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01581-4]
The intricate hierarchical structure of musculoskeletal tissues, including bone and interface tissues, necessitates the use of complex scaffold designs and material structures to serve as tissue-engineered substitutes. This has led to growing interest in the development of gradient bone scaffolds with hierarchical structures mimicking the extracellular matrix of native tissues to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes. Building on the anatomical characteristics of bone and interfacial tissues, this review provides a summary of current strategies used to design and fabricate biomimetic gradient scaffolds for repairing musculoskeletal tissues, specifically focusing on methods used to construct compositional and structural gradients within the scaffolds. The latest applications of gradient scaffolds for the regeneration of bone, osteochondral, and tendon-to-bone interfaces are presented. Furthermore, the current progress of testing gradient scaffolds in physiologically relevant animal models of skeletal repair is discussed, as well as the challenges and prospects of moving these scaffolds into clinical application for treating musculoskeletal injuries.

### 1338. [Recent Strategies and Advances in Hydrogel-Based Delivery Platforms for Bone Regeneration](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/recent-strategies-and-advances-in-hydrogel-based-delivery-platforms-for-bone-regeneration) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01557-4]
Bioactive molecules have shown great promise for effectively regulating various bone formation processes, rendering them attractive therapeutics for bone regeneration. However, the widespread application of bioactive molecules is limited by their low accumulation and short half-lives in vivo. Hydrogels have emerged as ideal carriers to address these challenges, offering the potential to prolong retention times at lesion sites, extend half-lives in vivo and mitigate side effects, avoid burst release, and promote adsorption under physiological conditions. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in the development of bioactive molecule-loaded hydrogels for bone regeneration, encompassing applications in cranial defect repair, femoral defect repair, periodontal bone regeneration, and bone regeneration with underlying diseases. Additionally, this review discusses the current strategies aimed at improving the release profiles of bioactive molecules through stimuli-responsive delivery, carrier-assisted delivery, and sequential delivery. Finally, this review elucidates the existing challenges and future directions of hydrogel encapsulated bioactive molecules in the field of bone regeneration.

### 1339. [Efficient and Stable Photoassisted Lithium-Ion Battery Enabled by Photocathode with Synergistically Boosted Carriers Dynamics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/efficient-and-stable-photoassisted-lithium-ion-battery-enabled-by-photocathode-with-synergistically-boosted-carriers-dynamics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01570-7]
Efficient and stable photocathodes with versatility are of significance in photoassisted lithium-ion batteries (PLIBs), while there is always a request on fast carrier transport in electrochemical active photocathodes. Present work proposes a general approach of creating bulk heterojunction to boost the carrier mobility of photocathodes by simply laser assisted embedding of plasmonic nanocrystals. When employed in PLIBs, it was found effective for synchronously enhanced photocharge separation and transport in light charging process. Additionally, experimental photon spectroscopy, finite difference time domain method simulation and theoretical analyses demonstrate that the improved carrier dynamics are driven by the plasmonic-induced hot electron injection from metal to TiO2, as well as the enhanced conductivity in TiO2 matrix due to the formation of oxygen vacancies after Schottky contact. Benefiting from these merits, several benchmark values in performance of TiO2-based photocathode applied in PLIBs are set, including the capacity of 276 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 under illumination, photoconversion efficiency of 1.276% at 3 A g−1, less capacity and Columbic efficiency loss even through 200 cycles. These results exemplify the potential of the bulk heterojunction strategy in developing highly efficient and stable photoassisted energy storage systems.

### 1340. [A Fully-Printed Wearable Bandage-Based Electrochemical Sensor with pH Correction for Wound Infection Monitoring](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-fully-printed-wearable-bandage-based-electrochemical-sensor-with-ph-correction-for-wound-infection-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01561-8]
Wearable sensing systems have been designed to monitor health conditions in real-time by detecting analytes in human biofluids. Wound diagnosis remains challenging, necessitating suitable materials for high-performance wearable sensors to offer prompt feedback. Existing devices have limitations in measuring pH and the concentration of pH-dependent electroactive species simultaneously, which is crucial for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of wound status and optimizing biosensors. Therefore, improving materials and analysis system accuracy is essential. This article introduces the first example of a flexible array capable of detecting pyocyanin, a bacterial virulence factor, while correcting dynamic pH fluctuations. We demonstrate that this combined sensor enhances accuracy by mitigating the impact of pH variability on pyocyanin sensor response. Customized screen-printable inks were developed to enhance analytical performance. The analytical performances of two sensitive sensor systems (i.e., fully-printed porous graphene/multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) and polyaniline/CNT composites for pyocyanin and pH sensors) are evaluated. Partial least square regression is employed to analyze nonzero-order data arrays from square wave voltammetric and potentiometric measurements of pyocyanin and pH sensors to establish a predictive model for pyocyanin concentration in complex fluids. This sensitive and effective strategy shows potential for personalized applications due to its affordability, ease of use, and ability to adjust for dynamic pH changes.

### 1341. [Sulfolane-Based Flame-Retardant Electrolyte for High-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/sulfolane-based-flame-retardant-electrolyte-for-high-voltage-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01546-7]
Sodium-ion batteries hold great promise as next-generation energy storage systems. However, the high instability of the electrode/electrolyte interphase during cycling has seriously hindered the development of SIBs. In particular, an unstable cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) leads to successive electrolyte side reactions, transition metal leaching and rapid capacity decay, which tends to be exacerbated under high-voltage conditions. Therefore, constructing dense and stable CEIs are crucial for high-performance SIBs. This work reports localized high-concentration electrolyte by incorporating a highly oxidation-resistant sulfolane solvent with non-solvent diluent 1H, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, which exhibited excellent oxidative stability and was able to form thin, dense and homogeneous CEI. The excellent CEI enabled the O3-type layered oxide cathode NaNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 (NaNMF) to achieve stable cycling, with a capacity retention of 79.48% after 300 cycles at 1 C and 81.15% after 400 cycles at 2 C with a high charging voltage of 4.2 V. In addition, its nonflammable nature enhances the safety of SIBs. This work provides a viable pathway for the application of sulfolane-based electrolytes on SIBs and the design of next-generation high-voltage electrolytes.

### 1342. [Unleashing the Potential of Electroactive Hybrid Biomaterials and Self-Powered Systems for Bone Therapeutics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/unleashing-the-potential-of-electroactive-hybrid-biomaterials-and-self-powered-systems-for-bone-therapeutics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01536-9]
The incidence of large bone defects caused by traumatic injury is increasing worldwide, and the tissue regeneration process requires a long recovery time due to limited self-healing capability. Endogenous bioelectrical phenomena have been well recognized as critical biophysical factors in bone remodeling and regeneration. Inspired by bioelectricity, electrical stimulation has been widely considered an external intervention to induce the osteogenic lineage of cells and enhance the synthesis of the extracellular matrix, thereby accelerating bone regeneration. With ongoing advances in biomaterials and energy-harvesting techniques, electroactive biomaterials and self-powered systems have been considered biomimetic approaches to ensure functional recovery by recapitulating the natural electrophysiological microenvironment of healthy bone tissue. In this review, we first introduce the role of bioelectricity and the endogenous electric field in bone tissue and summarize different techniques to electrically stimulate cells and tissue. Next, we highlight the latest progress in exploring electroactive hybrid biomaterials as well as self-powered systems such as triboelectric and piezoelectric-based nanogenerators and photovoltaic cell-based devices and their implementation in bone tissue engineering. Finally, we emphasize the significance of simulating the target tissue’s electrophysiological microenvironment and propose the opportunities and challenges faced by electroactive hybrid biomaterials and self-powered bioelectronics for bone repair strategies.

### 1343. [Gradient-Layered MXene/Hollow Lignin Nanospheres Architecture Design for Flexible and Stretchable Supercapacitors](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/gradient-layered-mxenehollow-lignin-nanospheres-architecture-design-for-flexible-and-stretchable-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01512-3]
With the rapid development of flexible wearable electronics, the demand for stretchable energy storage devices has surged. In this work, a novel gradient-layered architecture was design based on single-pore hollow lignin nanospheres (HLNPs)-intercalated two-dimensional transition metal carbide (Ti3C2Tx MXene) for fabricating highly stretchable and durable supercapacitors. By depositing and inserting HLNPs in the MXene layers with a bottom-up decreasing gradient, a multilayered porous MXene structure with smooth ion channels was constructed by reducing the overstacking of MXene lamella. Moreover, the micro-chamber architecture of thin-walled lignin nanospheres effectively extended the contact area between lignin and MXene to improve ion and electron accessibility, thus better utilizing the pseudocapacitive property of lignin. All these strategies effectively enhanced the capacitive performance of the electrodes. In addition, HLNPs, which acted as a protective phase for MXene layer, enhanced mechanical properties of the wrinkled stretchable electrodes by releasing stress through slip and deformation during the stretch-release cycling and greatly improved the structural integrity and capacitive stability of the electrodes. Flexible electrodes and symmetric flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors capable of enduring 600% uniaxial tensile strain were developed with high specific capacitances of 1273 mF cm−2 (241 F g−1) and 514 mF cm−2 (95 F g−1), respectively. Moreover, their capacitances were well preserved after 1000 times of 600% stretch-release cycling. This study showcased new possibilities of incorporating biobased lignin nanospheres in energy storage devices to fabricate stretchable devices leveraging synergies among various two-dimensional nanomaterials.

### 1344. [Ultra-High Sensitivity Anisotropic Piezoelectric Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring and Robotic Perception](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/ultra-high-sensitivity-anisotropic-piezoelectric-sensors-for-structural-health-monitoring-and-robotic-perception) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01539-6]
Monitoring minuscule mechanical signals, both in magnitude and direction, is imperative in many application scenarios, e.g., structural health monitoring and robotic sensing systems. However, the piezoelectric sensor struggles to satisfy the requirements for directional recognition due to the limited piezoelectric coefficient matrix, and achieving sensitivity for detecting micrometer-scale deformations is also challenging. Herein, we develop a vector sensor composed of lead zirconate titanate-electronic grade glass fiber composite filaments with oriented arrangement, capable of detecting minute anisotropic deformations. The as-prepared vector sensor can identify the deformation directions even when subjected to an unprecedented nominal strain of 0.06%, thereby enabling its utility in accurately discerning the 5 μm-height wrinkles in thin films and in monitoring human pulse waves. The ultra-high sensitivity is attributed to the formation of porous ferroelectret and the efficient load transfer efficiency of continuous lead zirconate titanate phase. Additionally, when integrated with machine learning techniques, the sensor's capability to recognize multi-signals enables it to differentiate between 10 types of fine textures with 100% accuracy. The structural design in piezoelectric devices enables a more comprehensive perception of mechanical stimuli, offering a novel perspective for enhancing recognition accuracy.

### 1345. [A Rapid Adaptation Approach for Dynamic Air-Writing Recognition Using Wearable Wristbands with Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-rapid-adaptation-approach-for-dynamic-air-writing-recognition-using-wearable-wristbands-with-self-supervised-contrastive-learning) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01545-8]
Wearable wristband systems leverage deep learning to revolutionize hand gesture recognition in daily activities. Unlike existing approaches that often focus on static gestures and require extensive labeled data, the proposed wearable wristband with self-supervised contrastive learning excels at dynamic motion tracking and adapts rapidly across multiple scenarios. It features a four-channel sensing array composed of an ionic hydrogel with hierarchical microcone structures and ultrathin flexible electrodes, resulting in high-sensitivity capacitance output. Through wireless transmission from a Wi-Fi module, the proposed algorithm learns latent features from the unlabeled signals of random wrist movements. Remarkably, only few-shot labeled data are sufficient for fine-tuning the model, enabling rapid adaptation to various tasks. The system achieves a high accuracy of 94.9% in different scenarios, including the prediction of eight-direction commands, and air-writing of all numbers and letters. The proposed method facilitates smooth transitions between multiple tasks without the need for modifying the structure or undergoing extensive task-specific training. Its utility has been further extended to enhance human–machine interaction over digital platforms, such as game controls, calculators, and three-language login systems, offering users a natural and intuitive way of communication.

### 1346. [Magneto-Dielectric Synergy and Multiscale Hierarchical Structure Design Enable Flexible Multipurpose Microwave Absorption and Infrared Stealth Compatibility](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/magneto-dielectric-synergy-and-multiscale-hierarchical-structure-design-enable-flexible-multipurpose-microwave-absorption-and-infrared-stealth-compatibility) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01549-4]
Developing advanced stealth devices to cope with radar-infrared (IR) fusion detection and diverse application scenarios is increasingly demanded, which faces significant challenges due to conflicting microwave and IR cloaking mechanisms and functional integration limitations. Here, we propose a multiscale hierarchical structure design, integrating wrinkled MXene IR shielding layer and flexible Fe3O4@C/PDMS microwave absorption layer. The top wrinkled MXene layer induces the intensive diffuse reflection effect, shielding IR radiation signals while allowing microwave to pass through. Meanwhile, the permeable microwaves are assimilated into the bottom Fe3O4@C/PDMS layer via strong magneto-electric synergy. Through theoretical and experimental optimization, the assembled stealth devices realize a near-perfect stealth capability in both X-band (8–12 GHz) and long-wave infrared (8–14 µm) wavelength ranges. Specifically, it delivers a radar cross-section reduction of −20 dB m2, a large apparent temperature modulation range (ΔT = 70 °C), and a low average IR emissivity of 0.35. Additionally, the optimal device demonstrates exceptional curved surface conformability, self-cleaning capability (contact angle ≈ 129°), and abrasion resistance (recovery time ≈ 5 s). This design strategy promotes the development of multispectral stealth technology and reinforces its applicability and durability in complex and hostile environments.

### 1347. [Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Enabled by Tailoring Additive Distribution According to the Film Growth Dynamics](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/efficient-and-stable-perovskite-solar-cells-and-modules-enabled-by-tailoring-additive-distribution-according-to-the-film-growth-dynamics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01538-7]
Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method. In this work, we found these two pre-crystallization processes lead to different order of crystallization dynamics within the perovskite thin film, resulting in the differences of additive distribution. We then tailor-designed an additive molecule named 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea to obtain films with fewer defects and holes at the buried interface, and prepared perovskite solar cells with a certified efficiency of 23.75%. Furthermore, this work also demonstrates an efficiency of 20.18% for the large-area perovskite solar module (PSM) with an aperture area of 60.84 cm2. The PSM possesses remarkable continuous operation stability for maximum power point tracking of T90 > 1000 h in ambient air.

### 1348. [Porous Organic Cage-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolyte with Cavity-Induced Anion-Trapping Effect for Long-Life Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/porous-organic-cage-based-quasi-solid-state-electrolyte-with-cavity-induced-anion-trapping-effect-for-long-life-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01499-x]
Porous organic cages (POCs) with permanent porosity and excellent host–guest property hold great potentials in regulating ion transport behavior, yet their feasibility as solid-state electrolytes has never been testified in a practical battery. Herein, we design and fabricate a quasi-solid-state electrolyte (QSSE) based on a POC to enable the stable operation of Li-metal batteries (LMBs). Benefiting from the ordered channels and cavity-induced anion-trapping effect of POC, the resulting POC-based QSSE exhibits a high Li+ transference number of 0.67 and a high ionic conductivity of 1.25 × 10−4 S cm−1 with a low activation energy of 0.17 eV. These allow for homogeneous Li deposition and highly reversible Li plating/stripping for over 2000 h. As a proof of concept, the LMB assembled with POC-based QSSE demonstrates extremely stable cycling performance with 85% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Therefore, our work demonstrates the practical applicability of POC as SSEs for LMBs and could be extended to other energy-storage systems, such as Na and K batteries.

### 1349. [An Unprecedented Efficiency with Approaching 21% Enabled by Additive-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Processing in Organic Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/an-unprecedented-efficiency-with-approaching-21-enabled-by-additive-assisted-layer-by-layer-processing-in-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01529-8]
Recently published in Joule, Feng Liu and colleagues from Shanghai Jiaotong University reported a record-breaking 20.8% power conversion efficiency in organic solar cells (OSCs) with an interpenetrating fibril network active layer morphology, featuring a bulk p-i-n structure and proper vertical segregation achieved through additive-assisted layer-by-layer deposition. This optimized hierarchical gradient fibrillar morphology and optical management synergistically facilitates exciton diffusion, reduces recombination losses, and enhances light capture capability. This approach not only offers a solution to achieving high-efficiency devices but also demonstrates the potential for commercial applications of OSCs.

### 1350. [MoS2 Lubricate-Toughened MXene/ANF Composites for Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mos2-lubricate-toughened-mxeneanf-composites-for-multifunctional-electromagnetic-interference-shielding) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01496-0]
The design and fabrication of high toughness electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite films with diminished reflection are an imperative task to solve electromagnetic pollution problem. Ternary MXene/ANF (aramid nanofibers)–MoS2 composite films with nacre-like layered structure here are fabricated after the introduction of MoS2 into binary MXene/ANF composite system. The introduction of MoS2 fulfills an impressive “kill three birds with one stone” improvement effect: lubrication toughening mechanical performance, reduction in secondary reflection pollution of electromagnetic wave, and improvement in the performance of photothermal conversion. After the introduction of MoS2 into binary MXene/ANF (mass ratio of 50:50), the strain to failure and tensile strength increase from 22.1 ± 1.7% and 105.7 ± 6.4 MPa and to 25.8 ± 0.7% and 167.3 ± 9.1 MPa, respectively. The toughness elevates from 13.0 ± 4.1 to 26.3 ± 0.8 MJ m−3 (~102.3%) simultaneously. And the reflection shielding effectiveness (SER) of MXene/ANF (mass ratio of 50:50) decreases ~10.8%. EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) elevates to 41.0 dB (8.2–12.4 GHz); After the introduction of MoS2 into binary MXene/ANF (mass ratio of 60:40), the strain to failure increases from 18.3 ± 1.9% to 28.1 ± 0.7% (~53.5%), the SER decreases ~22.2%, and the corresponding EMI SE is 43.9 dB. The MoS2 also leads to a more efficient photothermal conversion performance (~45 to ~55 °C). Additionally, MXene/ANF–MoS2 composite films exhibit excellent electric heating performance, quick temperature elevation (15 s), excellent cycle stability (2, 2.5, and 3 V), and long-term stability (2520 s). Combining with excellent mechanical performance with high MXene content, electric heating performance, and photothermal conversion performance, EMI shielding ternary MXene/ANF–MoS2 composite films could be applied in many industrial areas. This work broadens how to achieve a balance between mechanical properties and versatility of composites in the case of high-function fillers.

### 1351. [Tailoring Light–Matter Interactions in Overcoupled Resonator for Biomolecule Recognition and Detection](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/tailoring-lightmatter-interactions-in-overcoupled-resonator-for-biomolecule-recognition-and-detection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01520-3]
Plasmonic nanoantennas provide unique opportunities for precise control of light–matter coupling in surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy, but most of the resonant systems realized so far suffer from the obstacles of low sensitivity, narrow bandwidth, and asymmetric Fano resonance perturbations. Here, we demonstrated an overcoupled resonator with a high plasmon-molecule coupling coefficient (μ) (OC-Hμ resonator) by precisely controlling the radiation loss channel, the resonator-oscillator coupling channel, and the frequency detuning channel. We observed a strong dependence of the sensing performance on the coupling state, and demonstrated that OC-Hμ resonator has excellent sensing properties of ultra-sensitive (7.25% nm−1), ultra-broadband (3–10 μm), and immune asymmetric Fano lineshapes. These characteristics represent a breakthrough in SEIRA technology and lay the foundation for specific recognition of biomolecules, trace detection, and protein secondary structure analysis using a single array (array size is 100×100 µm2). In addition, with the assistance of machine learning, mixture classification, concentration prediction and spectral reconstruction were achieved with the highest accuracy of 100%. Finally, we demonstrated the potential of OC-Hμ resonator for SARS-CoV-2 detection. These findings will promote the wider application of SEIRA technology, while providing new ideas for other enhanced spectroscopy technologies, quantum photonics and studying light–matter interactions.

### 1352. [Prussian Blue Analogue-Templated Nanocomposites for Alkali-Ion Batteries: Progress and Perspective](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/prussian-blue-analogue-templated-nanocomposites-for-alkali-ion-batteries-progress-and-perspective) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01517-y]
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation, whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion batteries (AIBs) including sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Owing to larger ion sizes of Na+ and K+ compared with Li+, nanocomposites with excellent crystallinity orientation and well-developed porosity show unprecedented potential for advanced lithium/sodium/potassium storage. With enticing open rigid framework structures, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) remain promising self-sacrificial templates for the preparation of various nanocomposites, whose appeal originates from the well-retained porous structures and exceptional electrochemical activities after thermal decomposition. This review focuses on the recent progress of PBA-derived nanocomposites from their fabrication, lithium/sodium/potassium storage mechanism, and applications in AIBs (LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs). To distinguish various PBA derivatives, the working mechanism and applications of PBA-templated metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, metal phosphides, and other nanocomposites are systematically evaluated, facilitating the establishment of a structure–activity correlation for these materials. Based on the fruitful achievements of PBA-derived nanocomposites, perspectives for their future development are envisioned, aiming to narrow down the gap between laboratory study and industrial reality.

### 1353. [Bimetallic Single-Atom Catalysts for Water Splitting](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/bimetallic-single-atom-catalysts-for-water-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01505-2]
Green hydrogen from water splitting has emerged as a critical energy vector with the potential to spearhead the global transition to a fossil fuel-independent society. The field of catalysis has been revolutionized by single-atom catalysts (SACs), which exhibit unique and intricate interactions between atomically dispersed metal atoms and their supports. Recently, bimetallic SACs (bimSACs) have garnered significant attention for leveraging the synergistic functions of two metal ions coordinated on appropriately designed supports. BimSACs offer an avenue for rich metal–metal and metal–support cooperativity, potentially addressing current limitations of SACs in effectively furnishing transformations which involve synchronous proton–electron exchanges, substrate activation with reversible redox cycles, simultaneous multi-electron transfer, regulation of spin states, tuning of electronic properties, and cyclic transition states with low activation energies. This review aims to encapsulate the growing advancements in bimSACs, with an emphasis on their pivotal role in hydrogen generation via water splitting. We subsequently delve into advanced experimental methodologies for the elaborate characterization of SACs, elucidate their electronic properties, and discuss their local coordination environment. Overall, we present comprehensive discussion on the deployment of bimSACs in both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, the two half-reactions of the water electrolysis process.

### 1354. [Low-Temperature Oxidation Induced Phase Evolution with Gradient Magnetic Heterointerfaces for Superior Electromagnetic Wave Absorption](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/low-temperature-oxidation-induced-phase-evolution-with-gradient-magnetic-heterointerfaces-for-superior-electromagnetic-wave-absorption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01516-z]
Gradient magnetic heterointerfaces have injected infinite vitality in optimizing impedance matching, adjusting dielectric/magnetic resonance and promoting electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption, but still exist a significant challenging in regulating local phase evolution. Herein, accordion-shaped Co/Co3O4@N-doped carbon nanosheets (Co/Co3O4@NC) with gradient magnetic heterointerfaces have been fabricated via the cooperative high-temperature carbonization and low-temperature oxidation process. The results indicate that the surface epitaxial growth of crystal Co3O4 domains on local Co nanoparticles realizes the adjustment of magnetic-heteroatomic components, which are beneficial for optimizing impedance matching and interfacial polarization. Moreover, gradient magnetic heterointerfaces simultaneously realize magnetic coupling, and long-range magnetic diffraction. Specifically, the synthesized Co/Co3O4@NC absorbents display the strong electromagnetic wave attenuation capability of −53.5 dB at a thickness of 3.0 mm with an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.36 GHz, both are superior to those of single magnetic domains embedded in carbon matrix. This design concept provides us an inspiration in optimizing interfacial polarization, regulating magnetic coupling and promoting electromagnetic wave absorption.

### 1355. [Crystallization Modulation and Holistic Passivation Enables Efficient Two-Terminal Perovskite/CuIn(Ga)Se2 Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/crystallization-modulation-and-holistic-passivation-enables-efficient-two-terminal-perovskitecuingase2-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01514-1]
Two-terminal (2-T) perovskite (PVK)/CuIn(Ga)Se2 (CIGS) tandem solar cells (TSCs) have been considered as an ideal tandem cell because of their best bandgap matching regarding to Shockley–Queisser (S–Q) limits. However, the nature of the irregular rough morphology of commercial CIGS prevents people from improving tandem device performances. In this paper, D-homoserine lactone hydrochloride is proven to improve coverage of PVK materials on irregular rough CIGS surfaces and also passivate bulk defects by modulating the growth of PVK crystals. In addition, the minority carriers near the PVK/C60 interface and the incompletely passivated trap states caused interface recombination. A surface reconstruction with 2-thiopheneethylammonium iodide and N,N-dimethylformamide assisted passivates the defect sites located at the surface and grain boundaries. Meanwhile, LiF is used to create this field effect, repelling hole carriers away from the PVK and C60 interface and thus reducing recombination. As a result, a 2-T PVK/CIGS tandem yielded a power conversion efficiency of 24.6% (0.16 cm2), one of the highest results for 2-T PVK/CIGS TSCs to our knowledge. This validation underscores the potential of our methodology in achieving superior performance in PVK/CIGS tandem solar cells.

### 1356. [Photo-Energized MoS2/CNT Cathode for High-Performance Li–CO2 Batteries in a Wide-Temperature Range](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/photo-energized-mos2cnt-cathode-for-high-performance-lico2-batteries-in-a-wide-temperature-range) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01506-1]
Li–CO2 batteries are considered promising energy storage systems in extreme environments such as Mars; however, severe performance degradation will occur at a subzero temperature owning to the sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, a photo-energized strategy adopting sustainable solar energy in wide working temperature range Li–CO2 battery was achieved with a binder-free MoS2/carbon nanotube (CNT) photo-electrode as cathode. The unique layered structure and excellent photoelectric properties of MoS2 facilitate the abundant generation and rapid transfer of photo-excited carriers, which accelerate the CO2 reduction and Li2CO3 decomposition upon illumination. The illuminated battery at room temperature exhibited high discharge voltage of 2.95 V and mitigated charge voltage of 3.27 V, attaining superior energy efficiency of 90.2% and excellent cycling stability of over 120 cycles. Even at an extremely low temperature of −30 °C, the battery with same electrolyte can still deliver a small polarization of 0.45 V by the photoelectric and photothermal synergistic mechanism of MoS2/CNT cathode. This work demonstrates the promising potential of the photo-energized wide working temperature range Li–CO2 battery in addressing the obstacle of charge overpotential and energy efficiency.

### 1357. [Catalyst–Support Interaction in Polyaniline-Supported Ni3Fe Oxide to Boost Oxygen Evolution Activities for Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/catalystsupport-interaction-in-polyaniline-supported-ni3fe-oxide-to-boost-oxygen-evolution-activities-for-rechargeable-zn-air-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01511-4]
Catalyst–support interaction plays a crucial role in improving the catalytic activity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here we modulate the catalyst–support interaction in polyaniline-supported Ni3Fe oxide (Ni3Fe oxide/PANI) with a robust hetero-interface, which significantly improves oxygen evolution activities with an overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and specific activity of 2.08 mA cmECSA−2 at overpotential of 300 mV, 3.84-fold that of Ni3Fe oxide. It is revealed that the catalyst–support interaction between Ni3Fe oxide and PANI support enhances the Ni–O covalency via the interfacial Ni–N bond, thus promoting the charge and mass transfer on Ni3Fe oxide. Considering the excellent activity and stability, rechargeable Zn-air batteries with optimum Ni3Fe oxide/PANI are assembled, delivering a low charge voltage of 1.95 V to cycle for 400 h at 10 mA cm−2. The regulation of the effect of catalyst–support interaction on catalytic activity provides new possibilities for the future design of highly efficient OER catalysts.

### 1358. [Advanced Functional Electromagnetic Shielding Materials: A Review Based on Micro-Nano Structure Interface Control of Biomass Cell Walls](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advanced-functional-electromagnetic-shielding-materials-a-review-based-on-micro-nano-structure-interface-control-of-biomass-cell-walls) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01494-2]
Research efforts on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials. These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight, porous, and hierarchical. Due to their porous nature, interfacial compatibility, and electrical conductivity, biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials. Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported, this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials. In particular, a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment, preparation process, and micro-control would be valuable. The preparation methods and characteristics of wood, bamboo, cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper, and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed. The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed. this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.

### 1359. [Defect Engineering: Can it Mitigate Strong Coulomb Effect of Mg2+ in Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries?](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/defect-engineering-can-it-mitigate-strong-coulomb-effect-of-mg2-in-cathode-materials-for-rechargeable-magnesium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01495-1]
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been considered a promising “post lithium-ion battery” system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market. However, the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg2+ in the host material, related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg2+ and host anion lattices, hinders their further development toward practical applications. Defect engineering, regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle, has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs. In this review, we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg2+ diffusion in cathode materials, from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented. Then, the positive effects of purposely introduced defects, including vacancy and doping, and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed. The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.

### 1360. [Advancements and Challenges in Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advancements-and-challenges-in-organicinorganic-composite-solid-electrolytes-for-all-solid-state-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01498-y]
To address the limitations of contemporary lithium-ion batteries, particularly their low energy density and safety concerns, all-solid-state lithium batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes have been identified as an up-and-coming alternative. Among the various SEs, organic–inorganic composite solid electrolytes (OICSEs) that combine the advantages of both polymer and inorganic materials demonstrate promising potential for large-scale applications. However, OICSEs still face many challenges in practical applications, such as low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability, which severely limit their applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research advancements in OICSEs. Specifically, the influence of inorganic fillers on the main functional parameters of OICSEs, including ionic conductivity, Li+ transfer number, mechanical strength, electrochemical stability, electronic conductivity, and thermal stability are systematically discussed. The lithium-ion conduction mechanism of OICSE is thoroughly analyzed and concluded from the microscopic perspective. Besides, the classic inorganic filler types, including both inert and active fillers, are categorized with special emphasis on the relationship between inorganic filler structure design and the electrochemical performance of OICSEs. Finally, the advanced characterization techniques relevant to OICSEs are summarized, and the challenges and perspectives on the future development of OICSEs are also highlighted for constructing superior ASSLBs.

### 1361. [Experimental study on failure precursory characteristics and moisture content effect of pre-cracked rocks under graded cyclic loading and unloading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/experimental-study-on-failure-precursory-characteristics-and-moisture-content-effect-of-pre-cracked-rocks-unde) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.014]
It is important to analyze the damage evolution process of surrounding rock under different water content for the stability of engineering rock mass. Based on digital speckle correlation (DSCM), acoustic emission (AE) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR), uniaxial hierarchical cyclic loading and unloading tests were carried out on sandstones with different fracture numbers under dry, natural and saturated water content, to explore the fracture propagation, failure precursor characteristics and damage response mechanism under the influence of water content effect. The results show that with the increase of water content, the peak stress and crack initiation stress decrease gradually, and the decreases are 15.28%–21.11% and 17.64%–23.04%, respectively. The peak strain and crack initiation strain increase gradually, and the increases are 19.85%–44.53% and 19.15%–41.94%, respectively. The precracked rock with different water content is mainly characterized by tensile failure at different loading stages. However, with the increase of water content, the proportion of shear cracks gradually increases, while acoustic emission events gradually decrease, the dissipative energy and energy storage limits of the rock under peak load gradually decrease, and the charge signal increases significantly, which is because the lubrication effect of water reduces the friction coefficient between crack surfaces.

### 1362. [Advancing the recovery of iron and rare earth elements from the solid waste at Bayan Obo](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/advancing-the-recovery-of-iron-and-rare-earth-elements-from-the-solid-waste-at-bayan-obo) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.006]
The storage of solid waste in Bayan Obo has resulted in significant resource wastage and environmental concerns. In this study, an efficient process was developed to recover iron and rare earth elements (REEs) from this waste by processes of hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT), magnetic separation, and flotation. Under optimal HMPT conditions (525 °C, 12.5 min, and 30% H2 concentration), an iron concentrate with a TFe grade of 64.09% and a recovery of 95.33% was obtained. The magnetic properties of the solid waste were greatly enhanced by HMPT, allowing the effective magnetic separation of iron minerals. Further optimization of the flotation process resulted in a REEs concentrate with a rare earth oxide (REO) grade of 65%–70% and a REEs recovery of 60%–65%. Hematite was reduced to magnetite during HMPT, and bastnaesite was decomposed to REEs oxides and fluorides, and the particle structure was significantly destroyed. However, changes in monazite, fluorite, and barite were minimal.

### 1363. [Investigation on coal damage and fracture extension law of liquid nitrogen injection pre-cooling and fracturing under true triaxial stress](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/investigation-on-coal-damage-and-fracture-extension-law-of-liquid-nitrogen-injection-pre-cooling-and-fracturin) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.013]
To more accurately describe the coal damage and fracture evolution law during liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing under true triaxial stress, a thermal–hydraulic-mechanical-damage (THMD) coupling model for LN2 fracturing coal was developed, considering the coal heterogeneity and thermophysical parameters of nitrogen. The accuracy and applicability of model were verified by comparing with LN2 injection pre-cooling and fracturing experimental data. The effects of different pre-cooling times and horizontal stress ratios on coal damage evolution, permeability, temperature distribution, and fracture characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the permeability and damage of the coal increase exponentially, while the temperature decreases exponentially during the fracturing process. As the pre-cooling time increases, the damage range of the coal expands, and the fracture propagation becomes more pronounced. The initiation pressure and rupture pressure decrease and tend to stabilize with longer pre-cooling times. As the horizontal stress ratio increases, fractures preferentially extend along the direction of maximum horizontal principal stress, leading to a significant decrease in both initiation and rupture pressures. At a horizontal stress ratio of 3, the initiation pressure drops by 48.07%, and the rupture pressure decreases by 41.36%. The results provide a theoretical basis for optimizing LN2 fracturing techniques and improving coal seam modification.

### 1364. [Yielding performance of compact yielding anchor cable in working state: Analytical theory and experimental evaluation of yielding resistance enhancement effect](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/yielding-performance-of-compact-yielding-anchor-cable-in-working-state-analytical-theory-and-experimental-eval) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.008]
To elucidate the yielding performance of compact yielding anchor cables in working state, a yielding mechanical model incorporating extrusion friction and fastening rotation under confining pressure is constructed. The yielding resistance enhancement effect (x) caused by working environment constraints is evaluated through multi-layer composite sleeve hole expansion analysis, forming a theoretical framework for calculating the working yielding force. Laboratory and in-situ pull-out tests are conducted to determine the yielding performance and validate the analytical theory. The main conclusions are: (1) Yielding force and energy-release capacity increase with x, significantly outperforming the unconfined state. (2) In-situ tests under varying rockmass and geostress conditions (F1–F3) determine the yielding force increases to 183.4–290.1, 204.0–290.8, and 235.0–327.1 kN. (3) The slight deviation (–12.5% to 6.2%) between the theoretical and measured yielding force confirms that the analytical theory effectively describes the working yielding performance. (4) x increases with higher geostress and improved rock mechanical properties, with initial geostress (r0) and elastic modulus of surrounding rock (E3) identified as critical parameters.

### 1365. [Fatigue properties and constitutive model of Jintan salt rock subjected to complex cyclic loading](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/fatigue-properties-and-constitutive-model-of-jintan-salt-rock-subjected-to-complex-cyclic-loading) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.007]
Salt cavern energy storage technology contributes to energy reserves and renewable energy scale-up. This study focuses on salt cavern gas storage in Jintan to assess the long-term stability of its surrounding rock under frequent operation. The fatigue test results indicate that stress holding significantly reduces fatigue life, with the magnitude of stress level outweighing the duration of holding time in determining peak strain. Employing a machine learning approach, the impact of various factors on fatigue life and peak strain was quantified, revealing that higher stress limits and stress holding adversely impact the fatigue index, whereas lower stress limits and rate exhibit a positive effect. A novel fatigue-creep composite damage constitutive model is constructed, which is able to consider stress magnitude, rate, and stress holding. The model, validated through multi-path tests, accurately captures the elasto-viscous behavior of salt rock during loading, unloading, and stress holding. Sensitivity analysis further reveals the time- and stress-dependent behavior of model parameters, clarifying that strain changes stem not only from stress variations but are also influenced by alterations in elasto-viscous parameters. This study provides a new method for the mechanical assessment of salt cavern gas storage surrounding rocks.

### 1366. [Cyclic loading of marble: Correlating the attenuation of the electric and acoustic activities and highlighting criticality indices in terms of natural time](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/cyclic-loading-of-marble-correlating-the-attenuation-of-the-electric-and-acoustic-activities-and-highlighting) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.015]
The attenuation of the acoustic activity in marble specimens under uniaxial compressive loading-unloading loops is quantified in juxtaposition to that of the electric activity. In parallel, the existence of ''pre-failure indices'' warning about entrance into a critical stage, that of impending fracture, is explored. The acoustic activity is quantified in terms of the normalized number of acoustic hits, their average rate of production and their cumulative energy, and, the cumulative counts and their average rate of change. The electric activity is studied in terms of the pressure stimulated currents and the electric charge released. The analysis revealed that the acoustic and electric activities are linearly correlated to each other, suggesting that they are different manifestations of the same damage mechanisms. In addition, Kaiser's effect, governing the acoustic activity, is found to govern, also, the electric activity. Moreover, it is concluded that entrance into the critical stage is safely predicted by means of a simple criterion, based on the evolution of the average rate of change of the normalized cumulative counts in the natural time domain. These predictions are almost identical with those of the criterion based on the ''variance'' and the ''entropies'' of the time series of acoustic events in this domain.

### 1367. [Diverse methods and practical aspects in controlling single semiconductor qubits: a review](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/diverse-methods-and-practical-aspects-in-controlling-single-semiconductor-qubits-a-review) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24120040]
Quantum control allows a wide range of quantum operations employed in molecular physics, nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum information processing. Thanks to the existing microelectronics industry, semiconducting qubits, where quantum information is encoded in spin or charge degree freedom of electrons or nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots, constitute a highly competitive candidate for scalable solid-state quantum technologies. In quantum information processing, advanced control techniques are needed to realize quantum manipulations with both high precision and noise resilience. In this review, we first introduce the basics of various widely-used control methods, including resonant excitation, adabatic passage, shortcuts to adiabaticity, composite pulses, and quantum optimal control. Then we review the practical aspects in applying these methods to realize accurate and robust quantum gates for single semiconductor qubits, such as Loss–DiVincenzo spin qubit, spinglet-triplet qubit, exchange-only qubit and charge qubit.

### 1368. [A 1.25 μW/ch TDM-based analog front-end using a charge-sharing multiplexer for bio-potential recording](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/a-125-wch-tdm-based-analog-front-end-using-a-charge-sharing-multiplexer-for-bio-potential-recording) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24120034]
This paper presents the design of a low-power multi-channel analog front-end (AFE) for bio-potential recording. By using time division multiplexing (TDM), a successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) is shared among all 20 channels. A charge-sharing multiplexer (MUX) is proposed to transmit the output signals from the respective channels to the ADC. By separately pre-sampling the output of each channel, the sampling time of each channel is greatly extended and additional active buffers are avoided. The AFE is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, and the whole system consumes 28.2 μW under 1 V supply. Each analog acquisition channel consumes 1.25 μW and occupies a chip area of 0.14 mm2. Measurement results show that the AFE achieves an input referred noise of 1.8 μV∙rms in a 350 Hz bandwidth and a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 4.1. The 12-bit SAR ADC achieves an ENOB of 9.8 bit operating at 25 kS/s. The AFE is experimented on real-world applications by measuring human ECG and a clear ECG waveform is captured.

### 1369. [Minimizing tin (Ⅱ) oxidation using ethylhydrazine oxalate for high-performance all-perovskite tandem solar cells](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/minimizing-tin-ii-oxidation-using-ethylhydrazine-oxalate-for-high-performance-all-perovskite-tandem-solar-cell) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24120026]
All-perovskite tandem solar cells (ATSCs) have the potential to surpass the Shockley−Queisser efficiency limit of conventional single-junction devices. However, the performance and stability of mixed tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are crucial components of ATSCs, are much lower than those of lead-based perovskites. The primary challenges include the high crystallization rate of perovskite materials and the susceptibility of Sn2+ oxidation, which leads to rough morphology and unfavorable p-type self-doping. To address these issues, we introduced ethylhydrazine oxalate (EDO) at the perovskite interface, which effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn2+ and simultaneously enhances the crystallinity of the perovskite. Consequently, the EDO-modified mixed tin−lead PSCs reached a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.96% with high reproducibility. We further achieved a 27.58% efficient ATSCs by using EDO as interfacial passivator in the Sn−Pb PSCs.

### 1370. [Mid-wavelength infrared planar junction photodetector based on InAs/GaSb Type-Ⅱ superlattices](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/mid-wavelength-infrared-planar-junction-photodetector-based-on-inasgasb-type-ii-superlattices) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24120014]
In this paper, a planar junction mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) photodetector based on an InAs/GaSb type-Ⅱ superlattices (T2SLs) is reported. The Intrinsic-πMN superlattices was grown by the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), followed with a ZnS layer grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The p-type contact layer was constructed by thermal diffusion in the undoped superlattices. The Zinc atom was successfully realised into the superlattice and a PπMN T2SL structure was constructed. Furthermore, the effects of different diffusion temperatures on the dark current performance of the devices were researched. The 50% cut-off wavelength of the photodetector is 5.26 μm at 77 K with 0 V bias. The minimum dark current density is 8.67 × 10−5 A/cm2 and the maximum quantum efficiency of 42.5%, and the maximum detectivity reaches 3.90 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2/W at 77 K. The 640 × 512 focal plane arrays (FPA) based on the planner junction were fabricated afterwards. The FPA achieves a noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of 539 mK.

### 1371. [Size matters: quantum confinement-driven dynamics in CsPbI3 quantum dot light-emitting diodes](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/size-matters-quantum-confinement-driven-dynamics-in-cspbi3-quantum-dot-light-emitting-diodes) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24120018]
The quantum confinement effect fundamentally alters the optical and electronic properties of quantum dots (QDs), making them versatile building blocks for next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This study investigates how quantum confinement governs the charge transport, exciton dynamics, and emission efficiency in QD-LEDs, using CsPbI3 QDs as a model system. By systematically varying QD sizes, we reveal size-dependent trade-offs in LED performance, such as enhanced efficiency for smaller QDs but increased brightness and stability for larger QDs under high current densities. Our findings offer critical insights into the design of high-performance QD-LEDs, paving the way for scalable and energy-efficient optoelectronic devices.

### 1372. [Study and application of the influence of inclination angle on the cross-fusion mechanism of high gas thick coal seam](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/study-and-application-of-the-influence-of-inclination-angle-on-the-cross-fusion-mechanism-of-high-gas-thick-co) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.003]
In this study, to better decide the effect of coal seam dip angle upon the dynamic change of the cross-fusion in gas transport and storage areas during the progress of working face in the high gas thick coal seam, a two-dimensional physical simulation experiment regarded as the theoretical research was conducted to properly explore the variation law of overburden fracture. The results demonstrated that the boundary of the gas transport zone was located in the region of fracture separation. The boundary of the gas storage area was located in the abrupt penetration zone. Also, according to the information theory, the state of the gas transport and storage areas was determined by the changing trend of the fracture rate and fracture entropy. The mathematical representation model of the dip effect in gas transport and storage areas was established. The criteria upon which the regional location of the gas transport area and gas storage area can be based were put forward. The cross-fusion evolution process of the dip effect in gas transport and storage areas was revealed as well. The research results could provide guidance for realising directional and accurate gas extraction.

### 1373. [Deformation energy of tectonic coal under hydrostatic conditions: A new calculation model based on critical state theory](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/deformation-energy-of-tectonic-coal-under-hydrostatic-conditions-a-new-calculation-model-based-on-critical-sta) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.010]
The deformation energy (Wd) of soil-like tectonic coal is crucial for investigating the mechanism of coal and gas outbursts. Tectonic coal has a significant nonlinear constitutive relationship, which makes traditional elastic-based models for computing Wd unsuitable. Inspired by critical state soil mechanics, this study theoretically established a new calculation model of Wd suitable for the coal with nonlinear deformation characteristics. In the new model, the relationship between energy and stress no longer follows the square law (observed in traditional linear elastic models) but exhibits a power function, with the theoretical value of the power exponent ranging between 1 and 2. Hydrostatic cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on four groups of tectonic coal samples and one group of intact coal samples. The results indicated that the relationship between Wd and stress for both intact and tectonic coal follows a power law. The exponents for intact and tectonic coal are close to 2 and 1, respectively. The stress-strain curve of intact coal exhibits small deformation and linear characteristics, whereas the stress-strain curves of tectonic coal show large deformation and nonlinear characteristics. The study specifically investigates the role of coal viscosity in the cyclic loading/unloading process. The downward bending in the unloading curves can be attributed to the time-dependent characteristics of coal, particularly its viscoelastic behavior. Based on experimental statistics, the calculation model of Wd was further simplified. The simplified model involves only one unknown parameter, which is the power exponent between Wd and stress. The measured Wd of the coal samples increases with the number of load cycles. This phenomenon is attributed to coal’s viscoelastic deformation. Within the same stress, the Wd of tectonic coal is an order of magnitude greater than that of intact coal. The calculation model of Wd proposed in this paper provides a new tool for studying the energy principle of coal and gas outbursts.

### 1374. [Preface to Special Issue on Flexible and Smart Electronics for Sensors 4.0](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/preface-to-special-issue-on-flexible-and-smart-electronics-for-sensors-40) [DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24121701]
The evolution of information technology has propelled the advancement of sensors into a new era, referred to as Sensors 4.0. This era is characterized by the integration of key technological developments, including the internet of things (IoT), Industry 4.0, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and digital health. These innovations necessitate that sensors become increasingly interconnected and intelligent. The concept of 'everything is connected' demands that sensors undertake a broader and more complex range of tasks, a challenge that conventional, bulky devices are ill-equipped to address. In addition to pursuing improvements in sensitivity and bandwidth, as seen in the 'more Moore' approach—focused on extracting the last few nanometers from process nodes—the paradigm of 'more than and beyond Moore' presents new opportunities in the Sensors 4.0 era. A key breakthrough in this context is the development of devices with flexibility, which introduces a new mechanical dimension to the conventional sensor form factor. This innovation lays the foundation for next-generation distributed sensory applications that are deformable, miniaturized, and lightweight. Furthermore, recent advancements in multimodal, biomimetic, AI-enhanced, and all-in-one sensing materials and devices are pushing the boundaries of smart electronics. These developments aim to achieve minimal power consumption while enhancing overall functionality. Consequently, flexibility and intelligence have emerged as two critical features driving the development of novel and compelling electronic sensory applications in Sensors 4.0, thus lead to the organization of our Special Issue at the very beginning of 2025 that collects critical research progress and strategic reviews across multidisciplinary subjects of flexible and smart electronics. Specifically, this Special Issue features six research articles and ten review articles contributed by leading experts in the field, categorized into three themes: 1) Sensory applications for light, gas, and temperature measurement, focusing on the fabrication and design of flexible platforms; 2) neuromorphic electronic devices that integrate sensing, memory, and computation to develop next-generation parallel and low-power sensory systems; 3) integrated and multimodal sensory systems for IoT applications in areas such as biology and healthcare.

### 1375. [Life cycle dynamic formation temperature response and thermal energy extraction of mine geothermal system considering groundwater flow](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/life-cycle-dynamic-formation-temperature-response-and-thermal-energy-extraction-of-mine-geothermal-system-cons) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.011]
As mining activities expand deeper, deep high-temperature formations seriously threaten the future safe exploitation, while deep geothermal energy has great potential for development. Combining the formation cooling and geothermal mining in mines to establish a thermos-hydraulic coupling numerical model for fractured formation. The study investigates the formation heat transfer behaviour, heat recovery performance and thermal economic benefits influenced during the life cycle. The results show that the accumulation of cold energy during the cold storage phase induces a decline in formation temperature. The heat recovery phase is determined by the extent of the initial cold domain, which contracts inward from the edge and decelerates the heat recovery rate gradually. With groundwater velocity increases, the thermal regulation efficiency gradually increases, the production temperature decreases, while the effective radius and thermal power increase first and then decrease. The injected volume and temperature significantly affect, with higher injection temperatures slowing thermal recovery, and the thermal regulation efficiency is more sensitive to changes in formation permeability and thermal conductivity. The heat extraction performance is positively correlated with all factors. The levelized cost of electricity is estimated at 0.1203 $/(kW h) during the cold storage. During the heat recovery, annual profit is primarily driven by cooling benefits.

### 1376. [Dynamic damage characteristics and control mechanism of rocks anchored by constant resistance and energy absorption material](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/dynamic-damage-characteristics-and-control-mechanism-of-rocks-anchored-by-constant-resistance-and-energy-absor) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.005]
With resource exploitation and engineering construction gradually going deeper, the surrounding rock dynamic disaster becomes frequent and violent. The anchorage support is a common control method of surrounding rock in underground engineering. To study the dynamic damage characteristics of anchored rock and the energy absorption control mechanism of dynamic disasters, a new type of constant resistance and energy absorption (CREA) material with high strength, high elongation and high energy absorption characteristics is developed. A contrast test of rockbursts in anchored rock with different support materials is conducted. The test results show that the surface damage rates and energy release degree of anchored rock with common bolt (CB) and CREA are lower than those of unanchored rock, respectively. The total energy, average energy and maximum energy released by CREA anchored rock are 30.9%, 94.3% and 84.4% lower than those of CB anchored rock. Compared with unanchored rock, the rockburst peak stress in the CREA anchored rock is increased by 39.9%, and the rockburst time is delayed by 53.2%. Based on the rockburst energy calculation model, the evolution law of rockburst peak stress and energy release is investigated. The control mechanism of CREA support units on rock dynamic failure is clarified.

### 1377. [Quantitative principles of dynamic interaction between rock support and surrounding rock in rockburst roadways](https://sinotechintel.com/paper/quantitative-principles-of-dynamic-interaction-between-rock-support-and-surrounding-rock-in-rockburst-roadways) [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.009]
Rockbursts, which mainly affect mining roadways, are dynamic disasters arising from the surrounding rock under high stress. Understanding the interaction between supports and the surrounding rock is necessary for effective rockburst control. In this study, the squeezing behavior of the surrounding rock is analyzed in rockburst roadways, and a mechanical model of rockbursts is established considering the dynamic support stress, thus deriving formulas and providing characteristic curves for describing the interaction between the support and surrounding rock. Design principles and parameters of supports for rockburst control are proposed. The results show that only when the geostress magnitude exceeds a critical value can it drive the formation of rockburst conditions. The main factors influencing the convergence response and rockburst occurrence around roadways are geostress, rock brittleness, uniaxial compressive strength, and roadway excavation size. Roadway support devices can play a role in controlling rockburst by suppressing the squeezing evolution of the surrounding rock towards instability points of rockburst. Further, the higher the strength and the longer the impact stroke of support devices with constant resistance, the more easily multiple balance points can be formed with the surrounding rock to control rockburst occurrence. Supports with long impact stroke allow adaptation to varying geostress levels around the roadway, aiding in rockburst control. The results offer a quantitative method for designing support systems for rockburst-prone roadways. The design criterion of supports is determined by the intersection between the convergence curve of the surrounding rock and the squeezing deformation curve of the support devices.